Lex Et Societatis Vol. VI/No. 10/Des/2018

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Lex Et Societatis Vol. VI/No. 10/Des/2018 Lex Et Societatis Vol. VI/No. 10/Des/2018 EKSEKUSI HAK TANGGUNGAN KARENA Permasalahannya ialah, di mana dasar WANPRESTASI TERHADAP PERJANJIAN KREDIT hukum perbankan di dalam memberikan kredit BANK1 dengan adanya suatu jaminan, serta di mana Oleh: Rayhanna N. P. Muhammad2 dasar hukum Hak Tanggungan sehubungan dengan terjadinya wanprestasi. Undang- ABSTRAK Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk Perbankan, menentukan pada Pasal 8, bahwa mengetahui bagaimanakah substansi hukum “Dalam memberikan kredit, Bank Umum wajib perjanjian kredit bank dan bagaimanakah mempunyai keyakinan atas kemampuan dan eksekusi Hak Tanggungan pada perjanjian kesanggupan debitur untuk melunasi kredit bank. Dengan menggunakan metode hutangnya sesuai dengan yang diperjanjikan.”4 penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan hukum perbankan tentang Perjanjian kredit bank adalah dasar adanya kewajiban adanya jaminan di dalam pemberian hubungan hukum di antara bank dengan kredit, terkait erat pula dengan objek jaminan nasabahnya. Kredit yang diberikan oleh bank kredit itu sendiri, yang lazimnya ialah jaminan mengandung risiko, sehingga dalam kebendaan seperti dengan Hak Tanggungan pelaksanaannya bank harus memperhatikan sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Undang- asas-asas perkreditan yang sehat. 2. Pemberian Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak kredit bank dengan jaminan Hak Tanggungan Tanggungan Atas Tanah Beserta Benda-benda pada dasarnya secara hukum/yuridis (de jure), yang Berkaitan dengan Tanah (selanjutnya objek Hak Tanggungannya sudah menjadi disebut Hak Tanggungan), yang pada penguasaan pemegang Hak Tanggungan yang Penjelasan Umumnya menjelaskan antara lain notabene adalah pihak bank. Eksekusi Hak bahwa dalam memberikan Hak Tanggungan, Tanggungan berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 6 pemberi Hak Tanggungan wajib hadir di Undang-Undang Hak Tanggungan, adalah hadapan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT). langkah terakhir, dalam arti kata, bank tidak lagi Jika karena sesuatu sebab tidak dapat hadir, ia memikirkan urusan dan masa depan nasabah, wajib menunjuk pihak lain sebagai kuasanya, melainkan semata-mata memikirkan dengan Surat Kuasa Membebankan Hak bagaimana agar bank tidak menderita kerugian. Tanggungan, disingkat SKMPT, yakni berbentuk Kata kunci: Eksekusi hak tanggungan, akta otentik. Pembuatan SKMHT selain kepada wanprestasi, perjanjian kredit, bank. Notaris, ditugaskan juga kepada PPAT.5 Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun PENDAHULUAN 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan, pada Pasal 6 A. Latar Belakang disebutkan bahwa “Apabila debitur cedera janji, Hak Tanggungan adalah salah satu jenis pemegang Hak Tanggungan pertama kebendaan yang digunakan dalam perjanjian mempunyai hak untuk menjual objek Hak kredit bank. Kartini Muljadi dan Gunawan Tanggungan atas kekuasaan sendiri melalui Widjaja menjelaskan bahwa, Hak Tanggungan pelelangan umum serta mengambil pelunasan sebagai hak jaminan kebendaan ditujukan bagi utangnya dari hasil penjualan tersebut.” pelunasan utang, dengan cara menjual sendiri Penulis berpendapat bahwa Pasal 6 Undang- bidang tanah yang dijaminkan dengan Hak Undang Hak Tanggungan berkaitan erat dengan Tanggungan tersebut, dan selanjutnya Pasal 20 ayat-ayatnya dari Undang-Undang Hak memperoleh pelunasannya dari hasil penjualan Tanggungan, yang dalam ayat (1) menyatakan tersebut hingga sejumlah nilai Hak Tanggungan bahwa: atau nilai piutang kreditur.3 “Apabila debitur cedera janji, maka berdasarkan: 1 Artikel Skripsi. Dosen Pembimbing: Dr. Abdurrahman Konoras, SH, MH; Diana Rondonuwu, SH, MH 2 Mahasiswa pada Fakultas Hukum Unsrat, NIM. 4 Lihat Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang 13071101097 Perbankan (Pasal 8) 3 Kartini Muljadi dan Gunawan Widjaja, Seri Hukum Harta 5 Lihat Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Kekayaan, Hak Tanggungan, Kencana, Jakarta, 2008, hal. Tanggungan Atas Tanah Beserta Benda-benda yang 180 Berkaitan Dengan Tanah (Penjelasan Umum) 14 Lex Et Societatis Vol. VI/No. 10/Des/2018 a. Hak pemegang Hak Tanggungan pertama PEMBAHASAN untuk menjual objek Hak Tanggungan A. Substansi Hukum Perjanjian Kredit Bank sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 6, Substansi hukum perbankan menyangkut atau Perjanjian Kredit Bank lebih terinci diatur dan b. Titel eksekutorial yang terdapat dalam dimuat dalam berbagai aturan yang lebih sertifikat Hak Tanggungan sebagaimana rendah serta dalam praktik pembuatan dimaksud dalam Pasal 14 ayat (2) Perjanjian Kredit Bank, sedangkan Undang- Objek Hak Tanggungan dijual melalui Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 jo. Undang- pelelangan umum menurut tata cara yang Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1992 tentang ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang- Perbankan, hanya mengatur secara garis undangan untuk pelunasan piutang pemegang besarnya saja. Hak Tanggungan dengan mendahulu daripada Pembahasan tentang substansi Perjanjian kreditur-kreditur lainnya.”6 Kredit Bank merupakan dasar hukum atau Menurut Herowati Poesoko, jenis eksekusi landasan hukum adanya hubungan hukum yang dimaksudkan dalam Pasal 20 Undang- antara nasabah debitur dengan bank selaku Undang Hak Tanggungan (UUHT) sesuai dengan kreditur. Hubungan hukum tersebut oleh dasar filosofis perjanjian jaminan yang karena tertuang dan disepakati bersama dalam tujuannya adalah bagaimana caranya supaya Perjanjian Kredit Bank, maka sebagaimana debitur bersedia memenuhi kewajibannya, halnya perjanjian itu sendiri, mengikat para maka kreditur menahan sesuatu yang berharga pihak yang bersangkutan. dari debitur, sehingga apabila debitur ingin Sehubungan dengan praktik perjanjian baku memiliki kembali dan menguasai secara penuh dalam Perjanjian Kredit Bank, walaupun kewajibannya. Apabila debitur tidak memenuhi dipertanyakan apakah unsur “sepakat mereka kewajibannya sebagaimana dalam waktu yang yang mengikatkan dirinya” dalam Pasal 1320 diperjanjikan, hal tersebut sebagai titik tolak KUH. Perdata, oleh karena yang lebih berperan bahwa debitur dikatakan melakukan perbuatan adalah pihak bank, sedangkan pihak nasabah cedera janji.7 bank hanya menuruti kebijakan dan keputusan yang telah ditentukan sendiri oleh bank, B. Rumusan Masalah menurut banyak pihak, perjanjian baku 1. Bagaimanakah substansi hukum perjanjian tersebut adalah sah dan mengikat para pihak. kredit bank? Pasal 1320 KUH. Perdata berbunyi “Untuk 2. Bagaimanakah eksekusi Hak Tanggungan sahnya suatu perjanjian diperlukan empat pada perjanjian kredit bank? syarat: a. Sepakat mereka yang mengikatkan C. Metode Penelitian dirinya; penelitian ini menggunakan metode b. Kecakapan untuk membuat suatu penelitian normatif atau penelitian perikatan; kepustakaan, yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan c. Suatu hal tertentu; dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data d. Suatu sebab yang halal.”8 sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, Mariam Darus Badrulzaman menerangkan bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum bahwa kita melihat perbedaan posisi para pihak tersier. Bahan-bahan tersebut disusun secara ketika perjanjian baku diadakan tidak sistematis, dikaji, kemudian ditarik suatu memberikan kesempatan pada debitur untuk kesimpulan dalam hubungannya dengan mengadakan “real bargaining” dengan masalah yang diteliti. pengusaha (kreditur). Debitur tidak mempunyai kekuatan untuk mengutarakan kehendak dan kebebasan dalam menentukan isi perjanjian baku ini karena tidak memenuhi elemen- 6 Lihat Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak elemen yang dikehendaki Pasal 1320 jo. Pasal Tanggungan Atas Tanah Beserta Benda-Benda yang 1338 KUH. Perdata dan akibatnya tidak ada.9 Berkaitan Dengan Tanah (Pasal 20 ayat (1) 7 Herowati Poesoko, Dinamika Hukum Perdata Executie Objek Hak Tanggungan, Aswaja Pressindo, Yogyakarta, 8 R. Subekti dan R. Tjitrosudibio, Op Cit, hal. 339 2013, hal. 252 9 Mariam Darus Badrulzaman, Op Cit, hal. 52 15 Lex Et Societatis Vol. VI/No. 10/Des/2018 Substansi hukum Perjanjian Kredit Bank 1. Dilakukan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara yang memuat sejumlah hak dan sejumlah pemberi dengan penerima Hak kewajiban bagi para pihak, membutuhkan Tanggungan; implementasinya lebih lanjut, mengingat 2. Jika dengan cara penjualan di bawah adanya risiko dalam penyaluran kredit. tangan tersebut dicapai harga tertinggi Ancaman timbulnya kredit macet misalnya, yang menguntungkan semua pihak; tidak hanya dapat berpengaruh terhadap objek 3. Diberitahukan secara tertulis oleh pemberi jaminan atau agunan pada pemberian kredit dan/atau penerima fidusia kepada pihak- tersebut, melainkan juga terhadap kelanjutan pihak yang berkepentingan; hubungan antara nasabah yang bersangkutan 4. Diumumkan dalam sedikit-dikitnya dua dengan pihak lembaga perbankan. surat kabar yang beredar didaerah yang Timbulnya kredit macet pada hakikatnya bersangkutan dan/atau media massa menunjukkan keadaan di mana wanprestasi setempat; sudah terjadi, dan konsekuensi hukum 5. Pelaksanaan penjualan dilakukan setelah wanprestasi ini sangat besar, oleh karena pihak lewat waktu 1 (satu) bulan sejak bank dapat mengajukan sejumlah tuntutan diberitahukan secara tertulis oleh pemberi atau gugatan membayar ganti kerugian, bahkan dan/atau pemegang Hak Tanggungan; melakukan eksekusi terhadap objek jaminan 6. Tidak ada pihak yang menyatakan seperti Hak Tanggungan tersebut. keberatan. Tentang eksekusi dengan jalan menjual B. Eksekusi Hak Tanggungan Pada Perjanjian lelang sendiri oleh krediturnya tanpa ikut Kredit Bank campur tangan Kantor Lelang, bahwa walaupun Eksekusi itu sendiri berarti pelaksanaan tidak ditegaskan dalam Undang-Undang, putusan pengadilan yang telah mempunyai eksekusi objek Hak Tanggungan dapat juga kekuatan hukum tetap. Sedangkan
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