Case Study: Habrobracon Hebetor to Control Tomato Heliothis Spp.)

Quarterly Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development Vol. 9, No.2, Winter 2021 (157-171)

County (Case Study: Habrobracon Hebetor to Control Tomato Heliothis spp.)

*Rohollah Rezaei1, Nafiseh Salahimoghadam3 1. Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan 2. Ph.D. Student, Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan (Received: 2019.01.31 Accepted: 2019.05.17)

Abstract: Regarding the negative effects of overuse of pesticides on human health and the environment, in recent years, sustainable and green methods for pests control especially biological control have been considered by many researchers. However, due to the existence of various barriers, the process of adoption and usage of biological control methods is very slow among farmers. Given the importance of the subject, the main purpose of

Habrobracon hebetor to control tomato Heliothis spp. in Tarom County. Methodologically, this study was a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of the study was 1666 tomato producers in Tarom County in Zanjan Province. Based on the Bartlett Bartlett et al., 2001 et al. (2001) formula, 330 producers were selected by the stratified sampling method for doing the study. A research-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and specialists. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument, which the calculated Cronbach alpha's coefficient for the main scale of questionnaire was appropriate (above 0.75). Collected data were analyzed using the SPSSWin22 SPSSWin22 software. The results of a factor analysis revealed that the farm control tomato Heliothis spp. in Tarom County were categorized into five factors including, financial- economic barriers, psychological-social barriers, cognitive-informational weakness, supportive weakness and technical constraints and these factors, in total, explained 68.73% of variances of the barriers.

Keywords: Sustainable Agriculture, Pests, Green and Sustainable Control, Financial-Economic Barriers.

*Corresponding Author: Rohollah Rezaei E-mail [email protected]

Messing and Brodeur, 2017; Veisi et al., 2011) Saymohammadi et al., 2018

Ahmed et al., 2016; Mokhber et al., 2016 Golzardi et al., 2011; Naeimi et al., 2018 Avalin Charsoqi, 2013

Adeli-Sardooei et al., 2015

Frank, 2010 Bhandari et al., 2017; Ahmed, 2012; Lu and Cosca, 2011

Alibeigi et al., 2017

Rodrigues et al., 2017 Allahyari et al., 2017; Abdollahzadeh et al., 2015; Parsa et al., 2014; Habibzadeh Shojaei et al., 2013

Avalin Charsoqi, 2013

Timprasert et al., 2014; Amirnejad et al., 2013; Habibzadeh Shojaei et al., 2013)

Borhani and Golparvar, 2009 Hasanpor et al., 2016

Saymohammadi et al., 2018

Abdollahzadeh et al., 2015; Marrone, 2007

Abdollahzadeh et al., 2015 Timprasert et al., 2014; Parsa et al., 2014; Marrone, 2007

Shahbaz, 2014 FAO Parsa et al., 2014; Amirnejad et al., 2013; Van Eeden and Korsten, 2013

Fathi, 2016

Allahyari et al., 2017; Abdollahzadeh et al., 2015; Parsa et al., 2014; Habibzadeh Shojaei et al., 2013; Veisi et al., 2011

Shahbaz, 2014 Hasanpor et al., 2016; Abdollahzadeh et al., Heliothis spp. 2015

Salehipour et al., 2018 Noctuidae

Abdollahzadeh et al., 2015; Parsa et al., Tankhahi, 2015 2014

Salehipour et al., 2018 Moradi et al., 2015; Habibzadeh Shojaei et al., 2013 Tankhahi, 2015

Abdollahzadeh et al., 2015; Moradi et al., Salehipour et al., 2018 2015; Parsa et al., 2014

Mehdi Nasab et al., 2014

Shabanipour, 2010

Ghorbani et al., 2009

Shabanipour, 2010

Mostaghimi, 2009

2. Abdollahzadeh et al. 3. Gao et al. 4. Bagheri et al. 1. Habrobracon Hebetor Say

Abdollahzadeh et al., 2015; Goldberger and Lehrer, 2015; Bagheri et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2017

Table 1. The total number of the population and statistical sample in terms of each of the studied districts and rural districts

Name of rural Name of Number of Number Number samples of districts district allocated producers

1 69 349 Ab Bar

2 41 207 Darram Central 3 151 762 Gilvan

4 63 320 Dast Jerdeh Chavarza gh 5 6 28 Chavarzagh

330 16661 Total Bartlett et al., 2001

SPSSWin22

2. Pedhazur 1. Goldberger and Lehrer

KMO

Table 3. Extracted factors with eigen values and percent variance explained by each of them

Eigen Factor Number Explained percent value variance 18.741 3.929 First 1

14.477 3.041 Second 2

13.509 2.837 Third 3

11.735 2.461 Fourth 4

10.268 2.149 Fifth 5

KMO Table 2. KMO vale and significance level of Bartlett test

KMO

Significance Bartlett KMO Analysis set level value value

0.000 4421.112 0.802

in Using Biological Control Methods

Table 4. Variables related to each factor and the amount of factor loading obtained from rotated matrix

Factor Variables Factors loadings 0.841 High cost of biological inputs such as Habrobracon hebetor

.0812 liquidity to provide biological inputs

0.794 Increasing production costs by biological control because of the need for

labor, more facilities and equipment financial-economic barriers 0.763 Equal price of organic products to other products due to the lack of labeling on these products

0.727 High income risk of using biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor in comparison with chemical control methods

0.824 More farmers' experience and satisfaction with chemical control methods for pest control

0.792 Lack of use by other farmers of biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor

0.724 Difficulty of changing the habit of using biological control methods instead psychological-social barriers of toxins

0.701 Lack of belief and confidence of farmers in the use of biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor

0.762 Lack of adequate knowledge of farmers about the benefits using Habrobracon hebetor to control pests in comparison with toxins

0.748 Lack of training courses related to Habrobracon hebetor and other cognitive- biological control methods informational weakness 0.684 Lack of awareness and necessary information resources on using and keeping bees 0.643

Technical complexity of using bees to control pests in comparison with toxins

0.802 Lack of adequate support from the Agricultural Jihad Organization to facilitate farmers' access to bee on time

0.789 Weakness of extension services to consulting support for the use of Habrobracon hebetor supportive weakness

0.759 Lack of appropriate policies and incentives to support the development of the use of biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor 0.603 Being gradual and slow of the effects of bees on pest control 0.538 Limited ability of bees to control a pest (target) and not to affect other pests

0.514 technical constraints Difficulty of keeping bees 0.502 Short life span of bees

Table 5. divided by each of the factors

Standard Rank Mean Variables Factors deviation

1 0.555 4.87 biological inputs

2 0.601 4.59 Increasing production costs by biological control because of the need for labor, more facilities and equipment financial- economic 3 0.705 3.96 High cost of biological inputs such as Habrobracon hebetor barriers

4 0.777 3.75 Equal price of organic products to other products due to the lack of labeling on these products

5 0.985 3.25 High income risk of using biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor in comparison with chemical control methods

1 0.578 4.81 More farmers' experience and satisfaction with chemical control methods for pest control

2 0.621 4.13 Lack of use by other farmers of biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor

psychological- 3 0.910 3.38 social barriers Lack of belief and confidence of farmers in the use of biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor

4 0.995 3.03 Difficulty of changing the habit of using biological control methods instead of toxins

1 0.571 4.67 Lack of training courses related to Habrobracon hebetor and other biological control methods

2 0.725 3.87 Lack of awareness and necessary information resources on using and keeping bees cognitive- 3 1.012 2.99 Technical complexity of using bees to control pests in comparison informational with toxins weakness

4 1.358 2.13 Lack of adequate knowledge of farmers about the benefits using Habrobracon hebetor to control pests in comparison with toxins

1 0.678 4.01 Weakness of extension services to consulting support for the use of Habrobracon hebetor

2 0.813 3.74 Lack of adequate support from the Agricultural Jihad Organization to facilitate farmers' access to bee on time supportive weakness

3 0.856 3.57 Lack of appropriate policies and incentives to support the development of the use of biological control methods such as Habrobracon hebetor

1 0.801 3.62 Limited ability of bees to control a pest (target) and not to affect other pests Being gradual and slow of the 2 0.914 3.44 effects of bees on pest control technical 3 0.991 2.81 constraints Short life span of bees

4 1.202 2.67 Difficulty of keeping bees

Shojaei et al., 2013)

Alibeigi et al., 2017

Veisi et al., 2011

Razaghi et al., 2013

Moradi et al., 2015

Moradi et al., 2015 Moradi et al., 2015; Habibzadeh

Hoseinzad et al., 2011

Parsa et al., 2014; Van Eeden and Korsten, 2013

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