BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI 2.1 Sumber Data • Buku

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BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI 2.1 Sumber Data • Buku 5 BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI 2.1 Sumber Data • Buku "Sejauh Mana Kamu Tahu Tentang Sopan Santun",Cynthia Macgregor(2007) • Buku "Ketahui Tentang Sopan santun",BIP kelompok gramedia(2005) • Buku"Jangan Biarkan Anak kita : Berperilaku menyimpang",Rini Utami Aziz(2007) • http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2012/08/18/masih-pentingkah-sopan- santun-diajarkan/ • http://www.ibudanbalita.com/diskusi/pertanyaan/3851/usia-berapa- anak-mulai-masuk-TK • http://www.crawfordthecat.com/info/ • Cocomong bible 2.2 Data Umum 2.2.1 Sejarah Animasi Animasi adalah gambar bergerak yang di buat dengan cara merekam gambar - gambar diam, kemudian rekaman gambar-gambar tersebut di putar ulang dengan berurutan sehingga terlihat tidak lagi sebagai masing- 6 masing gambar terpisah, tetapi sebagai sebuah kesatuan yang menghasilkan ilusi pergerakan yang tidak terputus. Manusia pada zaman dahulu kala sudah pernah mencoba untuk menggambar sebuah gerakan, contohnya gambar hewan yang kakinya di gambar engan pose yang menunjukan bahwa hewan tersebut seolah-olah bergerak dalam gua pada zaman paleolitikum. Salah satu cikal bakal dari animasi adalah wayang. Gambar 1.0 Wayang kulit dimana sudah ada di indonesia pada abad ke 9. Animasi pertama kali di buat oleh fady saeed dari Mesir tahun 1756. Pada abad ke 17 sampai ke 19, peralatan-peralatan animasi sederhana telah di temukan sebelum munculnya proyektor film. Sejarah film Animasi dimulai pada tahun 1890, film animasi yang pertama kali dibuat oleh Charles-Emile Reynaud , penemu Praxinoscope , yaitu sebuah sistem gerakan yang menggunakan putaran dari 12 gambar. pada tenggal 18 Oktober 1892, di Musee Grevin di kota paris, perancis, 7 beliau memamerkan animasi dengan putaran dari 500 gambar.Sekitar tahun 1834 munculah permainan Zoetrope , dimana alat ini berbentuk tabung, berukuran pendek, di tiap sisinya terdapat lubang yang berfungsi untuk mengintip, dan di bagian dalamnya terdapat rangkaian gambar yang membentuk sebuah gerakan. Dibawah alat ini terdapat penopang yang berfungsi sebagai poros. Pada tahun 1868 muncullah flipbook dan ditemukan oleh john Barnes Linnet. Flipbook merupakan salah satu penemuan dunia animasi yang membawa kita lebih dekat ke animasi modern. Gambar 1.1 Flipbook Film animasi pertama dengan standar gambar film adalah humorous Phases of funny Faces oelh J. Stuart Blackton pada tahun 1906. Kemudian pada tahun 1908, Emile Cohl, director dari prancis, menayangkan animasi Fantasmagorie, dimana animasi ini juga cukup terkenal. Film Animasi yang menggunakan boneka pertama kali di buat oleh Wladyslaw Starewicz (Ladislas Starevisch) yang berjudul The beautiful Lu kanidapa pada tahun 1910. sedangkan di Amerika Serikat, Winsor McCay membuat film animasi "Gertie The Dinosaur" pada tahun 1909. Figure di gambar blabar 8 hitam dengan latar belakang putih. Menyusul di tahun-tahun berikutnya pada animator Amerika mulai mengembangkan teknik film animasi di sekitar tahun 1913 sampai pada awal tahun 1920-an. Max Fleischer mengembangkan "Ko Ko The Clown" dan Pat Sullivan membuat "Felix The Cat" McCay membuat rumusan film dengan perhitungan waktu, 16 kali gambar dalam tiap detik gerakan. Flescher dan Sullivan telah memanfaatkan teknik animasi cell, yaitu lembaran tembus pandang dari bahan seluloid ( Cellucoid) yang di sebut "cell".Pemuda lainnya di jerman, Lotte Reineger di tahun 1919 mengembangkan film animasi bayangan, dan bertosch dan perancis, di tahun 1930 membuat percobaan film animasi potongan dengan figure yang berasal dari potongan-potongan kayu. 2.2.2 Animasi di Indonesia Kini di Indonesia animasi karya anak bangsa sudah semakin banyak dan animasi semakin banyak dan animasi semakin di terima oleh masyarakat indonesia.Sudah jauh berkembang dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya.Bahkan bakat-bakat animator di indonesia mulai dicari-cari untuk dapat memproduksi film animasi indonesia.Terbukti dengan telah banyaknya perlombaan-perlombaan animasi baik itu film pendek maupun film serial.Studio-studio animasi pun namanya mulai bermunculan di kredit penutup,bahkan serial aniasi Petualangan Didi Tikus mendapat sambutan bagus dari penonton Indonesia. 9 Gambar 1.3 Aksi Didi Tikus Gambar 1.4 Homeland Gambar 1.5 Sing to the Dawn Sedangkan film animasi format layar lebar sudah pernah dirilis lebih dulu, di sutradarai oleh sutradara yang sama dengan yaitu Chandra Endroputro berjudul Janus Prajurit Terakhir . Dua Film Animasi Indonesia yang lain yang pernah dirilis dibuat oleh studio kasatmata berjudul Homeland dan Infinite Frameworks yaitu Sing to the dawn atau meraih mimpi. Sebetulnya talent untuk animator di indonesia amat sangat banyak 10 dan maju,hanya saja tidak didukung oleh management yang kuat dan rapih, namanya juga seniman harus didukung banyak orang sekaligus industri yang berhubungan langsung dengan pemerintah dan tenaga kerja agar karya animasi bisa bergaung di dalam dan sekaligus di luar negeri. Animator Indonesia sudah biasa menggambar atau membuat wayang kulit maupun wayang golek, leluhur kita piawai dalam membuat candi & pura,sehingga gambar detail dan indah bukan masalah bagi masyarakat indonesia.Munculnya AINAKI (Asosiasi Animasi Industri dan Konten), perlu didukung oleh semua personel yang terlibat dalam mengembangkan animasi di negeri tercinta ini, karena beberapa wadah animasi lainnya di indonesia rata-rata tidak bisa bertahan lama. 2.2.3 12 prinsip animasi Modal utama seorang animator adalah kemampuan meng-capture momentum ke dalam runtutan gambar sehingga seolah-olah menjadi bergerak atau hidup. Sedikit berbeda dengan komikus, ilustrator, atau - katakanlah- karikaturis yang menangkap suatu momentum ke dalam sebuah gambar diam (still). Animator harus lebih memiliki ‘kepekaan gerak’ daripada ‘hanya’ sekedar kemampuan menggambar. Gambar yang bagus akan percuma tanpa didukung kemampuan meng-’hidup’-kan. Sebagaimana definisi dasar animasi yang berarti: membuat seolah-olah menjadi hidup.Ada berbagai macam teori dan pendapat tentang bagaimana seharusnya animasi itu dibuat. Tetapi setidaknya ada 12 prinsip yang harus dipenuhi untuk membuat sebuah animasi yang ‘hidup’. Ke-12 prinsip ini 11 meliputi dasar-dasar gerak, pengaturan waktu, peng-kaya-an visual, sekaligus teknis pembuatan sebuah animasi. • Solid Drawing Menggambar sebagai dasar utama animasi memegang peranan yang signifikan dalam menentukan -baik proses maupun hasil- sebuah animasi, terutama animasi klasik. Seorang animator harus memiliki kepekaan terhadap anatomi, komposisi, berat, keseimbangan, pencahayaan, dan sebagainya yang dapat dilatih melalui serangkaian observasi dan pengamatan, dimana dalam observasi itu salah satu yang harus dilakukan adalah: menggambar.Meskipun kini peran gambar -yang dihasilkan sketsa manual- sudah bisa digantikan oleh komputer, tetapi dengan pemahaman dasar dari prinsip ‘menggambar’ akan menghasilkan animasi yang lebih ‘peka’. • Timing & Spacing Grim Natwick -seorang animator Disney pernah berkata, “Animasi adalah tentang timing dan spacing ”. Timing adalah tentang menentukan waktu kapan sebuah gerakan harus dilakukan, sementara spacing adalah tentang menentukan percepatan dan perlambatan dari bermacam-macam jenis gerak. Contoh Timing: Menentukan pada detik keberapa sebuah bola yang meluncur kemudian menghantam kaca jendela.Contoh Spacing: Menentukan kepadatan gambar (yang pada animasi akan berpengaruh pada kecepatan gerak) ketika bola itu sebelum menghantam kaca, tepat menghantam kaca, sesudahnya, atau misalnya ketika bola itu mulai jatuh ke lantai. Spacing (pengaturan kepadatan gambar) akan mempengaruhi kecepatan gerak bola, 12 percepatan dan perlambatannya, sehingga membuat sebuah gerakan lebih realistis. • Squash and strecth Upaya penambahan efek lentur (plastis) pada objek atau figur sehingga -seolah-olah ‘memuai’ atau ‘menyusut’ sehingga memberikan efek gerak yang lebih hidup. Penerapan squash and stretch pada figur atau benda hidup (misal: manusia, binatang, creatures) akan memberikan ‘ enhancement’ sekaligus efek dinamis terhadap gerakan/ action tertentu, sementara pada benda mati (misal: gelas, meja, botol) penerapan squash and stretch akan membuat mereka (benda-benda mati tersebut) tampak atau berlaku seperti benda hidup.Contoh pada benda mati: Ketika sebuah bola dilemparkan. Pada saat bola menyentuh tanah maka dibuat seolah- olah bola yang semula bentuknya bulat sempurna menjadi sedikit lonjong horizontal, meskipun nyatanya keadaan bola tidak selalu demikian.Hal ini memberikan efek pergerakan yang lebih dinamis dan ‘hidup’.Contoh pada benda hidup: Sinergi bisep dan trisep pada manusia. Pada saat lengan ditarik (seperti gerakan mengangkat barbel) maka akan terjadi kontraksi pada otot bisep sehingga nampak ‘memuai’, hal inilah yang disebut squash pada animasi. Sedangkan stretch nampak ketika dilakukan gerakan sebaliknya (seperti gerakan menurunkan lengan), bisep akan nampak ‘menyusut’. • Anticipation boleh juga dianggap sebagai persiapan/ awalan gerak atau ancang-ancang. Seseorang yang bangkit dari duduk harus 13 membungkukkan badannya terlebih dahulu sebelum benar-benar berdiri. Pada gerakan memukul, sebelum tangan ‘maju’ harus ada gerakan ‘mundur’ dulu. Dan sejenisnya. • Slow In and Slow Out Sama seperti spacing yang berbicara tentang akselerasi dan deselerasi. Slow In dan Slow Out menegaskan kembali bahwa setiap gerakan memiliki percepatan dan perlambatan yang berbeda-beda. Slow in terjadi jika sebuah gerakan diawali secara lambat kemudian menjadi cepat. Slow out terjadi jika sebuah gerakan yang relatif cepat kemudian melambat.Contoh: Dalam gerakan misalnya mengambil gelas. Tangan akan memiliki kecepatan yang berbeda
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