LOCUS of INTERSECTIONS of EULER LINES 1. Introduction The
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Control Point Based Representation of Inellipses of Triangles∗
Annales Mathematicae et Informaticae 40 (2012) pp. 37–46 http://ami.ektf.hu Control point based representation of inellipses of triangles∗ Imre Juhász Department of Descriptive Geometry, University of Miskolc, Hungary [email protected] Submitted April 12, 2012 — Accepted May 20, 2012 Abstract We provide a control point based parametric description of inellipses of triangles, where the control points are the vertices of the triangle themselves. We also show, how to convert remarkable inellipses defined by their Brianchon point to control point based description. Keywords: inellipse, cyclic basis, rational trigonometric curve, Brianchon point MSC: 65D17, 68U07 1. Introduction It is well known from elementary projective geometry that there is a two-parameter family of ellipses that are within a given non-degenerate triangle and touch its three sides. Such ellipses can easily be constructed in the traditional way (by means of ruler and compasses), or their implicit equation can be determined. We provide a method using which one can determine the parametric form of these ellipses in a fairly simple way. Nowadays, in Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) curves are repre- sented mainly in the form n g (u) = j=0 Fj (u) dj δ Fj :[a, b] R, u [a, b] R, dj R , δ 2 P→ ∈ ⊂ ∈ ≥ ∗This research was carried out as a part of the TAMOP-4.2.1.B-10/2/KONV-2010-0001 project with support by the European Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund. 37 38 I. Juhász where dj are called control points and Fj (u) are blending functions. (The most well-known blending functions are Bernstein polynomials and normalized B-spline basis functions, cf. -
Searching for the Center
Searching For The Center Brief Overview: This is a three-lesson unit that discovers and applies points of concurrency of a triangle. The lessons are labs used to introduce the topics of incenter, circumcenter, centroid, circumscribed circles, and inscribed circles. The lesson is intended to provide practice and verification that the incenter must be constructed in order to find a point equidistant from the sides of any triangle, a circumcenter must be constructed in order to find a point equidistant from the vertices of a triangle, and a centroid must be constructed in order to distribute mass evenly. The labs provide a way to link this knowledge so that the students will be able to recall this information a month from now, 3 months from now, and so on. An application is included in each of the three labs in order to demonstrate why, in a real life situation, a person would want to create an incenter, a circumcenter and a centroid. NCTM Content Standard/National Science Education Standard: • Analyze characteristics and properties of two- and three-dimensional geometric shapes and develop mathematical arguments about geometric relationships. • Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling to solve problems. Grade/Level: These lessons were created as a linking/remembering device, especially for a co-taught classroom, but can be adapted or used for a regular ed, or even honors level in 9th through 12th Grade. With more modification, these lessons might be appropriate for middle school use as well. Duration/Length: Lesson #1 45 minutes Lesson #2 30 minutes Lesson #3 30 minutes Student Outcomes: Students will: • Define and differentiate between perpendicular bisector, angle bisector, segment, triangle, circle, radius, point, inscribed circle, circumscribed circle, incenter, circumcenter, and centroid. -
The Vertex-Midpoint-Centroid Triangles
Forum Geometricorum b Volume 4 (2004) 97–109. bbb FORUM GEOM ISSN 1534-1178 The Vertex-Midpoint-Centroid Triangles Zvonko Cerinˇ Abstract. This paper explores six triangles that have a vertex, a midpoint of a side, and the centroid of the base triangle ABC as vertices. They have many in- teresting properties and here we study how they monitor the shape of ABC. Our results show that certain geometric properties of these six triangles are equivalent to ABC being either equilateral or isosceles. Let A, B, C be midpoints of the sides BC, CA, AB of the triangle ABC and − let G be its centroid (i.e., the intersection of medians AA, BB , CC ). Let Ga , + − + − + Ga , Gb , Gb , Gc , Gc be triangles BGA , CGA , CGB , AGB , AGC , BGC (see Figure 1). C − + Gb Ga B A G + − Gb Ga − + Gc Gc ABC Figure 1. Six vertex–midpoint–centroid triangles of ABC. This set of six triangles associated to the triangle ABC is a special case of the cevasix configuration (see [5] and [7]) when the chosen point is the centroid G.It has the following peculiar property (see [1]). Theorem 1. The triangle ABC is equilateral if and only if any three of the trian- = { − + − + − +} gles from the set σG Ga ,Ga ,Gb ,Gb ,Gc ,Gc have the same either perime- ter or inradius. In this paper we wish to show several similar results. The idea is to replace perimeter and inradius with other geometric notions (like k-perimeter and Brocard angle) and to use various central points (like the circumcenter and the orthocenter – see [4]) of these six triangles. -
Arxiv:2101.02592V1 [Math.HO] 6 Jan 2021 in His Seminal Paper [10]
International Journal of Computer Discovered Mathematics (IJCDM) ISSN 2367-7775 ©IJCDM Volume 5, 2020, pp. 13{41 Received 6 August 2020. Published on-line 30 September 2020 web: http://www.journal-1.eu/ ©The Author(s) This article is published with open access1. Arrangement of Central Points on the Faces of a Tetrahedron Stanley Rabinowitz 545 Elm St Unit 1, Milford, New Hampshire 03055, USA e-mail: [email protected] web: http://www.StanleyRabinowitz.com/ Abstract. We systematically investigate properties of various triangle centers (such as orthocenter or incenter) located on the four faces of a tetrahedron. For each of six types of tetrahedra, we examine over 100 centers located on the four faces of the tetrahedron. Using a computer, we determine when any of 16 con- ditions occur (such as the four centers being coplanar). A typical result is: The lines from each vertex of a circumscriptible tetrahedron to the Gergonne points of the opposite face are concurrent. Keywords. triangle centers, tetrahedra, computer-discovered mathematics, Eu- clidean geometry. Mathematics Subject Classification (2020). 51M04, 51-08. 1. Introduction Over the centuries, many notable points have been found that are associated with an arbitrary triangle. Familiar examples include: the centroid, the circumcenter, the incenter, and the orthocenter. Of particular interest are those points that Clark Kimberling classifies as \triangle centers". He notes over 100 such points arXiv:2101.02592v1 [math.HO] 6 Jan 2021 in his seminal paper [10]. Given an arbitrary tetrahedron and a choice of triangle center (for example, the circumcenter), we may locate this triangle center in each face of the tetrahedron. -
Barycentric Coordinates in Olympiad Geometry
Barycentric Coordinates in Olympiad Geometry Max Schindler∗ Evan Cheny July 13, 2012 I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail. Abstract In this paper we present a powerful computational approach to large class of olympiad geometry problems{ barycentric coordinates. We then extend this method using some of the techniques from vector computations to greatly extend the scope of this technique. Special thanks to Amir Hossein and the other olympiad moderators for helping to get this article featured: I certainly did not have such ambitious goals in mind when I first wrote this! ∗Mewto55555, Missouri. I can be contacted at igoroogenfl[email protected]. yv Enhance, SFBA. I can be reached at [email protected]. 1 Contents Title Page 1 1 Preliminaries 4 1.1 Advantages of barycentric coordinates . .4 1.2 Notations and Conventions . .5 1.3 How to Use this Article . .5 2 The Basics 6 2.1 The Coordinates . .6 2.2 Lines . .6 2.2.1 The Equation of a Line . .6 2.2.2 Ceva and Menelaus . .7 2.3 Special points in barycentric coordinates . .7 3 Standard Strategies 9 3.1 EFFT: Perpendicular Lines . .9 3.2 Distance Formula . 11 3.3 Circles . 11 3.3.1 Equation of the Circle . 11 4 Trickier Tactics 12 4.1 Areas and Lines . 12 4.2 Non-normalized Coordinates . 13 4.3 O, H, and Strong EFFT . 13 4.4 Conway's Formula . 14 4.5 A Few Final Lemmas . 15 5 Example Problems 16 5.1 USAMO 2001/2 . -
The Uses of Homogeneous Barycentric Coordinates in Plane Euclidean Geometry by PAUL
The uses of homogeneous barycentric coordinates in plane euclidean geometry by PAUL YIU Department of Mathematical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA The notion of homogeneous barycentric coordinates provides a pow- erful tool of analysing problems in plane geometry. In this paper, we explain the advantages over the traditional use of trilinear coordinates, and illustrate its powerfulness in leading to discoveries of new and in- teresting collinearity relations of points associated with a triangle. 1. Introduction In studying geometric properties of the triangle by algebraic methods, it has been customary to make use of trilinear coordinates. See, for examples, [3, 6, 7, 8, 9]. With respect to a ¯xed triangle ABC (of side lengths a, b, c, and opposite angles ®, ¯, °), the trilinear coordinates of a point is a triple of numbers proportional to the signed distances of the point to the sides of the triangle. The late Jesuit mathematician Maurice Wong has given [9] a synthetic construction of the point with trilinear coordinates cot ® : cot ¯ : cot °, and more generally, in [8] points with trilinear coordinates a2nx : b2ny : c2nz from one with trilinear coordinates x : y : z with respect to a triangle with sides a, b, c. On a much grandiose scale, Kimberling [6, 7] has given extensive lists of centres associated with a triangle, in terms of trilinear coordinates, along with some collinearity relations. The present paper advocates the use of homogeneous barycentric coor- dinates instead. The notion of barycentric coordinates goes back to MÄobius. See, for example, [4]. With respect to a ¯xed triangle ABC, we write, for every point P on the plane containing the triangle, 1 P = (( P BC)A + ( P CA)B + ( P AB)C); ABC 4 4 4 4 and refer to this as the barycentric coordinate of P . -
Applications of Trilinear Coordinates to Some
APPLICATIONS OF TRILINEAR COORDINATES TO SOME PROBLEMS IN PLANE ELASTICITY Ramanath Williams Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Engineering Mechanics l\l'PROVED: H. F. Brinson, Chairman --------------- tl.-~:.J C. W. Smith R. P. McNit ... D. Frederick, Department Head October, 1972 Blacksburg, Virginia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Professor H. F. Brinson of the Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechni.c Institute and State University, for his helpful criticisms and encouragement during the course of this investigation. The author is also grateful to the Department of Defense who sponsored this work under Project Themis, Contract Number DAA-F07-69-C-0444 with Watervliet Arsenal, Watervliet, New York. Finally, thanks are due to Mrs. Peggy Epperly for typing this manuscript. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS v LIST OF SYMBOLS vi INTRODUCTION • . 1 l. DEFINITION OF TRILINEAR COORDINATES • 6 2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARTESIAN Ai.~D TRILINEAR COORDINATES 9 3, TRIAXIAL STRESS SYSTEM 16 ,~, STRESS-STFAIN RELATIONS IN TERMS OF TRIAXIAL STRESS AND STRAIN COMPONENTS . 22 5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE OF STRESS AND STRAIN IN THE CARTESIAN AND TRIAXIAL COORDINATES . 27 6. :PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAIN ENE.RGY OF DEFORMATION . 34 7. SOME EQUATIONS OF PLANE ELASTICITY 38 7 .1 Equilibrium equations 38 7.2 Kinematics and compatibility equation 46 7.3 Governing equations of thin plate 54 7 ,lf Boundary conditions for a triangular plate 59 8. INTEGRATION OF A FUNCTION COMPOSED OF TRILINEAR VARIABLES 63 9. -
The Euler Line in Non-Euclidean Geometry
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 2003 The Euler Line in non-Euclidean geometry Elena Strzheletska Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Strzheletska, Elena, "The Euler Line in non-Euclidean geometry" (2003). Theses Digitization Project. 2443. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2443 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EULER LINE IN NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Mathematics by Elena Strzheletska December 2003 THE EULER LINE IN NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Elena Strzheletska December 2003 Approved by: Robert Stein, Committee Member Susan Addington, Committee Member Peter Williams, Chair Terry Hallett, Department of Mathematics Graduate Coordinator Department of Mathematics ABSTRACT In Euclidean geometry, the circumcenter and the centroid of a nonequilateral triangle determine a line called the Euler line. The orthocenter of the triangle, the point of intersection of the altitudes, also belongs to this line. The main purpose of this thesis is to explore the conditions of the existence and the properties of the Euler line of a triangle in the hyperbolic plane. -
Triangle-Centers.Pdf
Triangle Centers Maria Nogin (based on joint work with Larry Cusick) Undergraduate Mathematics Seminar California State University, Fresno September 1, 2017 Outline • Triangle Centers I Well-known centers F Center of mass F Incenter F Circumcenter F Orthocenter I Not so well-known centers (and Morley's theorem) I New centers • Better coordinate systems I Trilinear coordinates I Barycentric coordinates I So what qualifies as a triangle center? • Open problems (= possible projects) mass m mass m mass m Centroid (center of mass) C Mb Ma Centroid A Mc B Three medians in every triangle are concurrent. Centroid is the point of intersection of the three medians. mass m mass m mass m Centroid (center of mass) C Mb Ma Centroid A Mc B Three medians in every triangle are concurrent. Centroid is the point of intersection of the three medians. Centroid (center of mass) C mass m Mb Ma Centroid mass m mass m A Mc B Three medians in every triangle are concurrent. Centroid is the point of intersection of the three medians. Incenter C Incenter A B Three angle bisectors in every triangle are concurrent. Incenter is the point of intersection of the three angle bisectors. Circumcenter C Mb Ma Circumcenter A Mc B Three side perpendicular bisectors in every triangle are concurrent. Circumcenter is the point of intersection of the three side perpendicular bisectors. Orthocenter C Ha Hb Orthocenter A Hc B Three altitudes in every triangle are concurrent. Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the three altitudes. Euler Line C Ha Hb Orthocenter Mb Ma Centroid Circumcenter A Hc Mc B Euler line Theorem (Euler, 1765). -
Degree of Triangle Centers and a Generalization of the Euler Line
Beitr¨agezur Algebra und Geometrie Contributions to Algebra and Geometry Volume 51 (2010), No. 1, 63-89. Degree of Triangle Centers and a Generalization of the Euler Line Yoshio Agaoka Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739–8521, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. We introduce a concept “degree of triangle centers”, and give a formula expressing the degree of triangle centers on generalized Euler lines. This generalizes the well known 2 : 1 point configuration on the Euler line. We also introduce a natural family of triangle centers based on the Ceva conjugate and the isotomic conjugate. This family contains many famous triangle centers, and we conjecture that the de- gree of triangle centers in this family always takes the form (−2)k for some k ∈ Z. MSC 2000: 51M05 (primary), 51A20 (secondary) Keywords: triangle center, degree of triangle center, Euler line, Nagel line, Ceva conjugate, isotomic conjugate Introduction In this paper we present a new method to study triangle centers in a systematic way. Concerning triangle centers, there already exist tremendous amount of stud- ies and data, among others Kimberling’s excellent book and homepage [32], [36], and also various related problems from elementary geometry are discussed in the surveys and books [4], [7], [9], [12], [23], [26], [41], [50], [51], [52]. In this paper we introduce a concept “degree of triangle centers”, and by using it, we clarify the mutual relation of centers on generalized Euler lines (Proposition 1, Theorem 2). Here the term “generalized Euler line” means a line connecting the centroid G and a given triangle center P , and on this line an infinite number of centers lie in a fixed order, which are successively constructed from the initial center P 0138-4821/93 $ 2.50 c 2010 Heldermann Verlag 64 Y. -
Orthocenters of Triangles in the N-Dimensional Space
Divulgaciones Matemáticas Vol. 17 No. 2 (2016), pp. 114 Orthocenters of triangles in the n-dimensional space Ortocentros para triángulos en el espacio n-dimensional Horst Martini([email protected]) Fakultät für Mathematik, TU Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany Wilson Pacheco ([email protected]) Aljadis Varela ([email protected]) John Vargas ([email protected]) Departamento de Matematicas Facultad Experimental de Ciencias Universidad del Zulia Maracaibo - Venezuela Abstract We present a way to dene a set of orthocenters for a triangle in the n-dimensional space n R , and we show some analogies between these orthocenters and the classical orthocenter of a triangle in the Euclidean plane. We also dene a substitute of the orthocenter for tetra- hedra which we call G−orthocenter. We show that the G−orthocenter of a tetrahedron has some properties similar to those of the classical orthocenter of a triangle. Key words and phrases: orthocenter, triangle, tetrahedron, orthocentric system, Feuerbach sphere. Resumen Presentamos una manera de denir un conjunto de ortocentros de un triángulo en el n espacio n-dimensional R , y mostramos algunas analogías entre estos ortocentros y el or- tocentro clásico de un triángulo en el plano euclidiano. También denimos un sustituto del ortocentro para tetraedros que llamamos G−ortocentro. Se demuestra que el G−ortocentro de un tetraedro tiene algunas propiedades similares a los del ortocentro clásico de un trián- gulo. Palabras y frases clave: ortocentro, triángulo, tetraedro, sistema ortocéntrico, esfera de Feuerbach. 1 Introduction In the Euclidean plane, the orthocenter H of a triangle 4ABC is known as the unique point where the altitudes of the triangle intersect, i.e., the point at which the three lines perpendicular to Received 20/07/16. -
January 2009
How Euler Did It by Ed Sandifer The Euler line January 2009 A hundred years ago, if you'd asked people why Leonhard Euler was famous, those who had an answer would very likely have mentioned his discovery of the Euler line, the remarkable property that the orthocenter, the center of gravity and the circumcenter of a triangle are collinear. But times change, and so do fashions and the standards by which we interpret history. At the end of the nineteenth century, triangle geometry was regarded as one of the crowning achievements of mathematics, and the Euler line was one of its finest jewels. Mathematicians who neglected triangle geometry to study exotic new fields like logic, abstract algebra or topology were taking brave risks to their professional careers. Now it would be the aspiring triangle geometer taking the risks. Still, the late H. S. M. Coxeter made a long and distinguished career without straying far from the world of triangles, and he introduced hundreds of others to their delightful properties, especially the Euler line. This month, we look at how Euler discovered the Euler line and what he was trying to do when he discovered it. We will find that the discovery was rather incidental to the problem he was trying to solve, and that the problem itself was otherwise rather unimportant. This brings us to the 325th paper in Gustav Eneström's index of Euler's published work, "Solutio facilis problematum quorumdam geometricorum difficillimorum" (An easy solution to a very difficult problem in geometry) [E325]. Euler wrote the paper in 1763 when he lived in Berlin and worked at the academy of Frederick the Great.