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The Cliff Dwellings of the Sierra Ancha

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The Cliff Dwellings of the Sierra Ancha CANVQ CREEK RUIÑ AND THE CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA MEDALLION PAPERS NO. XIV BY EMIL W. HAURY Assistant Director of Gua Pueblo PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR THE MEDALLION GILA PUEBLO - GLOBE, ARIZONA January, 1934 PLATE I A PUEBLO IV PICTOGRAPH ON THE CLIFF WALL NEAR ARIZONA C:2:8. THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND THE CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA BY EMIL W. HAURY Assistant Director of Gua Pueblo January, 1934 COPYRIGHT 1934 BY GILA PUEBLO LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA. INTRODUCTION October of 1930, as a part of the archaeological INsurvey of the Southwest undertaken by Gila Pueblo, the writer made a reconnaissance trip into the Sierra Ancha and the region lying immediately to the east with the purpose of collecting beammate- rial from as many standing cliff ruins as could be reached.This wood was to be studied with a view to determining whether or not the rings of the trees extending into the more southern part of Arizona could be correlated with the already established se- quence from Flagstaff, thus making it possible to date these ruins which heretofore had been assigned only a relative position in the chronology. Reports of large cliff dwellings in the region to the north and east of the Tonto Basin pointed to that area as the most likely to produce the desired results. Since the altitude is high enough to support pines, a wood usable in the dating technique, these were avail- able to the builders of the cliff dwellings.The dis- tance from the ruins near the Mogollon Rim which Dr. A. E. Douglass has been able to datei.e., Chavez Pass, Pinedale, and Showlow ruinsto those lying below the Mogollon Rim isless than seventy-five miles.It therefore seemed probable that the trees in the new region would give ring records in harmony with those further to the north.The utility and accuracy of these records in the samples collected exceeded all expectations. iv THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND On the initial trip, eighteen cliff dwellings were visited and wood samples were collected from all but three.Twelve ruins produced wood the records of which could be accurately fitted into the established tree-ring chronology. As the dates for these sites were concentrated in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries- later, in fact, than any of the dates so far found in cliff ruins of northern Arizona or southwestern Colo- radothe indications were that occupation of these cliff villages extended somewhat nearer the historic horizon than it did in those of the north.For the purpose, therefore, of acquiring cultural material for comparative study, application for permission to ex- cavate one of the more promising cliff dwellings was made, and the work was begun in July, 1932. The site selected for this work is located in a short branch canyon of Canyon Creek on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation.The choice was made on the basis of a date which was obtained in the preliminary dating, viz.-1337 A.D., the most recent year recorded in any of the sites visited. The following pages give, first, a résumé of the results of the original reconnaissance, and second, a report on the ruin excavated and the material which it produced. My chief assistant was Russell Hastings, of the staff of Gila Pueblo; field work was also shared by Solon T. Kimball, graduate student at Harvard Uni- versity.All maps and text figures and the repro- duction of the pictograph used in the frontispiece are the work of Russell Hastings.I am indebted to CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA y Dr. A. E. Douglass, of the Steward Observatory, Tucson, for confirming the dates of the usable mate- rial obtained on the original collection trip.The photograph of the two cores, Plate xi, was made by Dr. F. C. Carpenter, also of the Steward Observatory. Identification of vegetal products was made by Dr. J. J. Thornber, Botanist, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona; of animal bones by Dr. Glover M. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University. Ruins are designated in accordance with the method outlined in the Medallion, 1928. CONTENTS Introduction iii The Cliff Dwellings in the Sierra Ancha i Turquoise Quarry 15 Discussion 16 The Canyon Creek Ruin 23 Architectural Features 28 Dating 55 Material Culture 59 Foods 59 Dress 62 Cradles and Household Articles 68 Basketry 72 Matting 81 Cordage 83 Textiles 87 Objects of Leather 102 Objects of Wood 104 Objects of Stone 116 Objects of Bone and Horn 126 Objects of Shell 128 Objects of Unfired Clay 128 Pottery 128 Pictographs 140 Human Burials 143 Conclusions 149 Bibliography 157 Index 161 vii THE CLIFF DWELLINGS IN THE SIERRA ANCHA Sierra Ancha" Wide Mountains "are located in east central Arizona (Fig.1). THEThey are flanked on the west by the Tonto Basin, and on the east by Cherry Creek.The axis of this range runs north and south.The highest point in the range has an altitude of slightly over seven thousand feet, or nearly a mile above the surroundingterritory.The easternsideofthe range is very precipitous, being formed chiefly of cliffs and talus slopes, dropping more than four thou- sand feet from the highest point to the bed of Cherry Creek in a distance of about four miles, and near the southern end is gashed with three short but deep canyons, each containing living water fed by springs. Pueblo Canyon, the northernmost of the three, re- ceives its name from a large ruin about midway to the top.Views of this canyon from above and below are shown in Plate ii a and b.Next is Cold Springs Can- yon, which derives its name from a spring at its head, and finally there is Devil's Chasm, with Dripping Springs Canyon as a short but very deep south branch.All of these have cliffruins somewhere along their courses.A few sites are to be found high up under cliffs above the heads of these canyons. The west face of the range is less steep than the east, and is drained chiefly by Workman and Rey- 2 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND DIFV&ky qrcs 1pp Cibc. AQIZ. C:2: 8 kock Mo.s APACHE INDIAN R VAT ION T(JQQUOI3L FIG.1. MAP OF THE REGION VISITED, SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF RUINS FROM WHICH TREE-RING MATERIAL WAS COLLECTI:D. PLATEII a b PUEBLO CANYON IN THE EAST FACE OF THE SIERRA ANCISA. a, viewing the canyon from near its head, overlooking thevalley of Cherry Creek and the country and deep gorge.The beyond;b, looking into Pueblo Canyon from below, showing its very steep ascent arrow in both photographs indicates the location of Arizona C:1:16. CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE SIERRA ANCHA 3 nolds Creeks.Ruins on this side are not as common as on the east face. Stretching east of Cherry Creek for twenty miles is high broken country which has cliff dwellings wherever suitable conditions prevail.Canyon Creek, flowing from north to south, is a tributary of the Salt.It drains a large part of the country lying below the Mogollon Rim.While the valley, which has been worn by the stream, is deep, it differs from the canyons of northern Arizona in not being boxed up throughout its length.Cliffs breaking out high above the stream provide the recesses into which the pueblos were built. The flora of this region is naturally variable due to the extremes of altitude.The crest of the range bears a dense growth of western yellow pine, Douglas fir, and aspen; lower down the growth merges into juniper, pinyon, oak, cypress, and manzanita, while, in the lowest levels, a typical Sonoran flora prevails. Archaeologically, the region has been almost com- pletely neglected.Bandelier mentions the existence of many ruins in the Sierra Ancha,1 but he was unable to investigate them.Fewkes' explorations in the Little Colorado region to the north did not carry him below the Mogollon Rim.Spier, working in from the eastern side, carried his survey of the White Mountain ruins westward as far as Cibicue Creek.1 Hough's operations were confined chiefly to the north and east of the Sierra Ancha, although, in 1919, he partly excavated a surface ruin and visited a cliff Bandelier, 1892, p. 417. 2Spier, 1919, pp. 367-387. 4 THE CANYON CREEK RUIN AND dwelling in a lateral of Oak Creek.3In 1929, Mr. Monroe Amsden made a reconnaissance for Gua Pueblo of the territory between Pleasant Valley and Cedar Creek.During the Christmas holidays of 1930, a party from the University of Arizona, led by Dr. Byron Cummings, investigated a number of ruins off Cherry Creek and near Soldier Creek.This, together with the present work, comprises practically the entire archaeological attention which the region has received. The ruins of the Tonto National Monu- ment west of Roosevelt Lake, as a part of the general group investigated, are the best known, but even they still require systematic excavation. On the preliminary wood-collecting trip to these cliff ruins, the start was made in the Sierra Ancha proper from Aztec Lodge.After visiting a ruin above Workman Creek Falls, on the west slope of the mountains, a series of small dwellings, high on the east side, was reached from the top of the range. Later the descent was made into Cherry Creek, from which point the ruins in Pueblo Canyon, Cold Springs Canyon, and Cooper Fork were reached.Thence the route took us past Sombrero Butte to the head of Soldier Creek, where a small group of dwellings is to be found, and finally, beyond these to the east into Canyon Creek.Here the ruin about which this report chiefly centers was examined.The return to Cherry Creek was made via the Rockhouse.
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