DOCSLIB.ORG

Offshore Wind a European Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Offshore Wind a European Perspective Offshore Wind A European Perspective August, 2019 Offshore Wind—A European Perspective | 2 Executive Summary The offshore wind market is playing an increasingly closely examined transmission and interconnection important role in the United States’ energy strategies, as well as other factors that enabled discussions. The first US offshore wind project, the each country to lower its costs over time. Block Island Wind Farm, launched operations off the coast of Rhode Island in 2016. Soon thereafter, While there are an array of successful approaches States along the Northeast coast began proposing to developing an offshore wind system, the offshore wind goals of their own. It is now expected following key takeaways should guide the that they will generate a total of 19GW of offshore development of the offshore wind industry in this wind by 2035. country: • The most effective path to low-cost wind power In contrast, European nations have already installed is through scale and healthy competition. 18GW of offshore wind capacity over the past 20 years and are expected to reach a total of 70GW • The offshore transmission model used is by 2028. For example, Denmark, the Netherlands, dependent on a variety of physical and non-physical factors including geography. Germany and the United Kingdom are major Regardless of model chosen, the coordination players in offshore wind, with more than 16GW of and incentive alignment between all parties offshore wind connected to their onshore grids. is critical and needs to match their levels of Each country, with its own unique geography and respective capabilities. circumstances, followed its own particular path • Visible, long-term grid planning on and offshore, of development. There are, however, important removes barriers to entry, improves coordination lessons that should guide the continuing evolution and lowers costs. of the US’s offshore marketplace. • Cross-border coordination helps countries This study of offshore wind development in Europe leverage planned transmission infrastructure, was commissioned to review closely the more than achieve resource flexibility and gain economies two decades of experiences with this critically of scale. important source of renewable energy. This study Offshore Wind—A European Perspective | 3 A Note from the President & CEO of The New York Power Authority New York State (NYS) is making a bold commitment OSW goal. This Plan is now moving ahead with the to building a clean, resilient and affordable energy issuance of an initial request for proposal for OSW system for all its residents and communities. projects. Awards were recently announced for two Through the recently passed Climate Leadership offshore wind projects for a total of 1,700MW of and Community Protection Act (CLCPA), the state OSW, representing the single largest renewable mandated ambitious Green New Deal goals to energy procurement by any state. decarbonize the energy sector and increase the share of renewable energy in the power generation As we set out to meet this ambitious goal, NYPA, mix: consulting with NYSERDA, New York Independent System Operator (NYISO), Long Island Power CLCPA targets: Authority (LIPA) and Con Edison, with additional input from National Grid, studied 20 years of • Reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions by 85% relative to 1990 levels by 2050 European OSW transmission and interconnection project experience. Additionally, NYPA • Increase the share of renewable energy in the commissioned McKinsey to research the evolution electricity generation mix to 70% by 2030 of transmission and interconnection of OSW in Offshore wind (OSW), an essential part of this Europe. landmark initiative, is an important renewable We thank our collaborators for their insightful source of energy that will help NYS achieve both thoughts and input during this process of of these goals. The waters off New York City and investigation and analysis. This task cannot be done Long Island offer some of the best available wind in a silo. We all must play a major part in supporting resources in the world, putting New York in a prime the State’s clean energy goals, and each of our position to support OSW development in the US. perspectives and roles will be crucial in addressing In his 2017 State of the State Address, Governor the various needs required to make OSW a success. Andrew M. Cuomo set a bold goal for NYS: to This is an exciting period for New York, its energy develop 2.4GW of OSW by 2030, enough to power agencies, its private utilities, its offshore wind 1.2 million homes. This target was expanded in the developers and its energy consumers. This report Governor’s 2019 State of the State Address and was designed to support Governor Cuomo’s mandated through the CLCPA to the installation of bold long-term clean energy vision and explicitly 9GW offshore wind by 2035. recognizes that offshore wind will play an integral Since 2016, the New York State Energy Research & role in achieving a new, renewable energy mix for Development Authority (NYSERDA), working closely the future. with communities, environmental advocates and other government agencies, has conducted 20 in-depth studies. They served as the basis for the Offshore Wind Master Plan, issued in January 2018, — Gil C. Quiniones and established the strategy for meeting this new President and CEO of the New York Power Authority Offshore Wind—A European Perspective | 4 1. Offshore Wind and Transmission: the US Context Northeastern states, home to the most resource- contemplates how it will reach its goals, additional rich waters for offshore wind, are actively proposing important questions will also include: OSW goals. New Jersey and Massachusetts have • How should transmission and interconnections be both set ambitious goals of 3.5GW and 3.2GW of planned? Texas proactively planned transmission offshore wind by 2035, respectively. Connecticut to accommodate renewables by designating a and Rhode Island are also vying for OSW projects, Competitive Renewable Energy Zone (CREZ). and states further south, like Maryland and Is this proactive approach feasible for such a Virginia, are active in their pursuit of OSW projects, nascent and decentralized industry? Or would it with California not too far behind. Collectively, be more prudent to plan as we go? Northeastern states have committed to over 19GW • What are the barriers in the US market to lower of installed capacity by 2035. costs for the consumer? The region faces many important questions and • What type of offshore and onshore transmission challenges, as it strives to support the timely configurations are best to accommodate rapid OSW growth? and efficient development of OSW. A particularly important issue is how to ensure affordability for • How do current transmission planning processes consumers while spurring long-term economic and regulations allow for more rapid planning of development in each respective state. The answer potentially large OSW injections onto the onshore will require mobilizing private investments and systems? attracting the best OSW partners. As each state Exhibit 1: Contrasting NYS OSW target to neighboring states Offshore Wind—A European Perspective | 5 Offshore wind has been developing in Europe development, operation and maintenance of the for the past 20 years. With 18GW of installed infrastructure that transports electricity from the OSW capacity and an expected total of 70GW by generator to the distribution system operators. 2028, the experience of relevant countries will TSOs can be and, in a few countries, are owned provide important insights as the US ramps up by the government. The public sector’s main its OSW efforts. priority is maintaining a secure and reliable grid. Regulation of TSOs differ, with each country This study was conducted to gain lessons from having its own regulatory body. It should also be the European experience with a focus on the noted that the European Union (EU) has an overall transmission and interconnection of OSW. From regulatory body that sets the guidelines for all the this research, primary takeaways were summarized TSOs. to serve as insights as further development is pursued in the US. Since the study took a deep In the US, there is no direct equivalent of a TSO, dive into the four most active countries with OSW, as the transmission systems are planned, built, it is important to understand some key differences owned, operated and regulated by multiple between the European and US energy markets. entities at local, state and federal levels. These While both markets provide similar services and entities can include, but are not limited to, the share similar objectives, there are structural following entities: the Independent System differences in how these markets operate. Operator or Regional Transmission Operator, transmission owners, utilities, state public In Europe, the Transmission System Operator commissions and the Federal Energy Regulatory (TSO) is an entity that is responsible for the Commission. 2. Understanding Offshore Wind Development Support This study conducted an in-depth assessment These five dimensions provide a simplified—yet of offshore wind developments in four leading holistic—way to categorize and understand different European countries: Denmark, Germany, the OSW support design choices, and provide us with Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The key takeaways. analysis is based on extensive market research and interviews with leading developers and 2.1. Site Development Transmission System Operators
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vestas to Supply 35 MW of Turbines for Heavy Industry Sites in Belgium
    News release from Vestas Northern and Central Europe Hamburg, 30 June 2021 Vestas to supply 35 MW of turbines for heavy industry sites in Belgium Vestas has received a 35 MW order to supply turbines to two projects being developed for corporate heavy industry in Belgium, including providing renewable power for steel production. The two projects are being developed by Storm, a Belgian wind farm developer and owner-operator, and are both located in the industrial harbour of Ghent, Belgium. Storm is developing the 31 MW ArcelorMittal Wind Farm, which will comprise of three V162-6.0 MW EnVentus turbines, two V150-4.2 MW turbines operating at 4.3 MW power mode, and one V150-4.2 MW turbine. The three EnVentus turbines are the first to be installed in Belgium, and will be the largest turbines installed onshore in Belgium. They will be built subsidy-free on the basis of a 20-year corporate PPA with ArcelorMittal. The ArcelorMittal Wind Farm will be powering the ArcelorMittal steel manufacturing plant in Ghent, providing the electricity for steel production. The turbines will also be equipped with Vestas’ Anti-Icing System, enhancing performance by improving power production in cold climate conditions. At a separate project, the 4.2 MW Honda Gent Wind Farm, which is also being developed by Storm, Vestas will deliver one V136-4.2 MW turbine. The power from this project will be used by Honda Motor Europe’s logistics centre in Ghent. Vestas will supply, install, and commission turbines at both sites. At both sites, Vestas will provide service through long-term 20-year Active Output Management 4000 (AOM 4000) service agreements, providing power performance certainty and Vestas’ industry-leading service expertise throughout the lifetime of the projects.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Offshore Wind Power Economic Impact Assessment
    U.S. Offshore Wind Power Economic Impact Assessment Issue Date | March 2020 Prepared By American Wind Energy Association Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Current Status of U.S. Offshore Wind .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Lessons from Land-based Wind ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Announced Investments in Domestic Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................ 5 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Input Assumptions ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Modeling Tool ........................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Suzlon Group: Fact Sheet
    Suzlon Group: Fact Sheet Suzlon Group Suzlon Group, consisting of Suzlon Energy Limited (SEL) and its global subsidiaries, is India’s largest renewable energy solutions provider with presence in 18 countries across six continents. Suzlon has a strong presence across the entire wind value chain with a comprehensive range of services to build and maintain the projects, which include design, supply, installation, commissioning of the project and dedicated life cycle asset management services. Suzlon Group is a market leader in India with over 11.9 GW of installed capacity and global installation of ~ 17.9 GW spread across 17 countries in Asia, Australia, Europe, Africa and Americas. Suzlon’s Global wind installations help in reducing ~38 million tonnes of CO2 emissions every year. The company has an installed manufacturing capacity of 4,200 MW wind turbine generators spread across three Nacelle units in India and one unit in China (Joint venture). Suzlon boasts of a wide range within its 2.1 MW suite of products with varying rotor blade and tower heights suitable for all wind regimes. o The S111-120m (120 meter hub height), lattice-tubular tower prototype turbine commissioned in Gujarat in March 2016 achieved ~42% plant load factor (PLF). It received Type Certification in June, 2016. o The S111-140m (140 meter hub height), is the tallest lattice-tubular tower in the country. The prototype set up in August 2017 at Kutch, Gujarat, has received its Type Certification. It is expected to deliver 44% plant load factor (PLF) than earlier products on the same site location and wind conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Energy & Wildlife
    WIND ENERGY & WILDLIFE: Benefits for companies purchasing wind energy, wind Site it Right energy developers and financiers, consumers, and wildlife. central great plains grasslandscollaborating to conserve America’s most impacted habitat THE CHALLENGE The Nature Conservancy supports the development of A REAL LIFE EXAMPLE: renewable energy, such as wind, as an emission-free source of electricity. Economically viable wind resources Company XYZ was looking to purchase wind-generated and ecologically important areas, however, show some electricity, both to meet forecasted energy needs, and to overlap in the Central Great Plains. This overlap raises satisfy the company’s own initiative for sustainability, concerns that wildlife populations may be seriously which promotes the use of renewable energy, along impacted by commercial wind energy development. As a with other sustainable practices. XYZ issued a request for proposals for 100 megawatts (MW) of wind energy, result, power purchasers should be aware of this overlap, beginning in 2017. Several proposals were received and and more importantly, know how to avoid wildlife XYZ reviewed them, selecting company “ABC” as the impacts and the risks of procuring wind power from lowest-cost provider. A power purchase agreement was projects sited in sensitive habitat areas. signed, and XYZ’s CEO was pleased. rasslands are an important part of Gthe country’s cultural, economic and natural history, and are the most altered and least conserved landscapes on earth. The results of this decline are staggering. Almost three-quarters of the breeding bird species in the United States survive in the prairies of the Great Plains. Historically, some of these birds were widely distributed and found in vast numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Power: Energy of the Future It’S Worth Thinking About
    Wind power: energy of the future It’s worth thinking about. »Energy appears to me to be the first and unique virtue of man.« Wilhelm von Humboldt 2 3 »With methods from the past, there will be no future.« Dr. Bodo Wilkens Wind power on the increase »Environmental protection is an opportunity and not a burden we have to carry.« Helmut Sihler When will the oil run out? Even if experts cannot agree on an exact date, one thing is certain: the era of fossil fuels is coming to an end. In the long term we depend on renewable sources of energy. This is an irrefutable fact, which has culminated in a growing ecological awareness in industry as well as in politics: whereas renewable sources of energy accounted for 4.2 percent of the total consumption of electricity in 1996, the year 2006 registered a proportion of 12 per- cent. And by 2020 this is to be pushed up to 30 percent. The growth of recent years has largely been due to the use of wind power. The speed of technical development over the past 15 years has brought a 20-fold rise in efficiency and right now wind power is the most economical regenerat- ive form there is to produce electricity. In this respect, Germany leads the world: since 1991 more than 19.460 wind power plants have been installed with a wind power capacity of 22.247 MW*. And there is more still planned for the future: away from the coastline, the offshore plants out at sea will secure future electricity supplies.
    [Show full text]
  • Vestas Wins 97 MW Order for Wind Project in Australia
    Page 1 of 2 News release from Vestas Asia Pacific Singapore, 14 December 2020 Vestas wins 97 MW order for wind project in Australia In partnership with Global Power Generation, a subsidiary of the multinational power company Naturgy Group, Vestas has secured a 97 MW deal for the Hawkesdale Wind Farm in Victoria, Australia. The project will feature 23 V136-4.2 MW wind turbines which Vestas will supply and install. Upon completion, Vestas will also deliver a 15-year Active Output Management 5000 (AOM 5000) service agreement. With an energy-based availability guarantee, the service agreement will maximise the energy production of the fleet and provide Global Power Generation (Naturgy Group) with long-term business case certainty. The deal follows Vestas’ recent announcement of the second stage of the Berrybank wind project and the Ryan Corner wind project, two new Victorian wind parks to be developed with Global Power Generation. Together, the three projects will export a total of 425 MW of clean energy to the Australian grid. “We are proud that customers from all around the world turn to Vestas for our leading technology, market experience, broad service solutions and ultimately, the best return on investment for their wind project”, said Clive Turton, President of Vestas Asia Pacific. “Global Power Generation is a valued customer to Vestas globally and we look forward to building on our existing partnership through the delivery of Hawkesdale Wind Farm”. “Global Power Generation is very pleased to continue its partnership with Vestas as OEM and long-term maintenance service provider for Hawkesdale Wind Farm”, said Pedro Serrano, Chief Business Development Officer, Global Power Generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercialization of Energy Storage Technologies
    Commercialization of Energy Storage Technologies PECC International Project Energy Transition and New Economic Models 2013-2014 Energy transition: Making the most out of available resources Victoria, BC, Canada November 08 2013 CONFIDENTIAL Presentation Agenda • Introduction to SDTC’s clean technology commercialization model • Demand Drivers for Energy Storage (ES) and Renewable Energy (RE) Integration • Technology Configurations and SDTC ES Portfolio Company Summary • ES Market Size and Potential • Regulatory Policy and Market Rules Support for ES CONFIDENTIAL 2 External Sources Acknowledgement • Sandia National Labs • DOE/ EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA July 2013 • Energy Storage for the Electicity Grid: Benefits and Market Potential Assessments Guide, A Study for the DOE Energy Storage System Program Feb 2010 • EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) • Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options 23-Dec-2010 • Lux • Grid Storage Under the Microscope: Using Local Knowledge to Forecast Global Demand March 2012 • Roland Berger Strategy Consultants CONFIDENTIAL 3 SDTC Mission and Mandate • SDTC is a policy delivery instrument of the Government of Canada to deliver environmental and economic benefits to Canadians. • As a delivery agent, we foster the development and demonstration of technological solutions that address: • Clean Air • Clean Water • Climate Change • Clean Land • Forge innovative partnerships and build a sustainable development technology infrastructure. • Ensure timely diffusion - increase
    [Show full text]
  • Report Wind Farm Optimisation 2016-2020
    Report Wind Farm Optimisation 2016-2020 − Findings after 5 years of systematic optimisation of the Own Farm Segment − Average 2% p. a. additional yield through technical innovations − Over 20% lower power generation costs through commercial optimisations Bremen, 13 July 2021 Energiekontor Report Wind Farm Optimisation 2016-2020 1 I. Background Since 2016, we have been a development and testing partner for prototype development and field tests in 13 projects for manufacturer-independent technical retrofits of wind turbines to increase yield. In our own parks, we have achieved an average of 2% additional yield p. a. through an individually designed optimal mix of measures. In addition, we were able to reduce the electricity production costs by more than 20% compared to the expenses of previous years through commercial optimisations. As one of the leading project developers and operators for wind power, we have built 128 wind farms with 642 turbines to date and are responsible for the operational management of 1 GW of wind power capacity, of which more than300 MW are in our own portfolio. Since 2016, we have been systematically optimising the yields and profitability of our wind farms and have established a comprehensive and comparative testing system in the market. After evaluating the results of the last five years, we have now summarised our diverse experience with technical and commercial optimisations in this report Wind Farm Optimisation 2016-2020, as a contribution to the most effective use of wind power in general and in order to contribute to faster progress in the energy transition. II. technical optimisation - innovations for more yield Through technical optimisations in our wind farms we generate 2% more yield per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Clements Gap Wind Farm Project Profile
    CLEMENTS GAP WIND FARM PROJECT PROFILE In January 2008, Pacific Hydro Pty Ltd awarded Suzlon Energy Australia Pty Ltd a contract for the Supply and Installation of Wind Turbine Generators for the Clements Gap Wind Farm in South Australia. The wind farm was officially opened by South Australian Premier Rann in February 2010. Our Client Project Description The overall scope of work included Pacific Hydro is an Australian company The Clements Gap Wind Farm the following: dedicated to developing renewable comprises 27 Suzlon S88_2.1MW wind • Design and manufacture of the energy projects around the globe. turbines with a total installed capacity of wind turbines 56.7MW. • Detailed in-house wind turbine Turbine Type micro-siting SS88_2.1MW with 88m rotor diameter. The S88_2.1MW wind turbine has a • Wind turbine power curve testing simple design philosophy to provide a • International shipping and delivery Project Location tough, reliable machine that not only of wind turbine components to 200km North of Adelaide in Barunga maximizes energy production from the rural site Ranges, South Australia. The site available wind, but ensures the turbines • Local manufacture and delivery of occupies a 10 km section of the Barunga operate reliably and with minimal 80m steel towers Ranges, 40 km south of Port Pirie. maintenance costs during their lifespan. • Installation, commissioning and testing of wind turbines Suzlon was responsible for the Supply • Supply and installation of SCADA and Installation of the wind turbines. (monitoring and control) system • Long term service and maintenance of the wind farm CLEMENTS GAP WIND FARM PROJECT PROFILE Key Statistics As the turbine supplier, Suzlon worked The clean energy produced by this closely with Civil and Electrical wind farm will be enough to power the subcontractors to ensure the delivery equivalent of 30,000 average Australian of this complex project.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancing the Growth of the U.S. Wind Industry: Federal Incentives, Funding, and Partnership Opportunities Wind Power Is a Burgeoning Power Source in the U.S
    Advancing the Growth of the U.S. Wind Industry: Federal Incentives, Funding, and Partnership Opportunities Wind power is a burgeoning power source in the U.S. electricity portfolio, supplying more than 6% of U.S. electricity generation. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) focuses on The Block Island Wind Farm, the first U.S. offshore wind farm, enabling industry growth and U.S. competitiveness by represents the launch of an industry that has the potential supporting early-stage research on technologies that to contribute significantly to a reliable, stable, and affordable enhance energy affordability, reliability, and resilience energy mix. Photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 41193 and strengthen U.S. energy security, economic growth, and environmental quality. Outlined below are the primary federal incentives for developing and The estimated allowable tax If construction begins… investing in wind power, resources for funding wind credit is… power, and opportunities to partner with DOE and other federal agencies on efforts to move the U.S. After Dec. 31, 2016 1.9 cents/kWh wind industry forward. Before Dec. 31, 2017 Reduced 20% Incentives for Project Developers and Investors To stimulate the deployment of renewable energy technologies, Before Dec. 31, 2018 Reduced 40% including wind energy, the federal government provides incentives for private investment, including tax credits and Before Dec. 31, 2019 Reduced 60% financing mechanisms such as tax-exempt bonds, loan guarantee programs, and low-interest loans. For more detailed information on the phase-down of the PTC set Tax Credits forth in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, see the most current Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC)—The Internal Revenue Service guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Energy and Production of Hydrogen and Electricity -- DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Opportunities for Renewable Hydrogen: Preprint 5B
    A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Wind Energy and Production of Conference Paper NREL/CP-560-39534 Hydrogen and Electricity — March 2006 Opportunities for Renewable Hydrogen Preprint J. Levene, B. Kroposki, and G. Sverdrup To be presented at the 2006 POWER-GEN Renewable Energy and Fuels Technical Conference Las Vegas, Nevada April 10-12, 2006 NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Offshore Wind Plant Electrical Systems
    Offshore Wind Plant Electrical Systems BOEM Offshore Renewable Energy Workshop Ian Baring-Gould July 29-30, 2014 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Major Offshore Wind Farm BOS Components • Foundations • Grounded (monopile, gravity, tripod, etc.) • Floating (ballast, mooring, buoyancy stabilizations, etc.) • Wind farm collector system • Inter-turbine Medium Voltage (MV) AC cables (typically 34.5 kV) • Substation platform with transformer and electrical equipment • Converter platform if High Voltage (HV) DC transmission is used •Transmission to shore • HVAC or HVDC submarine cable • Cable landing • HVAC or HVDC land cable • On-shore converter station for HVDC • Onshore substation/interconnection BOS = Balance of System or Balance of Station Source: NSW Submarine Power NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 2 Key Principles of Electrical Systems Maintaining a high level of power quality is driven by: • Regulation / Grid codes • Low voltage ride-through • Active frequency and power control Standard AC Transmission Voltage Ratings • Reactive power control Much depends on: • Configuration • Type and age of equipment • System integration and control Power System Basics: • Power: Power = Volts * Amps (VA) • Ohms Law: Volts = Amps * Resistance • Resistance = electrical resistance * ( length of run / area of cable) NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Balance of Station Land-based – Offshore Differences BOS technical and economic aspects of land based wind farms are well understood, but still need improvements. Optimization tools are available. – Some variations in BOS capital cost not related to site’s geographical characteristics are still present – In many cases, such variations can be tracked down to suboptimal design and/or specifications – Improvements and further standardization, bidding optimization can help – Need in larger mobile cranes, improved road infrastructure, etc.
    [Show full text]