Making Cities Work: Policies and Programmes in India Cover Photo: Busy Market Street Near Jama Masjid in New Delhi, India

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Making Cities Work: Policies and Programmes in India Cover Photo: Busy Market Street Near Jama Masjid in New Delhi, India Making Cities Work: Policies and Programmes in India Cover photo: Busy market street near Jama Masjid in New Delhi, India This peer-reviewed publication is suported by the GCRF Centre for Sustainable, Healthy and Learning Cities and Neighbourhoods (SHLC). The contents and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors. SHLC is funded via UK Research and Innovation as a part of the Global Challenges Research Fund. SHLC is an international consortium of nine research partners as follows: University of Glasgow, Human Sciences Research Council, Khulna University, Nankai University, National Institute of Urban Affairs, University of the Philippines Diliman, University of Rwanda, Ifakara Health Institute and the University of Witwatersand Making Cities Work: Policies and Programmes in India Authors Debolina Kundu Arvind Pandey Pragya Sharma Research Assistance Sweta Bhusan Biswajit Mondal Baishali Lahiri Data Assistance T.C. Sharma Sangeeta Vijh Copy Editing Razia Grover Design Bhavnesh Bhanot TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 LIST OF FIGURES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11 LIST OF BOXES ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 ACRONYMS 15 DATA NOTES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 17 TECHNICAL NOTES �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 1 NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 Urban Policies and Development ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Urbanisation in India: A Macro Level Analysis �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Demography in Urban India �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Migration Pattern in Urban India �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 Urban Policy Framework in India �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 Spatial Planning Systems at National, State and Local-Level ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 Type of Land Ownership in India �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Health in Urban India: Overview of Policies, Programmes and Current Status ����������������������������������������������48 Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 Institutional Framework ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 Public Private Provisioning of Health Care in India ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Public Health Expenditure in India ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56 Health Policies in India ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 Status of Health in India �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������60 Conclusion��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 5 Education in Urban India: Overview of Policies, Programmes and Current Status ������������������������������������������74 Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74 Institutional Mapping of Education in India ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74 Constitutional Provisions and Policy Focus in Plan Periods ............................................................................................. 76 Status of Education in India ................................................................................................................................................... 77 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................ 91 2 CITY PROFILE: DELHI 93 Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94 Historical Evolution of Delhi ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95 Urbanisation and Demographic Trends in Delhi ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95 Migration Scenario in Delhi �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 98 Spatial Growth of Delhi ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99 Economy of Delhi ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 100 Education Scenario in Delhi ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 105 Health Scenario in Delhi ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 110 Urban Governance, Development and Service Delivery ................................................................................................ 114 Urban Finance in Delhi �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 119 Conclusion ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 122 3 CITY PROFILE: MADURAI 123 Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 124 Historical Evolution of Madurai ......................................................................................................................................... 125 Trend in the Demography of Madurai ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 126 Migration Scenario in Madurai ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128 Spatial Growth of Madurai �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 130 Economy of Madurai ............................................................................................................................................................ 132 Education Scenario in Madurai ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 136 Health Scenario in Madurai ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 141 Urban Governance, Development and Service Delivery ...............................................................................................
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