The Cliff Dwellings of the Sierra Ancha

Home , Cherry Creek (Arizona), Pinal Mountains, Sierra Ancha, Workman Creek

CANVQ CREEK RUIÑ

AND THE CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA

MEDALLION PAPERS NO. XIV BY EMIL W. HAURY Assistant Director of Gua Pueblo

PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE MEDALLION GILA PUEBLO - GLOBE, ARIZONA January, 1934

PLATE I

A PUEBLO IV PICTOGRAPH ON THE CLIFF WALL NEAR ARIZONA C:2:8. THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

AND THE CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA

BY EMIL W. HAURY Assistant Director of Gua Pueblo

BY GILA PUEBLO

LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. INTRODUCTION October of 1930, as a part of the archaeological INsurvey of the Southwest undertaken by Gila Pueblo, the writer made a reconnaissance trip into the Sierra Ancha and the region lying immediately to the east with the purpose of collecting beammate- rial from as many standing cliff ruins as could be reached.This wood was to be studied with a view to determining whether or not the rings of the trees extending into the more southern part of Arizona could be correlated with the already established se- quence from Flagstaff, thus making it possible to date these ruins which heretofore had been assigned only a relative position in the chronology. Reports of large cliff dwellings in the region to the north and east of the Tonto Basin pointed to that area as the most likely to produce the desired results. Since the altitude is high enough to support pines, a wood usable in the dating technique, these were available to the builders of the cliff dwellings.The distance from the ruins near the Mogollon Rim which Dr. A. E. Douglass has been able to datei.e., Chavez Pass, Pinedale, and Showlow ruinsto those lying below the Mogollon Rim isless than seventy-five miles.It therefore seemed probable that the trees in the new region would give ring records in harmony with those further to the north.The utility and accuracy of these records in the samples collected exceeded all expectations. iv THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND On the initial trip, eighteen cliff dwellings were visited and wood samples were collected from all but three.Twelve ruins produced wood the records of which could be accurately fitted into the established tree-ring chronology. As the dates for these sites were concentrated in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries- later, in fact, than any of the dates so far found in cliff ruins of northern Arizona or southwestern Colo- radothe indications were that occupation of these cliff villages extended somewhat nearer the historic horizon than it did in those of the north.For the purpose, therefore, of acquiring cultural material for comparative study, application for permission to ex- cavate one of the more promising cliff dwellings was made, and the work was begun in July, 1932. The site selected for this work is located in a short branch canyon of Canyon Creek on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation.The choice was made on the basis of a date which was obtained in the preliminary dating, viz.-1337 A.D., the most recent year recorded in any of the sites visited. The following pages give, first, a résumé of the results of the original reconnaissance, and second, a report on the ruin excavated and the material which it produced. My chief assistant was Russell Hastings, of the staff of Gila Pueblo; field work was also shared by Solon T. Kimball, graduate student at Harvard Uni- versity.All maps and text figures and the repro- duction of the pictograph used in the frontispiece are the work of Russell Hastings.I am indebted to CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA y Dr. A. E. Douglass, of the Steward Observatory, Tucson, for confirming the dates of the usable material obtained on the original collection trip.The photograph of the two cores, Plate xi, was made by Dr. F. C. Carpenter, also of the Steward Observatory. Identification of vegetal products was made by Dr. J. J. Thornber, Botanist, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona; of animal bones by Dr. Glover M. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University. Ruins are designated in accordance with the method outlined in the Medallion, 1928.

CONTENTS Introduction iii The Cliff Dwellings in the Sierra Ancha i Turquoise Quarry 15 Discussion 16 The Canyon Creek Ruin 23 Architectural Features 28 Dating 55 Material Culture 59 Foods 59 Dress 62 Cradles and Household Articles 68 Basketry 72 Matting 81 Cordage 83 Textiles 87 Objects of Leather 102 Objects of Wood 104 Objects of Stone 116 Objects of Bone and Horn 126 Objects of Shell 128 Objects of Unfired Clay 128 Pottery 128 Pictographs 140 Human Burials 143 Conclusions 149 Bibliography 157 Index 161

vii

THE CLIFF DWELLINGS IN THE SIERRA ANCHA Sierra Ancha" Wide Mountains "are located in east central Arizona (Fig.1). THEThey are flanked on the west by the Tonto Basin, and on the east by Cherry Creek.The axis of this range runs north and south.The highest point in the range has an altitude of slightly over seven thousand feet, or nearly a mile above the surroundingterritory.The easternsideofthe range is very precipitous, being formed chiefly of cliffs and talus slopes, dropping more than four thousand feet from the highest point to the bed of Cherry Creek in a distance of about four miles, and near the southern end is gashed with three short but deep canyons, each containing living water fed by springs. Pueblo Canyon, the northernmost of the three, re- ceives its name from a large ruin about midway to the top.Views of this canyon from above and below are shown in Plate ii a and b.Next is Cold Springs Can- yon, which derives its name from a spring at its head, and finally there is Devil's Chasm, with Dripping Springs Canyon as a short but very deep south branch.All of these have cliffruins somewhere along their courses.A few sites are to be found high up under cliffs above the heads of these canyons. The west face of the range is less steep than the east, and is drained chiefly by Workman and Rey- 2 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

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FIG.1. MAP OF THE REGION VISITED, SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF RUINS FROM WHICH TREE-RING MATERIAL WAS COLLECTI:D. PLATEII

a b PUEBLO CANYON IN THE EAST FACE OF THE SIERRA ANCISA. a, viewing the canyon from near its head, overlooking thevalley of Cherry Creek and the country and deep gorge.The beyond;b, looking into Pueblo Canyon from below, showing its very steep ascent arrow in both photographs indicates the location of Arizona C:1:16. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 3 nolds Creeks.Ruins on this side are not as common as on the east face. Stretching east of Cherry Creek for twenty miles is high broken country which has cliff dwellings wherever suitable conditions prevail.Canyon Creek, flowing from north to south, is a tributary of the Salt.It drains a large part of the country lying below the Mogollon Rim.While the valley, which has been worn by the stream, is deep, it differs from the canyons of northern Arizona in not being boxed up throughout its length.Cliffs breaking out high above the stream provide the recesses into which the pueblos were built. The flora of this region is naturally variable due to the extremes of altitude.The crest of the range bears a dense growth of western yellow pine, Douglas fir, and aspen; lower down the growth merges into juniper, pinyon, oak, cypress, and manzanita, while, in the lowest levels, a typical Sonoran flora prevails. Archaeologically, the region has been almost completely neglected.Bandelier mentions the existence of many ruins in the Sierra Ancha,1 but he was unable to investigate them.Fewkes' explorations in the Little Colorado region to the north did not carry him below the Mogollon Rim.Spier, working in from the eastern side, carried his survey of the White Mountain ruins westward as far as Cibicue Creek.1 Hough's operations were confined chiefly to the north and east of the Sierra Ancha, although, in 1919, he partly excavated a surface ruin and visited a cliff Bandelier, 1892, p. 417. 2Spier, 1919, pp. 367-387. 4 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND dwelling in a lateral of Oak Creek.3In 1929, Mr. Monroe Amsden made a reconnaissance for Gua Pueblo of the territory between Pleasant Valley and Cedar Creek.During the Christmas holidays of 1930, a party from the University of Arizona, led by Dr. Byron Cummings, investigated a number of ruins off Cherry Creek and near Soldier Creek.This, together with the present work, comprises practically the entire archaeological attention which the region has received. The ruins of the Tonto National Monu- ment west of Roosevelt Lake, as a part of the general group investigated, are the best known, but even they still require systematic excavation. On the preliminary wood-collecting trip to these cliff ruins, the start was made in the Sierra Ancha proper from Aztec Lodge.After visiting a ruin above Workman Creek Falls, on the west slope of the mountains, a series of small dwellings, high on the east side, was reached from the top of the range. Later the descent was made into Cherry Creek, from which point the ruins in Pueblo Canyon, Cold Springs Canyon, and Cooper Fork were reached.Thence the route took us past Sombrero Butte to the head of Soldier Creek, where a small group of dwellings is to be found, and finally, beyond these to the east into Canyon Creek.Here the ruin about which this report chiefly centers was examined.The return to Cherry Creek was made via the Rockhouse. As detailed topographic sheets of this territory are not yet available, the map used in Figure 1is adapted from that furnished by the ,Department of the Interior. Hough, 1930, pp. 1-20. PLATEIII

LocATIoN OF ARIZONA C:1:8 (Indicated by arrow.) CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 5 Of the eighteen cliff dwellings visited only the largest, and particularly those which produced datable wood, are considered here.As space does not permit a detailed description of each site, only the salient points will be given, and these will be sup- plemented, in a few cases, with photographs or plans. The latter are taken from field sketches which were hurriedly made and, for that reason, are not abso- lutely accurate.Notations as to pottery types occurring in the various ruins are based on surface finds.In many cases the slopes below the dwellings are so steep or so thickly overgrown with brush that potsherds are difficult to find.Surface indications of some ruins, therefore, may not accurately reflect the actual ceramic content.The predominant decorated ware, which undoubtedly occurs in every site, even when surface sherds were not found, is Four- mile Polychrome.4The records of the dated wood specimens as recovered from each site include the range and the frequencies of the cutting dates only.

Arizona C:1:8 Location (For this and subsequent ruins see Fig. 1): In a small cave at the base of a cliff high under the east face of Center Mountain (Plate iii);exposureeast; altitudeabout seven thousand feet; opening to the cave is obscured by brush. House: Six or more rooms, two storeys.Three roofs are in good condition. Pottery: Salado Redware;plain ware.Deco- rated ware not found on the surface. The Medallion, June, 1931, pp. 43-45. The Medallion, 1930, p. 10. 6 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1322 to 1329. Frequencies: 61322, 1323, 1325, 1327(3), 1328 (2), 1329. Remarks: The back of the cave has two inclined runways, probably natural, one of which opens out in the cliff above and to the south of the ruin, offering an excellent vantage point overlooking thesurround- ing country.The ladder described herein (p. 46) was taken from this site.

Arizona C:1:14 Location: Under the east face of Center Moun- tain, about one-half mile south of Arizona C: 1:8; exposuresoutheast; altitudeabout seven thousand feet. House: Three rooms; roofs destroyed by fire, al- legedly during a forest fire in 1924; condition of the walls and doorway is good (Plate iv). Pottery: Four-mile Polychrome; Pinedale Poly- chrome;Salado Redware. Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1295 to 1312. Frequencies: 1295 (2), 1311, 1312. Remarks: This ruin has the unique feature of having a runway by which access was gained to the innermost room (Fig. 2).

Arizona C:1:16 Location: In the north wall of Pueblo Canyon (Plate ii), about half way between the head of the 6Number in parenthesis following date indicates number of specimens yielding that date.Year without accompanying figure indicates a single date. The Medallion, June, 1931, pp. 41-42. PLATEIV

A DOORWAY IN ARIZONA C:1:14. PLATE V

a.A 1ART OF ARIZONA C:1:16 SHOWING STANDING WALLS AND LARGE ROOF TIMBERS.

b. DETAIL OF MASONRY AND DOORWAY IN ARIZONA C:1 :21. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 7

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FIG.2.PLAN OF ARIZONA C:1:14. 8 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND canyon and the confluence with Cherry Creek; exposuresoutheast; altitudeabout fifty-fivehun- dred feet. House: Sixty to seventy-five rooms clustered in three groups along the base of the cliff; practically all roofs have been burned or otherwise destroyed, and many walls are demolished. Most of the dwellings had two storeys, the walls standing today to about twelve feet (Plate va). Pottery: Salado Redware; decorated ware was not found. Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1278 to 1324. Frequencies: 1278, 1288 (3), 1293 (2), 1302, 1304 (2), 1312 (2), 1319 (2), 1324. Remarks: This is perhaps the largest aggregation of cliff rooms in the region.

Arizona C:1:21 Location: North side of Workman Creek about two miles northwest of Aztec Peak; exposuresouth; altitudeabout sixty-five hundred feet. House: About fifteen rooms, the walls of five are standing; no roofs are intact (see Plate vb for masonry detail). Pottery:Roosevelt Black-on-white; 8Pinedale Polychrome; Salado Redware; plain ware. Dates: Only one cutting date, 1299. Remarks: This was the only ruin visited on the west slopes of the Sierra Ancha. 8The Medallion, June, 1931, pp. 47-49. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 9 Arizona C:1:25 Location: West of the head of Cold Springs Can- yon in a cliff crevice; exposuresoutheast; altitude about seven thousand feet (Plate vi). House: About six rooms, terraced from front to back on the steeply rising floor of the recess (Fig. 3). The highest wall stands six feet; two roofs are partly preserved. Pottery: Roosevelt Black-on-white; plain ware. Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1248 to 1312. Frequencies: 1248, 1294, 1295, 1310, 1312.The most recent date is 1323, but the true outside of the specimen is lost, hence cutting would be a few years later. Remarks: This site yielded the specimen shown in Plate xii in comparison with the core from Oraibi. Arizona C:1:30 Location: About one thousand feet above Cherry Creek under Moody Point; exposureeast; altitude about four thousand feet. House: Approximately twelve rooms, some of which were two-storey; roofs are not preserved. Pottery: Salado Redware; plain ware. Dates: There are two cutting dates, 1299 and 1308. Arizona C:1:36 Location: North wall of Cold Springs Canyon about midway between the head and juncture with Cherry Creek; the entrance faces north (Plate vIra), the lookout southeast (Plate vii b); altitudeabout fifty-five hundred feet. 10 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

APPQOXIMATE SCALE O O S 20

Vio.3.PLAN AND SECTION OF ARIZONA C:1:25. ARIzoNAC:1 :25NEAR THE hEAD OF COLD SPRINGS CANYON.

CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 11 House: Six rooms built into a long crevice with two openings, only one of which is accessible.The wall in the entrance is about twelve feet high; two

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FIG. 4. PLAN AND SECTION OF ARIZONA C:1 :36.

roofs are intact.The lookout is approximately fifty feet above the base of the cliff.For plan and section see Figure 4. Pottery: Salado Redware. Dates: None. Remarks: This is an extreme case of the condi- 12 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND tion which characterizes many of the Sierra Ancha cliff dwellings, i.e., the utilization of every possible nook and cranny for a house.From across the canyon only the high opening is visible.A part of the crevice may have been artificially widened, but most of iteven to the vantage point in the cliff face- was provided by nature. Arizona C:1:38 Location: About two miles east of Sombrero Butte, near the head of Soldier Creek; exposuresouth; altitudeabout forty-five hundred feet. House: Six rooms; one double storeyed structure with twelve feet of standing wall (Plate viii). Pottery: Four-mile Polychrome;Salado Red- ware. Date: One cutting date, 1340. Remarks: The site is built well up on a rock ledge in a crevice.A log makes a short span across the cleft serving as a foundation for the front wall. Two other small structures (Arizona C: 1:47 and Arizona C: 1: 50) occupy the same ledge further along to the east.No dates were obtained from these, but the pottery was identical with that of Arizona C:1:38. Arizona C:1:40 Location: On the north side of Cooper Fork, about three-quarters of a mile east of Cherry Creek; exposuresouth;altitudeaboutfourthousand feet. House: Twelve rooms, some of which were two- storeyed; one roof is intact.The rooms are irregu- u oz PLATE IX

a b

ARIZONA C:l:40. The walled-up crevice (a) which connects through the cliff with a small occupied cave (b). CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 13 larly spaced in niches at the base of the cliff.One room connects with a second and third through a break in the cliff (Plate ix a and b). Pottery: Roosevelt Black-on-white; Pinto Poly- chrome; Pinedale Polychrome;Four-milePoly- chrome; Salado Redware; plain ware. Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1304 to 1347. Frequencies: 1304 (2), 1347. Remarks: Due to the comparatively low altitude, most of the structural wood is juniper and oak. Arizona C:1:44 Location: In the north wall of Dripping Springs Canyon (south fork of Devil's Chasm); exposuresoutheast; altitudeabout fifty-five hundred feet. House: About fifteen rooms; the building had two storeys, and the walls are still over fifteen feet high.The main unit is built on a ledge which is difficult of access (Plate x). Pottery: Pinedale Polychrome; Four-mile Poly- chrome; Gua Polychrome;10 Tonto Polychrome; 11 Salado Redware; El Paso Polychrome;12 plainware. Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1310 to 1330. Frequencies: 1310, 1323, 1330. Remarks: A curved wall in this dwelling is the result of maintaining the contour of the rock ledge when the wall was constructed.This ruin has a T-shaped door. The Medallion, 1930, p. 4. 10 The Medallion, 1930, p. 6. 11 The Medallion, 1930, p. 8. 12 Stallings, Dec., 1931. 14 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Arizona C:1:45 Location: Two hundred yards east of Arizona C: 1:44, on the same side of the canyon. House: Three or more rooms; badly demolished. Pottery: None collected. Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1309 to 1322. Frequencies: 1309, 1320, 1322. Remarks: This is an outlier of the main building, Arizona C:1:44. Arizona C:1:46 Location: About three hundred yards below Ari- zona C: 1:36, in Cold Springs Canyon under a small overhanging cliff; exposureeast. House: Three rooms; the highest wall stands seven feet. Pottery: Gila Polychrome; Salado Redware. Dates: There is only one large log in the ruin. Its cutting date is 1323. Arizona C:2:8 This is the ruin described in detail later in this report. Arizona C:2:11 Location: One hundred yards west of Arizona C:2:8. House: About thirty rooms, two storeys; badly demolished. Pottery: Same as Arizona C:2:8. Dates: Range of cutting dates: 1340 to 1347. Frequencies: 1340, 1347. Remarks: Both dates came from loose logs. PLATEX

Photograph by Forman Hanna ARIZONA C:l:44. Note how the outer wall follows the contour of the ledge. PLATE XI

AN ABORIGINAL TURQUOISE QUARRY AT THE MOUTH OF CANYON CREEK. The rock ledge on the right was the object of search. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 15

TURQUOISE QUARRY It will be well to include, at this point, the mention of an aboriginal turquoise quarry, located on the east side of Canyon Creek just above its confluence with Salt River (Fig. 1).The whereabouts of the quarry is commonly known to cattle men and miners, some having endeavored in recent times to develop the property.A thick ledge of rock which crops out about six hundred feet above the stream has, at some time, been the object of much quarrying. For several hundred years, undoubtedly, the ledge has been cut back by a crumbling process in the search for the semi-precious stone.The rejected material has formed a talus slope which extends far down the hill and is visible from a long distance.As the formation dips back into the hill, a slight trough has been formed at the base of the ledge where efforts were made to carry the operations down below the accumulated mass of waste (Plate xI).Early visitors report that stone implements, battered and worn from heavy work, lay scattered about in great profusion.Most of these have since been carried away.One, picked up during the visit to the site, is illustrated in Plate LXXI. In the few minutes at my disposal I was unable to find as much as a scrap of turquoise on the dump. Yet several individuals reported that they had picked up pieces on different occasions.The turquoise seems to occur in rough nodules, which, judging from the pieces seen in the hands of other people, are seldom more than three-quarters of an inch in diameter.As potsherds were not found inthe 16 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND vicinity, no light was shed as to the period when the quarry was in operation.Several small turquoise nodules, found tied up in a bit of textile in Arizona C: 2:8, are of the same kind that occur in the local quarry, and it is probable, therefore, that the place wäs worked by the late inhabitants of the region.

DIscussIoN The cliff ruins just enumerated have certain points in common.One of these is the fact that, in nearly every case, the dwelling is rather difficult of access, not so much because of the unscalable character of the cliffs, but because they are situated high in the canyon walls or near the mountain tops.From Cherry Creek, for example, which was the probable route of travel, it is, in some cases, a three to four thousand foot climb to the sites.The very high ruins in the Sierra Ancha can be reached most easily, at the present time, by horse from the Globe-Pleasant Valley highway which crosses the mountains. There is no land near the ruins suitable for extensive agriculture. The water supply, in most cases, was not far away.In one instance (Arizona C: 1:16), a small seep within the cliff recess may have provided a sufficient amount to meet the needs of the community. The only available water at the present time near other ruins lies in the canyon below, this being usually several hundred feet down. Sites vary in altitude from about four to seven thousand feet above sea level.Surface ruins contemporary with the cliff dwellings extend on down RUIN 16 h HCCOOQOQ0Q ------DISTRIBUTION OF DATED SPECIMENS I ARILC:l8 I 9 I I 32 1 ARIZ.C:I:I4 3 I I I I I I II 1 ARILC:I:16 50 I i 3 I Z i I 2 ARIZC:I:l 8 4 9 I I I I I i ARIZ..C:I:38ARIZC;I:5APIZ.C:I:30 25 ¿ I I I ,RILC:l:4O 7 6 e 2 i 1 i 1 ARIZ.C.I:44 IO 6 1 i 1 1 ARIZ.C:I:45 4 I 3 I 1 ARIZ.C::8ARIZ.C:I:46ARILC:2:l I 36 2 29 2 I 1 1 1 I 11 1 4 3 3 3 5 11 TOTALS 19094111321213135112131431121251143211Fic. 5. Cutting dates I are indicated byCOMPOSITE heavy numbers; TABLE GIVINGdates not THE representing DATES OF WOODcutting SAMPLES dates are FROM shown CLIFF by light DWELLINGS numbers. IN THE SIERRA ANCHA REGION. 1453351121 18 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND practically to the floor of Cherry Creek, which, east of the Sierra Ancha, is about three thousand feet above sea level. On the preceding page there will be found a table (Fig. 5) giving full information concerning the wood specimens collected from the district.As some of the ruins fall below the lower limit of the western yellow pine belt, the woods used in construction were oak, sycamore, or juniper, none of which are yet reliable for dating.The records of some pine specimens are made so difficult by double rings, caused by the low altitude at which the tree grew, that they are not usable for dating purposes.However, approximately fifty percent of the examples collected give very satisfactory dates.The ring records coin- cide, in almost every respect, with the fundamental chronology determined from trees in the Flagstaff region by Dr. Douglass.In Plate xii this corre- spondence is shown by comparing a core from a log in Arizona C: 1: 25 with another core 13 collected in the present Hopi villageofOraibi.The Sierra Ancha tree was cut some years later than the northern specimen, but the record of the drought period from 1276 to 1299 is identical in both specimens. A high proportion of the wood samples which register actual cutting dates indicates that the trees were felled during the growing season.As this roughly extends through the summer months, one can assume that most of the construction work was done at this season of the year.This feature is nicely 13This core is BE 269, described by Dr. Douglass inSecrets of the Southwest Solved by Talkative Tree Rings," 1929, pp. 754-760. PLATE XII

A COMPARISON OF BE 269 (UPPER) FROM ORAII3I WITH GP 191 The arrows indicate the year 1275. (LOwER) FROM ARIZONA C:! :25 IN THE SIERRA ANCHA. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 19 shown in Arizona C: 2 :8, where as many as three primary roofing logs in one room were felled at approximately the same time.The grounds for de- claring the final rings in such cases as the actual year of cutting are evident, since, had windfalls or dead trees been collected, it would be very unlikely that any two logs would terminate with the same year. Even individual logs, on which the true outside is preserved, can be considered as giving cutting dates. Wearing of log exteriors through constant remodelling and long use, as was noted in some of the beams in the Hopi villages,14 could not be detected.This suggests a relatively short occupation, a fact which is further substantiated by the short range in the tree-ring dates. The construction in all ruins seems to have extended over a period beginning about 1278 and last- ing to1348.The accompanying table(Fig. 5) shows no marked concentration of dates within this range excepting in the final years.This, however, can be attributed to the more thorough sampling in Arizona C: 2 :8 rather than to an increase in building activity.The one date of 1248 is so out of place in the ruin where it was found that it may either represent a log of an earlier construction or be the exception which proves the rule, namely, a windfall or killed tree. Since there is so little latitude in the range of dates, it is to be expected that the pottery from all sites would be more or less the same.The Black- on-white genus is meagerly represented by the type 14 Douglass, 1929, p. 754. 20 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND known as Roosevelt Black-on-white; this, however, was no longer being made at thetime of the building of thecliff dwellings.Pinedale and Pinto Poly- chromes, when present, occur in very low percent- ages, and fall into the same category asRoose- velt Black-on-white.Four-mile Polychrome can be safely regarded as the predominant decorated ware although it is not present in the collections from all sites.It is to be noted, however, that it increases in abundance in those sites with the latest dates.This is especially clear in Arizona C: 2: 8, the dates of which run consistently later than those of any other village.Salado Redware is omnipresent.It is regarded as the chief companion ware to Four-mile Polychrome in this area.Gua and Tonto Poly- chromes always occur in such small quantities as to suggest trade relations with the Salado Culture group in the Tonto and Gua Basins.The most noteworthy intrusive pottery is El Paso Polychrome whichoc- curred in Arizona C: 1:44. The close relationship of Arizona C:2:8 to the sites listedand to these must also be added the ruins of the Tonto National Monumentis checked on both chronological and ceramic grounds.Hence, the reconnaissance and excavations cover the remains of a culturally unified group. Aside from the general archaeological benefits that may arise from determining the period of occupation of the cliff ruins in the Sierra Ancha region, the fact that timbers which grew in pre-Spanish times can be accurately correlated with the Flagstaff tree-ring calendar is a sign of hope for further work CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 21 along those lines in the ruins south of the Mogollon Rim.This condition was, of course, anticipated by Dr. Douglass' finds some years ago in his study of tree growth in the mountains carrying "island for- ests" in the central and southern part of Arizona.'5 Modern tree growth in the Sierra Ancha is likewise reconcilable with that of the Flagstaff series. 15 Douglass, 1928, pp. 74-76. U31V301 SI S:z3 VtIOZfli HMHM NI NOANV TIV}'1 IHL dO UVH NHL OLMI ISVIHLfÌOS ONIMOO1 luX 3JV1d PLATEXIV

THE CANYON CREEK RUIN (RIGHT) SHELTERED BY THE OVERHANGING CLIFF. PLATE XV

LOOKING WEST FROM ARIZONA C:2:8 OvER THE TERRITORY DRAINED BY CANYON CREEK. THE CANYON CREEK RUIN (Arizona C:2:8) The one cliff dwelling of the series visited which was selected for excavation is located onthe Fort Apache Indian Reservation in east central Arizona. The site occupies a shallow recess in a sandstone cliff near the head of a short unnamed canyon which en- ters Canyon Creek about one mile below the mouth of Oak Creek (see Fig. i and Plate xiii).The floor of the lateral canyon rises gradually for the first mile of its ascent, then rapidly over a series of low cliffs which brings it to the level of the ruin, and, finally,itcontinues upward inless accentuated form to drain the upland.The cliff which provides the shelter for the ruin (Plate xiv) is of sandstone, changing in color from red to buff.Its height is about one hundred and seventy-five feet, and its ele- vation above sea level is approximately six thousand feet.From its foot, a talus slope breaks away one hundred yards to drop over a second and, a little lower still, a third cliff.The ruin is situated about a thousand feet above the floor of CanyonCreek (Plate xv). The flora is chiefly that of the Upper Sonoran zone; the large trees are pinyon andjuniper, pine being somewhat higher up.Sycamores grow along the water courses, and oak and walnut trees occur along the base of the cliff and in sheltered spots. 23 PLATE XVI

ARIZONA C:2:8 FROM THE EAST. 24 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Catciaw is everywhere in abundance, as well as several varieties of cactus and yucca.These, together with beargrass and other grasses, provided the occu- pants of the village with the needed materials for textiles, sandals, and basketry. On the talus slope a few yards below the eastern- most end of the large house there was evidence of a seep which may, at one time, have been developed into a spring, but the main source of water in the canyon was a large spring at the base of the sandstone cliff about three hundred yards southeast of the ruin. This spring, prior to the beginning of the rainy season, flowed from fifteen to twenty gallons of clear cold water per minute.It must have been a valuable asset to the community. Arable land was at a premium.In every direction for several miles the land is so rocky and the country so rugged that agriculture could only have been carried on with difficulty.The bed of Canyon Creek provides relatively few benches and terraces of tillable land; nevertheless, the remains of agricul- turai products were found in abundance. About one hundred and twenty-five rooms can be traced in the canyon (Fig. 6).Fifty-eight of these are concentrated in a single two-storey structure, the remaining number being scattered in smaller groups along the bases of the upper and lower of the three cliffs.Ail work was confined to the major unit.The beautiful setting in which it stands is well shown by the photographs in Plates xvi and xv". This group has a frontage of about two hundred PLATEXVII

THE RUIN SEEN FROM ACROSS THE CANYON. N

BA 30 0000QOOMS 25T00133 0QZ.C2I0000MO 250000X5 50ZC2850000' LFCoD o 37 0 000MO 25100115 000MO000MO 7 51000X3 510013 KJ 3I2 40051000M000MO PITO 03000'$10217 FIG. 6. SKETCH MAP OF CANYON SHO\VING LOCATION OF ARIZONA C:2:S AND NEIGHBORING SITES. 26 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND and fifty feet on an east-west axis.As the recess was forty feet from front to back, it allowed space for the construction of three rooms on a north-south axis.The plan of the ruin is given in Figure 7. The outermost rooms, due to greater exposure to the elements, have been largely demolished; but those nearer the cliff are still in a very good state of preservation (Plate xviii).While a number of rooms have been destroyed by fire, seven roofs still remain intact and five others are partly preserved.In two instances, the roofs and floors of two-storey rooms are in perfect condition.Although the highest standing wall at the present time rises twenty-three feet, there is no evidence that any part of the village ever had more than two storeys.The series of photographs illustrated in Plates xix to xxiv makes clear the general character and condition of the ruin. No attempt will be made to give a room by room description of the settlement; only the more general aspects of the building will be briefly touched upon. PLATE XVIII

LOOKING DOWN ON THE RUIN FROM THE CLIFF ABOVE. Note figure on roof. PLATEXIX

a. THE EASTERN \VINO OF THE CANYON CREEK RUIN,CONSTRUCTED IN THE EARLY 1340's.

b. THE CENTRAL SECTION AS SEEN FROM THE TALUS BELOW. / L4 I s t % L MAIn TEQA \ s 1t343S 'i :s i: V :,p FIG. 7. PLAN OF ARIZONA C:2:8 GIVING RooM 'NUMBERS AND DATES AS DERIVED FROM ROOFING BEAMS. ThLCAr1yo CCOND rLoog PtAN 28 QuIN 28 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XX ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Rooms: A fairly even floor in the cliff recess made it possible to build a compact structure with orderly arrangement of the rooms. Large boulders, dislodged from thecliff above prior to occupation. were incorporated inthewalls.Due to the west-to-east slopeof the cave floor, there is conspicuous terracing.The rooms were built against the entire back of the recess, except behind Rooms 27A and 30A. A narrow passageway leading, apparently, from Room 32A (Fig. 7) connected with the very small room 26A. From here one could climb through the hatchway into Room 26B, and finally onto the roof of that room through another hatchway. Rooms 22A and 27A could be reached only through hatchways leading from the second storey rooms above. The average room is about ten by twelve feet, although two rooms measured thirteen by sixteen feet. PLATEXX

THE Rooais IN THE SOUTH END. On the left between the cliff and the wall is a passage which connects with storage rooms. PLATEXXI

THE FRONT OF THE RUIN AS SEEN FROM THE WEST. The three logs projecting from the wall in the upper foreground were all cut in the year AD. 1343. PLATE XXII

THE EASTERN SECTION IN THE DEEPER PART OF THE RECESS. PLATE XXIII

LOOKING OVER THE CENTRAL QUARTER FROM THE EAST. PLATE XXIV

THE SOUTH WALL OF ROOM 24B WAS CARRIED THREE FEET ABOVE THE ROOF LEVEL IN THE FORM OF A PARAPET. 30 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XXV Masonry: The masonry throughout is of good character.As elsewhere in Southwestern ruins, the corners were not bonded, and a certain amount of settling has caused some of the walls to pull away from those which they originally touched.Wall thicknesses range from twelve to twenty-four inches, the average being about sixteen inches. On a foundation no thicker than this, the twenty-three foot wallthe highest in the ruinwas built. Building stones were chiefly of hard sandstone which was available a few hundred yards below, where it formed one of the lower cliffs. This stone broke out in tabular form and was used without further shaping.Adobe mortar was liberally applied both as a binding material and as a surface covering after the wall was completed.Traver- tine, deposited by the spring near the head of the canyon, was used in a few cases to top off the walls. PLATEXXV

THE SOUTH WALL OF ROOMS 24A AND 24B WHICH HAS A HEIGHT, INCLUDTNG THE PARAPET, OF TWENTY-THREE FEET. 32 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XXVI Several masonry types are recognizable.In thisplate, theleft half illustrates the type which predominates in the ruin. A coarser variety of the same is built up against it. Clay for mortar was probably obtained from a series of three pits which scarred the surface of a bench above the small stream one hundred and seventy-five yards south of the pueblo(see Fig. 6).The central pit is the largest of the three, being about forty-five feet in diameter and five feet deep.The two smaller pits, which adjoin it on an east-west line parallel with the stream, are each about twenty-five feet across and three feet deep. PLATE XXVI

THE PREVAILING TYPE OF MASONRY IN ARIZONA C:2:8. 34 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XXVII A second type of masonry is coursed more regularly and has the added feature of chinking with spalls.These are introduced not only between the layers horizontally, but sometimes vertically.While the chinked variety is not as common as the other, it may overlie or be built between the dominant masonry forms.The variation seems to be a matter of choice and not one of time. z z L)

z o

o o L) 36 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XXVIII Roofs: In seven of the large living rooms, the roofs were in perfect condition.In five others, the roofs were damaged to a certain extent, either by fire or by the collapse of beams or walls. Weaknesses which developed in the major beams were remedied by shoring with an upright post from floor to beam.In Room 34A an upright was used to brace the end of a roofing beam next to the cliff wall. A masonry buttress, used in the same way, may be seen in Plate xxxv filling one corner of Room 13A. PLATE XXVI II

A PoRTIoN OF THE ROOF IN RooM 27B. 38 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

Roofing methods uniformly followed the same plan.Across the longest axis of the room there were laid two pine beams averaging one foot in diameter.These were placed from two to four feet away from the walls which they paralleled.Beam ends were imbedded in the masonry and allowed to project a few inches on the outside.An exception to this is seen in the south wall of Room 27B, where three beams of the roof protrude about three feet(Plate xxi).At right angles to the large beams there were next laid juniper poles from three to five inches in diameter, and spaced at about one foot intervals.The butts and thin ends were alternated.Ends of these secondary beams were usually imbedded in the wall, but do not show on the outside. Across the juniper poles there was spread a layer of boards split out of either juniper or pine logs which had a particularly even grain. The normal thickness is about one inch, the width from two to six inches, and the length from three to eight feet.Both single and double layers of these planks were used.Cross pieces were laid parallel to and directly above every fifth or sixth secondary beam.Leaves of beargrass were next passed over the cross pieces, down between the boards, and tied on the under side of the secondary beams.Thus the loose planking was held securely inposition.The final step in the roofing was the ten to twelve inch layer of clay that was evenly spread over the wooden foundation.It was not unusual to put flat rocks in with the roofing clay. In Room 27B there were three main logs, while in liA, a much smaller room, the major beams were omitted, and the spans were made with closely spaced juniper poles about four inches in diameter.The average distance from the floor to the lower border of the primary logs was six feet.(For sketch of roof construction see Fig. 8.) CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 39

FIG.S.SKETCH SHOWING DETAILS OF ROOF CONSTRUCTION. 1, primary beam;2, secondary beams;3 and 4, double layer of pine or juniper boards;5,transverse board;6,beargrass lashings;7,clay. 40 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XXIX Doors and other wall openings: Access to rooms was gained either through side doors or hatchways intheroofs.Some rooms were provided with both, some with hatchway only.Doors varied considerably in size, the range being from sixteen by twenty-six inches to twenty-five by forty inches.Lintels were usually made with four to six poles about three inches in diameter.Pine plank and stone lintels were also occasionally used.Sills were universally of stone, and the jambs of masonry.In one case, a thin fiat slab lined the side of the door.The height from floor to sill varied from twelve to forty inches, and the position of the door was usually near the center of the wall.Thin flat stones were used to close the entrances. Other wall openingsconsist mainlyofsmall peep holes.One window-like opening in the south wall of Room 22B (Plate xxix) was constructed by partly closing a door.This was accomplished by first introducing new lintels a few inches below the original, and by reduc- ing the width and lastly the height with sections of masonry.Thus a door measuring about twenty-five by forty inches was reduced to an opening twelve by seventeen inches.As this window occurred in what is interpreted as a ceremonial room and was in alignment with features usually found in kivas, its function may have been that of a ventilator rather than a window (see also Plate xxxvii). PLATEXXIX

A DOOR REDUCED TO A SMALLER OPENING WHICH PROBABLY SERVED AS THE VENTILATOR FOE THE CEREMONIAL ROOM BEHIND. 42 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XXX Sealed doors were to be seen on every hand in both first and second storey rooms.One of these was a T-shaped door leading from Room 25B into 27B, the only door of this shape noted in the entire ruin.Its maximum measurements are:height, forty inches; breadth, twenty-five inches.The bottom came within ten inches of the floor of Room 25B.In all of the ruins visited only two 'f-shaped doors were seen, this and one in Arizona C:1:44. In the west wall of Room 27B, level with the upper margin of the door on either side, were four-inch square holes in the masonry. At some time after the wall was built they were plugged with clay.These holes were present in most of the other ruins visited(see Plate x). Other small holes occasionally occur which bear no relation to the doors.These command a view over the canyon below or over part of the village itself. PLATE XXX

A SEALED T-SHAPEDDooR(BELOW BEAM ON RIGHT) CONNECTING ROOMS 25B AND 27B. Hatclzways: Entrances occurred in all of the exist- ing roofs.They were usually placed near a wall. The exact location was governed by the position of the major structural beams as these, necessarily, had to be avoided.The relationship which the hatchway usually bears to the roofing elements is shown in Figure 9.The long axis of the entry is invariably at right angles to the wall; hatchways in the roofs of both first and second storey rooms were in direct vertical alignment. In size they showed a far greater uniformity than did the doors.The minimum measurements were eighteen by twenty-five inches, the maximum twenty- one by twenty-three inches.In construction likewise there was little variation. The chief items of note in the hatchway are a cross piece and two small pegs, the latter projecting into the opening from one end (Fig. 9).The cross piece always occurs in that end of the hatchway farthest from the wall and well towards the base of the masonry framing the opening.This bar is from one to two inches in diameter, and the distance from the end of the hatchway varies from two to four inches.At right angles to this, and at a somewhat higher level, two short wooden pegs one inch in diameter, project from the masonry.These were set about three inches from the sides and extend from 43 44 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND two to six inches into the opening.In one case they project over the top of the cross bar.

Fin.9.ROOF DETAIL SHowING NORMAL POSITION OF HATCHWAY. 1, wall;2, major beams; 3, secondary roofing poles; 4, split boards;5, cross piece in hatchway; 6, two small pegs projecting fcom end of hatchway. These may have been connected with the ladder fastenings or with some form of hatch cover. Mm- deleff1° reports a cross bar in the trap doors of Zuñi kivas against which the ladders rested, but it apparently does not occur in the hatchways of the domestic rooms.If in this ruin the ladders rested against the bar, one infers that their bases were near the wall and the tops leaned in towards the center of the rooms.The use of the pegs is not clear. 16 Mindeleff, 1891, pp. 205-206. PLATE XXXI

a. On the long sides of the hatchway into Room 19 there were built thin slabs of stone which extended a few inches above the roof.One of these remains in its original position.

b. The hatchway into Room 26B was lined with clay, and differed from the one above in being oval rather than rectangular.

HATCH WAYS. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA45 There was but one sealed hatchway in the entire ruin.This occurred in the roof of Room 16A, used for storage purposes.The hatchway was located in the southwest corner of the roof and was closed by placing across the short dimension one-inch sticks which supported stone slabs, and finally clay.As a considerable portion of the roof has been burned, it is impossible to say whether or not a second hatchway was built after the first was sealed. 46 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE XXXII Ladders: While there were no ladders in Arizona C:2:8, there is one available for description from the region which is undoubtedly a duplicate of the type used.This specimen is now in Gua Pueblo, and was taken from Arizona C:1:8, a six room dwelling situated high in the Sierra Ancha.The dates and ceramic types of this site correspond with those of the Canyon Creek ruin. The one complete side pole of this ladder is ten feet long.Both poles are only three inches in diameter at the base.The rungs, proba.- bly only one of which is original, are about two feet long, one inch in diameter, and spaced about fourteen inches apart.They were five in number, which would be sufficient to reach the roof of the average room. In details of construction this ladder is identical with two examples from northern Arizona now in the Arizona State Museum at Tucson. z oz C)oz -t, XmrB 48 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PLATE XXXIII Plastering: A heavy coating of adobe up to two inches in thickness was customarily smeared over the wall surfaces, completely obscuring the rocks that formed them.Where further modifications had not taken place, the surface thus made was rough and marked with the finger prints of the plasterer.Room interiors were sometimes decorated, from the floor upwards for a distance of about four feet, with a thin coating of colored clay, either white, yellow, or red.This was applied over the rough plaster.Where the rooms abutted the living cliff, this treatment was also given to that surface.In Rooms 14A and 22B two colors were combined.In 14A a coating of reddish clay was carried about four feet above the floor where it was finished with a band of yellow four inches wide.Above this the rough unpainted adobe surface extended to the ceiling.In Room 22B, which seems to have been used ceremonially, the order of the color was reversed and other elements were added.From the floor upwards for three feet six inches, the wall bore the remnants of a yellow coating applied over a layer of red.The red extended above the yellow in a band about six inches wide.Rising from the upper border of the red, at irregular intervals, were rectilinear terraces of a type commonly used by the Zuñi, and generally interpreted as being rain clouds.Morris -'describes a somewhat similar wall treatment of a room in Aztec Ruin which was re- occupied by Mesa Verde people.Here groups of three triangles were used in place of the terraces.In Room 20A, the traces of a blue, red, and white pattern could be seen, but it was too faint to be accurately reproduced. 'Morris, 1928, pp. 377-378. PLATE XXXIII

THE E.si WALL OF RoDEI 22B SII0\vINo DOOR AND PAINTED LOWER SECTION IN RED AND YELLOW WITH TERRACE. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 49

Storage bins: Facilities for storing surplus foods were provided by constructing bins inside of the rooms or on their roofs.Some of the rooms, as liA, 26A and B, which were too small for living purposes, must have been used as storage places.The following types of bins were present:(a) masonry, (b) wattle-and-daub, (c) coiled and clay- covered basketry. The two contiguous masonry bins on the roof of Room 27B (Fig. 7, second floor plan) are of the first type.They are built against the cliff, the east one being semi-circular, while that to the west is nearly rectangular.Each is approximately five feet long and three feet wide. The walls of the east bin rose to a height of three feet, those of the west bin are now only one foot eight inches high.There is no evidence that they were ever roofed. A wicker plaque (Plate Lili a), covering a number of corn cobs, was found in the shallow debris in the east bin. Two wattle-and-daub bins, differing somewhat as to construction, were found in Room 13A.The first of these, in the southeast corner of the room, measured about four feet square.The wattlework consisted of a series of vertical posts spaced at about one foot intervals, to which smaller branches were lashed horizontally with leaves of beargrass.These occurred in pairs and were fastened, at about five inch spaces, to the upright supports (Fig. 10).This framework was next coated inside and out with clay.While still wet, reeds were pressed into it on the inner side, and these were also coated with a thin layer of clay.Although most of the structure was demolished, it probably rose to a height of three feet.There was no sign of a roof.The floor of the bin was paved with flagstones. The construction of the second bin differed from the above in that thinslats,split from the flowering stalk of the agave, were lashed closely together to the upright supports, these taking the place of the paired horizontal braces.Twined beargrass leaves further reinforced the slats between the vertical posts.A two-inch layer of clay covered the outer surface, but the inside was apparently left uncoated.This bin was roofed as indicated by the smoke blackening on the west wall of the room which stopped abruptly three feet ten inches above the slab lined floor of the bin. The third type of storage container was found in Room 16B, in the form of a clay coated basket constructed of crude coiling (see Plate L).Large earthenware jars(Plate Lxxxi) were also used to store foodstuffs. 50 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

FIG.10.DRAWING OF STORAGE BIN WALL IN ROOM l3A SHOWING CONSTRUCTION. 1,upright Support;2,paired branches for horizontal braces;3, clay;4, reeds;5, clay, on inner surface of wall. PLATE XXXIV

A WATTLE AND DAUB STORAGE BIN WITH FLAGSTONE FLOOR IN THE SOUTHEAST CORNEE OF RooM 13A. PLATE XXXV

CORNER DETAIL OF Roow l4A. The rack shown above was made by imbedding three sticks diagonally across the corner (the middle stick has been broken out).The outermost rod is eighteen inches from the corner and the height above the floor is four feet. 52 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Curved wan: A semi-circular masonry wall was found below the floor of Room 19.1t describes an arc, beginning in the northeast corner and ending against a large boulder in the southwest corner of the room (Fig. 7), and stands about two feet high. Except for three infant burials, the sub-floor debris was practically free of cultural material, pottery being completelylacking.Hough notes a similar curved wall in a cliff dwelling a few miles north of Arizona C: 2 : 818 Firepits: Hearths were indefinite.They consisted of shallow, ill-defined, ash-filled depressions near the center of the rooms.In some instances, the fires were built directly on the floor.Firepits occurred in both first and second storey rooms, the thick clay floor of the upper room preventing the roofing material from catching fire. Ceremonial room: True kivas were not found, and there was no evidence in or near the ruin of any sub-surface rooms.Only one room, 22B, offered any suggestion of having been used ceremonially.This was in the second storey, and entrance was gained through a side door over the roof of Room 19 (Plate xxxvi). A hatchway in the floor along the east wall was the only means of access to Room 22A below. The other features of the room are shown in Figure 11 and Plate xxxvii. A shallow pit in the south center of the floor marked the fireplace, while in the south wall, two feet above the floor, there occurred the twelve by seventeen inch ventilator already described as having been made by partially filling in a 18Rough, 1930, p. 7. PLATEXXXVI

THE DOOR LEADING INTO TIlE CEREMONIAL Rool (2213) OVER THE ROOF OF Roorr 19. PLATEXXXVII

FIREPIT, DEFLECTOR, ALTAR, AND VENTILATOR OPENING IN Rooivt 22B. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 53 doorway (Plate xxix).Directly in line with this wall opening and the firepit was a vertical slab imbedded in the floor.Its length was about twenty

FIG.11.FLOOR PLAN OF ROOM 22B. 1,door;2, hatchway into Room 22A; 3, hearth;4, deflector;5, altar slab; 6,ventilator. inches, its height above the floor eight inches.In the twenty-inch space between the deflector and the wall, there rested a flat stone loosely supported a few inches above the floor by small rocks.This seems to have been used as an altar, for on it were found the following articles: a small unfired animal effigy (Plate Lxxvi), a cane arrow with stone point (Fig. 54 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN 22 k; see also p. 109), a bit of textile in which was tied a small quantity of salt, a broken shell pendant, fragments of a black-on-yellow bowl, and two clay legs of other effigies.Elsewhere in the shallow fill of the room,. there were found the antler arrow wrenches shown in Plate LXXV i, j, and k, parts of a textile bag with design worked out in the process of weaving (Plate LX a), a broken jar with a yucca fiber handle, many yucca quids, and quantities of acorn and walnut hulls.The articles found on the altar are suggestive of offerings made by the Zuñi as sup- plications for a successful hunt. The plaster treatment in terraces on the walls ofthis room has already been described(Plate xxXIII).The south end of the roof was either never finished or the clay and juniper boards were subsequently removed. The room had nobench, and the sipapu could not be found. Room 22B does not conform to the standards which define a kiva; it nevertheless possesses features so suggestive that it must be the equivalent of one. The deflector, altar, and ventilator were not found in any of the other rooms excavated.Its second storey location is the most radical departure from the true kiva.As the ventilator opens into Room 23B, it is probable that this room was already demolished when the kiva was used. The evidence is not yet conclusive, but it points to the fact that Pueblo IV kivas south of the Little Colorado drainage tended to vary from the northern type and to become much less important architectural features.The room in question seems to show this degeneration. DATING The major roofing beams were the only source of datable wood.These, fortunately, in a number of cases, outlasted the remainder of the roof, so that specimens were obtained from more rooms than actually showed roofs.As pine trees do not grow within a mile of the village, the supply was evidently obtained higher up in the canyon or on the ridges to the east. The heavily scarred surfaces of the timbers indicate that they were dragged and rolled over broken country for some distance before reaching their destination.This condition also shows that the bark was removed from the beams before they were brought in. Thirty-six wood samples were collected from the ruin.As these were obtained from the whole length of the village, it is believed that the results reflect quite accurately the rapidity and order in which the village grew.Twenty-nine of the specimens fitted readily into the Flagstaff chronology.Because most of the timbers are still solidly imbedded in the walls, construction dates for a number of rooms are available.Dating results are included in the plan of the ruin (Fig. 7). In Rooms 7A, 9A, 17A, and 20, where paired logs were used, there was precise agreement in the cutting dates of the beams within each given room. Thus, both of those in Room 7A dated 1341, in Room 9A 1342, and the beams in Room 17A show a cutting

55 56 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND date of 1340.As both rings dating 1340 are incom- pletely formed, one concludes that the trees were cut during the growing season, or in the summer. The same condition is shown by the logs in Room 20, which date 1337, and the three beams in Room 27B, cut in the summer of 1343.When trees are felled approximately at the same time, as the rings in these cases indicate, it is to be supposed that they were used in the building in that same year.The two logs in Room 19A were also cut at the same time, but, owing to many double rings in the samples, satisfactory dates could not be assigned to them. There are, on the other hand, five rooms in which this agreement in dates is not seen.The beams in Room SA showed 1343 and 1344 as terminal dates. There need not however have been a full year's difference in the time of cutting as, if one were cut in spring and the other in fall, the added ring would have appeared.The discrepancy can probably best be explained on the grounds that a left-over beam, felled the previous year, was used with a freshly cut one the year following.The roofs of both Rooms 13A and 13B were destroyed by fire.The log fragments, which dated 1329 and 1341, may therefore have belonged to first and second storey roofs, thus allowing for the difference in dates.Variation of one year is again seen in the beams of Room 22B which registered 1334 and 1335.In Room 27A, the beams show a five year discrepancy between 1326 and 1331, both being true cutting dates.As the second storey room, 27B, was not built until 1343, the beam in the roof of the lower room, dating 1331, may be a replace- CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 57 ment five years after the building of the room in 1326; or the log with the latter date may have been held over from an earlier cutting, or represent a specimen re-used in the process of remodelling.Of two dated cores from Room 30A, one dates 1332, the other 1323.The latter, however, is not the true cutting date, as an undetermined number of rings have been lost through an injury to the log. In Room 16A, where only one log supported the roof, and in other rooms where, through fire or for other reasons, only one log was available, single dates must suffice.A loose log in Room 8A dates 1343, while a log in situ in Room 15Aone of the outer additionsgives the late date of 1346.Other rooms with single dates are as follows: Room 16A, 1340; Room 23B, 1342; Room 24A, 1327; Room 25A (loose log), 1337.The latest date in the ruin is 1348, occurring in Room 36, in the west end of the village.A loose log, which may have been in either Room 32A or 34, shows 1337 as the cutting date. Two floating beams in the cluster of rooms about one thousand yards west of the major unit (listed in Fig. 5 as Arizona C:2:11) gives dates of 1340 and 1347. Of the twenty-eight beams which yielded true cutting dates, seventeen were cut during the summer and eleven either in the fall of the year for which the rings register, or during the winter up to the beginning of the growing season.As summer cuts overbalance the other, it appears that building activity was greatest at that time of year.The same condition exists in practically all of the cliff dwellings visited in the Sierra Ancha. 58 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN The range of cutting dates extends from 1326 to 1348, a period of twenty-two years.Since all parts of the ruin were sampled, with the exception of the demolished rooms at the extreme ends, it seems likely that the entire construction period of the pueblo does not exceed twenty-five years.Occupation was probably not greatly in excess of this number of years.Throughout the span of construction dates, the longest interval is only three years, denoting a more or less. uniform and steady growth.I think it is safe to conclude, therefore, that by 1350 or very soon thereafter, the site was abandoned. The maximum building activity, according to the concentration of final dates (see Fig. 5), extended from 1337 to 1343.At least ten rooms for which dates are available, and undoubtedly others from which there is no wood, were erected during this time. The order in which the village was constructed is not without interest.The earliest dates appear in those rooms built against the cliff in the central part.With these as a core, expansion took place to the east, west, and up. A few rooms were added along the front.To find that construction dates of the outermost rooms are always later than those of the inner rooms, and that second storey rooms are later than first floors, as would necessarily be the case, seems to me to be added proofof the validity of tree-ring dating. MATERIAL CULTURE With a few exceptions, all specimens of material culture shown or described hereinafter are from Ari- zona C:2 :8.When not from this ruin, the origin will be listed.

FOODS Vegetable: Maize: Corn cobs form the most abundant single item of the remains of vegetal foods. This same condition prevails in all of the ruins visited. Rows of kernels on the cobs, in most instances, number ten, twelve, or fourteen, but there are several with six and eight rows.Both red and white cobs occur, the latter being in the majority. Beans: A few beans were found scattered through the rubbish in Room 13A.The species represented is Phaseolus vulgaris var., in both white and red forms. Squash: Stems and hulls were found.There are two varieties: Cucurbita Pepo L. (common pump- kin), and Cucurbita moschata (cushaw). Other foods: Natural products used were acorns from the oak (Quercus Emoryi), known to the In- dians as Bellota, which grows profusely in the region; and black walnuts (fu glans major).The cracked hulls of both acorns and walnuts were plentiful in the refuse. Salt: On the altar of the ceremonial room, there was found a small piece of cotton cloth improvised 59 60 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN into a sack for salt.The source of this material may have been either from the salt banks on Salt River, a few miles above the mouth of Canyon Creek, or from the salt mine near Camp Verde on the Verde River, which was worked by the aborigines.19 Yucca quids: The practice of chewing yucca is widely spread over New Mexico, Arizona, and the western part of Texas, where it occurs at all times and amongst all peoples. The leaf only seems to have been used, as seen in some quids in which the smooth outer covering of the leaf is still present.Apparently the leaf was partly macerated and the fibers rolled into a bundle before they were used (Plate xxxviii a, b, and c). The general character of the chewed quids is shown by examples d to i.They vary in length from one and a half to three-quarters of an inch.Many show the imprints of teeth. There is no reason to suppose that yucca was chewed as a means of loosening the fibers later to be used in cordage.To begin with, it would be a hope- less task to disentangle the filaments from the mass, and, further, to discard so much of the material in the rubbish would have been most impractical. 19Morris, 192Sa, pp. 79-97. PLATE XXXV I I I

q' e f

YUCCAQUTDs. PLATE XXXIX

CH:LD'S SKULL WITH A YUCCA QUID IN THE MOUTH. Yucca quids were everywhere plentiful in the debris, especially in the ceremonial room, where they occurred in greatest numbers with shells of acorns and walnuts.This might suggest that the material was chewed for food.On the other hand, the quid lodged between the molars of a child buried in Room 22A (above) might be interpreted as a last attempt at seeking cures for the ills which finally caused the child's death. 62 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Animal: Bones of the animals listed below were found in the accumulated refuse of rooms.Those of the mule deer and the turkey were the most abundant, indicating that these were the major items in the diet of animal foods. Rocky Mountain Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemi- onus macrotis Say). Red Fox (Vulpes fulva macroura Baird). Scott'sGray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns). Indian Dog (Canis familiaris Linn.). Texas Jack Rabbit (Le pus californicus texanus Waterhouse). Wild Turkey (Melea grisgallo pavo merriami Nelson). DRESS Hair dressing: The only evidence at hand as to the method of putting up hair comes from the adult female burial in Room i 6A (No. 20).Here a portion of the hair, with wrappings, was preserved.It was gathered, up behind the head in two bunches, with ends turned back and caught with wrappings. These consisted of fifteen to twenty turns of two- strand cotton string.Where a part of the string was protected from the body moisture, the original colors are clearly preserved.One cord was composed of a black and a white strand twisted together, the other of brown and yellow strands.The bindings were made close to the head, as the hair was quite short. Garments: Excepting string skirts, there is little information astoclothing.Blankets of feather PLATEXL

STRING SKIRTS. Length of a,18 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 63 cloth, so characteristic of the northern cliff ruins, were not found here.These were undoubtedly replaced by cotton and apocynum blankets, such as the bodies were wrapped in before burial.No tailored garments were found. String skirts: About the waist of an adult female, buried below the floor of Room i 6A, there was found the large string skirt pictured in Plate XL.It consists of two duplicate parts, one being worn in front, the other behind.All the cordage used was of apocynum fiber.A thirty-two-strand loosely twisted rope forms the basis of each half.This was laid in a triple fold thirteen inches long and three inches wide.Single strand filaments were closely woven over and under this, so that a fringe of loose ends was formed on both sides of the foundation.After this step was completed, the single strands were gathered together in fours, and twisted into a cord. The rear half of the skirt was supplied with a bulky waist cord consisting of twenty-seven four-ply strings. The halves were fixed about the body by bringing the waist cord to the front, where it was tied.Beneath it were caught the doubled-under fringes extending from the upper margin of the foundation piece. The strings along the lower border of this hung free. Those in the front were about ten inches long, while the cords of the rear half were eighteen inches long. The upper fringe of the back piece was similarly doubled under before the garment was fully adjusted and tied. A second skirt was found on a child burial (No. 21) in Room 2 2A.It is similarly, though more coarsely, constructed. 64' THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Two smaller incomplete skirts came from the debris of Room loA.The first (Plate xLb) has rolled strips of cotton cloth forming the warp for the two-ply cord fringes.The foundation piece measures two by ten inches.The second is made in the same way as the large skirt described above.The woven part here is one and a half by eightinches. In both of the last named specimens, the fringes are short.They are undoubtedly wornout garments. Sandals: Coarse weaves characterize the sandals of Arizona C: 2 :8.They are apt to be somewhat shapeless, although, in a few instances, an effort was made to shape the toe of the sandal to fit either the right or the left foot.One or two sandals have square toes, and one has a pointed toe.Sandals with notched toes were not found.Except in the finest cord sandals, the heels are always turned up and fastened down on the upper side with some of the weaving elements.This feature is well shown by specimens b and c in Plate XLI.Narrow and broad leaf yucca, loosely twisted cordage of yucca fiber, and juniper bark are the materials used. Sandals of whole broad yucca leaves are shown in Plate XLI a and b.The first is made by twilling in an over-two-under-one movement.The square toe in this case was probably controlled by the coarse- ness of the weaving medium.The next example is woven in checkerwork, i.e., over-one-under-one,and has the typical square heel. Narrow leaf yucca sandals are probably the most common, but the weaving is never sofine nor the elements quite so narrow as most of the sandals of PLATEXLI

SANDALS FROM ARIZONA C:2 :8. Length of a,81/2 inches. PLATE XLIJ

SANDALS. a and d are from Arizona C:2:8; b, from Rarick Canyon; and c, from the upper ruin of the Tonto National Monument.Length of a,lO'/inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 65 comparable type from northern Arizona.The weave is consistently an over-two-under-two twilling.As will be noted from the sandal c, Plate XLI, the insteps are sometimes straight, the outer line being somewhat curved to fit the foot, and the heel is square. Yucca fibers, partially loosened from the parent leaves, were also occasionally used in making footgear (Plate XLI d).The weave and finish is the same as in those just described, but the product is more flexible.Plate XLII a is a large heavy sandal with rounded toe and heel made of juniper bast. The bark was shredded and gathered into bundles about half an inch in thickness, then woven in checkerwork fashion.As an extra reenforcement, twined yucca fibers were added about three-quarters of an inch in from the edge completely around the sandal. For the finer sandals (Plate XLII b, c, and d), yucca fibers were extracted from the parent leaf and twisted into single strand cords from an eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness.The cords were wrapped spirally with a few fibers of the same material in order to bind together the loosely twisted strands.The weaving is very compact and done in an over-two-under-two scheme.The type represents the most substantial sandal made at the site, and probably in the whole region.It is further char- acterized by a unique sandal tie which occurs only on sandals of this form. As nearly allthe cord sandals from Arizona C: 2:8 are too badly worn or disintegrated to show their character clearly, examples from other ruins, identical as to type, are illustrated.Sandal b (Plate 66 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

XLII)is the only complete specimen of the kind available for description.It comes from Rarick Canyon, a tributary of Beaver Creek which flows into the Verde River.The heel is square, two and three-quarters inches broad, while the toe expands to a four and a half inch width, and is shaped to fit the foot.Its total length is ten inches.Another example of the same type, from the upper ruin of the Tonto National Monument, isillustrated in Plate XLII c.Sandal d on the same plate, from the Canyon Creek ruin, is the only one of the type yet seen with pointed toe. Sandal ties: The most elaborate ties occur on the sandals just described.The technique seems always to be the same. A toe loop, consisting of one or two two-ply yucca cords fastened to the sole an inch or two from the toe, forms the basis for the plaiting of the straps.Small cords, a sixteenth of an inch thick, are woven to the toe loop and then plaited into a web about three-quarters of an inch wide.From the ends of this, narrow straps, a quarter of an inch to an inch wide, are carried back towards the heel and fastened at the edges of the sole (Fig. 12a).The heel strap varies.This may either be a yucca cord, as seen in the sandals on the feet of Burial 20 from the Canyon Creek Ruin, a stout black cotton cord (Plate XLII c) which, like the first one, is adjustable, or a plaited band (Plate xLnb), woven as a separate piece and securely attached to the side straps one inch above their attachment to the sole.The second and third toes were inserted through the toe loop when worn, as evidenced by the sandals attached to the feet of Burial 20. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 67 All other ties, except one, employ the same principle as above, although the fastenings are of the crudestsort.The customary materialispartly shredded yucca leaf, and it may be fastened in one

C d FIG.12. SANDAL TIES. 68 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND of two ways, as indicated in Figure 12 b and c.The heel strap is usually adjustable, and may be twisted, or be a simple loop enclosing the side elements. There is but one sandal equipped with side loops (Fig. 12 d).The toe ioop is formed by twisting about each other the two side elements which are widely spaced at the very edge of the toe.These are brought back, caught under the side loops, crossed over the top of the foot, and then brought under a second pair of side loops, whence the elements must have been tied behind the heel. A word as to distribution and comparisons of these sandals: The cord sandal with plaited tie, in addition to the examples already listed, has also been found in Clear Creek.2°The type seems to be at home, therefore, in the Verde, Tonto, and upper Salt River drainages.I believeitto be distinctly a Pueblo IV sandal.In the coarse and fine twilling of yucca leaf, and in the general method of tying, the similarities to northern sandals are too obvious to need further comment.Chief differences lie in the turned back heel, the weave employed in the cordage sandals and the plaited sandal tie.No wickerwork sandles were found. CRADLES AND HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES Two well preserved and two fragmentary cradles were found in the Canyon Creek ruin.All but one contained the remains of infants buried below the floors of living rooms. A single type is represented, but two variations in the method of construction may be noted. 20 Morris, 1928a, pp. 95-96. PLATE XLIII

CRADLE BURIAL WITH CARRYING STRAP (a), INTERIOR (b), ANDa EXTERIOR (c) ASPECTS. Length 26'/2 inches. b CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 69 Plate LXXXVI b shows the most elaborate cradle in situ, while Plate XLIII more clearly illustrates the same from several aspects.The framework consists of two parallel slats made of split agave stalk, each being twenty-six and a half inches long, one and a half inches wide, and half an inch thick.These rigid side pieces, which rest with the thin edges up, serve as the attachment for a twilled matting nine and a half inches wide.This is woven directly to the braces and reenforced along the lower margins of the sticks with twined yucca cord.Small sticks are woven into the mat at the ends, in order to make the floor of the cradle more rigid.A second piece of matting was then made just large enough to fit snugly inside the trough.The edges of this piece extend to the upper margins of the side braces.It is secured to the lower mat with a twining of yucca string.Nine inches from the foot, there is a cane tubing cross-piece drilled near the ends, through which the cords are passed that bind it to the upper edges of the side bars.Yucca strings extend from side to side at the head and foot.The string in each case passes through holes drilled into the ends of the stout bars, and was intended, no doubt, to keep the frames from spreading.A cotton cloth band, sewed to the stick which is fastened between the two layers of matting, provides the lashing for holding the infant in the cradle.This stick is inserted, as seen in the photograph, about nine inches from the head.Two heavy cords, spaced about ten inches apart, on the under side of the cradle, were apparently used for fastening the loose ends of the cotton band. 70 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND When found, the carrying strap lay unattached lengthwise across the cradle.This device is approximately the same length as the cradle.It was woven as a single piece of twilled tubing, three incheswide when pressed flat.A few small sticks were placed inside to stiffen the band.From each end, on opposite sides, there projects a single stick about a quarter of an inch in diameter, which was woven into the selvage.The method whereby the strap was fastened to the cradle has not been determined.It could not have served very well as a head band, as the sticks on the inside make it much too stiff.It seems altogether possible that the cradle was sus- pended horizontally under the arm, the strap running over the shoulder of the carrier.The meager binding for holding the infant in position would not permit the use of the cradle vertically.Itisnot equipped with a foot rest. Under the head of the child in this cradle was a bundle of soft grass, held together with astrip of beargrass.This served as a pillow.In the second fragmentary cradle, which is a duplicate of the one described, two pads of fiber were used as ahead- rest. The third cradle, with the bones of a very young infant (Plate xLIv), is somewhat differently constructed, although itis of the same general type. Split agave stalks, twenty inches long and one and a half inches wide, again formed the side pieces. Two inches from each end and in the center of the lower borders of these, twigs were inserted through holes, bent back, and lashed to themselves.This PLATE XLIV

a b IATTICE-BACNED CRADLE WITH INFANT (a), AND CRADLE EMPTY (h) Length 20 inches. PLATE XLV

CEDAR BARK TORCH (a) AND BRUSHES (b,C, AND d). Torch: The slender bunch of shredded juniper bark, a, was undoubtedly used as a torch, or as a means of carrying fire from one room to another.It is spirally wrapped with a strip of fiber. Brushes: These were made either of bundles of fine or coarse stems of grass, b and c, or of twigs, d.Specimen b is one foot in length, and can be duplicated in collections of modern Pueblo material.Brush c shows a burnt end, suggesting that it may also have been used as a fire brand.The grass stems and twigs are secured into bundles with cords or strips of yucca leaf. PLATE XLVI

POTRESTS(aAND b)TWILLED HEAD-RING (c). Diameter of a, 10 inches. Potrests: There are two types:(a) those made of split leaves of beargrass, (b) those made of the same material with a twilled technique.The largest one of the first type, a, is ten inches in diameter, and the smallest, b, is five inches across.The leaves are held together with spiral wrapping. The second twilled type, c, was probably employed as a head-ring in carrying loads.The weave isover-three- under-three of leaves of beargrass which have been trimmed down to uniform width.The technique of manufacture is exactly like that now employed by the Pima in making head-rings.This is clearly demonstrated by Kissell,21 although the Pima use an over-two-under-two movement. The same type of head-ring is also known to the Zuñi.22 21 Kissell, 1916, pp. 159-164. 22 Stevenson, 1883, p. 369, Fig. 488. PLATE XLVII

GOURD BOTTLES AND Scoops. Gourds (Cucurbita Lagenana leucantha, dipper gourd) were extensively used for small containers and scoops.These required little alteration, merely cutting off the stem and cleaning out the seeds in the case of a bottle (a, b and e), or halving the gourd lengthwise for a scoop (d and e).Diameter of a,5 inches. PLATE XLVIII

A CLOTH SACK WITH A FEW OF THE GOURD SEEDS IT CONTMNED. These were probably being preserved for future planting. PLATE XLIX

YUCCA RING BASKET FROM ARIZONA C:l: 50. Diameter 18inches.

TWILLED BASKETS WITH RRENFORCED EDGE FROH ARIZONA C:2:8. Diameter of c,12inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 71 formed the framework for the backing, consisting of slender parallel rods.These were laid lengthwise, passing over the center cross piece and under the two end braces, to which they were laced with yucca string.The body of the cradle is eight inches wide, the depth of the trough about two inches in the center.A cordage brace extends from side to side at the head end.The lashing for holding the child in the cradle, pillow, and carrying strap are lacking. The collection contains a part of the lattice floor- ing of a fourth cradle.The quarter-inch rods have been carefully peeled and trimmed, and bound to cord-covered braces with a cord lacing. The rectangular cradle type represented by these specimensisa departure from the oval,rigidly framed cradles which were usual in Pueblo III times in northern Arizona.23While both lattice and matwork floors occur in the northern cradles, these are ordinarily attached to an oval frame rather than to two independent sidepieces.The board-backed Zuñi cradle and the wickerwork Hopi cradle with awning, as described by Mason,24 also differ from the Canyon Creek specimens. It is customary among some Indians to make a small cradle for the infant shortly after birth, later to be replaced by a larger one.25The twenty-inch lattice floored cradle contained the remains of a newly born infant, while the twenty-six-inch matting cradle held a year-old child.The other two frag- 23 Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, pp. 107-108; Judd, 1930, pp. 65-66; Guernsey, 1931, pp. 105-106. 24Mason, 1889, pp. 191-192. 25 Hrdlicka, 1905, p. 486. 72 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND mentary cradles agree in size with the equivalent complete examples.Thus, the differencein the form of construction may have been governed by the age of the infant for which the cradle was intended. BASKETRY Baskets of matting: Two types are distinguish- able: (a) ring baskets, (b) with a twilled reenforcing at the rim. Ring baskets, made of twilled matting attached to a hoop of pliable wood, agree in all major points with those described by Kidder and Guernsey from northern Arizona.26The material throughoutis beargrass (Nolina microcarpa); the weave is open in an over-two-under-two technique, as shown by the large fragment in Plate XLIX a, found in Arizona C: 1:50.The loose ends of the matwork are bent over the hoop outwardly and fastened with a twining of yucca string.Whole baskets of this type were not found in Arizona C: 2 :8, but, on the basis of the wooden rings, which usually outlast the other part, it is evident that the diameters ranged from eight to eighteen inches. The second type lacks the wooden rim hoop, the weaving material, again of beargrass, is narrower, and the elements are more closely brought together. In place of the ring, an extra fold is formed in the twilling of the selvage to give the edge added strength. In the two baskets pictured in Plate XLIX b and c, and in a rim fragment of a third in the collection, the selvage is treated differently in each case.As the 26 Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, pp. 108-110. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 73 weaving elements, at this point, are of double or triple thickness, representation by diagram is difficult. In basket b, the selvage is bent outward and fastened to the side with loose ends of the weaving elements. The extra band thus formed is about half an inch in width.Basket c has a double selvage, i.e., the matwork is bifurcated half an inch from the rim, each edge being finished in a simple manner.In the rim fragment, the matting is doubled down and up again on the outside, the fold being secured to the sides, as in the first case. In appearance, these baskets are squarish rather than round.Diameters of the two illustrated are about ten to twelve inches respectively, the depth being only about two inches.The twilling seems uniformly to begin with a cross in the center, as can be seen in both of the specimens shown.An inch or more from the rim, the trend of the twilling changes and runs parallel to the rim.Owing to the flat squarish bottoms, each basket has four corners. The manipulation of the weaving elements at this point is shown diagrammatically by Kissell," in describing modern Papago baskets, which are similar to these. Coiled basketry: Three types of coiled basketry are represented in the material from CanyonCreek ruin:(a) crude coiling, with clay covering, (b) coarse coiling, (c) close coiling. Clay-covered basketry is represented by a single large granary built into Room 16A (Plate La).The coils were composed of bundles of twigs, from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, bound together 27 Kissell, 1916, p. 169. 74 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND with a light wrapping of small pliable branches before being built into the structure.From the edges of the slightly cupped bottom, consisting of twigs plas- tered over with clay, the coiling proper was begun. Each coil was secured to the lower one by means of pliable sticks, as illustrated in Plate L b.28A coat of clay applied to both interior and exterior covers most of the weaving elements.The shape of the basket is oval, the greatest breadth being about forty- five inches at the base.When excavated, the sides rose to an average height of eighteen inches above the floor.With the rim, it probably did not exceed two feet in height.The fragments of the latter, found in the debris, were of solid clay, rounded on the upper side, and about four inches wide.The nature of the cover with which this granary was probably supplied was not evident. A lid, such as pictured in Plate LI a, may have been used. In coarse coiling, the foundation consists of a bundle of grass from a half to one inch in thickness. The sewing is open, each stitch enclosing a part of the previous coil foundation.Stitches are not inter- locked.The sewing material probably is beargrass, and the material of the foundation is the grass commonly known as silver-top-blue-stem (Andropogon barbanodis).The distance between the stitches de- pends somewhat upon the size of the foundation. In the coarsest weaves, these may be as much as one and a half inches apart. Examples of this work are shown in Plate LI. 28 See also description by Kissell,1916, pp. 172-179, of similar, though not clay covered, basketry of the Papago. PLATEL

a. CLAY-COVERED GRANARY OF CRUDE COILING IN ROOM 16A. Maximum diameter 45inches.

b. DETAIL OF WEAVE EMPLOYED IN GRANARY SHOWN ABOVE. PLATE LI

EXAMPLES OF COARSE COILING FROM THE CANYON CREEK RUIN. Diameter of a, 23 inches; height of d, 8 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 75 Specimens a and b were found in Room 27A, and are believed to be the cover for a granary.The largest piece is twenty-three inches in diameter, and has an eight and a half inch opening in the center.The smaller plaque, while not found in situ over this opening, fits over it very nicely.Its diameter is nine and a half inches.The small plaque (c) was found in the refuse in Room loA, and is five and a half inches in diameter.The jar-shaped basket (Plate LId) was found on the floor of Room 13A.It is eight inches high, and the foundation coils run two to the inch. As coarse coiling is unreported from the ruins in the San Juan drainage, it would appear that the type is of a more southern origin.It has exact parallels in technique in the Pima granary baskets of to-day.29 Whether coarse coiling is a trait of the Hohokam- the probable predecessors of the present Pimaand was acquired from them by the Pueblo people in the Sierra Ancha, is a question to be determined by further investigation.It is impossible to say yet whether the technique moved from south to north, or vice versa. 29Kissell, 1916, pp. 179-190. 76 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE LII Close coiling: The small four-inch plaque of close coiling, a, is the only example of this technique found in the entire operation at Arizona C:2:8. A fragmentary shallow basket, thirteen inches in diameter, b, was found in Arizona C:1:50, on the reconnaissance.It is probable that this type of weaving was not common in the region.In both instances, the foundation is of grass, and slightly oval in cross s2ction.The sewing splints are split leaves of beargrass.The stitches are not impacted against each other, thus permitting the foundation elements to appear between.Each stitch encloses a few of the grass stems of the preceding coil.There are about four coils and seven to eight stitches to the inch. Rims are finished with a simple wrapped stitch.It is well to note, in passing, that the grass foundation of these baskets and the leaf sewing elements distinguish them from the two-rod-and-bundle variety, sewed with wooden splints, found in the late cliff dwellings of northern Ari- zona.The grass foundation is again more suggestive of the present Pima and Papago basketry. PLATE LII

CLOSE COILING. a is from Arizona C:2:8, while b is from Arizona C:1:50.Diameter of b, 13 inches. 78 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE LIII Wickerwork: Although complete wickerwork baskets were not found, the type seems to have been a fairly common one, more abundant, at any rate, than the baskets of close coiling.The products made by this technique were plaques analogous to those now manufactured by the Hopi and occasionally by the Zuñi.While identificationof material has not been attempted, their appearance is identical with those employed by the Hopi. The finest wickerwork weave has the warp elements spaced at half-inch intervals, woven with closely fitted weft splints (Plate LIII c) the coarsest weave has a more open weftage, and the warp sticks are one inch apart (Plate LIII d). No color decoration could be detected on any of the fragments recovered. PLATE LIII

WIcKERw0RK BASKETRY. Diameter of a, 15 inches. 80 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

FIG.13.DETAIL OF EDGE ON WICKERWOEK PLAQUES. The largest of the plaques, of which the outer edge has been lost (Plate LIII a), measures fifteen inches in diameter.The center is slightly conical, and the rim turned up in the manner of modern plaques.In this tray and in the second example, where the center was preserved (Plate LIII b), weaving was begun with sixteen warp elements consisting of rigid sticks arranged by fours in a checker pattern. These were held together first by several complete turns of the weft, which crosses over and under four warp elements.From this point on, the warp sticks take out in pairs radially, forming the basis for the flexible weft, which passes over and under the paired warp.3°Towards the rim of the basket, smaller warp sticks were introduced, the radial warp was doubled, and the sticks increased in number from two to three.Rims were finished by doubling the middle of the three warp elements to the left, plaiting the loose ends together, and finally wrapping closely with a leaf of beargrass.The details of this will be seen in Figure 13. As wickerwork plaques of the type describedare absent in collections of Pueblo III cave material,one 30Mason, 1914, Fig. 36, p. 243. PLATE LIV

EXAMPLES OF TWILLED MATTINO. Length of a, 14 inches; of e, 54 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 81 can be reasonably certain that they are a PuebloIV innovation.Fewkes notes wickerwork plaques in the Chevlon ruin,3' also a late prehistoric site.From the middle of the fourteenth century to the present day, Southwestern wickerwork of the current Hopi type has undergone little change in form or tech nique. MATTING Matting, for use on floors, as cradle backing, or in baskets, is all twilled work.The weaving elements run in an over-three-under-three combination. Only two fragments of the many collected show an over-two-under-two movement.This type was used in ring baskets and in the fragment of cradle backing of Plate uva.The material is usually beargrass, although a few fragments of rush matting were found. Although palmea (Dasyilirion Wheeleri), favored by both Pima and Papago in mat weaving, grows abun- dantly in the region, it was apparently not selected for use here. The leaves of the beargrass were trimmed to a uniform width before use.This varies from three- eighths of an inch in coarser weaves to an eighth of an inch in the finer productions.Border treatments are, as a rule, very simple, as may be seen in the mat designed for a cradle in Plate LIV b, and the small mat shown on the same plate (c).There is a slight difference in the finishing of the selvage on the short and long sides of the mat.Along the sides, i.e., parallel to the general trend of the weaving, the warp 3' Fewkes, 1904, p. 98. 82 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND and weft are simply doubled back and worked into the mat.Just before reaching the ends, themove- ment of the weave changes from the longitudinal bands to two or three zones of the same technique, which run at right angles to the latter, finally ter- minating with the selvage.In one small fragment, a two-ply yucca cord is caught under the warp and weft as they are doubled back at the edge (Fig. 14). Another piece of rush matting showsa more elaborate finish in which the elements are split down

FIG.14. TWILLED MAT WITH YUCCA CORD INCLUDED IN SELVAGR. the middle, one of the halves thus formed beingcut off.The other halves of all elements running ina parallel direction furnish the materia! fora narrow plaited band on one side, as illustrated in the simplified drawing in Figure 15.The uncut halves of the rushes running in the other directionare plaited in the same manner on the opposite side. By variously manipulating thewarp and weft, patterns in concentric squares (Plate LIvd), chevrons (Plate xLlnc), or the form illustrated for twilled baskets (Plate XLIX b and c), were obtained. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 83

The folded floor mat shown in Plate LIV e, which served as a covering for Burial 20, measures fifty by fifty-four inches.The weaving elements are a quarter of an inch in width.

CORDAGE Cotton: Cord of this fiber was chiefly used in mending tears in textiles.Other single instances of its use are seen in the cradle (Plate xLnlc), as a heel loop in a sandal tie, in fastening the piece of compound cloth (Plate LxIa) to the stick, and as

Fic.15.SIMPLIFIED DRAWING SHOWING PLAITED BORDER OF RUSH MAT. Half of weaving elements only shown. ornamental hair bindings.The cords are of two, three, and four strands, and rather loosely twisted. They vary from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in diameter.Brown, black, and yellow cotton strings occur. There are two short fragments of braiding in cotton.One is four strand; the other is also four strandtwo brown and two blackeach strand having double yarns.The black and brown elements are so interwoven that each color is confined to one side of the band (Fig. 16 a). 84 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Yucca: Most of the cordage is of this material. It was used wherever stout twine was needed, as in netting bags, in fastening matting and lattice work

f Fic.16.DETAILS OF BRAID(a), CORDAGE (b TO e), AND KNOT USED IN CORD BAG (f). in cradles, in sandal ties,etc.Both' loosely and tightly twisted cords occur.Loosely twisted cords always have two yarns, each of which is itself only lightly twisted (Fig. 16 b).Thicknesses vary from PLATE LV

a. ENDS OF YUCCA COED WRAPPED TO PEEVEN1 UNTWISTING.

b. NEEDLES OF AGAVE LEAF SPINES. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 85 one thirty-second to one quarter of an inch.In closely twisted cordage, each strand is also tightly twisted (Fig. 16 c and d).Strands number two, three, or four, the first being the most common. Sizes run from three thirty-seconds to five-sixteenths of an inch.The laying up of strands was always counter-clockwise. There are two examples of braiding in yucca. One has three elements, each of which is a single strand; the other also has three strands, but the latter are two-ply. To prevent the untwisting of freshly made cords, it was customary to treat the ends by worming with a few filaments of the fiber.As will be seen in Plate Lv a, these ends taper to a point, the twisting being completed to the very tip.When ready for use, the wrapped ends were cut off and discarded.Many were found in the trash accumulation of Room25A. The amount of wrapping varies from one and a half to five inches. The sharp ends of the agave leaves, which also provided fibers for cordage, were ingeniously adapted as needles.To prepare the cord, the outer covering and the pulp of the leaf were freed from the fibers, but the spine was not detached.When the fibers were twisted into the requisite twine, it was ready for use with needle attached.After the cord was exhausted, the point was cut off and discarded.Ex- amples will be found in Platev b.The fibers of one needle figured were twisted into two two-ply cords, which were later combined. 86 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Apocynum: 32 A more woolly and pliable fiber than yucca was much used where softer cordage was needed.All of the skirts in the collection are made of this material.The strings are more uniform in size than those of other materials, the range being from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch. Two- and four-strand cords are most common, although three-strand and one fragment of six-strand cord were found. Feather cord: Only two short pieces of this material were found.As textiles in general were encountered on every hand in the ruin, and cordage was also abundant, one infers that feather cordage was rarer here than in the cliff ruins of northern Arizona.Feather cord cloth is absent altogether. The foundation twine is of two-ply apocynum fiber an eighth of an inch in diameter.The feathering material is badly decomposed. What may be an imitation of feather cord is a fragment of four-strand apocynum cord bound with a small two-ply yucca string (Fig. 16 e).There are no remnants of other material, such as feather or fur, which might have been held in place by the yucca string. Netting: Two fragments of a network bag were found in Room 13A (Plate LVI).These represent the bottom and a section, probably from near the top, of the article.The diameter of the latter piece, when open, is about ten inches.The material is of two-ply tightly twisted yucca cord.The meshes are 32Probably Apocynunz cannabinum.Identified by the Department. of Economic Botany, Harvard University. PLATE LVI

BAG OF YUCCA CORD NETTING. Width about 10 inches. PLATE LVII

KNOTTED, BRAIDED, FOLDED, AND CoILED FRAGMENTS OF TWIGS, YUCCA, AND BEARGRASS. Length of d, 20 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 87 approximately five-eighths of an inch square, and a standard sheet bend was employed in joining the cords (Fig. 16 f).The bottom of the bag was drawn together with a three-eighths inch double-stranded yucca rope, and tied with a false reef knot. Knotted sticks,yucca, and beargrass leaves: Everywhere in the refuse there occurred knotted pieces of flexible sticks, braided and knotted leaves of beargrass and yucca, and folded hanks and coils of the same material (Plate LVII).The uses to which these pliable substances were put must have been manifold, but in only two places were they found in position.In the storage bins of Room 13A, the wattle framework was bound together with beargrass, and, in the roofs, the cross pieces which held the split boards in position were tied with the same material (Fig. 8).When two leaves or bundles of fibers were joined, a reef knot was generally employed. TEXTILES Two types of fiber were used in the spinning of yarn for fabrics.These are cotton and the bast fiber apocynum.Fabrics of both were plentiful in the ruin, there being about as much of one as of the other. Cotton: It is doubtful whether cotton was raised in the immediate vicinity of the site, the supply having come, no doubt, from the more low-lying basins and valleys to the west and south.The absence of cotton stalks, bolls, and seeds in the rubbish might indicate that only fiber was acquired.Dr. 88 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND R. S. Hawkins, Agronomist, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, has kindly supplied the following statement concerning the general character of the cotton from the site: It is surprising to note the extent to which the sample of cotton taken from the Canyon Creek ruin has retained its strength.No trouble whatever with breakage of fibers was experienced in pulling and straightening the fibers for length measurements.The extremedrynessoftheenvironment through all these years of storage, together with the original quality of the cotton, has undoubtedly accounted for its won- derful strength at present.While not as strong as average samples from the current year's crop of Arizona Upland cotton, it does compare very favorably with modern cotton which has been subjected to the desiccating conditions of the laboratory for a few years.The fibers are somewhat longer than the bulk of the cotton produced in the United States in recent years.According to reports issued by the United States De- partment of Agriculture, more inch cotton is being produced at present than any other length.This pre-Spanish cotton measures a full 15/16 inch.The original luster has long since vanished and the fibers now exhibit a dead white appearance. Since all the fibers have been detached from the seed, none of which is available for examination, it is impossible to ascer- tain the character of the plant which produced the cotton. As to the process of separating the fibers and ar- ranging them in the same direction preparatory to spinning, we have no evidence.From this point on, however, the method iswellillustrated by the weaver's kit seen in Plateviii.Here the cop of spun yarn on the spindle shaft rests against the flat surface of the whorl and is still attached to a small amount of the unspun cotton. PLATELVIII

SKEIN OF APOCYNUIVI YARN (a) AND BASKET CONTAINING RAW COTTON AND SPINDLE PARTIALLY FILLED WITH SPUN YARN (b). PLATE LIX

A COTTON BLANKET MEASURING 39 BY 50 INCHES. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 89 Warp yarn was tightly spun while welt yarn was normally only lightly twisted.This difference is to be observed in all of the fabrics of the site.Both warp and welt yarns were invariably one-ply. Plain weave: Fabrics of plainweave, i.e., single welt yarns interlaced over and under singlewarps, are most common.The finest textile has about fifty yarns to the inch in the warp web, and averages forty weft picks to the inch; the coarsestweave has fourteen and twenty-four yarns respectively in thewarp and welt structure. The size of the plain fabrics, as theycame off the loom, is shown by the cotton blanket (Plate LIX), used as a body wrap for the woman with whom the spinning kit was found.It measures thirty-nine by fifty inches.Since the warp elements run the shorter direction, or from side to side, the loom had, ofneces- sity, to be over four feet in width.It is worthy of note that, in modern Hopi wedding blankets, the warp also runs the short dimension.Another plain cloth fragment indicates a full length of twenty-three inches for the warp web, the width being indeter- minable. Blanket corners are finished with tassels.Those on the blanket in Plate LIX are three inches long, and formed in a round braid of eight four-ply yarns. Four of these are supplied by the edge binding elements, the other four are added by sewing two yarns into the corner of the blanket.To prevent unrav- elling, two reef knots are tied with four of the loose ends. 90 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

__ L

e FIG. 17.FORMS OF STITCHES USED IN MENDING TEARS AND JOINING FABRICS. PLATELX

a.WEFT-WEAP OPENWORK TECHNIQUE ON PLAIN CLOTH.

b. FRAGMENT OF GAUZE WEAVE FABRIC FEOM THE TONTO NATIONAL MONUMENT. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 91 Selvages are formed of paired two- to four-ply yarns as described for textiles of northern Arizona by Kidder and Guernsey.33 A blanket fragment, which occurred with Burial 20, shows the use of brown and white yarns in the warp web.White yarns are used for a one and a half inch strip along the selvage, whence there is a sudden transition to a light brown web.After an inch or two of brown warp, a mixture of the two colors occurs.The brown color is much lighter than the regular brown dyed yarns found in other fabrics. Mended tears are of common occurrence.Fab- rics are joined either with an overcasting or a fagot- ing stitch, as shown in Figure 17 a and b.Selvage reenforcements are simple running stitches immediately along the edge (Fig. i 7c), or outline stitches from one to two inches in from the selvage (Fig. 17 d).In one case, a novelty blanket stitch is used (Fig. 17e). We ft-wrap openwork: By a unique treatment of certain weft picks in plain weave textiles, a decora- tive effect resembling punchwork is attained.The designation of weft-wrap openwork seems justifiable on the grounds that an open pattern is made by using selected wefts in essentially a wrap movement. A bag fragment with a design worked out in this method is illustrated in Plate LX a.The exact procedure, as to whether the wrapping was done during or after the weaving, could not be determined, as selvages are not preserved on the specimens available for study.The dissection of one sample showed the Kidder and Guernsey, 1919, p. 116. 92 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND course of the wrapping thread to be asfollows: a welt pick, beginning at a point marking the border of the design area, is wrapped twice about the preceding

FIG.18. DETAIL OF WEFT-WRAP OPENWORIC. Warp elements run vertically. trio of wefts, then brought up just above these, where it is woven into and looped around four warp yarns, whence it passes down and makes three complete turns about the previously enclosed weftsfurther along in the fabric;it then repeats its movement through and around the next quartette of warps, drops back to the weft, and so on for the width of CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 93 the pattern (Fig. 18).The transition from the plain weave to the wrap technique is made by the weft yarn without break, and it returns into the simple fabric in its original position.By drawing the wrappings of this thread tightly, the enclosed wef t and warp groups are pulled together, creating interven- ing spacesThe design thus begun is extended by weaving three additional wefts into the web in the customary simple over-and-under manner, the fourth

/ \/,'dc\ L.

Fio.19.THE PROBABLE DESIGN IN TEXTiLE SHOWN IN PLATE LX, a. weft of this series being used, as in the first set, to make the necessary wrappings.This assumes that 94 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND the lacing was actually done during the weaving process, but, as pointed out above, the failure to trace the thread to the selvage makes this an uncer- tain point.An alternative metIod would be to draw out every fourth weft after the cloth was completed, and then, with needle work, to make the patterns. This, however, would entail the re-insertion of the thread into that part of the fabric where no design occurs, because the threads which pass from the plain cloth to the decorated are unbroken.On the whole, the evidence favors the supposition that the pattern was constructed during the weaving. The lines of the resultant design are limited, by the nature of the technique, to follow the warp, the weft, and the oblique between these two.Thus only rectilinear patterns may be made.The probable layout of the pattern in the piece of textile already referred to is given in Figure 19.It is impossible to tell definitely whether the design consists of two interlocking units, as shown, or whether the arms were connected.This style of ornamentation always occurs in the more finely woven fabrics.Within the space of an inch, as many as eight sets of three weft picks were wrapped.This leaves the openwork, or the meshes of the design, only about one-sixteenth of an inch square, a fact which lays further emphasis upon the necessity of the use of a needle.Undoubt- edly, variations are to be found as to the number of the warp and weft enclosed by the wrapping, and also as to the direction of, and the number of loops made with the weft.The material is so limited that further elaborations cannot be given. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 95 Present data concerning the distribution of welt- wrap openwork show it to be quite restricted.The northernmost specimenan isolated casewas found by Dr. Cummings in Nitsie Canyon, northern Ari- zona, and is now in the Arizona State Museum at Tucson.The majority of the examples come from central and eastern Arizona, and can be referred to the following sites:the aboriginal salt mine near Camp Verde (in Arizona State Museum), Tonto National Monument (see Plate LX b, zig-zag pattern on right margin), Casa Grande,34 Bear Creek Cave, Arizona,35 and the Canyon Creek ruin.The date of the Nitsie Canyon specimen is probably late, and the others are definitely so, i.e., Pueblo IV.On the basis of tree-ring dates, the Canyon Creek example can be placed with certainty in the first half of the fourteenth century. Direct analogies of the weft-wrap openwork technique with aboriginal and modern textiles from other areas have not been found.The nearest approach to it occurs on some of the water-carbonized fabrics recovered from the Sacred Cenote at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, by the Peabody Museum.In these, the openwork is made by wrapping warp groups, in zones where the weft picks are omitted, by a free yarn, i.e., a yarn which is not an integral part of the web. This feature, and the enclosing of the warp only, are the chief points of contrast with the Arizona textiles. Gauze weave: While gauze weave was not found in the Canyon Creek ruin, this technique sometimes 34Hough, 1914, Figs. 163-164. Ibid., Figs. 160-162. 96 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

FIG.20.GAUZE WEAVES. a,from Verde salt mine;b,from Tonto National Monument. PLATELXI

a.COMPOUND CLOTTI WTTH A PATTERN IN BROWN ON A WHITE BASE.

b. TIE-DYED TEXTILE IN BROWN. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 97 occurs in the same fabric with the form of decoration just described.It is therefore well to mention it at this point, particularly as gauze weaving does not appear very often in pre-European Pueblo textiles. In this. technique, two or more adjoining warps are twisted about each other one-half turn, and, in the loop thus formed, a welt pick, or picks, is inserted which then holds the warp in position.In the present examples of gauze weave, the warps are crossed in pairs only. A small bit of fabric from the Verde salt mine shows a form of striped gauze weave, as illustrated in Figure 20 a.Welt yarns are used in sets of three between the crossing of the warp elements.Al- ternate weft groups are beat home more tightly than others, thus producing narrow and broad sheer bands. The second variation of this technique is seen in a cloth fragment from the Tonto National Monument. Here a band of gauze weave, six and a half inches wide, is bordered, on each side, with a strip of plain weave (Plate LX b).Banding is again produced by the manipulation of weft picks only, these being laid down in alternating numbers of three and one (Fig. 20 b). An earlier notice of this technique was made by Hough, who illustrates a few specimens from Bear Creek Cave, Blue River, Arizona, and mention is made of another example found in a cave near Solo- monsville, Arizona.36The Southwestern occurrences of gauze weaving, so far, are pretty well confined to the east-central part of Arizona.The same tech-) 36llough, 1914, pp. 79-80. 98 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND nique appears in the textiles from the Sacred Cenote at Chichen Itza, Yucatan,37 and again in Peru.38 Compound cloth: Plain compound cloth is defined as consisting of "one warp and one welt,interwoven as in simple cloth, with one or more extra warps or wefts, or both, used for figuring and reenforcing." The bit of cloth attached to a stick, illustrated in Plate LXI a, belongs in this class.It was found with an infant burial (No. 15) in Room 19,and may represent a part of a cradle trapping.In this textile, the design was worked out with extra welts of brown color, each having been included in the fabric at the time of weaving.The additional wefts were solely ornamental, and so loosely inserted into the web that the warp and welt yarns of the basic fabric are completely covered.The design consists of opposed ser- rations running diagonally to the direction of the warp and weft.The negative of the pattern is found on the reverse side of the textile.A one and three- quarter inch strip of unornamented clotha continuation of the same fabrichangs free down the back. Morris reports a larger piece of cloth, similarly decorated with brown yarn, from the Clear Creek group of cavate lodges near Camp Verde.4° While compound cloth offers a relatively simple method for textile figuring, it was not commonly employed in the Southwest.A possible survival of the trait is to be seen in the ornamentation on the ends of modern Hopi sashes. In Peabody Museum, Harvard University. 38 Crawford, 1916, pp. 141-145; O'Neale and Kroeber, 1930, p. 33. 39Reath, 1927, p. 13. 40Morris, 1928a, pp. 94-95. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 99 Dyed textiles: Pieces of two shades of brown, and brownish-red dyed textiles were found.Yellow was also known, as seen in the dyed yarns of hair wrappings and on the wrapped bundle of rushes (Plate LXIX a).The nature of the dyes has not been determined.Painting occurs in one case only, where a half to three-quarter inch red band was applied to the sewed edge of a bag. Tie-dyeing: Among the body wrappings of Burial 20, there was found the fragment of tie-dyed cloth illustrated in Plate LXI b.The material is cotton, and the dye is brown.In the simplest method of tie-dyeing, certain portions of the fabric are prevented from absorbing color by tying tightly with a thread so treated as not to take coloring matter.After dipping into the dye, the strings are removed, and the fabric underneath retains its original color. The white circles with brown centers, in the fragment illustrated, indicate the points of tying.The spots measure about three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and are arranged in two rows about three-quarters of an inch apart.Traces of a second paired belt of dots are also to be seen.The pattern is visible on 'both sides of the cloth.Radiating from the spots, in several instances, are light streaks showing where the textile was folded under in gathering up the tie, thus receiving a less thorough soaking in the dye at those points. Only three other instances of tie-dyed fabrics from the Southwest are known.The first, from a cliff ruin in Nitsie Canyon, is in the Arizona State Museum; the second comes from the Kayenta region, 100 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND and is in the Peabody Museum ;the third example, in the Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, was found in Wupatki.The Nitsie Canyon piece is dyed blue, the Kayenta example is gray, and the Wupatki cloth is now black, although I am informed by Mr. John C. McGregor that the dye contains copper, and that black may not have been the original color. In the Kayenta example, the spots are squared, while in all others they are round and follow, in general, the same arrangement.As the Wupatki ruin and Arizona C: 2 : 8 have yielded tree-ring dates, the latest in each case being A.D. 119741 and 1348 respectively, the age of the specimens is assured.The Nitsie Canyon and Kayenta fabrics undoubtedly date from Pueblo III times. In the New World, prior to the coming of the Spaniards, the technique of tie-dyeing seems to have been known only to the people of and the Southwest.In Peru, the art is noted as occurring in the early, middle, and late pre-Inca periods,43 which is unquestionably earlier than the horizons represented by the Southwestern examples.In the Old World, the widely diffused appearances of tie-dyeing can be historically traced to a single Asiatic origin. The question as to the status of tie-dyeing in the New World is therefore raised: taking it for granted that all Southwestern instances can be relegated to a single origin, what, then, is the inter-relation of tie-dyeing in the two Americas, and what position do Douglass, 1929, p. 743. 42 Crawford, 1916, pp. 153-156. O'Neale and Kroeber, 1930, see final table. PLATELXII

a,TExTILE OF APOCYNUM FIBER;b,COARSE FABRIc WITH WARP OF APOCYNUM YARNS AND WEFT OF ROLLED STRIPS OF COTTON CLOTH. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 101 these two incidents of the technique hold in regard to Asiatic tie-dyeing? Apocynum: Textiles of the bast fiber apocynum are coarse, very similar to modern gunnysacking or

d b

L -4

J LiL]i C.

FIG.21.VARIATIONS IN TISE WEAVES OF COARSE TEXTILES. a, single warp, double weft;b, cotton cloth strips woven into apocynum warp; c. cotton cloth strips alternated with pairs of double apocynum weft; d, black dyed cotton cloth strips inserted between quartettes of two-ply apocynum welt yarns. burlap.Warp yarn is, on the average, somewhat more hard spun than weft yarn, as in the cotton. A skein of this material is to be seen in Plateviii. 102 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND The only instances where apocynum cloth was found in actual use were as wrappings for the dead. There is little variation as to the number of warp and welt elements per inch, this being about twelve in each case (for a typical example see Plate LxIIa). Most of the fabric is in plain weave, but a sub-type occurs, viz., where double welt yarns are interlaced into single warp yarns (Fig. 21 a).Selvages are treated as in cotton goods. On the basis of fragments, one concludes that this material was woven in pieces as large as the largest cotton textiles.The normal color of the cloth is brown, and the only dyed example is black. Fabrics in which cotton and apocynum appear combined were made in the following forms: (a) in a warp web of apocynum there wereinserted weft picks of rolled strips of cotton cloth (Fig. 21 b), the strips being about a half to three-quarters of an inch in width prior to folding or rolling; (b) double pairs of apocynum yarns were inserted between the cotton strips, thus giving a white and brown striped effect to the textile (Plate LXII b; Fig. 21 c);(c) black dyed cotton strips were interspaced between sets of four two-ply apocynum picks(Fig.21 d).The warp web in these fabrics hasabout six yarns to the inch.44 OBJECTS OF LEATHER That tailored articles of leather were made is indicated by the two trimmed pieces of tanned buck- skin illustrated in Plate LXIII a and b.The first 4 Hough, 1914, pp. 8 1-82, reports that Fewkes found this type of textile in the Red Rock country, Arizona. PLATE LXIII

OBJECTS OF LEATHER(a,b, c, d, eANDf)AND SINEW (g). Diameter off,32 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 103 piece is rectangular, two and a half inches broad, and ten inches long.Along the border on all four sides the stitches of the seams are visible.Near the lower margin, is a series of paired holes which may originally have received a lacing of some sort.The second piece is triangular in shape. Plate LXIII c is a small bit of leather with a fringe cut into the lower border; d is a coiled strip of leather twisted into a thong, about fourteen inches long; specimen e is a double semi-lunar shaped piece with two holes.It may be a fragment of footgear. The most interesting object of leather is identified as the head of a rattle (Plate LXIIIf).Around a wooden hoop, three and a half inches in diameter and half an inch broad, there was stretched a piece of thick leather, the edges being gathered together in the middle of one side, where it was undoubtedly fastened to the handle.The gnawing of rats has considerably damaged this part of the specimen.In the center of the opposite side, the leather bulges out where it came into contact with the end of the handle. Sinew: In addition to sinews as taken from the animal, there are two short pieces, each double stranded, which have been twisted into thongs (Plate LXIII g). 104 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PLATE LXIV OBJECTS OF WOOD Billets: There are two in the collection measuring eighteen and twenty-one inches in length, five and a half inches in width, and one and a half inches in thickness.The wood is pine, and they show much wear and scarring from the manifold uses to which they were put. Sharpened sticks: Pegs, ranging in length from one to two feet, and neatly sharpened at one end, were plentiful.Their use is not known. One was found driven between two roof boards directly above the door of Room 22B. Digging sticks: The two examples found are of the short type, the longest being seventeen and a half inches, a.The working ends were shaved down to thin blades, the handles were peeled and irregularities smoothed down. Club (?): Specimen b is a piece of oak sixteen inches long, the base being cut down for a distance of four inches, in order to reduce the size of the grip. Stirring stick: The implement, e, was identified as a stirring stick by the Pima workman.It is a piece of agave stalk carefully finished. The surface pictured in the photograph is flat, the reverse side rounded. A fire hearth is located near the upper end. Fire-making apparatus: A single hearth stick and drill were found, d and e.The former is a soft plant stalk, split near the middle, with two sockets for the drill along one edge of the flat surface.The drill is a quarter-inch twig of hard wood. PLATE LXIV

e b C

OBJECTS OF WOOD. a,digging stick;b,club(?);c,stirringstick;d ande,fire-making appaiatus. Length of a,171/2inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 105

FIG. 22.MINIATURE Bow AND DETAILS OF SHAFTS AND FORESHAFTS OF ARRows. Length of j, 21g4 inches. 106 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Bows and arrows: Full sized bows were not found.The nearest approach is a seven-inch section of the wing of a large bow, severed by cutting.The thick end, for two inches above the cut, is heavily wrapped with sinew.Judd records a similar cut bow-end, lacking the sinew, from Betatakin.45 Figure 22 a is a miniature simple bow, fifteen and three-quarter inches in length, and half an inch wide at the grip.The wings are slightly bent, and the ends are notched to engage the bow string, a part of which is preserved.This is a two-strand tightly twisted yucca cord, fastened with a half-hitch.The loose end is wrapped, for a number of turns, around the wing. A fourteen and three-quarter inch fragment of a second miniature bow was alsofound. Its full length probably did not exceed twenty inches, and it is less carefully made than the bow just described.The exact use of these is not known.It is probable that their function was utilitarian, such as assisting in fire making,drilling, etc., rather than that they were toys. Fragments of arrowshafts and foreshafts were abundant wherever excavations were carriedon. Most of the specimens are the parts discardedin making repairs to broken arrows.A few complete main shafts and foreshafts were collected. Foreshalts were made of a hard unidentified wood. Lengths vary from six to thirteen and three-quarters inches.The distance to which the tapered ends were inserted into the ends of the cane shaftsvaries from one to four inches, the foreshaft being secured Judd, 1930, p. 58. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 107 with a smearing of pitch before insertion, and a binding of sinew about the end of the reed.The points of nearly all foreshafts are split and shattered from the impact of striking hard objects (for a representative series see Fig. 22 b, c, and d).It is evident that sorne, if not most, of the foreshafts were never fitted with chipped stone points, the sharpened end serving as a point.Only two of the foreshafts bear notches in the ends for receiving the base of the stone point (Fig. 22 f).At least three of the sixteen foreshafts were painted red, and one shows a series of longitudinal incisings extending from the shattered tip to the point of insertion on the butt (Fig. 22 e).The same treatment on arrow shafts is reported to have been used by some Plains Indians and the Jicarilla Apache.46 The main shafts were made consistently of jointed reed, the average diameter being about five-sixteenths ofaninch.Irregularitiesatthenodeswere smoothed, otherwise the shafts were unaltered.It is possible that antler wrenches, as illustrated in Plate Lxxv i, j, and k, were used tostraighten out kinks. Two complete rnainshafts in the collection measure twenty-one and three-quarter inches (Fig. 22 j). Allowing seven inches, on the average, for foreshaft length, the total length of the arrow would be increased to about twenty-eight inches. The shafts have three vanes averaging about four inches in length.The feathers were halved, and apparently free in the middle.In one example, the surface of the cane was roughened by making diag- 46 Bulletin 30, B. A. E., Pt. 1, p. 92. 108 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN onal incisions where the feathering was to be lashed by the sinew.The feather binding nearest the butt spiraled down to the nock, where a few added turns were given, or the two wrappings were left independent (Fig. 22g and ¡z).The hollow cane ends were either stuffed with small fragments of cane or plugged with wood before the notch was cut and the end bound with sinew.In two instances these were very tightly wrapped (Fig. 22 i).The shafts of three arrows, under the feathering, were painted red and black.The black extended from the nock to, or slightly beyond, the rear edge of the feathering, while the red continued to and beyond the forward binding (Fig. 22 j). Ceremonial arrow: On the altar slab of the ceremonial room (22 B), there was found the arrow fragment shown in Figure 22 k.That it was never intended to be used is indicated by the following details: the irregularities of growth at the nodes were not smoothed down as in the standard arrows; the small end of the reed carried the point, whereas in all other arrows the foreshaft was set into the large end of the cane; the flint point, which does not conform to the two predominant types found in the ruin, was set directly into the end of the reed without the use of a foreshaf t;the lashing was a very bulky affair, being done with a strip of yucca leaf smeared with pitch. PLATE LXV

WOODEN BALL AND LADLE. Diameter of ball, 2'/ inches. Ball: A wooden ball, a, was found in a pile of refuse on the floor of Room 25A near the ladle, b.Itis carved from a gnarled piece of oak, and its diameter is two and a half inches. Ladle: The ladle, b, is made of an oak burl.A section of the branch forms the handle.The bowl is four inches in diameter, and two inches deep.Charring of the interior in a few places may indicate that fire was used in hollowing the receptacle, in addition to whittling and scraping.The end of the handle is also charred. 110 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE LXVI Spindle shafts and whorls: For preparing textile yarns, the whorl and distaff method of spinning was used.The spindle shafts or distaffs were made of hard wood, and fitted, near the centers, with wooden discoidal whorls, which were seated on a wrapping of cotton or other fiber.Shafts were usually tapered to a point at each end, and never notched, as was the custom among some peoples.Several different sizes were used, the range being from fourteen to twenty-six inches (Plate LXVI a to g).The longest shafts were probably used in spinning the coarser yarn for the apocynum cloth, while the shorter ones served for the lighter cotton yarns. Two miniature shafts, found with an infant burial, are shown in Plate LXVI k and i.Whorls were made of thin sections of pine, first split out and later cut and abraded down to the desired size and thickness.The latter does not exceed a quarter of an inch, while the diameters range from two and a half to four and a quarter inches(Plate LXVI h,i,and j).Specimen iishalf of a mended disc.Only one potsherd adapted for use as a whorl was found. In the Gua Basin, sherd discs and specialized clay whorls of various shapes were common in villages contemporaneous with Arizona C:2:8. PLATELXVI

C cl e f

SPINDLE SHAFTS AND WHORLS. Length of a, 26 inches. 112 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE LXVII Rod heddle (?): The identification of the long worked stick,a, is pure guesswork.It is a piece of hard wood, probably oak, carefully worked.Both ends areslightlyrounded and thinned down toa chisel-like edge.The specimen is twenty-seven and an eighth inches long. Weave swords: These tools, b and c, were used in beating up weft picks against the fabric already woven.The first example is twenty and a quarter inches long and seven-eighths of an inch wide, with double edges; the second is a little shorter than the first and slightly narrower.Fragments of what probably were shorter tools of the same description also were found.The very short, thin specimen, d, only eight and a half inches long, may have been used in weaving belts or narrow fabrics.Article eis undoubtedly a weaving tool also, but it differs from the others in having one end tapered to a point. PLATELXVII

C b

e a

WEAVING TOOLS. Length of a,271/e inches. 114 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PLATE LXVIII Flute(.2) : The section of cane, a, is tentativ1y identified as an unfinished flute.It is half an inch in diameter, and nine and a half inches long, one end being broken.The septum in the node, near the cut end, has been removed, and two roughly cut holes occur in the tube. Short lateral scorings mark the surface adjacent to the holes. Cigarettes: Stone or clay pipes were not found during the digging, but the butts of smoked cane cigarettes appeared frequently in the rub- hish.These were made of hollow cane, approximately half an inch in diameter and from five to eight inches long, the section being cut so that the node fell near one end as in example b.The dividing wall at the joint was then pierced and the tube filled with the material to be smoked. A partially smoked tube, c, contains what appears to be tiny bits of bark.Examples d and e are smoked butts.The cotton wrappings, found so frequently on the short tubes placed about shrines, especially in the Gila Basin, were not seen in a single case from Arizona C:2:8. Corn cob on stick: Object f is a short section of cob with a stick inserted through the pithy center.The stick appears to be a portion of an arrow foreshaft. Ginning tool (?): The specimen resembling a rolling pin, g, was found on the floor of Room 16A.It consists of a single stick, seven and a half inches long and five-eighths of an inch in diameter at the center.The maximum diameter is maintained for three inches, whence there is an abrupt diminishing and gradual tapering to blunt ends.Its use is problematical.The Pima workman offered the information that a tool of similar size and form was used by the Pimas in ginning cotton. The cotton, with the seed, was placed on the round bottom of an in- verted bowl, and the wooden cylinder was slowly run over the mass, the process tending to loosen the seeds from the fibers.These could then be more easily removed by hand.The principle involved is that of the modern roller gin.The bottom of the bowl acts as the secondbut, in this case, immobileroller.It may be well to mention that the specimen in question came from refuse which also contained other tools re- lated to spinning and weaving, as spindle shafts, whorls, and swords. PLATE LXVIII

OBJECTS OF CANE AND WooD. a, unfinished flute (?); b, c, d and e, cane cigarettes; j, corn cob on stick; g, ginning tool(?).Length of a,9'/2inches. PLATELXIX

CORD-WRAPPED RUSHES. The basis for the wrappings of the above object is a rounded bundle of tightly compressed rushes about half an inch in diameter and three inches long.The rushes were first bound with yucca cord which held the butts of feathers.Final wrappings of black, yellow and brown cotton cordage were added.The feathering and general composition suggests ritual use.It comes from the debris in Room i 6A.

WICKERWORK OBJECT. Length, three and three-quarters inches. 116 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE LXX OBJECTS OF STONE Metates: Two types were used:(a) wth flat grinding surface slightly concave in the center of a longitudinal axis ;the material is hard sandstone, and the sides are dressed down ;the type example, a, is eleven inches long, fourteen and a half inches wide, and four inches thick; (b) trough type, open at both ends, and deepest in the center (b and c) ; the maÍHal is indurated sandstone, and no effort has been made to gain symmetry. by working down the sides ; the average size is twelve by sixteen inches, and the depth of the groove does not exceed four inches in any examples excavated. Both metate types were found in the same room in two cases, although, in the Showlow ruin, where two horizons were represented, the trough type only belonged to the earlier stratum, and both appeared during the later period.47 Manos: The general type is rectangular with rounded corners and has but one grinding surface, although the reverse side has been shaped; the material is hard sandstone, and the average size is four by eight inches.There is but one fragment of the faceted triangular cross- sectioned mano that usually accompanies the flat metates.Its width is four inches, and the probable length about eleven inches.The material is sandstone. Pitted hammerstone: This is a river pebble, three and a quarter inches in diameter by one and a half inches thick, showing shallow pecked finger pits in the center of the flat sides. Work stones: Many water worn stones up to six inches in diameter were found in every room.Their uses must have been varied, but none show any intentional shaping. Anvil (?): The mushroom-shaped object, d, was found in the ceremonial room.The maximum diameteristhree and three-quarters inches.The materiàl issandstone.The working surface is flat, and shows small pits from use in hammering on a hard object.The shape of the tool is much like that of a potter's anvil, but it is doubtful if this specimen was used as such, since the pottery of the ruin is made by coiling rather than by the paddle and anvil method. Paint mortar: Specimen eis a four-inch sandstone pebble with shallow grinding surface.Traces of green paint are visible. Haury and Hargrave, 1931, p. 22. PL'T. LXX

METATE Typas.

d e

POTTER'S ANVIL (?) AND PAINT MORTAR. Diameter of e, 33/4 inches. 118 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE LXXI Axes: All examples found are three-quarter grooved, ranging in length from two and three-quarters tosix and a half inches.The material is consistently diorite. One hafted axe head, f, demonstrates the method of handling. A stout three-quarter inch stick about twenty inches long was selected. Beginning two and a half inches from one end, the wood was cut away to half its thickness over a section long enough to fit around three sides of the axe head.This trimmed part was closely fitted into the groove by bending, the end being securely bound to the handle.The tie was made with six turns of braided yucca cord. A secondary tie of two- strand yucca string was looped around the cords of the first tie between the handle and the end.The straight or ungrooved edge of the axe thus falls on the lower side when the handle is held in a vertical position. The length from the end of the handle to the outer edge of the axe is fourteen and a half inches. This method of hafting was undoubtedly the standard one for three-quarter grooved axes.Morris reports three-quarter grooved pick heads from the Verde salt mine, which were mounted in the same way.48 Maul: The battered maul, e, was picked up at the siteof the aboriginal turquoise mine at the mouth of Canyon Creek.This tool, grooved on three sides, was used in the quarrying process. 48 Morris, 1928a, pp. 86-89. PLATE LXXI

C cf

THREE-QUAETER GROOVED AXE HEADS, MAUL AND HAFTED AXE. Length of e,7 inches;of J,14'/2inches. 120 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

PLATE LXXII Arrow-shaft straighteners: The five examples found have from one to three grooves (a and b).The material in all is a dark colored talc schist. Hoes: These are usually thin plates of hard stone with slightly worked edges, e,e, and f.Hoes with notches for halting were not found.49Specimen d is the end of a thin blade showing a wrapping of yucca fiber.The fragmentary hoe g, painted in black, was found in Room 25A. Painted stone slab: Article h is a fragment of a circular slab with a hole in the center, one side of which has been painted.It was found in the debris of Room 24A.The material is a three-eighth inch piece of laminated sandstone; its greatest diameter was probably about twenty inches, while the breadth of the opening was about nine inches.The painted surface was first sized with white paint, then there were applied, beginning with the outside, what appear to be concentric circles in black, red, white, red, white, and red. For a halted stone blade see Hough, 1930, pl.te 7. PLATE LXXII

ARROW-SHAFT STRAH;1I!1'ETh.Length 1 a. 24 inches.

HOES.Width of g, 4 inches.

PAINTED STONE SLAB.Length 19 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 121 Turquoise: Although the ruin is situated within fifteen miles of the extensively worked turquoise mine at the mouth of Canyon Creek, turquoise objects were rare.The collection contains two small pendants found at the head of a burial, two beads three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, a number of rectangular pieces that formed a mosaic object, rith Burial 37, and half a dozen small rough pieces that were found tied up in a fragment of cotton cloth. Miscellaneous stone articles: These consist of a pot polisher of dark green stone, two quartz crystals, one having been found with a burial, a bit of worked steatite, hematite for paint, and several small red stone beads. Chipped stone implements: The limestone stratum above the sandstone layer which provides the shelter for Arizona C: 2 :8 furnished unlimited chert nodules for the manufacture of chipped stone implements. Some of these nodules are of very good quality, permitting fine workmanship under pressure flaking. No obsidian flakes or tools were found. 122 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PLATE LXXIII Projectile points: The arrow points are uniformly of a long and slender type.Two variations may be noted.The first is a triangular point with straight or slightly concave sides, and a concave base, a to j. These range in length from thirteen-sixteenths to one and three-quarters inches.The workmanship, as seen especially in examples i and j, shows the finest control of secondary chipping.The second variety is stemmed, k to t, the stem being usually a continuation of the sides, and set off by the notches; itis somewhat wider than the shoulder in most points. Bases are straight or concave.One point, m, has a convex base, while i is wider in proportion to its length than in the average point.The lengths of stemmed arrowheads run about the same as for the triangular examples. Specimen u is a fragment of a much larger point with concave sides and a very short tapered stem.It was imbedded in the roof material of Room 25A or B, and is the only point of its kind from the ruin. The triangular specimens y and w are about one inch in length. They may have been used as points, knives, or scrapers. PLATELXXIII

ARROW POINTS. Length of f, 13/4inches. 124 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PLATE LXXIV Knives: The triangular blade, a, is two and a half inches long, and probably was used as a knife.It is the only tool in this category which has been retouched carefully on both sides.The base clearly shows the print of a haft into which the specimen was mounted.In nearly every room there were a number of large flint flakes, struck from a core, which must have served as cutting instruments.These almost never show any intentional chipping, although the edges of some have been chipped by use.Petaloid forms, b and e, and knives with bevelled edges, d, e, and f, are noteworthy.The average length is three inches. Scrapers: The collection contains two end scrapers, g and h, each being about two inches long.The retouching is not carefully done, and is confined to one side of the thick end.These tools bear a resemblance to the snub-nosed scraper of the Plains, but they are much less perfect in workmanship.Specimen iis a scraper of oval form.It is a thin flake retouched on one side. Club heads (?): These are lance-shaped implements, notched in the middle of one or both of the long sides for hafting.There are three examples in the collection.One, j, is a thin piece of hard sandstone, six arid a half inches long and three inches wide, shaped by chipping the edges to the desired form.Shallow notches occur on each side.Ex- ample k was worked from a chert core by primary flaking and bears a single notch.Whether or not these tools were actually used as defensive weapons is a matter of conjecture. Picks: An interesting specimen, e, was picked up on the talus slope below the ruin.It is a worked core seven inches long.The tool was apparently designed to be used in the hand rather than to be mounted on a haft. A second example, m, which probably was used in the same way, is somewhat shorter, and triangular in cross section.It is reminiscent of the European tranchet, and has analogies in some of the stone work of Texas. Chopper: Example n is a core, extensively battered through use. PLATE LXXIV

KNIVES AND SCRAPERS. Length of a,21/2inches.

CLUB HEADS (?), PICKS AND CHOPPER. Length of i,7 inches. 126 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PLATE LXXV OBJECTS OF BONE AND HORN Awls: A representative seriesis given in a toe.Lengths range from three and a half to six and a half inches.Specimen h is a slender splinter seven and three-quarters inches long.The material in all seems to be deer bone. Scapula: The shoulder blade of a jack rabbit is illustrated in f. At the narrowest point below the articular fossa there is a tie of yucca fiber. Ring: This example, g, is five-eighths of an inch in diameter, and a quarter of an inch wide.It is a section severed from a tubular bone. Arrow wrenches: In addition to antler prongs that were used as flint flaking tools, there are, in the collection, three perforated antler objects, i, j, and k, all fragmentary, which were found in the ceremonial room.In each case, a half of the antler was cut away and the spongy tissue on the interior removed, leaving only the hard and tough outer covering.Into this were drilled holes of various sizes ranging from three-sixteenths to three-eighths of an inch in diameter.There is a sufficient gradation in the size so that any arrowshaft found in the ruin, from the smallest to the largest, can be inserted into one or another of the holes.As all three examples were found in the room thought to be a kiva, where much time was undoubtedly spent in fashioning arrows, itis probably correct to say that these tools were used as wrenches for taking out small kinks in shafts.Similar objects have been found at Gila Pueblo and in the Pinedale ruin.50 Unidentified horn implements: The function of the three antler objects,1, m, and n, is not known. The first two are about four and a half inches long, half an inch wide, and a quarter of an inch thick.The ends are somewhat rounded. The long specimen measures ten and three-quarters inches.Whether the bowing in the middle is intentional or accidental cannot be told.The material in all is deer antler. 50 Haury and Hargrave, 1931, pp. 60-61. PLATE LXXV

BONE AWLS, SHOULDER BLADE OF JACK RABBIT AND BONE RING. Length of Ii,73/4inches.

IlL ¿

ARROW WRENCHES AND UNIDENTIFIED TOOLS OF ANTLER. Length of n,103,4inches. 128 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

OBJECTS OF SHELL Shell articles were not abundant.The following shells are present: Cardium, Glycimeris, Conus, and Nassarius.The finished objects consist of a fragmentary bracelet of Glycimeris, three shells of the latter species with round perforations in the center of the valves, a bangle or tinkler of Conus, and an eight-inch string of Nassarius shells.In addition, there is a sixteen-inch string of discoidal shell beads an eighth of an inch in diameter, a small round disc of shell used in the mosaic object with the turquoise accompanying Burial 37, and a triangular worked bit of a fresh water mussel.

OBJECTS OF UNFIRED CLAY Jar plugs: These consist of nothing more than a lump of clay which was pressed into the mouth of a jar for preserving the contents.Practically all fragments and complete examples show the impressions of corn cobs, with kernels removed.These were probably laid directly on whatever food stuff was being stored. POTTERY Like nearly all Pueblo IV ruins, Arizona C: 2:8 shows a considerable diversity of ceramic types.As the major wares have been described in detail elsewhere, only a brief survey will be included here. Four-mile Polychrome: 51 This ware is the dominant decorated pottery of theite.Distinctions are not evident between it and Four-mile Polychrome as The Medallion, June,1931, pp. 43-45. PLATE LXXVI

ANiMAL EFFIGY OF UNFIRED CLAY. This animal effigy lay on the altar of the ceremonial room.It consistsof a plump pear-shaped body three and a quarter inches long, the snout being somewhat drawn out and curved down.Four splintsofcane,three of which have been broken off,were stuck into the body forlegs.Eyes were made by pressing two small lumps of charcoal into the soft clay, and, from between the eyes to the top of the head, there was painted a black line.Two clay legs of other effigies were also found on the altar slab. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 129

Fio. 23. SKETCH MAP OF ARIZONA GIVING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FOUR-MILE POLY- CHROME IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY A.D. The area within the unbroken line includes all known sites where this pottery was dominant; the broken line denotes the approximate extent to which it was diffused. 130 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND described from Four-mile ruin itself,52 and from Show- low ruin.53Bowls predominate over jars in the collection by a ratio of 10: 1.Two typical bowls are illustrated in Plate cxxvii a and b. Two variations of Four-mile Polychrome may be defined: (a) The use of black and red paints on a white background covering the whole interiorof the bowl.The same color combination is also seen on the white neck of a jar which customarilycarries a decoration in black only.(b) A pseudo black-on- white achieved by applying a white slip to the entire exterior of a jar instead of only the neck (Plate Lxxvllc).The paste, character of the paint, style of decoration, and the shape identify it as a variation of the standard Four-mile type instead of as a surviv- ing member of a true black-on-white type. The precise area over which Four-mile Poly- chrome was dominant during the fourteenth century has been quite accurately defined by the generalsur- vey carried on by Gua Pueblo.Figure 23 is a map showing this distribution, compiled by plotting every instance where Four-mile Polychrome has been found. By using the quantity present in the site and its association, or lack of association, with another prevailing type as a basis for ascertaining whether or not it was native or intrusive, theactual origin and the regions to which it spread have been outlined. The major concentration lies east of the Sierra Ancha in an area that can be defined on the west by Cherry Creek, on the east by White River, on the south by Salt River, and extending almost to the 52Fewkes, 1904, pp. 142-158. Haury and Hargrave, 1931, pp. 3 1-42. PLATELXXVII

b FOUR-MILE POLYCHROME BOWLS. Diameter of a,9'/2inches.

PSEUDO BLACK-ON-WHITE JAR, A VARIANT OF FOUR-MILE POLYCHROME. Diameter 73/4inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 131 Little Colorado on the north.The focal point, on the basis of the size and density of the ruins, is located below the Mogollon Rim rather than in the Silver Creek drainage as has been stated heretofore.54 The general drift seems, however, to have been from north to south, as the ware clearly has strong Little Colorado characteristics. Cibicue Polychrome: This is the name given to a pottery type occurring at Arizona C: 2 :8 which has not been described.There are eight bowls, sherds from as many more, and a jar fragment in the collection from which the type is described. Color: Interiors smoke blackened, usually dull, but may be highly polished; exteriors very spotty, shading from red through brown to gray and black. Decoration is in maroon-red and white pigments. Vessel shapes: Bowls and jars. Bowls are in the majority.The typical form is shallow, with slightly incurving rim and rounded or squaredlip(Plate LXXVIII a).Diameters range from three and three-quarters to nine inches.The collection has one bowl with a flaring rim and flat- tened bottom (Plate LXXVIIIb).The design on this bowl is almost completely lost. Jars are small, and appear to have vertically compressed bodies with low, slightly flaring necks. Treatment: The base clay is normally gray to black in color, although a thin brown streak is sometimes seen on the outside.The temper is mixed, consisting of quartz grains and both light and dark unidentified substances.The white particles and The Medallion, June,1931, pp. 44-45. 132 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND minute flecks of mica may be seen on the surfaces. In every instance, the black interior of the bowls is carried over irregularly to the outside at some point on the specimen. Both red and white paints are dull, and can be easily washed off.The red paint on one sherd shows specular iron as one of the constituents, but this does not appear to be typical.Exterior and interior surfaces have been covered with a thin wash prior to decoration.Interior surfaces are usually smoother than exteriors, the latter being only slightly polished. Design: Confined solely to exteriors.Typical patterns are in the form of bands beginning just below the rim, and they may or may not extend down to cover all but a small portion of the bottom. Vari- ous forms of the key and stepped figures are common, painted in heavy red lines outlined with a narrow band of white (Fig. 24a, b, e, f, and g).F and g are narrow bands, about two inches wide, which en- circle the bowl just below the rim, while a, b, and c cover nearly the entire outer surface.Stems of keys are attached to one or the other of the framing lines with which the patterns are usually supplied.There are a few sherds showing the use of white paint within panels independently of the red (Fig. 24 d and e).These are suggestive of Four-mile Poly- chrome bowl exteriors, except that red has been sub- stituted where black is ordinarily used. Type Site: Arizona C: 2:8. Range: Probably confined to Pueblo IV ruins, on, but chiefly below, the Mogollon Rim.The same PLATELXXVIII

CIBICUE POLYCHROME. Diameter of a, 62 inches.

POTTERY PROBABLY ALLIED TO CIBIcuE POLYCHROME. Diameter of d,6 inches. o o o(-J o b CzCID zo j CID o zo I z o I ÑII1 134 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND type occurs in a very large ruin four miles west of Fort Apache, recently excavated by the University of Arizona. Remarks: There is some reason to believe that Cibicue Polychrome is an outgrowth of the finely corrugated small bowls found in the area where Four- mile Polychrome occurs.These are decorated, on the outside, in the same color combination and with the same feeling that is evident in Cibicue Poly- chrome.One of these, from the Rye Creek ruin (Verde: 15:30) is shown in Plate Lxxvmd.°5 A jar from Arizona C: 2 :8, with corrugations accentuated by tooling and bearing four disconnected chevron- key patterns, probably suggests the form of the pro- totype.This jar was found in the same burial with smooth surfaced Cibicue Polychrome.Sherds of the postulated earlier type were not found. Cibicue Polychrome seems to be the result of the following blend: the shape, outside decoration, and character of the decoration are attributes of the Little Colorado region; the paste, and blackening of interiors reflect southern and western conditions.It is undoubtedly a hybrid, quite local in distribution and short lived.

Other decorated wares: Several partial and whole bowls were found which do not fit in with any of the standard types.These usually show combined features of local and foreign wares, and may be the result of experiment. Black-on-red: One complete bowl and several fragments were found.The paste is dark and soft, See also Fewkes, 1904, Plate LXIII a. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 135 the slip of a dull red color is poorly fixed to the surface, and bears the decoration in a mat black.The shape of the bowl approaches the form of Gua Poly- chrome rather than the Little Colorado type.The interior pattern of the bowl is reproduced in Figure 25 a.There is a simple narrow panelled decoration just below the rim on the outside. Black-and-red-on-pink: This is clearly a hybrid- ized form of Gua Polychrome with probably Little Colorado influence.The slip is pinkish, instead of the normal white.The pattern is in black and red. Exterior decoration is the same as in the black-on- red bowl just mentioned. Black-on-yellow: A fragment of a shallow bowl with yellowish surface and black decoration was found on the altar of the ceremonial room.The same kind of pottery was meagerly represented in Showlow ruin, and was there considered as a local copy of Jeddito Brown-on-yellow. Black-and-red-on-buff: One whole bowl and a number of sherds of a ware with buff colored background, decorated with a black glaze paint and a flat red pigment, form an interesting variation.The rather exotic pattern in the bowl is reproduced in Figure 25 b.The narrow exterior band is divided into four panels, no two of which are alike. This pottery, while it bears some resemblance to contemporary wares at Hawikuh, is reported by Dr. F. W. Hodge to be of a different nature.Only two of a number of sherds submitted might have come from Hawikuh.The type has been noted in surface collections from other large ruins in the vicinity of the 136 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

r- 'r4- -i &;

Fin. 25.INTERIoR AND EXTERIOR PATTERNS of a, a black-on-red bowl;b,a polychrome bowl with buff-colored background decorated in black glaze and mat red pigments. Diameter of each about 9 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 137 Canyon Creek ruin, and a fragmentary bowl was found by the University of Arizona in the ruin west of Fort Apache.Too little of this ware has yet been found to permit a full description, or the determina- tion of its true affiliations.It seems to be quite rare, but uniform wherever found. Pinedale, Pinto, Gua, and Tonto Polychromes are represented by one specimen each.Pinedale Poly- chrome was probably native to the region, but it seems to have fallen into disuse before the village was built.The other types, representing the Salado Cul- ture,56 are unquestionably intrusive. Black-on-white: Discounting the jar figured in Platexxvii c, which is believed to be an aberrant piece of Four-mile pottery, black-on-white is represented by sherds only.Its character is similar to that described from Pinedale ruin,57 in which the dates run slightly earlier than at Arizona C: 2:8. Redwares: Salado Redware is the predominant undecorated pottery, not only at Arizona C: 2:8, but in the region at large.It differs from the type de- scribed58 in that the outside white decoration is consistently absent, and the finished products are, on the whole, inferior.Representative specimens from the Canyon Creek ruin are shown in Plate LXXIX.The large jar (c) was found imbedded about halfway in the floor of Room loA, where it was used as a storage vessel. There are two additional types of redware: (a) Gua Redware; (b) an unnamed variety occurring ° The Medallion, 1930, p. 3. Haury and Hargrave, 1931, pp. 62-64. 58 The Medallion, 1930,pp. 10-11. 138 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND mainly as bowls.Gila Redware is represented by a single small jar.As sherds of this ware were very rare, it can be considered to be foreign to the site, probably having come in with its companion wares, Gila and Tonto Polychromes.The second type has a brighter red color than Gila Redware, bowls are red both inside and outside, and firing clouds are generally lacking.Shapes follow the Little Colo- rado type.The ware occurs in practically all the late ruins of the region. Corrugated wares: For cooking purposes, coarsely made corrugated vessels were used.In most of these, the coils have been smoothed over, as in the two pots illustrated (Plate LXXX a and b).The bodies are usually globular, and the openings are large.Finely corrugated pottery with sharp inden- tations was found as sherds only.This elaborate technique is not characteristic of the period represented by the ruin. On large cooking and storage jars, the corrugations have been almost completely obliterated, but nevertheless the surfaces remain rough. Some sherds indicate scored interiors, and there are a few exam- pies of fingernail decoration.The paste in these vessels is brown, and the tempering matter very coarse. Storage jars reached huge proportions.The example pictured in Plate LXXXI was found crushed in the fili of Room 17A.The bottom is a full inch in thickness, while the walls are half an inch thick. The jar has a slightly pointed bottom, and the maxi- PLATELXXIX

SALADO REDWARE JAR AND HANDLED BOWL. Diameter of a,61/4inches.

SALADO REDWARE JAR. Diameter, l43'inches. PLATE LXXX

COOKING VESSELS OF COARSE WARE. Diameter of a, 61/4inches. PLATE LXXXI

STORAGE JAR. The height of this storage jaris twenty-nine and a half inches, and thedi- anieterofthe mouthiseighteeninches.By measurement, the specimen has a capacity of sixty gallons, or seven and a half bushels. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 139 mum diameter of thirty-one inches is reached at about the vertical center. Aside from the mechanical difficulties encountered in constructing such a large vessel, the question arises as to how it was placed in the room.Not a single doorway or hatchway in the entire ruin was large enough to permit its passage.The single door into room i 6A measured sixteen by twenty-six inches; the sealed hatchway in the roof was twenty by thirty inches.Therearethreepossibleexplanations. First, that the size of the door was temporarily increased; second, that the jar was constructed and baked in the room; and, third, that the jar was placed in the room before the walls were completed. The latter explanation seems the most plausible. There was no evidence that the door had ever been enlarged and walled up again; a fire of the requisite size successfully to bake the jar in the room would have destroyed the room itself.The jar must, therefore, have been placed in the room while in the process of building. PICTOGRAPHS Pictographs on suitable exposures of cliff faces consist exclusively of compositions in color. No rock- cut pictographs were seen either in the vicinity of Arizona C: 2:8 or near any of the other cliff ruins visited during the reconnaissance.The paintings in the Canyon Creek ruin appear on the cliff, usually well up, where they were made while the designer stood on the roof of a house, and, in a few cases, the remains of indistinguishable drawings were noted on house walls in rooms. The chief colors used were white, red, green, yellow, brown, and black.White usually served as a background, although a large spiral in white is to be seen on the cliff wall in Room 16B (Plate LXXXII a).Nearly all drawings are of a composite nature utilizing one or more of the above colors.The figures portrayed are either geometric or anthropomorphic (Fig. 26 a and b). Hand prints, precisely like those usually found associated with Basketmaker sites, are scattered in small groups along the cliff in the recess occupied by Arizona C: 2 :8.These appear both in positive and negative forms, chiefly in red and white. On the cliff wall below the ruin, and associated with a small cluster of rooms, are three paintings, two geometric, and one probably anthropomorphic. The first drawing has a slight resemblance to a floral pattern (Plate LXXXII b), while the second is much more complicated (Plate i, frontispiece).In corn- 140 PLATE LXXXII

a. A WHITE SPIRAL PICTOGRAPH ON THE CLIFF WALL IN ROOM 16B. Diameter, about 48 inches.

b. PICTOGRAI'H IN WHITE, RED, AND BROWN, ON THE CLIFF WALL BELOW THE CANYON CREEK RUIN. Diameter, about 6 inches. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 141

eILACPÇ WHITE ED '(ELLO\./ qE[EII

FIG.26.PICTOGRAPHS IN AND NEAR THE CANYON CREEK RUIN (a TO c);IN SIERRA ANCHA RUINS (d TO g). 142 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

position this pattern is suggestive of sashes andor- namental work on dresses found amongsome of the modern Pueblo groups.It is particularly reminiscent of the designs painted on the sashes of the Hopi carved kachinas.The third drawing in this set, apparently a stylized face, is in black andgreen on a large white field (Fig. 26c). On the cliff wall in Arizona C: 1:50,a ruin located near the head of Soldir Creek, several paintings were also noted (Fig. 26d and e). On the wall of a room in Arizona C: 1: 16were two crude drawings of human figures one of which is shown in Figure 26/.This is the only instance where the pictographs took on a definite human form. Still other drawings were seen on the cliff ina small ruin, Arizona C: 1:67, which is situated in the east face of McFadden Horse Mountain in the Sierra Ancha (Fig. 26g). From the foregoing instances of pictographs, the inference may be drawn that the use of pigments for rock paintings is characteristic of the region during Pueblo IV.The compositions are chiefly of circular or rectangular form, usually embodying the use of white fields.When life forms occur, they are conventionalized; other patterns suggest textile designs.Animals or human figures, such as thoseusu- ally found in northern Arizona, have few or no equiv- alents here, although the two areas have hand prints in common.As these paintings invariably occur with ruins dated directly on the basis of tree-ring material, or by types of pottery present which have been dated in other sites, one can safely conclude that the paintings are fourteenth century creations. HUMAN BURIALS Forty burials were found during the course of the excavations.Infants, and in rare cases adults, were buried below the floors of rooms.Adults and youths were placed in two artificially constructed terraces on the talus slope below the west end of the house (Plate LxxxIIIa).These terraces (Fig. 7) were formed by building a retaining wall of roughly laidstone about fourfeet high(Plate LXXXIII b), behind which a soil filling provided the required space.This measure was made necessary by the absence of soft ground on the steep and rocky talus slope.The limited area supplied by the terraces, neither of which was over twenty feet wide, was responsible for the chaotic condition of the burials themselves.As the space became filled with bodies, later interments were made with utter disregard for previous ones encountered in digging the grave. Nearly as many disturbed as undisturbed burials were found and numerous pieces of pottery were not associated with skeletons.Grave depths ranged from six inches to four feet. It was universally the custom to bury the bodies fully extended and resting on the back.The arms were generally laid straight down the sides,although one or two cases were found with one or both arms folded over the pelvis.In only one instance were the legs crossed.The bodies always lay on a northeast-southwest axis.This was made necessary by 143 144 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND the trend of the terrace, but there was no rule gov- erning the direction of the head.In Plate LXXXIV a, the head of Burial 24 rested on a flat slab which formed a part of the grave covering of Burial 23, under which the head of the latter extended. The three Burials, 38, 39, and 40, shown in Platexxxiv b, would seem, at first, to have been placed in one grave simultaneously, but there is little question that Burial 38, a middle aged adult male, was the first to be buried.When the child (No. 39) was put down, the left arm of No. 38 was removed in digging the grave.Similarly, when the grave for No. 40, a young adult male, was dug,the left tibia and foot of Burial 38 were taken out. Flat stone slabs covered the bodies in about fifty percent of the burials.One grave was lined with rocks to form a crude cist. Regardless of the depth of the burial, the bones were in a fragile state, and nearly every sku]l was crushed.Extremely hard ground added to the difficulty of recovering skeletal material. The burial furniture in the terraces was very meager; many bodies were without offerings.One exception to this was Burial 30 (Plate LXXXV), a young adult female who had as offeringsthirteen pieces of pottery, eight arrow points, two turquoise pendants, presumably worn in the ears, two turquoise beads found at the right knee and foot, and eight small red stone beads, which lay below the skull. While pottery appeared most frequently asburial furniture, arrow points, a small number of shell ob- PLATE LXXXIII

a. LOOKING DOWN ON THE MAIN BURIAL TERRACE FROM THE RUIN.

b. THE RETAINING WALL OF THE MAIN BURIAL TERRACE. PLATE LXXXIV

a. BURIAL 24 SUPERIMPOSED OVER BURIAL 23.

b. THREE INTERMENTS MADE AT DIFFERENT TIMES. PLATE LXXXV

BURIAL 30 AND OFFERINGS in situ. Note skull of another burial in earth above. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 145 jects, flint flakes, quartz crystals, hematite, arrow straighteners, and turquoise inlay were also found. Due to the disturbance in the cemetery, vessels, dug out of an old burial in making a more recent one, might be included with the offerings of the later burial.Thus, two types which do not belong in the same horizon may conceivably accompany the same burial.But, as Arizona C: 2 :8 has yielded practically no evidence to show that it had more than one horizon, no confusion should result, even if vessels had been interchanged. Burials in rooms consisted of one adult and ten infants, the latter ranging in age from birth to two or three years.The average depth below the floors was one foot, except in Room 20, where the lowest of three superimposed bodies lay twenty-eight inches below the floor.Burials were made in the corners of the rooms or at any convenient point along the walls.There was no uniformity as to head direction, and all bodies lay in the same position as in the terraces.Platexxxvi a shows the remains of Burial 4 lying between the south wall of Room 24A and a vertical slab. From the perishable objects placed with room burials, most of which were in a moderately good state of preservation, one can reconstruct some of the details of burial customs.Infants were wrapped in cotton or apocynum blankets, sometimes both, and occasionally buried in cradles.Three cradle burials were found, one (No. 14) in Room 19 is shown in Plate LXXXvIb.Pottery accompanied about half of 146 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND the infant burials, and in two instances there were, respectively, miniature spindle shafts (Plate LXVI k, i) and a bit of ornamented textile (Plate LxIa). Twilled matting served as a covering for the burial bundles, and was usually weighted down with flat stone slabs. The only sub-floor adult burial was found in Room loA.The individual was a woman, probably less than thirty-five years of age.The stone slabs and mat covering of the body are shown in Plate LXXXVII. Directly beneath this lay the mortuary offerings and thecloth-wrapped body.On theleftshoulder rested a black-and-red-on-buff bowl (Fig. 25 b), containing two gourd vessels.Three additional gourd vessels rested on the left arm and side.At the right knee lay a weaver's kit consisting of a basket containing unspun cotton, a spindle shaft with whorl and yarn, and a skein of apocynum yarn (Plate LVIII).The body wrappings consistedfirst,of coarse apocynum textile, and then a cottonblanket (Plate LIX).Fragments of a second blanket and a piece of tie-dyed fabric(Plate LXI b) were also found among the wrappings.The hair binding, a large cordage skirt (Plate XL a) and the sandals on the feet were preserved. Skeletal material: On account of the very poor condition of the skeletons in the terraces, only four skulls, three of which are fragmentary, and as many long bones could be saved. Of the forty burials, the age distribution was as follows: PLATELXXXVI

INFANT BURIAL IN Roo 24A.

A CRADLE BURIAL IN RooM 19. PLATE LXXXVII

STONE AND TWILLED MAT COVERING OF ADULT FEMALE BURIAL IN Rooi loA. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA147

Infants 9 Children 2 Sub-adults i Young adults 10 Middle aged adults 9 Old adults i Not determined 8

Total 40 Of the twenty adults, eleven were males and nine females. Due to the crushed condition of most ofthe skulls, deformation was difficult to determine.Nine instances of occipital flattening were noted,only two or three of these beingpronounced.In five cases, there was apparently no deformation.The female skull shown in Plate Lxxxv" has but slightoccipital flattening.The child's skull in Plate xxxix shows no flattening whatever.On the basis of these few skulls, it would seem that skull deformation was, on the whole, less extreme than amongother contemporary and earlier peoplesof the Southwest.59This is undoubtedly due to the soft fiber or grasspillows with which the cradles were supplied. Head form, in all cases where observationscould be made, was brachycephalic.The length-height, facial, and cranial indices of the femaleskull (Burial 20) are given in Plate Lxxxviii. The condition of the teeth wasconsistently bad. Nearly every adult was affectedeither with caries or with abscesses.Very frequently upper molars ° Hrdlicka, 1931, p. 3, shows that, in old Zuñi crania, the unde- formed are considerably in excess of the deformed. 148 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND were lost, even in the young adult stage.The female whose skull is illustrated in Platexxxviii had, at the time of death, three abscesses, pyorrhea, and, of the remaining twenty-one teeth, eleven were cari- ous.On the parietal bones near the sagittal suture and, to a lesser extent, on the frontal bone, there may be seen many small pores (Plate LXXXvIIIc). These are the symptoms of a disease known as osteoporosis symmetrica, an as yet little understood af- fliction which seems to be most active during child- hood and adolescence.In the study of the Pecos Indians, Dr. Hooton found this disease to be comparatively rare.6° GOHooton, 1930, pp. 316-319. PLATE LXXXVIII a. Length-Height Index, 86.48. ADULT FEMALE SKULL. b. Facial Index, 82.67. c. Cranial Index, 90.54. CONCLUSIONS When the dates of the various ruins visited in the Sierra Ancha region are brought together and viewed collectively, they disclose a rather interesting condition.It will be seen in the tabulation of dates in Figure 5 that construction was started about 1278 and continued uninterruptedly to the middle of the fourteenth century, Arizona C :2 :8 serving as the climax of the series.The absence, in these ruins, of an earlier set of dates and of potsherds which might be referable to an earlier period, leads to the inference that the cliff recesses were not occupied by pottery-making or pueblo-building people before the end of the thirteenth century.The ruins are, therefore, contemporaneous, their locations having been selected more or less simultaneously.The con- clusion may be drawn that the inhabitants of these canyons migrated to the region from somewhere else, rather than that the villages were built as the result of local expansion. It has already been shown that the construction of the cliff dwellings of northern Arizona and southwestern Colorado ceased before the close of the thirteenth century, and it may be assumed, I believe, that their final abandonment followed soon after the most recent dates which they have yielded.In the north, therefore, there was a cessation of building and apparent evacuation of the territory then occupied, whereas, in the Sierra Ancha, there came into 149 150 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND being a short-lived but quite sudden activity of building cliff dwellings.I do not imply by this that the people from the north moved southward, there to reestablish themselves.The cultural remains of the southern ruins do not bear this out, although, from the architectural standpoint, the similarities are quite close.The interest lies in determining the factors which on the one hand led to the abandonment of an area, and on the other gave rise to buildingactivity in so rugged a country. It seems reasonably certain that the same cause can be held accountable in bothinstances, as the overlapping of tree-ring dates shows the coexistence of the two movements.The Sierra Ancha are sep- arated from the northern country, where cliff ruins are found, by two or three hundredmiles.Climate, more than anything else, may have beenresponsible for the development of conditions which were detri- mental to the communities.Turning to the tree- ring calendar, which is the only available source for weather records of the distant past, we see that the close of the thirteenth century was marked by a long cycle of drought, extending from 1276 to1299.61 The effect of this dry period is reflected in the trees of southwestern Colorado and as far south as the Pinal Mountains near Globe, Arizona.It has also been traced in wood samples from many inter- mediate points.While there was yearly fluctuation in the amount of moisture during this period, as seen in the variable growth of the rings, the general falling off of winter moisture must have resulted in a serious 61 Douglass, 1929, p. 751. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 151 but temporary unbalancing of nature for both man and beast.One need on'y to ponder over the effects of a four or five year dry period at the present time to visualize what might happen if that period were increased four-fold. Under a pressure of this sort, a number of factors would tend to develop which would bring about a disruption of communities, such as took place in the north.Living would become precarious on account of crop failures, springs and other water sources would be exhausted, game would become scarce, and internal strife might develop due to differences of opinion as to the form of magic to be used in producing rain. External forces, such as the increased activity of predatory people, who were also thrown into unrest by the temporary decimation of the country, undoubtedly played a part in the drama also.Even before the close of the dry cycle in the north, the readjustments, forced by a combination of these or similar conditions, were already under way. In the Sierra Ancha, an entirely different condition existed.Building and gathering together of people in large pueblos began before the end of the drought and lasted well into the fourteenth century. The most out-of-the-way and inaccessible places were sought.Where surface pueblos existed, the occu- pants found strength in numbers, or located their villages with an eye for defensive features.With unsettled conditions in the north, it seems almost certain that the people of the Little Colorado drain- agethe makers of Four-mile Polychromefelt the 152 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND effects of this unrest and began to drift to the southward below the Mogollon Rim.In the face of exist- ing conditions, this region had everything to offer, although previously it had been unattractive.There was plenty of water, game was abundant, and combined with these features was the safeguard of easy defence in the face of unfriendly invasion.Here, then, this group held out for over seventy years, if we may rely on tree-ring data.By 1350, or soon after, the whole region seems to have been abandoned again for reasons not yet certainly known.The next arrivals on the scene were the Apache. This is only touching upon what seems to me to be a vital point in Pueblo history.The evidence of the drought is contained in tree-rings; the movements of people are synchronized with it.Whether the Athapascan invasion followed closely upon the heels of the drought, so that that movement could be attributed to the dry cycle, will probably remain a debatable point.The speculation is advanced nevertheless. Pueblo IV, it seems, should begin with the close of the drought in about 1300, for it marks a turning point in Pueblo history.The drought must, in a large measure, have been responsible for the churn- ing that took place later, particularly for the southward thrust of the Pueblo peoples into the Gua Basin which brought them into direct contact with the Hohokam. Of all the cliff dwellings visited in the Sierra Ancha and adjacent territory, Arizona C: 2:8 was the CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 153 last to be built and it may have been the last to be abandoned.It is a typical site and can therefore be regarded as reflecting the true cultural conditions of the times.The ceremonial room (22B), which has analogies only in Kietsiel and Betatakin,°2 is of interest from an architectural standpoint, and is also suggestive of a change in opinion of the religious f ra- ternities as to the requirements of their places of meeting.Although the complexion of the material culture found in the Canyon Creek ruin, both perishable and imperishable, is essentially like that of the northern cliff dwellings, the following differences may be recognized: Wickerwork and twined sandals are lacking; the plaited sandal ties found here are not seen in the San Juan drainage. Cradles are rectangular, having two rigid side pieces and a flexible floor in contrast to the oval rigid cradle of the north. Matting is chiefly of beargrass, twilled in an over-three-under-three rhythm, as opposed to rush mats usually in an over-two-under-two weave. Baskets of matting, lacking the reenforcing rim hoop, occur. Close coiled baskets have a grass foundation instead of a two-rod-and-bundle foundation.Crude and coarse coiling appear to be absent in the north. Wickerwork basketry in the form of plaques is foreign to northern cliff ruins. Feather cord was known, but the indications are that feather and fur robes were not made. 62 Kidder, 1924, p. 69. 154 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND Textile weaves include compound cloth, gauze. and welt-wrap openwork, techniques which are probably more confined to the east-central than the northern part of Arizona; twilled fabrics and coil-without- foundation weave appear to be lacking in the Sierra Ancha. Apocynum fiber was used equally as much as cotton in the weaving of textiles whereas this was not the case in the north. Axes are of the three-quarter grooved type in contrast to the full grooved type. Digging sticks are short and straight. Ceramically, polychrome predominates over black-on-white. Pictographs are universally in color, either monochrome or polychrome, and differ in character from the northern rock-cut and painted drawings. The dead were buried prone instead of flexed, in an artificially constructed terrace below the ruin; infants were interred below the floors of living rooms. Some of the variations listed above are the result of local outgrowths; others, no doubt, are to be referred to the fact that the material from Arizona C: 2:8 is somewhat later than that of northern cliff dwellings, therefore allowing for further develop- ments and modifications in the traits.Nevertheless, certain differences may be looked upon as the radiations from a center to the south and west, the strong- hold of the Hohokam Culture.These are:the three-quarter grooved axe, the stone hoe, possibly the extensive use of apocynum, the three varieties of coiled basketry, and the matting baskets with reen- CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 155 forced rims.While the basket types in question have not been certainly demonstrated as going back into the archaeological deposits of the Gua Basin, they do occur among the Pima and Papago, the supposed survivors of the Hohokam.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BANDELIER, A. F. 1892.Final report of investigations among the Indians of the southwestern United States, Part II.Papers of theArchaeologicalInstituteofAmerica.American Series, No. IV.Cambridge, 1892. CRAWFORD, M. D. C. 1916.Peruvianfabrics.Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XII, Part IV. New York, 1916. DOUGLASS, A. E. 1928.Climatic cycles and tree-growth. A study of annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity.Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publi- cation No. 289, VoI. II.Washington, 1928. 1929.The secret of the Southwest solved by talkative tree- rings.National Geographic Magazine, Vol. LVI, No. 6, pp. 737-770.Washington, 1929. FEWKES, J. W. 1904.Two summers' work in pueblo ruins.Twenty-second Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part I, pp. 3-195.Washington, 1904. GUERNSEY, S. J. 1931.Explorations in northeastern Arizona: report on the archaeological fieldwork of 1920-1923.Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Eth- nology, Vol. XII, No. 1.Cambridge, 1931. HAURY, E. W., AND HARGRAVE, L. L. 1931.Recently dated pueblo ruins in Arizona.Smithson- ian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 82, No. 11.Wash- ington, 1931. HODGE, F. W. (Editor). 1906.Handbook of American Indians.Bulletin 30, Bu- 157 158 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND reau of American Ethnology, PartI.Washington, 1906. HooToN, E. A. 1930.The Indians of Pecos, a study of their skeletal remains.Papers of the Phillips Academy Southwestern Expedition, No. 6.New Haven, 1930. HOUGH, W. 1914.Culture of the ancient pueblos of the Upper Gua River region, New Mexico and Arizona.Bulletin 87, United States National Museum.Washington, 1914. 1930.Explorations of ruins in the White Mountain Apache IndianReservation,Arizona.Proceedingsofthe United States National Museum, Vol. 78, Art. 13, pp. 1-2 1.Washington, 1930. HRDLIcKA, A. 1905.Notes on the San Carlos Apache.American An- thropologist, n.s., Vol. 7, pp. 480-495.Lancaster, 1905. 1931.Catalogue of human crania in the United States Na- tional Museum collections:Pueblos, southern Utah Basket-Makers, Navaho.Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. 78, Art. 2, pp. 1-95. Washington, 1931. JUDD, N. M. 1930.The excavation and repair of Betatakin.Proceed- ings of the United States National Museum, Vol. 77, Art. 5, pp. 1-77.Washington, 1930. KIDDER, A. V. 1924.An introduction to the study of Southwestern Ar- chaeology, with a preliminary account of the excavations at Pecos.Papers of the Phillips Academy South- western Expedition, No. 1.New Haven, 1924. KIDDER, A. V., AND GUERNSEY, S. J. 1919.Archaeological explorations in northeastern Arizona. Bulletin 65, Bureau of American Ethnology.Wash- ington, 1919. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 159

KISSELL, M. L. 1916.Basketry of the Papago and Pima.Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XVII, Part IV.New York, 1916. MASON, O. T. 1889.Cradles of the American aborigines.Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1887, Part II, pp. 161-212.Washington, 1889. 1904.Aboriginal American basketry: studies in a textile art without machinery.Annual Report of the United States National Museum for 1902, pp. 17 1-548. Wash- ington, 1904. MEDALLION, THE 1928. A method for the designation of ruins in the South- west.Privately printed for the Medallion, Pasadena, 1928. 1930.Some Southwestern pottery types.Series I. Pri- vately printed for the Medallion.Gila Pueblo, Globe, 1930. 1931.Some Southwestern pottery types.Series II. Pri- vately printed for the 1Iedallion.Gila Pueblo, Globe, June, 1931. MINDELEFF, V. 1891.A study of Pueblo architecture: Tusayan and Cibola. Eighth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 3-228. Washington, 1891. MoRRIs, E. H. 1928.Notes on excavations in the Aztec ruin.Anthropo- logical Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XXVI, Part V. New York, 1928. 1928, a.An aboriginal salt mine at Camp Verde, Arizona. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XXX, Part III.New York, 1928. O'NEALE, L. M., AND KROEBER, A. L. 1930.Textile periods in ancient Peru.University of Cali- fornia Publications in American Archaeology and Eth- nology, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 23-65.Berkeley, 1930. 160 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN

REATH, N. A. 1927.The weaves of hand-loom fabrics: a classification withhistoricalnotes.The Pennsylvania Museum. Philadelphia, 1927. SPIER, L. 1919.Ruins in the White Mountains, Arizona.Anthro- pological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XVIII, Part V. New York, 1919. STALLINGS, S. S., JR. 1931.El Paso polychrome.Technical Series, Bulletin No. 3, Archaeological Survey, Laboratory of Anthropology. Santa Fe, December, 1931. STEVENSON, J. 1883.Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1879. Sec- ond Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 307-422. Washington, 1883. INDEX

PAGE PAGE Abscesses- Arizona C:1:8- evidence of 147-148 information concerning 5-6 Acknowledgments ivv ladder from 46 Acorns- Arizona C:1:14- hulls, in ceremonial room 54 information concerning . 6 used as food 59 Arizona C:1:16- Agave Leaves- information concerning 6, 8 needles of 85 pictographs in 142 Agricultural Lands- Arizona C:1:21- near Canyon Creek ruin 24 information concerning 8 near cliff ruins 16 Arizona C:1:25- Agricultural Products- information concerning 9 abundance of 24 Arizona C:1:30- Altar information concerning 9 in ceremonial room 53 Arizona C:1:36- objects found on 53-54 information concerning 9, 11-12 Allen, G. M. Arizona C:1:38- animal bones identified byiv information concerning 12 Amsden, Monroe- Arizona C:1:40- reconnaissance by 4 information concerning .. 12-13 Animals- Arizona C: 1 :44- bones of 62 information concerning . 13 clayeffigiesof. Caption, Arizona C:1:45- Plate LXXVI, 53 information concerning 14 Anvil (?)- Arizona C:1:46- described 116 information concerning . 14 Apache- Arizona C:1:47- reference to 107, 152 mention of 12 Apocynum- Arizona C:1:50-. cordage of 86 basket found in 72, 76 identification of 86 mention of 12 skein of 101, 146 pictographs in 142 textile fabrics of 101-102 Arizona C:1:67- wrapping for burials 146 pictographs in 142 Architectural Features- Arizona C:2:8- of Canyon Creek ruin .. .28-54 See Canyoh Creek Ruin 161 162 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PAGE PAGE Arizona C:2:11- of matting 72-73 information concerning 14 of wickerwork 78-80 Arizona State Museum- yucca ring 72 ladders in 46 Beads. textile fabric in 95 of red stone 121 tie-dyed cloth in 99 of shell 128 Arrow- of turquoise 144 ceremonial 108 with burials 144 Arrows- Beams- abundance of 106 dates given by 18 feathering of 107-108 number of, used in roofs 38 foreshafts of, described106-107 scarred, from dragging 55 mainshafts of, described .. .107 wearing of outsides 19 straighteners for 120 Beans. wrenches for 126 occurrence of 59 Arrowpoints- Bear Creek Cave- See Projectile Points gauze weave fabric from 97 Awls, Bone- textile fabrics found in... 95 described 126 Beargrass- Axes. knotted leaves of 87 described 118 potrests of.Caption, Plate hafted example of 118 XLVI prevalence of three-quarter trimming of leaves 81 groove type 118-154 used in basketry .72, 74, 76, 80 Aztec Ruin- used in matting 81 reference to 48 Bench. Bags absenceofinceremonial of netting 86-87 room 54 Ball- Betatakin- of wood.Caption, Plate. LXV reference to 106, 153 Bandelier, A. F.- Billets. reference to 3 of wood 104 Basketry- Bins- clay covered, for storage. .73-74 storage, described 49 close coiling, described.... 76 Blankets. coarse coiling, described. .74-75 feather, absence of 62-63 coarse coiling, possibleori- finishing of corners 89 ginof 75 of cotton 89 coiled, types of 73 with brown and white warp91 crude coiling, described. . .73-75 wrap for burial 146 of matting, types 72-73 Bone- Baskets- awls of 126 coiled 73-76 objects of 126 CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 163

PAGE PAGE ring of 126 Cedar Bark- Bones- See Juniper Bark animals represented by 62 Center Mountain. human, condition of 144 ruins on 5, 6 Bottles- Cephalic Index- gourd.Caption, Plate .XLVII offemaleskull.Caption, Bow- Plate LXXXVIII miniature 106 Ceramics- piece of 106 See Pottery Bracelet- Ceremonial Room- fragmentary, of shell 128 analogies of 153 Brushes- described 52-54 types of.Caption, Plate .XLV ventilator in 40 Burial- Chavez Pass Ruin- adult, in Room 16A 146 mention of iii ground, location of 143 Chevlon Ruin- Burials- wickerwork plaque found in81 covered with stone slabs 144 Chipped Implements- cradle 145 chert nodules for 121 customs shown by 145-146, 153 types of 122, 124 disturbance of 143 Chopper- in rooms 143-145 flint core 124 in terraces 143 Cibicue Polychrome- offerings with 144 character of paint 132 orientation of 143 described 13 1-134 position of body in 143 range of 132, 134 Canyon Creek- result of blend 134 described 3 Cigarettes. flora of 23-24 absence of cotton wrappings 114 Canyon Creek Ruin- of cane, described 114 abandonment of 58 Clay- architectural features of. 28-54 unfired objects of.Caption, construction of, in summer. 57 Plate LXXVI, 128 dating of 55-58 Clay Pits- general description of.. 24, 26 described 32 location of 23 source of mortar 32 order of construction 58 Cliff Dwellings- pictographs in 140 points had in common .. 16 selection of, for excavation iv reference to 5 Carpenter, F. C.- reports of iii

photograph attributed to iv utilization of crevices for. 12 Casa Grande- visit to iv textile from 95 See also under Arizona 164 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PAGE PAGE Climate- cobs 59 influence upon people. 150-151 Cotton- Cloth- blanket of 89 of feather cord, absence of 86 condition of 88 See also Textiles, Textile cordage of 83 Weaves ginning of, by Pima 114 Club (?)- impossibility of identifying of wood 104 species 88 Club Heads (?)- length of staple 88 of chipped flint 124 raising, question of 87 Coiled Basketry- sack of.Caption, Plate types of 73 XL VIII Cold Springs Canyon- spinning of 88 ruins in 9, 14 stalks,boils,seeds, absence Color- of 87 of Cibicue Polychrome 131 string, dyed 62 Colors- textile fabrics of 87-101 used in cordage 83 unspun, in weaver's kit .... 89 used in pictographs 140 Cradles- used in textiles 99-102 burials in 145 used in wall decoration ...48 carrying strap for 70 Compound Cloth- comparison of 71 described 98 described 69-72 possible survival of 98 differences in size, dis- Construction- cussed 7 1-72 cessation of 149 probable method of carrying70 dates 55-58 single type represented ..- 68 order of, in Canyon Creek Crystals- ruin 58 of quartz 121 period, of cliff dwellings . 149 Cummings, Byron. reason for 150 investigations by 4 See also Masonry, Walls textile fabrics found by 95 Cooper Fork- Dates- ruins in 12 concentration of 58 Cordage- cutting, discussed 18-19 braided 85 cutting, significance of .. . 56

character of twisting ... 84-85 discussed 149 coloring of 83 of Arizona C:1:8 6 ends of, treated 83 of Arizona C:1:14 6 of apocynum fiber 86 of Arizona C:1:16 8 of cotton fiber 83 of Arizona C:1:21 8 of yucca fiber 84-85 of Arizona C:1:25 9 Corn- of Arizona C:1:30 9 cob, on stick 114 of Arizona C:1:38 12 CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 165

PAGE PAGE of Arizona C:1:40 13 in 13th century 18 of Arizona C:1:44 13 responsible for movements .152 of Arizona C:1:45 14 shown in tree-rings 18 of Arizona C:1:46 14 turningpointinPueblo of Arizona C:2:11 14 history 152 of Canyon Creek ruin.. .55-58 Dyeing- ofcliff dwellings, reference of textile fabrics 99 to iv tie 99-101 of pictographs 142 Dyes- range of, in Canyon Creek nature of not determined .. 99 ruin 58 Effigy- of tie-dyeing 100 of animal.Caption, Plate of weft-wrap openwork 95 LXXVI Deflector El Paso Polychrome- in ceremonial room 53 occurrence of 13, 20 Deformation- Fabrics. of skulls 147 See Textile Fabrics, Textile Designs- Weaves of Cibicue Polychrome 133 Feathering- on pottery 136 of arrows 107-108 Digging Sticks- Feather Blankets- described 104, 154 absence of 62-63 Disease- Feather Cord- evidence of, on skull 148 described 86 Door- Fewkes, J. W.- partial closing of 40 reference to 3, 81 Doors. Fibers- described 40 used in textile fabrics 87 sealing of 42 Fields- T-shaped 13, 42 See Agricultural Lands See also Wall Openings Fire. Douglass, A. E.- destruction by, of rooms . .8, 36 confirmation of dates by .. iv Fire-Making Apparatus- findings of 21 described 104 mention of iii, 18 Firepits- Drawings- described 52 See Paintings, Pictographs occurrence in second-storey Dress- rooms 52 See Hair, Skirt, Sandals, etc. Flute (?)- Dripping Springs Canyon- of cane, unfinished 114 ruins in 13 Food- Drought- acorns 59 effect of 150-151 animal 62 166 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PAGE PAGE beans 59 Gourds- corn 59 extensivelyused.Caption, squash 59 Plate XLVII walnuts 59 seeds of.Caption, Plate vegetable 59 XLVIII Foreshafts Granary- of arrows 106-107 clay-covered, of basketry .73-74 Fort Apache Indian Reserva- similarity to Pima 75 tion- See also Bins, Jars mention of iv, 23 Graves- Four-Mile Polychrome nature of 143-144 distribution of 130-131 See also Burials dominanceofinCanyon Hair- Creek ruin 128 dressing of 62 focus of 131 Hand Prints- in Canyon Creek ruin, de- colors of 140 scribed 128-131 5, 6, 12, 13 Hammerstone- occurrence pitted 116 predominant decorated ware20 130 Hastings, Russell- variations in iv Four-Mile Ruin assistance rendered by mention of 130 Hatchways- Fur Robes described 43 occurrence of 43 absence of 153 44 Garments pegs in position of 43 Hair,Skirts,Sandals, See reference to 40 etc. 45 Gauze Weave sealed See also Doors absentinCanyonCreek ruin 95. Hawikuh. 135 occurrence of 97-98 pottery from types of 97 Hawkins, R. S. Gua Polychrome quoted 88 in Canyon Creek ruin... .137 Head Deformation- occurrence of 13, 14, 20 extent of 147 Gila Pueblo Headring- arrow wrench found in 126 twilled.Caption, Plate .XLVI ladder in 46 Heddle (?)-. 112 reconnaissance made by . iii, 4 rod Gua Redware Hematite--- in Canyon Creek ruin. .137-138 used for paint 121 Ginning Tool (?)- Hodge, F. W.- described 114 report of 135 CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 167

PACE PAGE Hoe- Juniper Bark- painted 120 torch of.Caption, Plate .XLV Hoes- used in sandals 64, 65 described 120 Kayenta Region- Hohokam- tie-dyeing from 99-100 reference to 75, 152 Kidder and Guernsey- Hohokam Culture- reference to 72, 91 radiations from 154 Kimball, S. T.- Hooton, E. A.. assistance rendered by . . iv reference to 148 Kissell, M. L.- Hopi- reference to.Caption, cradle, mention of 71 Plate XLVI, 73 wedding blankets, reference Kietsiel- to 89 wickerwork plaques, made mention of 153 Kiva- by 78 absence of true 52 Hopi Villages- degeneration of 54 wearing on beams from .. 19 Horn- See also Ceremonial Room arrow wrenches of 126 Knives- 124 objects of 126 of flint unidentified implementsof 126 Knot- Hough, Walter- reef, instance of 87 excavations by 3, 4 type of, in bag 87 reference to 52, 97 Ladder- Implements- described 46 of bone 126 occurrence of 6 of chipped stone 121 position of, in rooms 44 Indices- Ladle- of skull.Caption, Plate of wood.Caption, Plate .LXV LXXXVIII Lattice-Work-- Jars- in cradle 71 basket shaped like 75 Leather- for storage 137, 138-139 objects of 102-103 huge proportions of. Cap- Life Forms- tion, Plate LXXXI, 138, 139 in pictographs 142 plugs for 128 Log- question of placing in room 139 foundation for wall 12 with yucca handle 54 See also Beams Jeddito Brown-on-Yellow- Loom- copy of 135 probable width of 89 Judd, N. M.- Manos- reference to 106 described 116 168 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PAGE PAGE Mason, O. T.- Museum of Northern Arizona- reference to 71 tie-dyeing in 100 Masonry- Needles- bins of 49 of agave spines 85 buttress 36 Netting- character of 30 bags of 86-87 storage bins of 49 Nitsie Canyon- types of 32, 34 textile fabric found in 95 tie-dyeing from 99 variations, significance of . 34 Mat- Obsidian- 121 found with Burial 20 83 absence of Mats- Offerings- in ceremonial room 53-54 described 81, 82 Matting- with burials 144-145 Oraibi- baskets of 72-73 log collected in 9, 18 covering for burials 146 Ornaments- patterns in 82 of shell 128 selvage of 82 Osteoporosis Symmetrica- used in cradles 69 evidence of 148 uses of 81 Paint- Material Culture- mortar 116 differences in 153-154 of hematite 121 Maul- on Cibicue Polychrome 132 from turquoise quarry .... 118 used on pottery 130 McFadden Horse Mountain- Paintings- ruin on 142 on cliffs 140 McGregor, J. C.- on cloth 99 information from 100 on stone hoe 120 Mends- on stone slab 120 in textile fabrics 91 Peabody Museum- Metates- textile fabric in 100 types of 116 tie-dyeing in 95 Mindeleff, V.- Pendants- reference to 44 of shell 54 Mine- of turquoise 121, 144 See Quarry Picks- Moody Point- chipped, of flint 124 ruin under 9 Pictographs- Morris, E. H.- in Arizona C:1:16 142 reference to 48, 98, 118 in Arizona C:1:50 142 Mortar- in Arizona C:1:67 142 described 116 instance of human form 142 CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 169

PAGE PAGE nature of 140, 154 Potsherds- on cliff exposures 140 difficult to find 5 period of 142 whorl of 110 rock-cut, absence of 140 Pottery- similarity to Hopi sashes. 142 as burial furniture 144 types of 140-142 black-and-red-on-buff 135 Pillow- black-and-red-on-pink 135 of grass, in cradle 70-71 black-on-red 134-135 Pima- black-on-white 137 granaries of 75 brown-on-yellow 135 headrings Cap- usedby. Cibicue Polychrome 131 tion, Plate XLVI corrugated 138 method of ginning cotton .114 Four-Mile Polychrome 128 Pinedale Polychrome- in Canyon Creek ruin .... 126 inter-changing of, in burials 145 odd types of 134 occurrence of 6, 8, 13, 20 Pinedale Ruin- redwares 137-138 storage jars of 138-139 arrow wrench from 126 mention of iii Projectile Points- Pinto Polychrome- types of, described 122 with burials 144 in Canyon Creek ruin .... 137 occurrence of 13, 20 Pueblo III- Pipes- absence of wickerwork absence of 114 plaques in 80-81 Pits- rigid cradles of 71 for supplying clay mortar 32 tie-dyeing, dating of 100 Plaques- Pueblo IV- absence of color in 78 appearanceofwickerwork of coiled basketry 75 plaques in 81 of wickerwork 78-80 character of pictographs. 142 selvage, details of 80 CibicuePolychromecon- Plaster--. fined to 132 character of 48 closed by drought 152 treatment of, in Room 22B54 dateofweft-wrapopen- Plugs- work 95 for jars 128 diversityofceramic types Polychrome Wares- during 128 described 128-137 sandal types of 68 predominance of 154 Pueblo Canyon- Pot Polishers- ruins in 6 presence of 121 Pueblo History- Potrests- vital point in 152 typesof,described. Cap- Pueblo People- tion, Plate XLVI thrust of, into Gila Basin .. 152 170 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PAGE PAGE Punchwork- Roosevelt Black-on-White- resemblanceofweft-wrap occurrence of 8, 9, 13, 20 openwork to 91 Rushes- Pyorrhea- wrapped with cord.Cap- evidence of 148 tion, Plate LXIXa Quarry- Rye Creek Ruin- turquoise 15-16 pottery from 134 Quartz- Sack- crystals of 121 ofcottoncloth.Caption, Quids- Plate XL VIII of yucca.Caption, Plate Salado Culture- XXXIX, 60 representation of 137 Rack trade relations with 20 incorner of room.Cap- Salado Redware- XXXV tion, Plate occurrence of Rarick Canyon- 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14 sandal from 66 20 Rattle- omnipresence of predominant undecorated of leather 103 ware 137 Redwares- Salt- in Canyon Creek ruin.. 137-138 possible source of 60 137-138 unnamed variety of 54 Rim. tied in cloth of granary 74 Sandals- character of 64 ... 80 of wickerwork plaques 68 Ring- comparison of distribution of 68 of bone 126 materials used in 64 Rod Heddle (?)- 64 described 112 notched toe, absence of Roofs- on feet of burial 146 64-66 condition of 26, 36 types of methods of building 38 wickerwork, absence of 68 weaknesses in 36 Sandal Ties- Roof Beams- described 66-68 dating of 18-19, 55-58 Scapula- See also Beams of jack rabbit 126 Room Scoops- ceremonial 52-54 gourd.Caption, Plate .XLVII Rooms- Scrapers- average size of 28 flint, resemblance to snub- in Canyon Creek ruin, de- nosed 124 scribed 28 Seeds- order of construction 58 gourd.Caption, Plate. XLVIII CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 171

PAGE PAGE Selvage- Spindle- of matting 81-82 with cotton 88 of matting baskets 72-73 Spindles- of textile fabrics 91, 102 shafts of 110 Shell- whorls of 110 objects of 128 Spring- pendants of 54 near Canyon Creek ruin-. 24 with burials 144-145 Springs- Showlow Ruin- in beds of canyons i mention of iii Squash- Sierra Ancha- presence of 59 canyons in 1-2 Steatite- cliff ruins in 16, 18-21 worked piece of 121 concentration of people in.151 Sticks- described 1 digging 104 range of dates of cliff ruins flexible, with knots 87 in 19 sharpened 104 104 reconnaissance made in . iii stirring tree-ring records, correlated Stone- with Flagstaff 20-21 anvil (?) of 116 Sinew- for polishing pottery 121 on end of bow 106 objects of 11f thongs of 103 of various uses 116 Sipapu- slab of, painted 120 absenceof,inceremonial slabs of, covering burials 144 room 54 type of, used in masonry 30 Skeletons- Storage Jars- age distribution of 146-147 placement in rooms .. .137, 139 Skeletal Material- size of 138-139 condition of 146 Straighteners- Skin- for arrow shafts 120 See Leather Table- Skirt- of dated wood specimens 17 found on bu:ial 63, 146 Tailored Garments- Skirts- presence of 63 string, described 63-64 Teeth- Skulls- condition of 147 deformation of 147 lossof 148 shape of 147 Terraces- Soldier Creek- burial 143 ruins near head of 12 Terracing- Spier, L.- of buildings 9 reference to 3 in Canyon Creek ruin 28 172 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND

PAGE PAGE Textile Fabrics- Tree-Ring Dating- dyeing of 99 added proof of validity ... 58 fibers used in 87 See also Beams, Dating of apocynum fiber 101-102 Turquoise- ofcottonand apocynum accompanying burial 30 fiber 102 121, 144 of cotton fiber 89-101 inlay, with burial 145 selvages of 91 maul used in mining 118 size of 89 nodules 15-16 Textile Weaves- pendants of 121, 144 coil-without-foundation, ab- quarry, described 15 scarcity of 121 sence of 154 Twilling- compound cloth 98 matting of 81-83 gauze 95-98 Ventilator- plain 89 in ceremonial room. .40, 52-53 twilled, absence of 154 Verde Salt Mine- weft-wrap openwork .91-94 gauze weave from 97 Thornber, J. J.- picks from 118 vegetable products identified Vessels- by iv interchange of, in burials. 145 Tie-Dyeing- See also Pottery date of 100 of gourds, with burials ... 146 described 99 Wall- instances of 99 built on log 12 relationship, question raised curved 13, 52 100-101 Walls- with burial 146 boulders built into 28 Tonto Polychrome- height of, in Canyon Creek in Canyon Creek ruin 137 ruin 26, 30 occurrence of 13, 20 painting of 48 Tonto National Monument- Wall Openings- gauze weave from 97 in Room 27B 42 mention of 4, 20 occurrence of 40-42 sandal from 66 plugging of 42 textile fabric from 95 See also Doors Torch- Walnuts- ofjuniperbark.Caption, hulls of, in ceremonial room54 Plate XLV used as food 59 Travertine- Water Supply- used in walls 30 near cliff ruins 16 Trees- Wattle-and-Daub-- cut during growing season 18 construction, in bins 49 CLIFF D\VELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 173

PAGE PAGE Weaves- Wrenches- See Textile Weaves for arrows 126 Weaver's Kit- Wupatki- described 88 tie-dyeing from 100 found with burial 146 Yarn- Weave Swords 112 apocynum, skein of 146 Weft-Wrap Openwork- cop of, on spindle 88 analogies to 95 warp, character of 89 date of 95 weft, character of 89 described 91-94 Yucca Fiber- distribution of 95 cordage in sandals 64-65 nature of ornamentation . 94 cordage of 84-85 Wickerwork- Yucca Leaves- absence of, in sandals 68 knotted 87 baskets of 78 used in sandals 64 few changes in 81 Yucca Quids- objectsof.Caption, Plate LXIXb character of 60 Whorls- in ceremonial room 54 skull. for spindles 110 in mouth ofchild's Wood- Caption, Plate XXXIX ball of.Caption, Plate .. LXV Zuñi- club (?) of 104 cradle, mention of 71 ladle of.Caption, Plate .LXV headrings,usedby.Cap- objects of 104-114 tion, Plate XLVI u s e dinconstructionof kivas, mention of 44 rooms 18 terraces used by, in decora- whorls of 110 tion ..48 Workman Creek- wickerworkplaques made ruins on 4, 8 by 78