DOCSLIB.ORG

MYROBALAN (Triphala)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MYROBALAN (Triphala) MYROBALAN (Triphala) What is Triphala? Triphala means three fruits. The three fruits of triphala (Harada, Amla and Bihara) each correspond to the "three humours" or "tridosha" of Indian Ayurvedic medicine. According to Ayurvedic theory, the body is composed of three doshas or humours. Vata is sometimes translated as "wind" which corresponds to the mind and nervous system. Its nature is dry, cold, light and activating. The second is pitta which is also translated as "fire" or "bile." It is responsible for all metabolic transformations including the digestion and assimilation of food as well as assimilation and clarity of thought and understanding. The nature of pitta is primarily hot, moist and light. Kapha is sometimes translated as the "water" or "mucus" humour and is responsible for all anabolic or building functions such as the development of muscle and bone tissue. Its nature is cool, moist and heavy. Description of each fruit. 1. Active constituents of Chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) In the fruits the characteristic compounds are tannins,triterpenes, saponines and mucous substances.The tannins are esters of different phenol-carbonic acids. Chebulinic acid is a dimer, tergallic acid a trimere, and terchebulinic acid a tetramere of the gallic acid being connected with glucose. After hydrolysis the free monomers can be analysed.In the fruits of T. chebula three hydrolyzable tannins chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid and 1,3, 6-tri-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose. The contents of the first two substances were interrelated with the varieties. Further hydrolysable tannins were castalagin, ellagic acid, flavogallonic acid, punilagin,terchebulin .In the fruits of T. chebula fourteen tannins can be found. 2. Beleric myrobalan (Terminalia belerica ) Beta-sitosterol,gallic acid,ellagic acid,ethyl gallate,galloyl glucose,chebulagic acid. Four lignans including termilignan, thannilignan, hydroxy-3',4'-[methylenedioxy] flavan, and anolignan B identified. Fruit contains tannins, tannins composed of Chebulinic acid Chebulagicacid;1,3,6-Trigalloylglucose and 1,2,3,4, 6- pentagalloylglucose;Corilagin ;Terchebin;Glucogallin;Ellagic acid and Gallic acid,etc. Other phytochemicals including Shikimic Acid,Dehydro-Shikimic Acid; Quinic acid, arabinose, fructose, sucrose, sugar,Rhamnose and amino acid,triterpenes:terminoic acid;arjugenin;arjunolic acid ;chebupentol also contains Sennoside. 3. Emblic Myrobalan, Indian Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) The fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), the specific contents are disputed, and the overall antioxidant strength of amla may derive instead from its high density of ellagitannins such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%) and pedunculagin (14%). It also contains punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other polyphenols: flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid and gallic acid. How does triphala work on the body and digestive system? All three fruits have proven to be antioxidant, anti-HIV and anti-allergic. With all the virtues of the three individual herbs, triphala has many wide and varied uses as a therapeutic herbal food. Before considering pathological indications for which triphala would be appropriate, we should never ignore the value of taking it on some regular basis whether once daily or once or twice a week simply for health maintenance. Triphala, having great nutritional properties, may certainly help to support health. Ama is a term denoting a substance associated in Ayurveda with chronic disease patterns and symptoms of aging. It is described as a kind of sticky buildup of material that clogs the circulatory channels. In many ways it is nearly identical to the accumulation of excess cholesterol and blood lipids described in the West. Both conditions seem to contribute to a wide variety of circulatory disorders ranging from senility, rheumatic interesting that in Traditional Chinese Medicine there are also a pathological condition like this. The Traditional Chinese conditions known as 'damp heat' and 'invisible phlegm' sometimes overlap with ama. These conditions can include manifestations as varied as allergies, excess phlegm, skin conditions and foggy thinking as well as high cholesterol. One of the body's reactions to coping with stress is to increase the production of corticosteroids. The accumulation of these stress hormones can also contribute to the formation of cholesterol. Internal stress and the resultant buildup of cholesterol can be caused by the abuse of stimulants, spicy, hot foods such as garlic and cayenne, excessive aerobic exercise and repression of the emotions. It is interesting that an excess of some of those same warming substances and activities that lower cholesterol in some, when not utilized in a holistic, balanced manner, can act as a stimulant and add further stress that would precipitate the further accumulation of cholesterol in others. Triphala is one of two Ayurvedic formulations that are specific for eliminating Ama and cholesterol from the body. Triphala is a completely balanced energetic formula, being neither too cold, nor too hot. When taken regularly over a long period, it gently effects the elimination and purification of Ama from the tissues of the entire body. The three fruits have been scientifically studied and confirm some of its known traditional benefits. These include the lowering of cholesterol, reducing high blood pressure, benefiting circulation, improving digestion and regulating elimination without causing any laxative dependency. Regardless of any other herbs used, triphala can be prescribed singly or adjunctively whenever there are symptoms of inflammation, heat, infection, obesity and other conditions of excess. Because of its combined tonic and eliminative properties, it is generally quite safe to give even for deficiency diseases including anemia, fatigue, candida, poor digestion and assimilation. Unlike other eliminative and cleansing herbs, triphala is safely taken for symptoms of wasting heat that frequently accompanies diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and AIDS. The one time not to use triphala is during pregnancy. It's 'downward flowing' energy is believed to favor miscarriage. It is also the case that some other anthroquinone containing herbs are traditionally not used in pregnancy either. Triphala is also widely taken for all eye diseases including the treatment of conjunctivitis, progressive myopia, the early stages of glaucoma and cataracts. For these conditions, it is traditionally taken daily both internally as described above, as well as externally as an eye wash. This latter method requires some expertise in use and preparation so we cannot suggest it here. As stated, there can be different reactions to the same dose of triphala. For some it causes too loose bowels while in others it may have little or no effect. As a result, it may take two or three days to regulate the dose that is best. After the constipative tendencies are removed, usually within 15 days of daily application, it will no longer cause loose bowels. In fact it has been used against irregularly loose bowels. Some people suggest using it two weeks on and two weeks off, such as just during the waning moon for those naturalisitically inclined types. Many Ayurvedic doctors both here and in India regularly prescribe triphala for most of their patients to be taken once each evening. For millenia, triphala has been known and used as a standard household health supplement much as vitamins are in the West. In many households, triphala is taken on a weekly basis by all family members to prevent disease and maintain health. In India, Triphala is considered the greatest and most versatile of all herbal formulations. With the presence of such a Vit. C rich herbal food as Amla, it possesses unique nutritive tonic and eliminative properties. Both the public and therapists of all disciplines should be able to benefit from its unique therapeutic virtues. Other uses • Improves digestion • Improves circulation • Good for the skin and reduces pimples • Lowers blood pressure • Lowers serum cholesterol • Cures ulcerative colitis • It can also fight diverticulitis • Abdominal, pelvis and back pain • Irritable bowel syndrome • It is an expectorant • Improves vision • Nourishes nervous system • It helps in weight loss and also reduces fat. • Its consumption helps in relieving stress. • It improves liver functions and protects it. • It has anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-allergy and anti-mutagenic properties. • Good source of antioxidants and Free radical scavenger • Prevents graying of hair • Good source of Vitamins .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHANGES of POLYPHENOL COMPOUND CONCENTRATIONS in HYBRIDS of NANTE TYPE CARROTS DURING STORAGE Ingrîda Augðpole, Tatjana Kince, and Ingmârs Cinkmanis
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 71 (2017), No. 6 (711), pp. 492–495. DOI: 10.1515/prolas-2017-0085 CHANGES OF POLYPHENOL COMPOUND CONCENTRATIONS IN HYBRIDS OF NANTE TYPE CARROTS DURING STORAGE Ingrîda Augðpole, Tatjana Kince, and Ingmârs Cinkmanis Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Agriculture, 22 Rîgas Str., Jelgava, LV-3001, LATVIA Corresponding author, [email protected] Communicated by Andris Ozols The main purpose of the study was to determine changes of polyphenol concentrations in hybrids of Nante type carrots during storage. Fresh Nante type ‘Forto’ variety carrots and carrot hybrids ‘Bolero’ F1, ‘Champion’ F1, and ‘Maestro’ F1 were cultivated in the Zemgale region of Latvia. Car- rots were stored for six months in air (+3 ± 1 oC, RH = 89 ± 1%) and polyphenol compound con- centrations were determined at two month intervals. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine concentrations of eight polyphenols in carrots: gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, vanillin, and rutin. Significant differences occurred in polyphenol concentrations of fresh Nante type variety ‘Forto’ carrots and several hy- brids (‘Bolero’ F1, ‘Champion’ F1, and ‘Maestro’ F1) during storage. After six months of storage, the concentration of polyphenol compounds of Nante type carrots decreased — caffeic acid by 64.6%, chlorogenic acid — by 37.9% and vanillin — by 81.5%. However, during storage, concen- tration of some polyphenol compounds increased, as catechin by 30.5%, epicatechin by 85.2%, gallic acid by 48.5% and ferulic acid by 87.9%. Key words: carrots, polyphenols compounds, storage. INTRODUCTION rings to one another.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibitory Activities of Selected Sudanese Medicinal Plants On
    Mohieldin et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:224 DOI 10.1186/s12906-017-1735-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Inhibitory activities of selected Sudanese medicinal plants on Porphyromonas gingivalis and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and isolation of bioactive compounds from Combretum hartmannianum (Schweinf) bark Ebtihal Abdalla M. Mohieldin1,2, Ali Mahmoud Muddathir3* and Tohru Mitsunaga2 Abstract Background: Periodontal diseases are one of the major health problems and among the most important preventable global infectious diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium which has been strongly implicated in the etiology of periodontitis. Additionally, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) is an important factor contributing to periodontal tissue destruction by a variety of mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the selected Sudanese medicinal plants against P. gingivalis bacteria and their inhibitory activities on MMP-9. Methods: Sixty two methanolic and 50% ethanolic extracts from 24 plants species were tested for antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis using microplate dilution assay method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The inhibitory activity of seven methanol extracts selected from the 62 extracts against MMP-9 was determined by Colorimetric Drug Discovery Kit. In search of bioactive lead compounds, Combretum hartmannianum bark which was found to be within the most active plant extracts was subjected to various chromatographic (medium pressure liquid chromatography, column chromatography on a Sephadex LH-20, preparative high performance liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic methods (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)) to isolate and characterize flavogalonic acid dilactone and terchebulin as bioactive compounds. Results: About 80% of the crude extracts provided a MIC value ≤4 mg/ml against bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of Ellagitannin Monomer and Macrocyclic Dimer from Castanopsis Carlesii Leaves
    HETEROCYCLES, Vol. 86, No. 1, 2012 381 HETEROCYCLES, Vol. 86, No. 1, 2012, pp. 381 - 389. © 2012 The Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry Received, 9th June, 2012, Accepted, 20th July, 2012, Published online, 24th July, 2012 DOI: 10.3987/COM-12-S(N)29 ISOLATION OF ELLAGITANNIN MONOMER AND MACROCYCLIC DIMER FROM CASTANOPSIS CARLESII LEAVES Yong-Lin Huang,a,b Takashi Tanaka,*,a Yosuke Matsuo,a Isao Kouno,a Dian-Peng Li,b and Gen-ichiro Nonakac aGraduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-Machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; [email protected] bGuangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin 541006, China c Usaien Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 1-4-6 Zaimoku, Saga 840-0055, Japan Abstract – In a phytochemical and chemotaxonomical investigation of Castanopsis species (Fagaceae), new monomeric and dimeric ellagitannins, named carlesiins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from fresh leaves of Castanopsis carlesii along with 55 known compounds. Carlesiin A was identified as 1-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-tergalloyl-β-D-glucose. Carlesiin B is a macrocyclic ellagitannin dimer with a symmetrical structure composed of two tergalloyl and two glucopyranose moieties. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical evidence. INTRODUCTION The species in the Castanopsis (Fagaceae) genus are evergreen trees that are found in East Asia, sometimes as the dominant species in a forest. These trees are often used as forestry or ornamental trees, and the wood is an important construction material. There are about 120 species in the genus, but the chemical compositions of only a few species have been studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenolic Compounds from Five Ericaceae Species Leaves and Their Related Bioavailability and Health Benefits
    molecules Review Phenolic Compounds from Five Ericaceae Species Leaves and Their Related Bioavailability and Health Benefits 1,2 2, 1,3 1, Bianca Eugenia S, tefănescu , Katalin Szabo * , Andrei Mocan and Gianina Cri¸san * 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hat, ieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23, Ghe. Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] (B.E.S, .); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, CaleaMănă¸stur3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania 3 Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (G.C.) Received: 13 April 2019; Accepted: 22 May 2019; Published: 29 May 2019 Abstract: Some species of the Ericaceae family have been intensively studied because of the beneficial health impact, known since ancient times, of their chemical components. Since most studies focus on the effects of fruit consumption, this review aims to highlight the phenolic components present in the leaves. For this purpose, five species from Ericaceae family (bilberry—Vaccinium myrtillus L., lingonberry—V. vitis-idaea L., bog bilberry—V. uliginosum L., blueberry—V. corymbosum L. and bearberry—Arctostapylos uva-ursi L.) were considered, four of which can be found in spontaneous flora. The chemical composition of the leaves revealed three major phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, quercetin and arbutin. The health promoting functions of these compounds, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could have preventive effects for cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and obesity, have been exemplified by both in vitro and in vivo studies in this review.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Phyllanthus Emblica and Ficus Benghalensis on Female Reproductive Function in Rats
    Phytochemical and biological studies of Phyllanthus emblica and Ficus benghalensis on female reproductive function in rats A Thesis submitted by Sally Eid Morsy Khaled Research Assistant Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacognosy) Under the Supervision of Prof. Dr. Fatma Abdel-Megeed Hashem Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ali Ali Farag Professor of Pharmacognosy Professor of Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy Department Pharmacognosy Department National Research Centre Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Ass. Prof. Dr. Manal Hassan Shabana Ass. Prof. Dr. Dalia Adel M. Al-Mahdy Associate Professor of Phytochemistry Associate Professor of Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry and plant systematics Department Pharmacognosy Department National Research Centre Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Pharmacognosy Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University A.R.E. 2019 Thesis Abstract Phytochemical and biological studies of Phyllanthus emblica and Ficus benghalensis on female reproductive function in rats By Sally Eid Morsy Khaled Research Assistant Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre Phyllanthus emblica L. fruits and Ficus benghalensis aerial roots have long been used in Ayurvedic medicine for their many health benefits. This study attempts to justify biochemically the traditional use of the aforementioned plants in treatment of female reproductive disorders in relation to their secondary metabolite profile. The effect of the total ethanol extract and successive fractions of these plants on the female reproductive system was evaluated by assessing their estrogenic and gonadotropic activities. Results revealed that the non-polar petroleum ether and chloroform fractions of P. emblica exhibited the strongest estrogenic activity besides gonadotropic activity, while n-butanol fraction exhibited a significant follicle stimulating hormone-like [FSH] activity and luteinizing hormone-like [LH] activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Intra and Inter Species Variation in Chilies (Capsicum Spp.)
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Infuence of intra and inter species variation in chilies (Capsicum spp.) on metabolite composition of three fruit segments Tilen Zamljen*, Jerneja Jakopič, Metka Hudina, Robert Veberič & Ana Slatnar Twenty-one diferent cultivars from four diferent species were examined. The highest dry weight was present in seeds (between 35 and 50%) and the average water content was 60%. Placenta and pericarp contained on average 86% water. Total sugars variation between species was 60%. The most concentrated in the various cultivar pericarps were ascorbic acid ranging from 368.1 to 2105.6 mg/100 g DW and citric acid ranging from 1464.3 to 9479.9 mg/100 g DW. Total phenolic content ranged from 2599.1 mg/100 DW in ‘Chilli AS- Rot’ to 7766.7 mg/100 g DW in ’Carolina Reaper’. The placenta had 23.5 times higher phenolic content than seeds. C. chinense and C. chinense × C. frutescens had 3.5 to 5 times higher capsaicinoid content compared to C. annuum and C. baccatum, with ’Carolina Reaper’ having the highest content at 7334.3 mg/100 g DW and ’Chilli AS- Rot’ the lowest (318.7 mg/100 g DW). Chilies are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae)1. Capsicum annuum L. is the most commonly cultivated species2. It includes pungent and non-pungent or sweet cultivars. It is also the economically most important of all of the Capsicum species. For C. annuum species, the pungency values range from 0 SHU (Scov- ille heat units) to 100,000 SHU. Te fruits of Capsicum baccatum L.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table S1. Detailed Information on Chemical Constituents Identified in TB-TF by UPLC-MS/MS
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Food & Function. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021 Supplementary table S1. Detailed information on chemical constituents identified in TB-TF by UPLC-MS/MS. Theoretical Observed No detected tR Formula Error MS / MS Identification . in serum (min) [M - H]- (ppm) [M - H]- [M - H]- 1 0.97 C6H12O6 179.05501 179.05629 179.05629 [M – H]−,101.02444 glucose 7.123 [C4H5O3]−, 89.02444 [C3H5O3]−,71.01385 [C3H2O2]− 2 * 1.04 C7H12O6 191.05501 191.05637 191.05637 [M − H]−, quinic acid 7.095 173.04582 [M − H − H2O]−, 127.04020 [M − H − CO − 2H2O]− 3 1.11 C4H6O5 133.01314 133.01434 133.01434 [M – H]−, malic acid 8.948 115.00372 [M – H2O – H]− 4 1.43 C7H10O5 173.04444 173.04555 173.04555 [M – H]–, shikimic acid 6.357 154.94753 [M − H − H2O]− – 5 4.6 C6H6O3 125.02332 125.02438 125.02438 [M – H] pyrogallol 8.794 6 4.79 C7H6O7 201.00297 201.00426 201.00426 [M – H]–,154.99870 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxybenzoic acid 6.373 7 4.81 C19H26O15 493.11879 493.11972 493.11972 [M – H]–,463.87796, mono-galloyl-diglucose 1.873 331.06790,169.01457 8 * 4.76 C7H6O5 169.01314 169.01427 169.014217 [M – H]– gallic acid 3.716 ,125.02438[M – H – CO2]– 9 * 4.83 C13H16O10 331.06597 331.06711 271.04596, 211.02507, 6-O-galloyl-glucose 3.434 169.01425, 125.02454 10 5.83 C34H22O22 781.05323 781.05389 781.05389 [M – H]– , punicalin 0.845 600.99225 [M − H − glc]– ,300.99915 11 6.36 C34H24O22 783.06754 783.06964 631.05737,450.99387,300.99802 terflavin B 2.681 12 6.6 C14H16O10 343.06597 343.06726 343.06726 [M – H]−, 3-galloylquinic
    [Show full text]
  • Federal University of Ceará Center of Sciences Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Bachelor’S in Chemistry Program
    FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF CEARÁ CENTER OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY BACHELOR’S IN CHEMISTRY PROGRAM CONNIE CAMPANO CABRAL COMPARATIVE EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC AND OTHER MINOR COMPOUNDS FROM PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS AND PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI BY UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS AND CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS FORTALEZA 2018 CONNIE CAMPANO CABRAL COMPARATIVE EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC AND OTHER MINOR COMPOUNDS FROM PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS AND PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI BY UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS AND CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS Undergraduate thesis presented to the Chemistry program in the Exact Sciences Department at the Federal University of Ceará as a partial requirement for the acquisition of a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry with Industrial Licence. Educational Mentor: Prof. Dr. Dávila de Souza Zampieri Professional Mentor: Dr. Guilherme Julião Zocolo FORTALEZA 2018 CONNIE CAMPANO CABRAL COMPARATIVE EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC AND OTHER MINOR COMPOUNDS FROM PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS AND PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI BY UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS AND CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS Undergraduate thesis submitted to the Coordinators office of the bachelor’s in chemistry program, of the Federal University of Ceará, as a partial requirement for the acquisition of a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry, with Industrial Licence. Approved in: ___/___/______. EXAMINING BOARD ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Dávila de Souza Zampieri Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC _________________________________________ Dr. Guilherme Julião Zocolo Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-EMBRAPA _________________________________________ Dr. Gisele Silvestre da Silva Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-EMBRAPA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my family, the women of my life, for all the support, advices, love and strength I have been given. This is for you. To my love, my best friend, my partner, thank you for everything.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Source Affects the Composition of Metabolites in Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) and Regulates the Synthesis of Capsaicinoi
    foods Article Nitrogen Source Affects the Composition of Metabolites in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Regulates the Synthesis of Capsaicinoids through the GOGAT–GS Pathway 1, 1, 1, 2 3 1 Jing Zhang y, Jian Lv y, Jianming Xie *, Yantai Gan , Jeffrey A. Coulter , Jihua Yu , Jing Li 1, Junwen Wang 1 and Xiaodan Zhang 1 1 College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (X.Z.) 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada; [email protected] 3 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; jeff[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-138-9333-5780 These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. y Received: 3 January 2020; Accepted: 4 February 2020; Published: 5 February 2020 Abstract: Phytochemical analyses of pepper fruit metabolites have been reported; however, much less is known about the influence of different forms of nitrogen (N), which is critical for plant growth and fruit quality formation. The “Longjiao No. 5” variety (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Northwestern China was profiled using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) coupled with multivariate data analysis to explore the composition of different metabolites in pericarp and + placenta, and to investigate the effect of three ammonium (NH4 ) to-nitrate (NO3−) ratios (0:100, 25:75, and 50:50).
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Applications of Tannin Rich Extracts Supported by Scientific Data: Chemical Composition, Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility
    foods Review Traditional Applications of Tannin Rich Extracts Supported by Scientific Data: Chemical Composition, Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility Maria Fraga-Corral 1,2 , Paz Otero 1,3 , Lucia Cassani 1,4 , Javier Echave 1 , Paula Garcia-Oliveira 1,2 , Maria Carpena 1 , Franklin Chamorro 1, Catarina Lourenço-Lopes 1, Miguel A. Prieto 1,* and Jesus Simal-Gandara 1,* 1 Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; [email protected] (M.F.-C.); [email protected] (P.O.); [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (P.G.-O.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (C.L.-L.) 2 Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolonia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal 3 Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain 4 Research Group of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata RA7600, Argentina * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.P.); [email protected] (J.S.-G.) Abstract: Tannins are polyphenolic compounds historically utilized in textile and adhesive industries, Citation: Fraga-Corral, M.; Otero, P.; but also in traditional human and animal medicines or foodstuffs. Since 20th-century, advances in Cassani, L.; Echave, J.; analytical chemistry have allowed disclosure of the chemical nature of these molecules. The chemical Garcia-Oliveira, P.; Carpena, M.; profile of extracts obtained from previously selected species was investigated to try to establish a Chamorro, F.; Lourenço-Lopes, C.; bridge between traditional background and scientific data.
    [Show full text]
  • Shikimic Acid Group Meeting Narendra Ambhaikar 1/12/2005
    Shikimic acid Group Meeting Narendra Ambhaikar 1/12/2005 Biosynthetic pathway OPO3H2 HO CO H OH 2 OH OH CO2H O O phosphoenolpyruvic OH OH acid CO2H OH OH OH OH O OPO3H2 H2O3PO 3-deoxy-D-arabino- glucose H heptulosonic acid phosphate HO OH OH OH D-erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) (-)-shikimic acid CO2H HO CO2H OH OH -Shikimic acid is a hydroaromatic intermediate in the common pathway of aromatic O OH O OH amino acid biosynthesis. OH OH 3-dehydroshikimic acid -First isolated in 1885 by Eykman from the fruit of Illicium religiosum. Found to exist 3-dehydroquinic acid widely in leaves of fruit of many plants and also in microorganisms, but in limited CO H CO H quantities. 2 2 HO CO2H -Relative and absolute stereochemistry realized only in 1930s through the works of Fischer, Freudenberg and Karrer. HO OH H2O3PO OH HO OH OH OH OH -It is mainly involved in the biosynthetic shikimate pathway operative in plants and (-)-shikimic acid shikimate 3-phosphate (-)-quinic acid microorganisms and discovered by Davis, Sprinson and Gibson. Three amino acids (L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan) are synthesized along the pathway. Some molecules synthesized Some molecules synthesized from (-)-shikimic acid from (-)-quinic acid H -Available commercially (from Aldrich $58.00 per gram). Limited availability from HO OBz N H plants has led to the discovery of other synthetic and biosynthetic means to obtain HO O H N N 2 N Br shikimic acid. Recently reported to be derived from microbial fermentation of glucose O CO2Et using recombinant E.
    [Show full text]
  • Accumulation of Caffeoyl-D-Quinic Acids and Catechins in Plums Affected by the Fungus Taphrina Pruni Claus T
    Accumulation of Caffeoyl-D-quinic Acids and Catechins in Plums Affected by the Fungus Taphrina pruni Claus T. Fuchs and Gerhard Spiteller Institut für Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany Z. Naturforsch. 53c, 799-805 (1998); received February 20/April 16, 1998 Taphrina pruni, Plums, Catechins, Caffeoyl-D-quinic Acids, Photometric Determination Plums (Prunus domestica ) affected by the fungus Taphrina pruni and healthy ones were harvested in intervals of about four days. Photometric comparison of their methanolic ex­ tracts proved that infected fruits contained ten times more compounds with phenolic hy­ droxyl groups. Further structure elucidation and quantification of these phenolic differences by gas chromatography and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry revealed that the content of caffeoyl-D-quinic acid isomers and (+)-catechin had changed: The amount of chlo- rogenic acid and its isomers was increased in infected fruits about 15 times compared to non­ affected ones. Contrary, (+)-catechin content was decreased. Additional photometric assays demonstrated that (+)-catechin reduction is accompanied by a corresponding increase of proanthocyanidins in infected fruits. All the compounds identified in infected plums in increased concentrations had a common structural feature: they were o-diphenols. After oxi­ dation to corresponding o-quinones they are able to add to substances with active hydrogen atoms, e.g. fungal enzymes. Consequently, the accumulation of a high concentration of o- diphenols may be a defence response directed towards fungal enzymes. Introduction (Hirata, 1971) and 4-pentadecylpyridine (Fuchs Plum trees (Prunus domestica) were attacked by et al., 1995) were detected. the fungus Taphrina pruni: Just after fruit forma­ tion the diseased plums grew abnormally fast.
    [Show full text]