DOCSLIB.ORG

Rivalry and Alliance Among the Native Communities of Detroit, 1701--1766 Andrew Keith Sturtevant College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rivalry and Alliance Among the Native Communities of Detroit, 1701--1766 Andrew Keith Sturtevant College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2011 Jealous neighbors: Rivalry and alliance among the native communities of Detroit, 1701--1766 andrew Keith Sturtevant College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Sturtevant, andrew Keith, "Jealous neighbors: Rivalry and alliance among the native communities of Detroit, 1701--1766" (2011). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623586. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-crtm-ya36 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JEALOUS NEIGHBORS: RIVALRY AND ALLIANCE AMONG THE NATIVE COMMUNITIES OF DETROIT, 1701-1766 Andrew Keith Sturtevant Frankfort, Kentucky Master of Arts, The College of William & Mary, 2006 Bachelor of Arts, Georgetown College, 2002 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lyon G. Tyler Department of History The College of William and Mary August, 2011 Copyright 2011, Andrew Sturtevant APPROVAL PAGE This Dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of L Doctor of Philosophy 1&.r .MJLI:J Andrew Keith Sturtevant June 2011 Approved by the Committee, Committee Chair Professor James Axtell, Emeritus, History The oil e f William and Mary ssociate Professor Br t Rushforth, History The College of William and Mary Associate Professor Ronald Schechter The College of William and Mary r 41i£~ttrnf~ Western Michigan University ABSTRACT PAGE Between the founding of the French post of Detroit in 1701 and the end of Pontiac's War in 1766, several native American peoples settled in distinct clusters around the French (and later British post) near current-day Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario. Focusing on the interactions among these communities, this dissertation makes two interrelated arguments. It first argues that, although these peoples had been challenged and changed by the forces of colonialism during the seventeenth century, they nonetheless emerged from that century as discrete ethnic, social, and political entities, rather than shattered or disintegrated refugees. A set of interconnected, mutually constituting, and consistent relationships between these separate and autonomous peoples, secondly, shaped affairs in the region just as much as the relationship between Europeans and native peoples. That colonial relationship, in fact, was embedded within and reciprocally tied to the web of relationships between native peoples. Only by understanding both exchanges between French and native peoples as well as modes of interaction between different indigenous peoples can scholars make sense of events at Detroit. To demonstrate both the survival of these native groups as discrete peoples and the consequences of that survival, each of the first four chapters explores one of the salient relationships between native peoples at Detroit, while the final charts how these relationships shaped one event, Pontiac's War. The first chapter charts the way in which the Huron man, Cheanonvouzon, sought to compensate for his peoples' weakness by forming a "southern alliance" with two powerful groups in the region, the Miamis and Five Nations, or Iroquois. The second chapter investigates how the closely related Anishinaabe peoples-the Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Potawatomis-cooperated to meet the challenge posed by the southern alliance. The emergence of these two rival blocs led to conflict between the Hurons and Ottawas in 1738, and the third chapter places that violence within a longer pattern of competition between these peoples. Chapter Four uses a controversy among the Hurons in the 1740s and 1750s to understand the bonds which held that community together. Finally, the fifth chapter demonstrates how all of these patterns shaped one event, the Anglo-Indian conflict frequently called Pontiac's War, and situates that conflict within a local context. As scholars investigate how these relationships mutually constituted not only one another but also the colonial relationship, intercultural relations at Detroit, as well as the rest of the New World, become at once more complicated and more comprehensible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication u Acknowledgements iii List of Figures v Abbreviations VI Introduction: The Same Body 1 Prologue: Exploring the Detroit River with Father Charlevoix, ca. 1721 22 Chapter One Lyons and Foxes: Cheanonvouzon and the Southern Alliance 34 Chapter Two "The Ottawawa Confederation": The Anishinaabeg during the Pax Vulpinae 87 Chapter Three "Inseparable Companions" and Irreconcilable Enemies: The Hurons and Ottawas 138 Chapter Four "One Heart and One Body": The Huron Community 175 Chapter Five "Elder Brother. .in My Heart": The Local Context of Pontiac's War 246 Epilogue Exploring the Detroit River with Tocqueville, ca. 1831 326 Selected Bibliography 332 Vita 347 To Mom and Dad, who took me to Ouiatenon and Vincennes 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many institutions and individuals have made this dissertation a reality. First, I'd like to thank the Lyon G. Tyler Department of History at William and Mary, which has so generously funded me, given me the opportunity to work as a writing consultant, and has provided several opportunities for me to teach. Funding from the department has also allowed me to do research and attend conferences in four countries on two continents. The Newberry Library also provided funding for the research project in the form of a short-term fellowship in September 2008. The staff helped me navigate the considerable cartographic collections. Brett Rushforth and Chris Hudson also made my research trip to the Centre des archives d'outre mer in Aix-en-Provence, France, possible by providing me a place to stay. I also owe a debt to a number of talented and generous scholars who have contributed directly and indirectly to this project. Lindsay Apple, my undergraduate advisor at Georgetown College, taught me how to be a historian and a writer, and encouraged me to apply to graduate school (for which I've nearly forgiven him). The faculty at William and Mary has also provided support since I arrived as a dewy-eyed M.A. student in the fall of 2002 and have been excellent models of scholars and teachers. Paul Mapp and Kris Lane, for example, gave excellent feedback and encouragement throughout this process, and Andy Fisher's classes-and topical examination field-in Native American history shaped how I understand that history. Special thanks go to my two mentors, Jim Axtell and Brett Rushforth. Professor Axtell first introduced me to the joys of ethnohistory, helped hone my writing style and has given me encouragement throughout, even allowing me to housesit while he and Susan were away at Princeton. Brett Rushforth, who introduced me to the French Atlantic in a seminar during his tenure as a fellow at the Omohundro Institute, first suggested this project and has always been available to help me think through the project (and has helped me weather the vagaries of the job market). Archaeologists Martin Gallivan (William and Mary), David Brown (Fairfield Foundation), and Andy Edwards (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) introduced me to alternative epistemic tools so central to ethnohistory, and an occasional source of income. Jennifer Jones, then at Colonial Williamsburg, supervised my apprenticeship at the Digital History Lab, and taught me valuable database skills which allowed me to impose some organization on the bibliographic data in this project. I would like to thank my colleagues at William and Mary who have generously read drafts of this project, application letters, and the other miscellanea of academia and have given me excellent advice. Equally importantly, by virtually (re)killing the undead, 111 going for afternoon runs, enjoying the culinary delights of this colonial city, and other doctoral pursuits, have made life as an ABD not only bearable but unforgettable. Finally, I thank my family. By taking me to historic sites throughout the eastern United States, including some of the places mentioned in this dissertation and instilling a love of learning, my parents inculcated a love of history. By patiently reading drafts of this project, some of them quite rough, they have made this dissertation a polished product. By providing me with moral and psychological support, finally, my family has helped me see this project to its completion. Thank you. I love you. IV LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Detail from Antoine Laumet de Lamothe Cadillac, "Carte du Detroit," 1702. 4 2 Detail from [Henri-Louis Boishebert], "Carte du Detroit et Partie duLac 23 Erie, et du Lac Ste. Claire," 1731. 3 The Major Peoples and Places of the Pays d'en haut, 1701-1766. 23 4 Boishebert, Carte du detroit Erie remontent jusqu' au Lac Huron, 1731. · 24 5 Population of Natives Permanently Settled at Detroit, 1703-1761. 25 6 [Henri-Louis Boishebert], "Plan du Village Des Sauvages Outaouas 30 du Detroit," 1732. 7 The Southern and Anishinaabe Alliances, ca. 1700. 90 8 Detail of Jean-Baptise de Couagne, "Carte du Canada," 1711. 95 9 Major Settlements in Lakes Ontario and Erie. 126 10 Detail of map of the Mackinac Straits by Louis Armand de Lorn d'Arce, 161 Baron de Lahontan. 11 Detail from Jacques-Nicolas Bellin after Joseph-Gaspard Chaussegros de 174 Lery, "La Riviere du Detroit. .. ," 1764. 12 [Boishebert], "Plan du Village des hurons au Detroit, Erie," 1732. 180 13 Detail from Lewis Evans, "Bowles's new pocket map of the following 190 independent states of North America," 1784. 14 Detail from Bellin. "Lariviere du Detroit depuis le lac Sainte-Claire 201 jusqu'au lac Erie," 1764.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brief Memoir of the Old French Fort at Toronto
    3 9004 01514902 BRIEF MEMOIR OLD FRMCH FOET AT TORONTO. BY THE REV. DR. SCADDING. 77 ; BRIEF MEMOIR OLD FRENCH FORT AT TORONTO BY THE REV. DR. SCADDING [The foundation stone of an Obelisk to mark the site of the old French fort or trading post at Toronto, was laid on the last day of the Semi-Centennial week, 1884, by the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, assisted by the Mayor of Toronto, A. Boswell, Esq., and J. B. McMurrich, Esq., Chairman of the Semi-Centennial Committee. The following paper, prepared at the request of the Committee, was read on the occasion.] The domain of the Five Nations of the Iroquois, which extended along the whole of the south side of Lake Ontario, was, for a time, regarded, in theory at least, as neutral ground, by the French of New France and the English of New England. But both French and English soon shewed a desire to obtain a foothold there ; first for the purposes of trade, and, secondly, with a view, it cannot be doubted, of ultimate possession by treaty or otherwise. By permission from the neighbouring Aborigines, La Salle, in 1679 ? erected a small stockade at the mouth of the Niagara River, to be simply a receptacle for the peltries brought down from the far West, from Michilimackinac and Detroit, by way of Lake Erie ; which stockade, by 1725 had become the strong, solid fortress which, with some enlargements, we see to-day in good order on the eastern side of the entrance to the world-famous river just named.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Robes at the Edge of Empire: Jesuits, Natives, and Colonial Crisis in Early Detroit, 1728-1781 Eric J
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-10-2019 Black Robes at the Edge of Empire: Jesuits, Natives, and Colonial Crisis in Early Detroit, 1728-1781 Eric J. Toups University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Diplomatic History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Toups, Eric J., "Black Robes at the Edge of Empire: Jesuits, Natives, and Colonial Crisis in Early Detroit, 1728-1781" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2958. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2958 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLACK ROBES AT THE EDGE OF EMPIRE: JESUITS, NATIVES, AND COLONIAL CRISIS IN EARLY DETROIT, 1728-1781 By Eric James Toups B.A. Louisiana State University, 2016 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2019 Advisory Committee: Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History, Advisor Stephen Miller, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor and History Department Chair Liam Riordan, Professor of History BLACK ROBES AT THE EDGE OF EMPIRE: JESUITS, NATIVES, AND COLONIAL CRISIS IN EARLY DETROIT, 1728-1781 By Eric James Toups Thesis Advisor: Dr. Jacques Ferland An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) May 2019 This thesis examines the Jesuit missionaries active in the region of Detroit and how their role in that region changed over the course of the eighteenth century and under different colonial regimes.
    [Show full text]
  • FIERSFIERS !! Des Tonnes D'idées D'activités Pour Célébrer Notre Fierté Pendant Toute L'année…
    FIERSFIERS !! Des tonnes d'idées d'activités pour célébrer notre fierté pendant toute l'année… ! La rentrée (septembre) 2 ! La Fête du drapeau franco-ontarien (25 septembre) 4 ! La musique, nos artistes et la Nuit sur l'étang (octobre) 12 ! La Journée des enseignantes et enseignants (octobre) 21 ! La Journée des enfants (novembre) 24 ! La création de la FESFO et « l'Organizzaction! » (novembre) 25 ! Le Jour du souvenir (11 novembre) 29 ! La Fête de la Sainte-Catherine (25 novembre) 30 ! La Journée contre la violence faite aux femmes (6 décembre) 33 ! Le Temps des Fêtes (décembre) 38 ! Une « Bonne année » remplie de fierté! (janvier) 41 ! La Journée anti-toxicomanie (janvier) 46 ! La Victoire sur le règlement 17 (février) 47 ! Le Mois de l'Histoire des Noirs (février) 50 ! La Saint-Valentin (14 février) 52 ! Le Carnaval (février) 53 ! La Semaine de la francophonie (mi-mars) 57 ! La Chaîne humaine SOS Montfort (20 au 22 mars) 63 ! La Journée « Mettons fin au racisme! » (21 mars) 64 ! Le Théâtre et la scène franco-ontarienne (avril) 66 ! La Journée de l'environnement (avril) 68 ! La Semaine du bénévolat (avril) 69 ! La Semaine de l'Éducation (début mai) 70 ! La Semaine des Jeux franco-ontariens (mi-mai) 72 ! La Fête de Dollard (jour de congé férié en mai) 75 ! L'aventure touristique en Ontario français (juin) 77 ! L'arrivée de l'été! (21 juin) 80 ! La Fête de la Saint-Jean Baptiste (24 juin) 81 ! Les « Au revoir »… (fin juin) 82 ! Remerciements 84 AUTRES INFORMATIONS À DÉCOUVRIR ! ! Explications historiques des fêtes du calendrier : Rubrique
    [Show full text]
  • Sir David William Smith's 1790 Manuscript Plan
    No. 5 Rough Scetch of the King’s Domain at Detroit Clements Library January 2018 OccasionalSCETCH OF THE KING’S DOMAINBulletins AT DETROIT Occasional — Louie Miller and Brian Bulletins Leigh Dunnigan nyone familiar with the history of the Clements Library sions—Books, Graphics, Manuscripts, and Maps—have always knows that we have a long tradition of enthusiastic collect- shared that commitment to enhancing our holdings for the benefit Aing. Our founder and our four directors (in 94 years) have of the students and scholars who come here for their research. We been dedicated to the proposition that an outstanding research buy from dealers and at auction; we cultivate collectors and other library must expand its holdings to maintain its greatness, and we individuals to think about the Library as a home for their historical have used every means available to pursue interesting primary materials; and we are constantly on watch for anything, from single sources on early America. The curators of our four collecting divi- items to large collections, that we can acquire to help illuminate Fort Lernoult, the linch pin of Detroit’s defenses, was rushed to completion during 1778–1779. It was a simple earthen redoubt with four half-bastions and a ditch surrounded by an abattis (an entanglement of tree branches placed to impede an infantry assault). The “swallow tail” fortification on the north (top) side of the fort was designed but never completed. Fort Lernoult stood at what is today the intersection of Fort and Shelby streets in downtown Detroit. This is a detail of the Smith plan of 1790.
    [Show full text]
  • Intimacy and Violence in New France: French and Indigenous Relations In
    Claiborne A. Skinner. The Upper Country: French Enterprise in the Colonial Great Lakes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. xiv + 202 pp. $25.00, paper, ISBN 978-0-8018-8838-0. Reviewed by Bryan Rindfleisch Published on H-Canada (November, 2011) Commissioned by Stephanie Bangarth (King's University College, UWO) Claiborne A. Skinner offers a concise synthe‐ and downturns that rendered any imperial plan‐ sis for the history of the “French Middle West,” or ning utterly useless and forced the French in New France, during the seventeenth and eigh‐ North America to rely on the everyday interac‐ teenth centuries. Largely aimed at diffusing the tions and relations forged with their Native Amer‐ “popular myths” surrounding French colonization ican neighbors as a means for stability in the ab‐ in the Great Lakes region that revolves around sence of support from the imperial metropolis.[1] the benevolent Jesuit missionary and heroic fur In fact, Skinner suggests that this intimacy be‐ trade trapper carving out a French empire in tween the French and Great Lakes Indians (the North America while enjoying harmonious rela‐ Huron, Ojibwe, Illiniwek, Ottawa, Potawatomi, tions with indigenous peoples, Skinner instead Fox, Saux, Menominee, etc.) proved to be the only posits the imperial designs of the French in Cana‐ sustainable feature of the French North American da and the Illinois country as violent and factious, empire, and that when this coalition disintegrated and a site of constant negotiation and conflict during the eighteenth century, so too did New with other Europeans, native populaces, and even France, largely as a product of intertribal Indian the varying factions of the French themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Taking Sides: Political and Social Divisions in the Niagara Area from 1780 to 1845
    1 Taking sides: political and social divisions in the Niagara area from 1780 to 1845. Sir William Johnson John Johnson It began with Sir William Johnsonʼs favoritism. Johnson came from Ireland to run the large estate of his Uncle, Admiral Warren, in the Mohawk Valley. He was given an army command in the French and Indian War and credited with winning the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and the Battle of Fort Niagara in 1759. He was made Superintendent of Indian Affairs and had many children by Iroquois ladies and some with Europeans. He had his son John and his two daughters by an indentured servant, a German girl; one daughter married his nephew Guy Johnson and the other married Daniel Claus. John Johnson, sent to England to refine him, to wear off the rustic edges of a frontiersman, was made a baronet by King George III who admired his fatherʼs accomplishments. Sir William Johnsonʼs longest attachment was to Molly Brant by whom he had eight children. Mollyʼs brother Joseph, was part of Sir Williamʼs household from time to time and well known to the Johnson clan and to the Butlers. Sir William Johnson, however, depended upon a neighbor in the Mohawk Valley John Butler as an aide in the Indian Department and also in the battles with the French when Butler was his second in command. Butler, the son of the army commander at Fort Hunter where the Mohawk and Schoharie Rivers meet, spoke Indian languages and 2 knew Indian customs well. Of his children, the most famous or notorious to Americans for his escapades in the Revolutionary War was Walter, a charismatic historical figure.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Ralph
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Ralph H. Records Collection Records, Ralph Hayden. Papers, 1871–1968. 2 feet. Professor. Magazine and journal articles (1946–1968) regarding historiography, along with a typewritten manuscript (1871–1899) by L. S. Records, entitled “The Recollections of a Cowboy of the Seventies and Eighties,” regarding the lives of cowboys and ranchers in frontier-era Kansas and in the Cherokee Strip of Oklahoma Territory, including a detailed account of Records’s participation in the land run of 1893. ___________________ Box 1 Folder 1: Beyond The American Revolutionary War, articles and excerpts from the following: Wilbur C. Abbott, Charles Francis Adams, Randolph Greenfields Adams, Charles M. Andrews, T. Jefferson Coolidge, Jr., Thomas Anburey, Clarence Walroth Alvord, C.E. Ayres, Robert E. Brown, Fred C. Bruhns, Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, Benjamin Franklin, Carl Lotus Belcher, Henry Belcher, Adolph B. Benson, S.L. Blake, Charles Knowles Bolton, Catherine Drinker Bowen, Julian P. Boyd, Carl and Jessica Bridenbaugh, Sanborn C. Brown, William Hand Browne, Jane Bryce, Edmund C. Burnett, Alice M. Baldwin, Viola F. Barnes, Jacques Barzun, Carl Lotus Becker, Ruth Benedict, Charles Borgeaud, Crane Brinton, Roger Butterfield, Edwin L. Bynner, Carl Bridenbaugh Folder 2: Douglas Campbell, A.F. Pollard, G.G. Coulton, Clarence Edwin Carter, Harry J. Armen and Rexford G. Tugwell, Edward S. Corwin, R. Coupland, Earl of Cromer, Harr Alonzo Cushing, Marquis De Shastelluz, Zechariah Chafee, Jr. Mellen Chamberlain, Dora Mae Clark, Felix S. Cohen, Verner W. Crane, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Cromwell, Arthur yon Cross, Nellis M. Crouso, Russell Davenport Wallace Evan Daview, Katherine B.
    [Show full text]
  • Tales of Montréal POINTE-À-CALLIÈRE, WHERE MONTRÉAL WAS BORN
    : : Luc Bouvrette : Luc Pointe-à-Callière, Illustration Pointe-à-Callière, Méoule Bernard Pointe-à-Callière, Collection / Photo 101.1742 © © TEACHER INFORMATION SECONDARY Tales of Montréal POINTE-À-CALLIÈRE, WHERE MONTRÉAL WAS BORN You will soon be visiting Pointe-à-Callière, Montréal Archaeology and History Complex with your students. The Tales of Montréal tour takes place in an exceptional archaeological and historical setting. Your students will discover the history of Montréal and its birthplace, Fort Ville-Marie, as they encounter ruins and artifacts left behind by various peoples who have occupied the site over the years. BEFORE YOUR VISIT Welcome to Pointe-à-Callière! “Pointe-à-Callière, Montréal Archaeology OBJECTIVES and History Complex, is the city’s birthplace ¬ Learn the history of the pointe at Callière. and classified as a heritage site of national ¬ Understand that Fort Ville-Marie, the ruins importance.” of which the students will see, is the birthplace This statement serves as a stepping off point of Montréal. for students to learn about the history of the site ¬ Learn more about the archaeological digs of Pointe-à-Callière, Fort Ville-Marie, and Montréal’s at the site. first Catholic cemetery, the remains of which they will see when they tour the museum. COMPETENCIES DEVELOPED The students will also learn more about Pointe-à-Callière’s heritage conservation mission, ¬ Examine the facts, figures, actions, causes, as shown through the archaeological digs, the and consequences of social phenomena. exhibition of ruins and artifacts unearthed during ¬ Understand the concepts of continuity the digs, and the acquisition of historical buildings and change in relation to the present.
    [Show full text]
  • Saturday in the Park One for the Ladies?
    SUNDAY, OCTOBER 2, 2011 732-747-8060 $ TDN Home Page Click Here SATURDAY IN THE PARK ONE FOR THE LADIES? Yesterday=s card at Belmont Park was dubbed as With Sarafina (Fr) (Refuse To Bend {Ire}), Galikova ASuper Saturday,@ and it sure lived up to the billing (Fr) (Galileo {Ire}), Snow Fairy (Ire) (Intikhab) and despite wet conditions. Last Danedream (Ger) (Lomitas {GB}) in the line-up, today=s year=s champion juvenile renewal of the G1 Qatar Prix de l=Arc de Triomphe could Uncle Mo (Indian Charlie) be all about the females. Few have managed to overhaul proved to be one of the the colts in this feature, but the strengthening and brightest stars on the day, upgrading of Europe=s distaff program may be bringing a getting back on track against return to the era of Allez France, Ivanjica, Three Troikas older horses with a sharp (Fr), Detroit (Fr), Gold River (Fr), Akiyda (GB) and All three-length win over Along (Fr), who all triumphed here from 1974-1983. Jackson Bend (Hear No Evil) Sarafina represents the powerful axis of His Highness in the GII Kelso H. The The Aga Khan and Alain de Royer-Dupre, who Uncle Mo Repole Stable colorbearer has masterminded the success of the best filly in Adam Coglianese his sights set on the generations Zarkava (Ire) (Zamindar) here in 2008, and GI Breeders= Cup Classic some may suggest she is unlucky not to have already next. Fox Hill Farm=s Havre de Grace (Saint Liam) captured Europe=s feature. Hampered before rallying into apparently has plenty left in the tank after defeating the third behind Workforce (GB) (King=s Best) 12 months boys in the GI Woodward S.
    [Show full text]
  • War Council to Meet on the ‘FIFTEENTH of the MOON’; the Phases of the Moon Were Used As the Indians’ Way of Establishing Time
    THE PONTIAC COUNCIL & PONTIAC’S WAR* Historical background: 1763 *Variously referred to as Pontiac’s War, Pontiac’s Uprising, Pontiac’s Rebellion, or the Conspiracy of Pontiac. WHO: PONTIAC, or Obwandiyag (born ca. 1720 – April 20, 1769), was a Native American Ottawa war leader, remembered for his participation in the struggle against British occupation of the Great Lakes region that bears his name: Pontiac's War. Pontiac rose to great fame and importance during this war, and yet the documentary evidence of Pontiac's life is scanty. Much of what has been written about the chief has been based on tradition and speculation, and so depictions of him have varied greatly over the years. Beyond Pontiac himself, we turn to a literal cast of thousands on the 1763 stage: the CHIEFTAINS and WARRIORS of the Indian Nations of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regions; the British SOLDIERS and OFFICERS who commanded and garrisoned the forts in the region; the British SETTLERS with the aim of moving westward from the crowded English/American colonies; the French HABITANTS who had lived in the region for generations; and the French & British TRADERS, all hoping to make their fortunes here. [For a list of important names see the last pages.] [portrait of Pontiac by John Mix Stanley, Detroit Historical Museum] Flag of New France 1760 Flag of Britain 1760 WHAT: It is said that Pontiac’s April 1763 COUNCIL on the ECORSE RIVER* was the largest Indian council attended by multiple Nations yet to meet in the western territory. Chiefs and warriors of the Great Lakes Nations were summoned together, and in a few weeks’ time over a dozen tribes would join the campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews
    BOOK REVIEWS EDITED BY MICHAEL P. WEBER The Good Provider: H. J. Heinz and His 57 Varieties. By Robert C. Alberts. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973. Pp. 297. $10.00.) Who has not at some time sampled one of Heinz's 57 Varieties? Everyone who likes to eat will be interested in this biography of H. J. Heinz by Robert Alberts, who gave such an entertaining talk on William Bingham at the an- nual meeting of the Pennsylvania Historical Association a few years ago. This particular volume is the outgrowth of an article in American Heritage magazine and still shows signs of being intended for a popular rather than a scholarly audience. It is a sympathetic account of a simple, honest, hardworking, deeply religious son of German immigrants who embodied the Horatio Alger tradition without being an especially complex or interesting person. Nevertheless, it reminds us how many of today's famous firms were originally such personal enterprises. It is a little surprising, however, that Mr. Alberts places Heinz on the same level as other Pittsburgh magnates like Carnegie, Frick, Mellon, and Westinghouse, with whom he seems to have had relatively little communication. Yet certainly the story of the Heinz company is a significant aspect of nineteenth-century social history, reflecting as it does changes in the American diet made possible by new developments in transportation, re- frigeration, and the preservation of food in cans. The book shows that the company's success was based on a combination of large-scale production and skillful techniques in public relations and advertising.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. What Caused Pontiac's Rebellion?
    Pontiac’s Rebellion Reading Comprehension Name_______________________ Pontiac’s Rebellion was a war waged by natives of the Great Lakes region against British rule after the French and Indian War. The natives, who had formed alliances with the defeated French, were dissatisfied with treatment from British officials. Unlike their French allies, British officials entrusted with native relations refused to offer gifts to tribal leaders such as guns, gunpowder, and ammunition. Furthermore, English settlers began displacing them from their land. While French settlers and natives seemed to live in relative harmony, the sheer number of English settlers that descended on the region prompted many Indians to support war. The natives began to feel as if the British were preparing for war against them. The rebellion lasted three years, from 1763 to 1766. Much of the war’s terrible violence occurred in 1763; the remaining years were spent formulating peace treaties. The war was named after Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa tribe. Indians from many tribes including the Ottawa, Ojibwa, Shawnee, Miami, Huron, Seneca and Potawatomi participated in the uprising. The war started in May of 1763 when natives unsuccessfully besieged Fort Detroit. British reinforcements soon arrived, but were soundly defeated at the Battle of Bloody Run on July 31, 1763. Meanwhile, other native groups were taking forts in present-day Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Many attacks followed the same routine: Indians would trick the settlers into allowing them access to the forts, and then capture or kill the inhabitants. On June 22, 1763, a group of Delaware natives attacked Fort Pitt and killed dozens of British settlers.
    [Show full text]