International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com

ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep – Oct 2018

Internet of Things (IoT ) Meaning, Application and Challenges

Ibrar Ahmed 2, Shilpi 2, Mohammad Amjad 1 1Associate Professor, 2Student Department of Computer Engineering , Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi , India

ABSTRACT The idea of making self- communicating devices among many devices while the conceived back in 1999 however it caught attention delivers another open-ended outlook for producing only after the British Entrepreneur Kevin Ashton connectivity as well as rooted computing capabilities christened the term Internet of Things. Since then, among them. many distinguished researchers and other academicians of this domain have been a dding Nowadays, each particular company, college, Private significant knowledge on the fundamental concepts of and Public organization even every single household IoT in the form of extensive researches, review papers is linked to one another through the internet. To be and visual presentations. Here, in this paper, we are precise, every single person is connected to another shedding light on the core concepts of Internet of through the internet. The full prospective of this Things. We further examine the potent ial impact of interlinking is currently utilized by linking not only other existing or establishing technologies on IoT. We the people but the computing devices also. This model are presenting an extensive multi-facet report on the has been in vogue for a few years and is rega rded as implementation of IoT while addressing many the internet of things. According to the definition of probable challenges that may occur in future. Internet of things, at any time a huge number of objects and things are connected to the internet and Keyword: Internet of Things; Technologies; the people. Applications; Challenges ITU-GSI [1] projected that IoT is a predominant I. INTRODUCTION intrinsic out of four prominen t and notable research The technological world has seen a drastic change in areas, they are, WSN (wireless -sensor networks), recent times. Among those , probably the most Mobile Computing Extensive computing, Internet -of- prominent is the advent of IoT. A scenario where Things. IoT generally defines the method to interlink network connectivity and computing capability the people as well as devices to interconnect with reaches to the objects, sensors and everyday items each other and re-join back, with a very little which are otherwise not normally considered involvement of human. Many reviewers gave their computers, enabling these devices to produce, process own definitions to IoT. Lee et al. [2] have observed and consume data with minimal or no human that the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), intervention can be called ‘Internet of Things’. There world-renowned body associated to the world of is, however, no single, universal ly accepted definition. internet, has termed IoT as “a wide - spanning network In 1999, the concept of Internet of Things was given of interlinked things distinctively addressable based by a British pioneer, Kevin Ashton. In his words, IoT on certain communication rules”. means a global network of things connected to RFID (radio-frequency identification). From its introduction According to Yan et al. [3], Internet -of- Things (IoT) to the present time IoT is constantly evolving. is “a model where the devices which are capable to connect to internet, extent their limits by conn ecting to The worldwide network of technical devices around the things of real world such as Automobiles, TV, the world is dubbed as the Internet. The internet gives Refrigerator, AC, and likes. He further elaborates that an open-ended outlook for producing connectivity the things of real world are smart enough to feel the

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1056 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 other smart things nearby and they are able to significance of IoT lies in the fact of its influence on the communicate with each other with the he lp of life of its users [7]. Internet. Our goal here through this paper is to present a better Vermesanet al. [4], sheds light on the possibility of and well-defined understanding of the concept of IoT bringing in the 6A connectivity – that in simple words by deliberating and expanding the major domains and is linking individuals and things, Anytime, with topics associated with the application of IoT. It is Anything or Anyone from Anyplace evoking Any well-known saying that “Mono aspect cannot explain network or Any service. From the Chi nese a thing of Multi- aspect.” In the same way, the Multi- perspective, S. Chen et al. [5], defines IoT as “an facet ‘Internet of Things’ can be defined by applying intellectual network which links all things to the the study of various aspects. To nam e them, What IoT Internet with the intention of swapping knowledge and is composed of. Comparing IoT with similar domains, establishing connection with the knowledge - based Technologies IoT can blend with, Platforms where devices by the means of reciprocal protocols ”. They IoT work, Applying IoT, Challenges of IoT. also take IoT as an extension of already present communication among programmes and individuals In segment 1, we acquaint you with the introduction by a very subtle viewpoint of “Things” for contacting. of IoT, then we discuss various constituen ts of IoT in These "Things" can be seen as a grouping of Data, segment 2. Technologies which are similar to IoT are Services and both Software and Hardware. elaborated in segment 3. Technologies aiding IoT is noted in segment 4. Platforms where IoT can work is Keeping in view the above definitions of IoT, we can considered in segment 5. Segment 6 sees the draw our concluding definition of Internet of Things application of IoT while segment 7 renders a as “a model making non- living entities livable by considerable study of IoT’s challenges while giving enabling them to communicate with other devices future discourse along with. We wind up this paper with the help of certain network - both wired or with conclusion in segment 8 and giving references in wireles s, swapping information (Read -only Data) segment 9. among them without the need of human intervention or very subtle, if any.”. II. WHAT IOT IS COMPOSED OF The literal meaning of the name, Internet of things, One of the most noteworthy aspect of IoT’s global sho ws the plurality it has, and indicates that it is sum acceptability its permeating nature and capability to of many objects, precisely Smart objects. But the list change itself as per the need or a dapt the environment. of composition does not complete here as the major With the advent of IoT, the future is set to transform constituents that form the base of IoT are: Objects, into a web of interlinked entities without the Sensors, Moving Mechanism e.g. Actuators, discrimination of computing and Non -computing Transceivers, and Digital Repository. devices. The exertion of present workforce is to exploit computing power as well as th e capability to A. Objects: connect to everything. The application of IoT is two - Objects coming under the realm of Internet of Things facet. At one hand it drives power from the field of are endowed with technicalities and computing innovation and technology at the same time takes into capabilities making them Smart objects. They tend to account the simple things of daily life. The have communication interfaces enabling them characteristics of these things may vary to a great contacting, s ensing and exchanging information over degree. For instance, they may be seen or unseen, the web. Such objects can establish contacts remotely. Technical devices or Non-technical. Their origin can There is a wide variety of common objects which be of a public sector or a private enterprise. Their satisfies the criterion of smart objects. It can simply technical specification may go from simple things like be an LED which turns on as you step in the room, A chair, Pizza, and Jackets to complex devices like saplin g which beeps when the water level goes below Printer, Walkie-Talkie and all other technically driven or a chair that weighs you as you sit. objects. [6] All these mentioned things can fairly establish connection among them, bringing the B. Sensors: Sensors into play, eventually coming to the mutual To simply put, a sensor is a device which detects any aim and fulfilling the shared task. The primary change in the given environment. It comes first in the

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1057 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 list in the application of IoT. What makes sensor a need of producing more and evolved actuators is its must in the implementation of IoT is its ability to crucial role in transforming the senses into desi red gauge any variation in the given atmosphere and action. Second reason being the deficiency in the convert it into electric signals which then used by the number of existing actuators in comparison to sensors. other aiding devices to execute any of the task The categorization of actuators are done on the basis commanded. There is a wide range of sensors which of the source which they use to produce the can be used to implement IoT programmes. A few movement. The input signals of Actuators used in the commonly found sensors that are widely adopted and IoT is likely to be in different forms, it may be exploited in the domain of IoT include thermometers, mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic. pressure sensors, light sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, motion sensors. Interaction Sensors D. Transceivers: convert a physical signal into an electrical signal that Transceiver is a combination of both Transmitter and may be manipulated symbolically on a computer or Receiver. A device which is used in wireless device. The use of sensor varies according to the technology such as cellular telephones, cordless needs and place. While some works in a definite telephone sets. As the IoT tends to connect everything manner, others are designed to work with any given on the network, the Transceivers have a greater role to domain. As the world of technology is being flooded play. In a environment of networks, a transceiver with IoT based devices, the stakeholders are plays both a transmitter and a receiver of signals, such recognizing the need of evolution in sensors as analog or digital. Since the technology of particularly Multisensory integration, also known Transceivers have been there for a long time, the as multimodal integration devices [8]. advent of IoT has necessitated the manufacturers to design and develop modified Transceivers to exploit The classification of sensors vary according to the the ever-growing presence of IoT. As to function volume of data, processing speed, single or multi seamlessly in the network, every si ngle IoT connected domain. With their vital role in the implementation of device needs at least one wireless transceiver chip. So, IoT, sensors form the backbone of this technology. the major idea is being the introduction of ‘Battery - Less Wireless Transceivers’. C. Moving Mechanism: The miniaturize technology of making microscopic E. Digital Repository: machinery also known as Micro electro mechanical In the IoT environment, a number of devices are systems, particularly related to those with moving simultaneously communicating with each other and parts has a significant contribution in the realm of generating enormous database. Which undeniably IoT. Both sensors and actuators are the product of this entails the need of some kind of Digital Repository technology. As we already explained that sensor for upkeeping the generated data for processing and transforms the physical energy into electrical signals analyzing purpose while eventually performing while, the prime function of the actuator is to convert desired action. IoT applications are ge nerating data the electrical signals into mechanical action. A deluge due to the fact of their implementation in key synonym to the word “actuator” is a “mover”. areas such as Health, Finance and real -time Actuating means inducing a movement. The first vital monitoring. There is constant innovation in the componen t of IoT i.e. sensors gather the data, that is domain of data researchers and many game - changing followed by the need of processing that data with technologies are set to take the world to storm such as analytical approach and produce desired action. That 3D NAND, Helium drives and the futuristic DNA is where the application of actuator comes into play. data storage. They seem promising as the solution of The issue of processing the gathered data is taken c are Data Saving for IoT. However, cloud storage is a by the actuators. That makes the duo of sensors and good solution for the time being. actuators take the first and second slot in the list of IoT implementation respectively. An actuator is III. COMPARING IOT WITH SIMILAR simply a motor, or it can be anything that produces DOMAINS ‘motion’ or responsible for controlling some It is a general tendency of studying a domain to assess mechanism. Any machine needs some kind of energy its inception, prominent features , striking functions, to work, these actuators work either with electrical, fundamental technicalities, visible hindrances, hydraulic, thermal, magnetic energies. The arising hurdles, and shortcomings. Apart from these,

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1058 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 comparison with other similar domains is another IBM, Google Cloud, Oracle cloud. Some providers aspect one can look at. IoT is the concept not just store the data for ready use but also provide interconnecting any device with the Internet. This the facility to compute the sensed data to put them includes everything from Phones, Ovens, into ac tion, making Cloud Computing act as a Digital Refrigerator, Earphones, Night Lamps, wearable Repository for the upkeep of voluminous data and devices and almost anything else you can think of. also as a computational device to aid the The colossal network of IoT is built upon some implementation of IoT. existing technologies. C. Internet of Things in the light of Big-data: In the following para, we are projecting our subject The unprecedented evolution of Internet of Thing topic i.e. Internet of Things in the light of already (IoT) and the fast-paced advancement of similar existing technologies. technologies make an extensive connectivity of “things”. The deep penetration of Internet has allowed A. Internet of Things in the light of Internet: the enrollment of billions of devices into the realm of As the name suggests, Internet comes first in the IoT. Every connected device is constantly sensing and very definition of IoT. Same is the case with its actuating nearby devices and in turn generating a big implementation. We have reviewed all the chunk of data. The generated data is voluminous, definitions and descriptions of many researchers varied and generated at different speed. That entails about IoT and can conclude that Internet is the main the need of storing processing and on demand driving agent behind the technology of IoT and its accessing of such data. This need can be satiated w ith seamless functions in all the spheres. However, the the help of acquiring the Analytic services. simple Internet, itself is not able to connect Non- Some such services like SciDB, Hadoop, and TSaaaS smart devices with its ambit as it cannot sense or are there that provides Big Data analytics and they are actuate motions in non-responding or non- also fit for data handling requirements of Internet of computing devices. But the IoT is endowed with Things [9]. Sensors generate the data and acts as an additional powers of breathing lives in non - smart input for actuator that finally acts accordingly. So the entities with its sensing and actuating capabilities. But Big Data has a twin role of an outcome as well as a it is a fact that the existence of IoT is with the stimulus for the effective application of Internet of existence of Internet. So we can say that the Internet Things. makes the platform upon which Internet of Things run. IV. TECHNOLOG ĐES IOT CAN BLEND WITH B. Internet of Things in t he light of Cloud To attain the maximum of any emerging domain, computing: blending of other technologies is a must, and so is the To define Cloud computing simply, it is the fetching case with IoT. Hence, below we are deliberating many of data and programs from a centralized store of present technologies which can aid the computing resource that can be sought and used implementation of IoT. whenever desired. Cloud computing and the IoT both serve to augment the effica cy in common tasks and Radiof requency identification (RFID) and Near - both have a reciprocal bonding. The IoT produces Field Communication (NFC): enormous data by sensing and actuating, while cloud Radio Frequency Identification and Near Field computing delivers a route for this accumulated data Communication are two quite similar wireless to travel. The IoT produces a colos seum of Huge Data communication technologies widely used in the and this in turn stresses on Internet Infrastructure. application of IoT. You may use RFID or NFC Cloud computing has entered the mainstream of technolo gy for cashless payments, loyalty information technology, providing scalability in transportation , access control, Business Process delivery of enterprise applications and Software as a Management, workforce management and E - Gov. Service (SaaS). RFID has been there for nearly two decades while NFC is comparatively a newer technology. Both the According to the arising needs, there are a number of technologies are Tag- based an d works on Radio cloud service providers have jumped to provide the waves. RFID is mainly used to transfer data. The hosting services of IoT. To name some, AWS, Azure, main purpose is to identify and track automatically a

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1059 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 tag attached to an object.NFC is a is a ‘short -range’ B. ZigBee: high frequency wireless technology that enables ZigBee or X-Bee is another communication devices to establish a communicati on with each other technol ogy that provides short range, low power, low by bringing them into proximity. data rate, battery-powered applications and inexpensive substitute for IoT. It is based on the basic The composition of RFID involves a tag, a reader, and security framework defined in IEEE 802.15.4.Zigbee an antenna. The reader transmits the signals to the tag facilitates carrying out of secure communications, through the antenna. As an output to the input signals, securin g establishment and exchange of cryptographic the tag produces and provides desired information. A data. ZigBee is designed in a way that its nodes can classification of the RFIDs can be into Active and stay in sleep mode for any longer, as a result Passive. The Active RFIDs are self-powered and have a considerably increasing the battery life. The range of range of up to 100 meters while the Passive RFIDs draw Zigbee is from 20 meters to 100 meters, making it their power by the readers and have a range of up to 25 ideal for Personal Area Network. In the IoT meters. Their variable ranges and power options make environment, where security of data is important and them an ideal technology for the proper application of low transmission is not a concern, ZigBee can be best IoT. The introduction of NFC was to facilitate secure suited option for communication. data transfer. The NFC device is equipped with inbuilt Reader and Tag. This compact composition of NFC C. 6LoWPAN: makes it capabl e to establish secure data connection. 6LoWPAN is the combined acronym of the Internet While RFIDs are widely used in the domain of version ‘IPv6’ and ‘Low power Wireless Personal wireless communication all over the world, the future Area Network’. The devices with limited processing of NFCs is bright in the time to come. ability which cannot transmit big data, can do so wirelessly using an internet protocol with the help of A. Barcodes and Quick Response Codes 6LoWPAN. IPv6 is the most recent release of Internet (QRC): Protocol and it ha s done away the need of additional Barcodes are desig ned to contain spec ific product security checks with its integrated security modules related information. It basically encodes which was an onerous add -on of IPv4. The alphanumeric characters and symbols using black and introduction of 6LoWPAN was aimed to handle many white lines, also called bars. Bar-coding is one of the other drawbacks of existing protocol by providing AIDC (Automatic Identification and Data IPsec authentication, Flow L abel field to identify Collection) technologies which reduce human packet flow for QoS handling, all-nodes multicast involve ment in data entry and collection and thereby address, Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD). also reducing error and time. These codes contain valid and required information about the object on One more important issue that it addressed is the which they are fixed. The use of Barcoding is impending shortage of network addresses. It generally found in supermarkets for the inventory lengthened the IP addresses from 32 bits to 128 bits. management. A successor of this technology is Quick This extension corresponds to the undeniable future Response Codes or QR Code. Which is more efficient growth of the Internet. As the Internet of things, has in and can store considerably high amount of data than its ambit a plethora of devices which are all IP-enabled to its predecessor. and connected to the Internet. So the basic need here is to have a technology which provides greater options to Quick Response codes are Two-dimensional codes have a different identification of all the connected where black random-sized squares are placed on a devices as the future of IoT is set to enroll white colored square background. The interpretation unprecedented number of devices in its realm. With the of these codes is done using scanning devices and introduction of 128 bits space for IP addresses, IPv6 has applying some error correction methodology. The shown a re volutionary step in the communication encoding modes used in these codes are generally of technology. With its spacious and integrated security four types – namely; numeric, alphanumeric, binary modules, 6LoWPAN becomes a foremost and and kanji. Another lucrative facet of these codes is essential technology to be blend with Internet of their instantaneous decoding. These functions can be Things. make use of in the implementation of IoT in identifying the things present in the web of IoT

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1060 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 D. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A): model, the signal produci ng devices are known as LTE-Advanced is the updated version of LTE, a producer (server) and the signal sensing devices are mobile network aimed to increase capacity and known as consumer (client). Each signal producing transmission speed. Also known as 4G Technology, it device is endowed with a manual which is called offers a peak data rate of at least 100 MBPS in a high ‘Introspection’ which lets the user know of the speed moving conditions, and 1 GBPS in stationary capability of the device. AllJoyn has the flexibility to conditions. The major new functionalities introduc ed enhance its capability by bridging other protocols. in LTE-Advanced are Carrier Aggregation (CA), There are numerous services that can be integrated efficient use of Multi-Antenna techniques and with AllJoyn’s core some of them are – On boarding compatibility for Relay Nodes (RN). Other technical service, Configuration service, Common Device improvements include Higher spectral efficiency, Model service and Control Panel service. from a maximum of 16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/Hz in R10, Improv ed performance at cell edges, e.g. for DL Its major application is found in the smart home 2x2 MIMO at least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell and active where various home devices are controlled and management of increased number of users communicated with the common gateway of AllJoyn. simultaneously. As we know IoT is loaded with so With all these automated functions, we can conclude many devices at a time and every device connected to that AllJoyn is driving force of IoT. the network is generating some data every moment. For this data to be useful, movement of this data at B. IoTvity: incredibly high speed is quintessential. LTE - IoTivity is also an ‘open source’ platform that lets Advanced with its improved bandwidth and robust various devices connect and operate seamlessly. It speed, makes it ideal network technology to be used was put forth by a alliance of technological companies with IoT for efficiency and timel y accomplishments. in the communication domain, which goes by the name Open Connectivity Foundation(OCF).The E. Z-Wave: underlying idea of the introduction of IoTivity is to Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol which aid and support trillions of already existing IoT is mainly used in automation of smart homes and devices, and paving way for the future devices which security products. One major benefit of Z -Wave is its would be just double in numbers. IoT vity uses ability to work with any system by retrofitting Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) at its standard devices. It uses low power radio signals in application laye r and it has an inbuilt support for the 900 MHz and automatic discovery of above 200 legacy protocols. The distinctive functions of DPC (Device per Controller). As it is largely used in IoTivityis the discovery of devices laying nearby and home automation, it has been optimized for reduced transmitting data from those devices. Resource latency with data rate up to 100 KBPS. It automates scalability and added security is another factor for everything from Doors to Windows to Lights and considering IoTvity as a qualifying platform for Internet Television. Its communication system can be of Things. managed with the aid of the internet and a Z -Wave user interface. Since IoT, by definition, automates C. Xively things and make them communicate, Z -Wave is Xively is an IoT platform owned by Google. It has deserving candidate to fall in the category of enabling been known from various names during its period of technology for Internet of Things. evolution such as ‘Pachube’ and then ‘Cosm’ and eventually ‘Xively’.From the services it provides , the V. PLATFORMS WHERE IOT WORK major is being its ability to let companies connect A. AllJoyn: their products, then it manages those connected AllJoyn is an open source network protocol that devices and also manages the data of those devices makes the different devices interoperable. It promotes while integrating them into other systems. Apart from proximal network and also support cloud this, it provides data services, directory se rvices, connectivity. The flexibilit y of AllJoyn can be gauged security service in form of trust engine, and User by the fact that it lets the devices sense and Interface to handle the web services. Xively offers communicate each other even if they belong to several Cloud Storage Services as an add -on so it can upkeep different domains, multiple technologies, various the data processed in an IoT system. Xively uses manufacturers. All Joyn is based on the client -server MQTT, a technology also known as ‘Publish -

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1061 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 Subscribe’ and is compatible with REST and Web HomeKit has m any dedicated services to provide, Sockets. There are many big companies partnered some of them are HMAccessory, HMZone, with Xively such as ARM, TI, and Atmel. Some HMService. The major focus of HomeKit is make the distinct factors of Xively is its capability to manage a use of IoT a common household thing. huge number of textual transaction per day. Xively has a fas ter readability of product information and a F. EVRYTHNG: swift collaboration with other systems thus EVRYTHNG is probably the most common name as automating the whole system. Xively also has the the platform for IoT. It generally is a Cloud Platform capability of real time monitoring, editing and as it provides all the features of cloud system which is handling the user profiles. a pre-requisite to interconnect the devices and the Internet. It manages the real-time data and hence can D. 2lemetry go through various real -time applications 2lemetry is an IoT platform and technology company simultaneously. REST API can be impl emented with owned by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that powers this technology, extending its domain of applicability. the connected enterprise, people, processes, data and EVRYTHNG employs several Data Collection also IoT friendly devices. What makes it stand apart Algorithms, while the major ones being Web Sockets, from the similar technologies is its ability of Constrained Application Protocol and MQTT. transforming raw data into ready-to-consume. EVRYTHNG offers a robust security provision, by ThingFabricTM [10] IoT cloud platform of 2lemetry us ing twin security method – Authentication and allows cross-communication, data storing and Encryption (A&E) employed together, allowing the brokering while applying Rules and CEP Engine for connected devices and services communicate securely preparing consumable data in real time. By providing by PKI based on TLS certificates. In addition to that, ADI (Actionable Data Intelligence) with the aid of token-based security system is also applied to prevent Predictive Computation (PC) Models and a CEP unauthorized access to the devices. To avoid data Engine, this framework also sounds reasonable to the breach, EVRYTHNG processes the data through End captured data. With the services of data management, to End Encryption (EEE). With the inclusion of all the it also provides the security of data by employing necessary equipment in a single packet, EVRYTHNG many cryptographic protocols such as ‘Transport becomes the worthiest platform for Internet of La yer Security’ (TLS). 2lemetryemploys different Things. protocols for collecting data, such as RabbitMQ, WOOPSA, AMQP, HiveMQ and Solace. This VI. APPLYING IOT platform can be integrated with Cocaine, Mendix, In present time, IOT is found everywhere.[11] The AWS. The major applicable domain of its function is major goal of IoT is to enable all the entities living or to augment the machin e to machine deployments. non-living act smart. Smartness is the key criterion for Commercial deployment can also exploit the usage of any object to work with IoT. Things which can sense, 2lemetry. actuate some motion an d send data further while doing some basic computation at their own level can E. HomeKit: be termed as smart things. Currently, there is a HomeKit is a framework owned by Apple that allows massive up gradation of common objects into smart user to configure, connect and control the appliances objects, as a result of which IoT has taken over the in user’s home. There is a well-defined action for technological world as well as the real world. As now eve ry task which can be executed with simple GUI. IoT can be found in every domain of life, its Home Kit can be configured in many apps to control a applicability has increased drastically to every nook single device, allowing every member of a house and corner of the physical world. A number of controlling the appliances at will. It can also be scientists, academicians, and other stakeholders have configured to work with external apps for augmenting suggested many possible domai ns suitable for IoT the f unctionality. The noticeable functions that applications. We have curated the list and subsumed HomeKit executes with the integration of external the major domains of IoT applicability into twelve apps are: Finding and incorporating the appliances categories.[12] (i) Smart -cities, (ii)Smart- into the home database, allowing communication with environment, (iii) Smart- metering, (iv) Security & configured devices and displaying the inputs. Emergencies, (v) Retail, (vi) Logistics, (vii)

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1062 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 Industrial control, (viii) Smart-Agriculture, (ix) of ozone layer and indexing into database and Smart-Animal- farming,(x) Home Automation, (xi) augmenting border securities with the integration Smart- Education and (xii) Smart Health Care. To of IoT into the defense. quote Perera et al. [13], Smart Industry, Smart VII. CHALLENGES OF IOT Environment, , Smart Wearable and Sma rt Historically speaking, any em erging technology has Home are the five major categorization of IoT both its solutions and challenges and, in our case, IoT solutions. The application of IoT products in its is no different. It undoubtedly provides unprecedented domain forms the basis of this categorization. The easiness in human life and into the society as a whole, IoT, its products and applied method may vary in but there are some challenges that we find noticeable every single domain mentioned above. Sensing is not and worth men tioning side by side. The occurring the o nly thing IoT is tasked with, but its operations challenges and their solutions may vary due to the are manifold. As per intended accomplishments and vastness it has but here we are laying emphasis on purposes, in this paper, we are listing the IoT systems most significant challenges that needs equal attention into different categories. These functions can be to derive proper productivity and aids uninterrupted roughly organised into the following capacities: (i) applicatio n of IoT. After deeply studying the available Domestic (ii) Societal literary, we concentrated the challenges in the system (iii) Environmental (iv) Technological (v) and of IoT as following three categories – Technological Emergency and Critical Situations. Challenges, Societal Challenges, and Environmental A. Domestic: Home Automation rightly falls in this Challenges. category. It involves the function of sensing and automating the daily activities of home. Example Technological challenges begin with th e scratch. IoT, may be t he sensor of one’s room which lets the primarily dealing with objects, deals with the common LED know that the user is not in the room, so it challenge of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) i.e. may power itself off. ‘Object abstraction’ ‘Object Encapsulation’ and B. Societal: A smart IoT oriented society where ‘Object Inheritance’ while the default Language for everything is smart from smart traffic control ‘Object interaction’ is another ch allenge. An system, smart transportation services, smart architecture for a colossal network of trillion devices, parking management, to smart healthcare, smart constantly processing terabits of data is a challenge marketing and similar social services falls in this itself. Security is most vital aspect of any system and category. here it is again a big challenge for IoT. As increased C. Environmental: Smart environment where basic number of devices incr eases the opportunity for constituents of Environment such as the Wildlife, exploiting any loopholes. Any poorly designed device Marine life, Flora and Fauna are driven by IoT may expose user data which is prone to theft by technologies, befits this category. An instance leaving data transfer inadequately protected. Another could be the sensor which can keep a check on the technological challenge is the abundance of identical health of aquatics and prompts the authorities in or near identical dev ices. This homogeneity magnifies real time if any mis-happening occurs. the potential impact of any loophole in any device as D. Technological: Smart Industrialization, automated all the devices have same configurations. To deal with malls such as the Amazon stores, Smart shopping these challenges, a global approach of all the facilities and also smart security to keep all these prominent actors coming from the IoT domain is running efficiently are the ideal components of needed. this category. The integra ted devices may produce many privacy E. Emergency and Critical Situations: Issues that are issues. For instance, there are many devices of global importance and have an impact on the constantly using voice recognition and vision features, very existence of mankind f alls in this category. recording this personal data and processing by This is the domain where proper IoT transferring them further, sometimes these implementation can bring revolutionary changes. transferences even cross physical and cultural Possible instances may include managing the boundaries. Any eavesdropping may cause misuse of natural calamities in smart way, keeping the real the data and thus it is a big societal challenge that time eyes on water level, prompt indicators for needs certain standard and well documented any inc reased radiation, sensing toxic gas regulatory guidance for strengthening and generation real fast, discovering depleting agents standardizing these aspects.

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018 Page: 1063 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456 -6470 Environmental chal lenges will hold a big share in T/gsi/iot/Pages/default.aspx,2015 (accessed coming future. For satiating the power needs of this 23.07.2018). ever-growing network, numerous resources will be 2. G. M. Lee, J. Park, The IoT —Concept and needed to put at work, stressing the power Problem Statement, IETF Standard draft -lee-iot consumption scenario as well as the environmental problem- statement-05, ( 2012). equilibrium. The cost of impl ementing the IoT is 3. L. Yan, Y. Zhang, L. T. Yang, H Ning, Internet another big challenge as it is projected that by 2025, of things: from RFID to t he next-generation almost 35% budget resources of developing pervasive networked systems, Auerbach economies will go into the IoT application. Publications, (2008). 4. O. Vermesan, P. Friess, P. Guillemin, S. It is well-known fact that innovation and its Gusmeroli, Sundmaeker, A. Bassi, P. Doody, challenges go hand in hand. But to overcome thos e Internet of things strategic research roadmap, challenges or to neutralize them to the possible extent Internet of Things: Global Technological and is what sustains a technology. Future of IoT is Societal Trends. 1 (2011) 9 -52. promising and the huge number of people working behind its proper implementation is a sign of the 5. S. Chen, H. Xu, D. Liu, B. Hu, H. Wang, A possibility to sustain in long run. Vision of IoT: Applications, Challenges, opportunities with China perspectives, Internet of Things Journal. 1(2014). VIII. CONCLUSION After touching all the aspect, which is required to 6. Dean Bubley – IoT & Realtime examine a technology, we can say Internet of Things Communications – IEEE IoT. as a domain will be dominating the technological (https:// iot.ieee.org/newsletter/march - 2016/iot- world for decades. The aim of IoT to interconnect realtime communications.html accessed on everything on a network is a revolutionary and it will 22.07.2018) ease the very life of people to a great extent. The 7. J. Wan, H. Yan, H. Suo, F. Li, Advances in scope of IoT is bottomless and it can always adapt to cyber physical systems research, KSII the situations and modify itself in accordance. The Transactions on Internet and Information Technology of IoT is still nascent and will see Systems. 5 (2011)1891– 1908. considerable improvements in coming years with 8. Lizhong Wu, S. L. Oviatt, P. R. Cohen – conti nuing research work in its field. The way people, Multimodel Integration – A statistical view. organizations, and other stakeholders are IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. incorporating IoT in their businesses; it is evident that 9. : Breakthroughs in Research and the stage is set for IoT to envelop everything coming Practice – Information Resources Management in its way. Association, USA. Chap -4.1 P-10. 10. Intel® Quark™ SoC X1000 Applications In this paper, we have explained the me aning and Marketing Seminar. Anaheim, California, various definitions of eminent scholars, then a October-2014. Available online at - detailed analysis has been done on the components of https:// www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/ the IoT system. We further elaborated already existing us/en /documents/training/soc -x1000-aep- technologies which can be proved a great head start seminar.pdf for implementing IoT. The platforms of IoT are given 11. – The Design of Everyday Things. separate attention as they are a must for setting IoT 2014. up. Lastly, we have listed all available and possible application areas for IoT with the arising challenges 12. Priya Matta, Bhaskar Pant, Minit Arora – All and some practical solutions given by prominent You Want To Know About Internet of Things scholars. So, this paper can be a comprehensive and (IoT) (ICCCA), 2017 International Conference extensive reference material for all those people and on. IEEE, 2017 researchers roped in the domain of Internet of Things. 13. C. Perera, H. Liu, S. Jayawardena, The Emergin g Internet of Things Marketplace from REFERENCES an Industrial Perspective: A Survey, IEEE 1. ITU, Internet of Things Global Standards Transactions on Emerging Topics in Initiative, http://www.itu.int /en/ITU- Computing. 3 (2015) 585 –598.

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