Topic 1 Ancient Lakes

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Topic 1 Ancient Lakes Keywords: Ancient lake, Endemic species, Lake Baikal, Lake Tanganyika, Paleo- lakes Biwa 1. What are Ancient Lakes? In 1950 the term “ancient lake” was first used to specify certain lakes with a variety of species specific to them. These unique lakes are very rare but share a common property – having exceptionally long age (more than 100,000 years) - suggesting the possibility of speciation and the development of endemic species within each lake. 2. Lakes Baikal and Tanganyika Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tangan- yika in Africa are the best known examples Fig. T1-2 Located in the rift valley, Lake Tangan- of ancient lakes. Lake Baikal is the deepest yika is dominated by the rocky shore. and sixth largest, and oldest freshwater lake in the world, while Lake Tanganyika is the second deepest, fifth largest and second old- widely distributed as an important protein est. Both lakes harbor more than 2,000 spe- resource. cies of animals and the proportion of endemics is very high. 3. Lake Biwa, a Unique Ancient Lake The Lake Baikal fauna is characterized by Before the formation of Lake Biwa, there the Baikal Seal, amphipod crustaceans, scul- had been several fossil lakes sequentially pins and many others. The whitefish Omul formed around the present Lake Biwa, the is the most important fishery resource in the first of which was formed about 4 million lake. Well-known examples of the Lake Tan- years ago. This history of lakes is a unique ganyika fauna include ostracod crustaceans, feature of the Lake Biwa region in contrast to thiariid snails, and cichlid fishes among oth- many of the ancient lakes situated within rift ers. Dried Tanganyika Sardine or Dagaa is valleys. Lake Biwa is much smaller in size, has a shorter history, and is inhabited by a smaller number of species both for native animals (more than 1,000) and endemics (ca. 60) in comparison with other, “giant” ancient lakes such as Lakes Baikal and Tanganyika. It is fortunate that a lake with such a long history should exist in a small island country. In addition, Lake Biwa has an ancient human history of cultural association with the lake environment. Lake Biwa can be regarded as Fig. T1-1 The underwater “forest” of the endemic an “ancient” lake not only biologically but also sponge is unique to Lake Baikal. culturally. Katsuki Nakai (Lake Biwa Museum) 36.

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