JOURNALof VETERINARYand ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume 42 2011 Issues 1 & 2 ISSN 0971-0701

EDITORIAL BOARD

EDITOR Dr. K. Devada Professor and Head Veterinary Parasitology

ASSOCIATE EDITORS CHAIRMAN Dr. Shibu Simon Dr. A. Jalaludeen Assistant Professor, Animal Reproduction, Director (Academic & Research) Gynaecology & Obstetrics MEMBERS Dr. Indu. V. Raj Dr. S. Ramkumar Assistant Professor Director of Entrepreneurship Veterinary Anatomy and Histology Dr. H. Subramanian Dr. H. Shameem Dean, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Assistant Professor Mannuthy Veterinary Parasitology Dr. Leo Joseph Dean, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookode Dr. R. Rajendrakumar Dean, College of Dairy Science & Technology, Mannuthy Dr. P.C. Saseendran Professor, Livestock Production & Management College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, KERALA VETERINARY & Mannuthy ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY Dr. Jose John Chungath Office of Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Professor, Veterinary Anatomy and Histology College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy - 680 651, Thrissur, Kerala (India) Pookode Dr. P.I. Geevarghese Professor, Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science & Technology, Mannuthy Dr. M.R. Saseendranath Professor, Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Mannuthy AIM AND SCOPE

Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences is a half yearly publication of the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU) devoted to the publication of original research papers on various aspects of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and clinical articles which are of interest to research workers and practitioners engaged in livestock and poultry production. Research papers on wild life, laboratory animals and environmental problems affecting livestock production; short communications of importance in Veterinary and Animal Sciences are also accepted. The editorial board look forward to continual support and co operation from all well wishers in future for a promising and prospective venture.

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Published by the Director of Entrepreneurship for and on behalf of the Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India and Printed at VIVID OFFSET PRINTERS, Thrissur. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume 42 2011 Issues 1 & 2

CONTENTS

RESEARCH ARTICLES

1. Hepatoprotective effect of triphala in aflatoxicosis ...... 1 K. Indu and C.R. Lalithakunjamma 2. Feasibility of coproantigen detection in amphistomosis...... 5 A. Kandasamy and K. Devada 3. Effect of phytase supplementation on growth and nutrient digestibility in swine...... 8 K. Shyama, A.D. Mercy and P. Gangadevi 4. Histomorphogenesis of pineal gland in goat foetuses...... 16 K. M. Lucy, K. R. Harshan, J. J. Chungath and N. Ashok 5. Haematobiochemical studies in dogs affected with bacterial dermatitis...... 20 Shyma V. H. and K. Vijayakumar 6. Effect of fish oil and various preparations of coconut oil on body weight and serum lipid profile in rats ...... 23 K. P. Sreeji and Sisilamma George 7. Morphometric observations on lymph nodes in goat foetuses...... 30 A. Asha, S. Maya, K. R. Harshan and J. J. Chungath 8. Influence of dietary protein on dry matter intake, rumen fermentation and haematological parameters in crossbred cows...... 34 Sheena Joseph and K. Ally 9. Secondary determinants of microfilariosis in dogs – a retrospective study...... 39 Deepa Chirayath and P.C. Alex 10. Experimental carcinogenicity studies of n-nitrosomethylurea in rats...... 42 Mammen J. Abraham and A. Sundararaj 11. Effect of chemical sanitizers on the bacterial counts of pig carcasses...... 45 E. Nanu, K. Vrinda Menon , B. Sunil and C. Latha 12. Midazolam with glycopyrrolate-xylazine combination for premedication in ketamine anaesthesia in dogs...... 48 M. K.Narayanan, K. Rajankutty, T. Sarada Amma, K.V. Syam and C.B. Devanand 13. Abattoir survey of Schistosoma spindale infection in Thrissur...... 53 Bindu Lakshmanan, Abdu Rauoof, Muhammed Fawaz and H. Subramanian 14. Influence of age and body weight on spleen parameters in White Pekin ducks...... 55 V.R. Indu, J.J. Chungath, K.R. Harshan and N. Ashok 15. Granuloma forming intestinal schistosomosis in buffaloes...... 58 K.Vinodkumar, P.V.Tresamol, K. Devada and K.Vijayakumar JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume 42 2011 Issues 1 & 2

CLINICAL ARTICLES 16. A study on etiology of anaemia in goats...... 61 J. Anumol, P.V. Tresamol, M.G. Saranya , K. Vijayakumar and M.R. Saseendranath 17. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of cirrhosis in a dog...... 64 Anju Anna James and Usha Narayana Pillai

SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

18. Outbreak of mycoplasmosis in an organised goat farm in Kannur district of Kerala ...... 66 Chintu Ravishankar, P.M. Priya, Reghu Ravindran and S. Ajithkumar 19. Prostatic abscess in a German Shepherd dog – a case report ...... 68 Sindhu K. Rajan, Usha Narayana Pillai, P. C. Alex, K. M. Jayakumar and Metilda Joseph 20. Paratuberculosis in a cow: a case study...... 71 M. R. Saseendranath, S.Sulficar, K. N. Nimisha, Archana S. Nair and K. Kumanan 21. In vitro detection of benzimidazole resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats...... 73 C. K. Deepa and K. Devada 22. Transplacental transmission of rabies...... 76 M.R. Saseendranath, S.Raju, K. Asha and K.N. Nimisha 23. Canine female hermaphrodite- a clinical case report...... 77 S. Anoop, Syam K.Venugopal and T. Sarada Amma 24. Incidence of coccidiosis and concurrent parasitic infections during summer in ruminants...79 Samantha R. Joseph, Sangay Rinchen, Swetha Rani Sathigari, Susannah B. Philip, Surya Kumar Maurya and R. Sreekrishnan 25. Clinicobiochemical and histopathological studies of fibroadenoma with paraprostatic pseudocyst and inflammation in a German Shepherd dog ...... 81 Sindhu K. Rajan, Usha Narayana Pillai, P. C. Alex, K. M. Jayakumar, Metilda Joseph and Syam K. Venugopal 26. Chronic postpartum vaginal prolapse in a rabbit doe...... 84 B. Bibin Becha, M.P. Unnikrishnan and Hiron M. Harshan 27. Pathological observations in Single Intradermal (SID) Johnin test positive goats...... 85 M.R.Saseendranath, S.Sulficar, G.Krishnan Nair, P.V.Tresamol and Usha Narayana Pillai 28. Second degree heart block with mitral insufficiency in a dog...... 87 Anju Eliz Ben , Usha N. Pillai , S. Ajithkumar, K.D. John Martin and P.C. Alex Accepted -10.09.11 Received -25.07.11 TRIPHALA IN AFLATOXICOSIS* HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF 2. ProfessorandHead 1. * PartofM.V. Sc.thesissubmittedbythefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Materials andMethods Abstract culture yielded27ppmofaflatoxin whichwas Laboratory, TANUVAS,rice Namakkal. The Animal Feed Analytical and QualityControl layer chromatography(AOAC.,1990)at fungal culturematerialwerequantifiedbythin et al. produced inriceasperthemethodofShotwell Mannuthy wasusedinthisstudy. Aflatoxin was at the AICRP onPoultry, Veterinary College, 411 culturemaintained onpotato dextroseagar Keywords: aflatoxin. ameliorate eventhecarcinogeniceffects of that theherbaldrugtriphalacouldeffectively of eighteach.Itwasevidentfromthestudy twenty fourrabbits dividedintothreegroups conducted foraperiodoftwomonthswith the herbalformulationTriphala. Thestudywas aflatoxin inrabbits andits counteractionusing was tounderstand thepathological effects of property (Tasduq bellirica Emblica officinalis,Terminalia chebula Triphala (containing compositemixtureof dietary herbaltreatmentisarecentconcept. toxic effects ofaflatoxininthisstudy. in mindtriphalawasutilizedtocounteractthe

Vocational Teacher, G.V.H.S.S Thamarassery (1966). The representative sampleof ) isknowntohavehepatoprotective Aspergillus parasiticus The objectiveofthisresearchwork Amelioration ofaflatoxintoxicityby Aflatoxin, triphala,liver et al ., 2005).With thisfact var. globosus and T. enzymes observedon30 numerically lowervalues.Increaseinserum triphala group,butgroupshowed (ALP) valuesintheaflatoxinfedgroupand transferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phosphatase amino transferase(AST), Alanine amino significant (P<0.05)increaseinthe Aspartate Mannuthy- 680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Pathology K. Indu alcoholic liverdiseases. reduce thelevelsofserum AST, ALP, ALT in containing Results andDiscussion histopathological changeswerestudied. parameters like serumprofile,grossand water wereprovided throughout theexperimental period.Feedand Standard managementpracticeswerefollowed Group IIIwasprovidedwithcontroldiet. were givenforgroupIandIIrespectively. feed (0.5ppm)andtriphalaatfourpercent at 0.5ppmandcombinationofaflatoxinadded eight rabbits each. Aflatoxin contaminated diet namely groupI,IIandIIIwith and dividedintothreetreatmentgroups four weeks.Rabbits wereweighedindividually of twomonthswithtwentyfourrabbits aged concentration of0.5ppmaflatoxin. incorporated intotherationtogiveafinal Bhanuprakash (Arulmozhi aflatoxicosis werereportedbymanyworkers increased levelsofserumenzymesin indicated hepatic damage.(Fig.s1,2&3). The with Partysmart Serum enzymeanalysisrevealeda The studywasconductedforaperiod 1 andC.R.Lalithakunjamma Emblica officinalis et al. et al , 2000;Rohilla K. InduandC.R.Lalithakunjamma ® , aherbalformulation . (2006)provedtreatment ad

libitum RESEARCH ARTICLE couldeffectively th and60 et al., . Different 2001). th day 2 1 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 1-4 2 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 1-4 (AST) (IU/L) Fig. 3 (ALT) (IU/L) Fig. 2 Fig. 1 carcinoma (H&EX400) lumen ofbileductincholangiocellular Fig.4. Hepatoprotective effect oftriphala... Means valuesof Asparate aminotransferase Meanvaluesof Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)(IU/L) Meanvaluesof Alanine aminotransferase Liver –neoplasticcellsalmost fillingthe in cholangiocellularcarcinoma(H&EX100) Fig. 5. triphala supplementedgroup (H&EX400) hepatocytes andkupffer cellproliferation in Fig. 8. architecture intriphalagroup(H&EX100) Fig. 7. group (H&EX100) Fig. 6. Liver–bileductproliferationintriphala

Liver–binucleateactively dividing Liver –denseabundantsupportingstroma Liver–wellmaintained hepatic RESEARCH ARTICLE alterations characteristicofaflatoxicosis. ppm level(groupI)revealedhistological induced degenerativedamage. The enlargementofliverindicatedaflatoxin varying sizeswereobservedinthreerabbits. hard inconsistencyandnodularlesionsof consisting ofthickgreenishbile. The liverwas enlargement withdistendedgallbladder pale toyellowish discolourationand with 0.5ppmaflatoxincontaminated feedwere changes observedintheliverofrabbits fed detailed postmortemexamination. The gross at theendoftwomonthsweresubjectedto of theexperimentandanimalseuthanised change (McGavin damaged thehepatic cellsandled tofatty acids withinhepatocytes. Hereaflatoxin hepatocytes anddecreasedoxidationoffatty formation orexportoflipoproteinby to accumulationoflipidsbecausedecreased was observed.Injurytohepatocytes canlead of hepatocytes pushingthe nucleustooneside characterized byvacuolationofthecytoplasm the hepatic tissue.Diffuse fattydegeneration produced extensivedegenerativechangesin of sinusoidsandportal vessels. Aflatoxin venous congestion,dialatation andcongestion vascular changesobservedwerecentral al. aflatoxicosis wasobservedby Maryamma Formation ofcholangiocellular carcinomain dense abundantstroma(Fig.s 4and5). resembling thoseofbiliary epitheliumand structures linedbycuboidalorcolumnarcells carcinoma. There wasnumerousglandular examination revealedcholangiocellular liver ofthreerabbits onhistopathological 2001). aflatoxin inducedinjury. (McGavin are consideredtobehepatic responseto rid ofthetoxicmaterialsandchroniclesions immunological responsebythebodytoget Mononuclear infiltrationcouldberelatedto the hepatic andkidneyparenchyma. excessive infiltrationofmononuclearcellsin like projectionsintothelumen. There was hyperplastic bileductepitheliumformedfinger with enlargednucleuswereseen. The and fibroustissueproliferation.Megalocytosis by biliaryhyperplasia,mononuclearinfiltration (1994) inpigs. Tissues ofaflatoxinfedrabbits at0.5 The rabbits thatdiedduringthecourse Chronic hepatic lesionswereevident The nodularlesionsseeninthe et al. , 2007). et al.

The et , Arulmozhi, A., Varghese, K.,Ismail,P.K. and investigated indetail. anticarcinogenic potentialthatshouldbe constituents withpromisingantimutagenic and polyphenols (Girdhani AOAC. 1990. References acid, Bhanuprakash, M.L.,Sathyanarayana, S.K., of vitamin C,ellagicacid,gallicchebulini triphala hasbeenreportedtobearichsource and anticarcinogeniceffects. Constituents of ameliorated thetoxicitybyhepatoprotective at fourpercentlevelinthedietsignificantly alterations intheliver. Butinclusionoftriphala producing grossandhistopathological adversely affected serumenzymesbesides that aflatoxinat0.5ppmlevelinthefeed throughout theexperimental study. morphologically andhistologicallynormal control groupanimalsappeared supplemented group(Fig.8). The liverof were abundantintheparenchyma oftriphala dividing hepatocytes andKupffer cellreaction maintained (Fig.7).Binucleateactively scanty andarchitectureoftheliverwaswell in afewcases.Fibroustissueproliferationwas accumulation ofmononuclearcellswasseen of bileducts(Fig.6)withmildperiductular compared tothetoxinfedgroup.Proliferation were alsoobservedbutinlessseverity necrosis withfocalmononuclearaccumulation spaces. Diffuse fattychangeandwidespread congestion ofcentralveinsandsinusoidal liver oftriphalatreatedgrouptherewere and nodularlesionsintriphalagroup.Inthe and severity. There wasnofirmnessofliver observed intoxinfedbutreducedmagnitude in aflatoxinaddedfeedweresimilartothose in rabbits fedwithtriphalaatfourpercentlevel

bellericanin, chicken. experimental aflatoxicosisinbroiler Haematobiochemical changesin Peethambaran, P.A. 2000. Chemists., Washington, D.C. ed. Association ofOfficial Analytical chickens fedaflatoxin,ochratoxin and weights andperformanceofbroiler 2006. Serumbiochemistry, organ Vijayasarathi, S.K.andUpendra,H.A. 144. Results ofthepresentstudyrevealed The grossandmicroscopicallesions Official Methodsof Analysis Indian J.Vet. Pathol., K. InduandC.R.Lalithakunjamma

â -sitosterol, flavanoidsand et al ., 2005).Itharbours RESEARCH ARTICLE

24 :143- 15 c th 3 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 1-4 4 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 1-4 Girdhani, S.,Bhosle,S.M.,Thulsidas,S.A., Mc Gavin,M.D.,Carlton,W.W., Zachary, J.F. Maryamma, K.I.,Rajan, A., Gopalakrishnan, Hepatoprotective effect oftriphala... Ther chemo-radiotherapy. Radiosensitizing agents incancer Kumar, A. andMishra,K.P. 2005. 161. 755p. 25 toxin binder. Pathology 2001. genesis inpigs. aflatoxin inducedhepatocarcino Effect ofdietary proteinlevelson N.M. andManomohan,C.B.1994. :19-24. ., Thomson’s SpecialVeterinary 1 :129-131 .3 rd Indian Vet. J., ed.Mosby., Missouri, J.Vet . Anim. Sci., J. Can.Res. 83 :159 - Tasduq, Shotwell, O.L.,Hesseltine,C.W., Stubblefield, Mc Gavin,M.D.,Zachary, J.F. 2007. Rohilla, P.P., Singh,G. andBujarbaruah,K.M. Microbiol Production ofaflatoxinonrice. R.D. andSorenson,G.W. 1966. 1304. natural drug. by Reversal offibrogenicevents inliver Baleshwar, MandJohri,R.K.2005. Vet. Med.J against aflatoxicosisinrabbits. 2001.Therapeutic efficacy oflivfitvet Mosby., Missouri,1476p. Basis ofVeterinary Disease. S., Mondhe,D.M.,Gupta, D., Emblica officinalis ., 14 ., Biol. Pharm.Bull., :425-428. 25 :91-94 RESEARCH ARTICLE (fruit),anIndian . Pathologic 4 Indian th Appl. ed. 28 ‰ : Accepted -21.10.11 Received -12.09.11 2. ProfessorandHead DETECTION IN AMPHISTOMOSIS* FEASIBILITY OFCOPROANTIGEN 1. Veterinary Officer, *Part ofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedbythefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Keywords: amphistome infections. for thedetectionofcoproantigens test. Theresults indicatethefeasibility ofELISA indicating asensitivityof74percentforthe contain detectable amounts ofcoproantigens fluke. Seventyfoursampleswerefoundto immune serumagainstsomaticantigensofthe of theseinfectedcattleusingrabbithyper to detectcoproantigensinfaecalsupernatants for thestudy. An indirectELISA wasperformed amphistome specieswereselectedatrandom Gastrothylax crumenifer, themostprevalent Hundred cattleknowntobeinfectedwith examination failstorevealanyparasitic ova. method, incaseswherecoprological supernatants isamorereliableandsuitable Abstract paves wayforearlydetection ofthedisease shed bybothimmatureandmatureflukes,it (Johnson parasitic antigensinbiologicalsamples serological techniquesespeciallydetectionof and limited. These hardships areovercomeby parasitic ovaandnecropsy arecumbersome amphistomes likedetectionofclinicalsigns, Conventional methodsofdiagnosis among other17speciesinKerala. accounted forthehighestprevalence(62.64%) crumenifer Nath (1987)reportedthat various species(MukherjeeandDeorani,1962). much duetofatalenteritiscausedbyflukesof Detection ofantigensinfaecal The Indianlivestockindustrysuffers et al , aspeciesofamphistome Coproantigen, ELISA,Amphistomes ., 1996). As coproantigensare Venky’s India, Palladam,Tamil Nadu Gastrothylax determined byBiuretmethod. the sourceofantigen.Theproteincontentwas (1998).The faecalsupernatantwasusedas method describedby Ahmad andNizami slaughter insmallplasticvials. were obtainedcollectedjustbefore Gastrothylax samples ofthesame100cattleinfectedwith and storedinsterilevialsat-20ºC.Faecal known Norman, 1976). was testedforantibodiesby AGPT (Kaganand rabbits (Johnson against somaticantigenswasraisedin photometer 5010.Hyperimmunesera(HIS) was determinedbyBiuretmethodusing Jithendran prepared fromtheaboveflukesasper based onmorphology. Somaticantigenswere separated fromtherestinlaboratory species, Thrissur. The mostprevalentamphistome slaughtered attheMunicipalslaughterhouse, collected inchilledsalinefrominfectedcattle Mannuthy –680651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Parasitology A. Kandasamy Materials andMethods diagnosis ofamphistomosis. to bethefirstofitskindfromcountryin amphistomosis incattle.Thisstudyappears indirect ELISAinthedetectionof of coproantigendetectionemployingan condition. Thispaperensuresthefeasibility Gastrothylax Coproantigens werepreparedbythe Serum samplesfrom100cattlewith Live flukesfromtherumenwere Gastrothylax crumenifer et al species, fromwhichthesera . (1996)anditsproteincontent 1 andK.Devada et al., infectionwerecollected A. Kandasamy 1996) andthesera RESEARCH ARTICLE

andK.Devada 2 were 5 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 5-7 6 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 5-7 accordance toMaleewong per cent. The sensitivityofcoproantigenELISAwas74 were foundtobepositiveforcoproantigens. 0.225. Usingthiscriterion,74faecalsamples The cut-off pointinthepresentstudywas its ODvaluewashigherthan thecut-off point. was consideredpositiveforcoproantigens,if three timesthestandard deviation. A sample density (OD)valueofthenegativecontrolsand determined bythesumofmeanoptical coproantigens, thecut-off pointwas respectively. present workwere1:64,1:100and1:100 HIS andgoatantirabbitIgG–HRPusedinthe concentrations ofcoproantigens,antisomatic found tobe1mg/ml. The optimum supernatant containing coproantigenswas found tobe4mg/mlandthatoffaecal antigens prepared forraisingHISinrabbits was were taken aspositive. times thestandard deviation(cut-off point) of themeannegativecontrolsandthree Samples thathadanODvalueabovethesum read at450nminaMultiscanMSELISA reader. well flatbottomedmicrotitreplates. They were described by Ahmad andNizami(1998)in96 working dilutionforthepresentstudy. with thenegativesamplewereselectedas with thepositivesampleandlowesttitre of thereagents whichgavethehighesttitre formed thenegativecontrol.Optimumdilutions absolutely freefromanyamphistomeinfection positive controlandthosefromcattle known checker boardtitration.Serafromcattlewith ( Genei,Pvt,Ltd.) werestandardized by rabbits andgoatanti-rabbitIgG-HRP conjugate coproantigens, antisomaticHISraisedin Moustafa Results andDiscussion those utilizingexcretory/secretory antigensof the sensitivityoftest,when compared to rabbits might beareasonforthedifference in crumenifer The utilisationofsomatic antigens of to obtain ahighersensitivityof100percent. (1998) andRahman Coproantigen detection inamphistomosis... Gastrothylax Although theaboveresults werein In theindirectELISAfordetectionof The proteincontentofsomatic An indirectELISAwasperformedas The optimumconcentrationof et al toraiseantiparasitic antibodiesin . (1998), Ahmad andNizami et al. infectionformedthe (1999)wereable et al . (1997)and G. Jithendran, K.P., Vaid, J.andKrishna,L.1996. does notrevealanyova. amphistomosis whenfaecalexamination coproantigens forthediagnosisofimmature encourage researchinthedetectionof appears feasibleforfielduse. The findings amphistomosis isrelativelyeasytohandleand ELISA forcoproantigendetectionin Deplazes Acknowledgement Deplazes, P., Gottstein, B.,Stingelin,Y. and Craig, P. S.,Gasser, B.,Parada,l.,Cabrera, Ahmad, G. and Nizami,W. A. 1998. References Johnson, M.J.,Behnke,J. andColes,G. C. the work. Mannuthy forthefacilitiesprovidedtocarryout College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, at -20 faecal supernatants storeduptoeightweeks study, coproantigenscouldbedetected in periods atvaryingtemperatures. is thestorageofcoproantigensforvarying affected thesensitivityofcoproantigenELISA parasites. Another factorthatcouldhave 0 C concurringwiththeresultsof in sheepandgoats. of CIEP andPHA tests forthediagnosis Comparative evaluationof AGPT, The presentstudyindicatesthat dogs. hydatigena Eckert, J.1990.Detectionof 56 purgation inUruguay. serum antibodytests witharecoline comparison ofcoproantigenand Diagnosis ofcanineechinococcosis: Snowden, K.andPaolillo,E.1999. P., Parietti,S.,Borgues,C., Acuttis, A., Vet. Parasitol method forechinococcosisindogs. suitability ofanimmunodiagnostic Coproantigens: Earlydetectionand ELISA . nematodes byacoproantigen capture 1996. Detectionofgastrointestinal 151-156. The authorsarethankfultotheDean, It isworthytonotethatinthepresent et al :293-301. Dicrocoelium dentriticum .(1990) andCraig Vet. Parasitol Res.Vet. Sci. coproantigensbyELISAin ., 77 : 237-244. Vet. Parasitol., RESEARCH ARTICLE ., , 36 60 Vet. Parasitol., et al. :91-103. : 7-12. infection (1999). Taenia 61 : Moustafa, N.E.,Hegab,M.H. A. andHassan, Mallewong, W., Intapan, M.P., Wongkham, C., Kagan, I.G. andNorman,L.1976. Egypt Soc.Parasitol experimentally infectedanimals. detection ofFasciolacoproantigensin M. 1998.RoleofELISAinearly Parasitol: ELISA andDNAhybridization. infected catfaecesbyantigencapture heterotremus 1997. Detectionof P., Marakote,N.andChaisumpa,W. Wongratanacheewin, S., Tapchaisri, 382-409. American SocietyforMicrobiology. pp. In: Serodiagnosis ofparasitic diseases. Manual ofClinicalImmunology

83 : 1075-1078. inexperimentally . 28 Paragonimus : 379-387. J. J. . Mukherjee, R.P. andDeorani,S.V. P. 1962. Nath, T. S.1987. Trematodes of Rahman, S.M. A., Reilly, K.L.O.andMalone, the parasitised rumen. amphistomes andhistopathology of Massive infectionofasheepwith domestic ruminants. Paramphistomatidae infecting 39 Immunol diagnostic coproantigens. Fasciola hepatica characterization andlocalisationof J. E.1999.Biochemical Thrissur.120p. University,Kerala Agricultural : 668-670. ., 21 A. Kandasamy : 279-286. RESEARCH ARTICLE M.V.Sc. Thesis 26-28kDA Indian Vet. J

andK.Devada Parasite ‰ ., . 7 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 5-7 8 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 T2 andT3were86.11, 87.92 and 87.95for digestibility ofnutrientsinthethreerationsT1, the threedietarytreatments.Thepercentage in feedefficiencyamongpigsrearedunder T2 inallthefortnights.Therewasnodifference body weightofanimalsbelongingtoT1and 4, 6,7,8and9.Therewasnodifferencein was higher(P<0.05)thanthatofT3infortnights whereas, bodyweightofpigsbelongingtoT2 T2 andT3infortnights0,1,2,35 to bodyweightbetweenpigsoftreatmentsT1, There wasnodifference(P>0.05)withregard groups was5.65,5.52and5.79,respectively. efficiency oftheanimalsthreetreatment T2 andT3respectively. Thefeedconversion was 0.51,0.53and0.48kgforanimalsofT1, and 64.75kgtheaveragedailygain(ADG) average finalbodyweightwas67.79,69.54, towards theendofexperiment.The experiment. Digestibilitytrialwasconducted of theexperimentandon85thday Blood sampleswerecollectedbeforethestart without phytaseandmineralsupplementation. of phytase/kgfeedandT3-Controlration any mineralsupplementsandwith750units cent phosphorus,T2-Controlrationwithout containing 0.6percentcalciumand0.3 experimental rations,T1-Controlration three groupsandwerefedwiththe digestibility. Theanimalsweredividedinto supplementation ongrowthandnutrient 18 females)toassesstheeffectofphytase White Yorkshire xDesipiglets (18malesand was carriedoutusingthirtysixweanedLarge Abstract Accepted -06.12.11 Received -28.10.11 IN SWINE* ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENTDIGESTIBILITY EFFECT OFPHYTASE SUPPLEMENTATION 3. Professor 2. ProfessorandHead 1. AssociateProfessor *Part ofPh.D.thesissubmittedbythe firstauthortotheKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Effect ofphytasesupplementation inswine.... A feedingtrialforaperiodof114 days of animalorigin.Ruminantsare abletoutilize mineral supplementsorother availability islowcomparedtoinorganic are intheirstorageformasphytatesandits cent oftotalphosphorus(P)foundinthem with cerealsandoilcakesover60per production isforfeed.Swinearemainlyfed of pigs.Morethan75percentcost growth, highfeedconversionandprolificacy and requirementofmeatowingtothefast to fillupthelargegapbetweenavailability enterprising livelihoodoffarmsectorKerala kg/ annum.Swinerearinghasbecomean individual, thepercapitaavailabilityisonly5.5 Research recommends10.8kgmeat/year Keywords cost /kggain. phytase supplementationdecreasedfeed significant (P>0.05).Itcanbeconcludedthat production betweenT2andT3wasnon T3 (P<0.05).Butthedifferenceincostof pigs washigherthanthatofT2(P<0.01)and statistical analysis. difference wassignificant(P<0.01)on Rs. 65.73,59.90and62.44respectively, the maintained onthethreedietarytreatmentswas feed perkgbodyweightgainofpigs under thethreedietarytreatments.Costof biochemical parametersamongpigsreared digestibility ofnutrientsandplasma NFE, respectively. Therewasnodifferencein 55.94 forCFand92.22,93.5593.56 53.89 andforEE,55.49,57.41 DM, 83.63, 85.31 and84.97forCP, 52.81, Mannuthy-680 651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department of Animal Nutrition K. Shyama Though theIndianCouncilofMedical : 1 Effectofphytase,growth,swine , A.D. Mercy , A.D.

Feed cost/kggainofT1 2 andP. RESEARCH ARTICLE

Gangadevi 3 Materials andMethods bred pigs. on growthandnutrientdigestibilityincross study theeffectofphytasesupplementation P. Henceanexperimentwascarriedoutto phytase enzymeforthehydrolysisofphytate phytase. Pigsdonothavethismicrobial phytate Pduetothepresenceofmicrobial Table 1. treatments. Eachreplicatewashousedin randomly allottedtothethreeexperimental before thestartofexperiment.Theywere castrated andallanimalsweredewormed with twopigletsineachpen.Malewere group wereallottedrandomlyintosixpens were dividedintothreegroups.Pigletsofeach weaned piglets(18malesand18females) 3 2 1 5000 IUandVitaminK-50mg,pergram Maxiphos (PolchemHygienelaboratories PVT.Ltd, Pune)containing 2500units ofphytasepergram 60mg, Calciumpantothenate-40mg, Vitamin E-40mg,pergram. Rovi BE(NicholasPiramalIndiaLtd,Mumbai) containingVitaminB1-4mg,B6-8mg,B12-40mg, Niacin- I ndomix A,B2,D3,K(NicholasPiramalIndiaLtd,Mumbai)containingVitamin A-40,000IU,VitaminB2-20mg,D3- Ingredientcompositionofexperimental starter andfinisherrations Thirty sixLargeWhite Yorkshire xDesi ration containing0.6percentcalciumand three experimentalrationswereT1-Control weight formulatedasperNRC(1998).The of ME/kgfeed)from50to70body finisher ration(16percentCPand3200kcal of ME/kgfeed)upto50kgbodyweightand grower ration(18percentCPand3200kcal throughout theexperimentalperiod. provided inallthepensfortwentyfourhours next feeding.Cleandrinkingwaterwas of feedwascollectedandweighedbeforethe throughout theexperimentalperiod.Balance conditions. Restrictedfeedingwasfollowed maintained underidenticalmanagement for feedingandwatering. All theanimalswere separate pensinthesameshedwithfacilities The animalswerefedwithstandard RESEARCH ARTICLE K. Shyama etal. 9 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 10 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 the beginningandon85 the recorded. Bloodsampleswerecollectedat intervals thereafter. Dailyfeedintake was beginning oftheexperimentandatfortnightly are furnishedin Tables 1and2. composition ofthestarterandfinisherrations supplementation. Theingredientandchemical ration withoutphytaseandmineral 750 units without anymineralsupplementsandwith cent phosphorus,T2-Controlration 0.3 per 1 Table 2.

Effect ofphytasesupplementation inswine.... On DMbasis Thepigswereweighedatthe Chemical composition of phytase/kgfeedandT3-Control th dayandblood 1 ofgrowerandfinisherrations,% the endofexperimenttodetermine Complex, Thane. by Agappe diagnostics,ShaileshIndustrial samples wasestimatedusingthekitsupplied phosphatase enzymeactivityinplasma Industrial Complex,Thane.Thealkaline supplied by Agappe diagnostics,Shailesh Phospho molybdatemethod,usingthekit (Perkin Elmer3110) andphosphorusby Zn by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was analyzedforCa,Mg,Mn,Cuand plasma A digestibilitytrialwasconductedat RESEARCH ARTICLE Body Weight Results andDiscussion Least SignificantDifference(LSD)test. Cochran (1994).Meanswerecomparedby method asdescribedbySnedecorand by CompletelyRandomizedDesign(CRD) various parameterswerestatisticallyanalyzed principles (AOAC,1990).Datacollectedon samples wereanalyzedforproximate taken fortheanalysis.Thefeedandfaecal day andwerepooledsubsamples the collectionperiodwerealsotakeneach representative samplesoffeedofferedduring taken afterthoroughmixing.The weighed andrepresentativesampleswere collected dailyfromeachanimalwere the collectionperiodofthreedays.Samples uncontaminated withfeed,dirtorurineduring as andwhentheywerevoided, quantities ofthefaecesvoidedwerecollected were fedthesamequantityoffeed. Total a preliminaryperiodofthreedayswhenthey collection period,animalsweresubjectedto diets. Beforethecommencementofactual digestibility ofnutrientstheexperimental animals belongingtogroupsT1, T2andT3were respectively. Average total bodyweightgainof dietary treatmentswere67.79, 69.54,64.75kg, Average finalbodyweightof pigs ofthethree fortnightly intervalsarerepresented inFig.1. dietary treatmentsT1,T2andT3recordedat Fig.1. The bodyweightofpigsunderthethree Fortnightlybodyweightofpigsmaintainedonthreeexperimentalrations high (P<0.05)thanthatofT3 whiletherewas kg respectively.The ADG ofpigsunder T2 was for cumulative ADG were0.51,0.52and0.48 dietary treatmentsT1,T2and T3,thevalues and T2 arepresentedin Table 3.Forthethree pigs underthethreedietarytreatmentsT1,T2 with adequatelevelsofCaandP level ofthosefedthecontrolrationsupplemented weight gainoftheseanimalsreacheduptothe without anymineralsupplementationandthe total weightgainoftheanimalsfedwitharation supplementation significantlyincreasedthe present studyrevealedthatphytase in fortnights4,6,7,8and9.Theresultsofthe difference betweenbodyweightsofT1andT2 of T3infortnights4,6,7,8and9.Therewasno belonging toT2washigher(P<0.05)thanthat to lowPdiets. graded levelsofphytaseweresupplemented increase ingrowthperformancepigswhen and O’Quinn supplementation. SimilarlyMurry body weightasaresultofphytase Biehl in agreementwithCromwell Average DailyGain and 5 of pigstreatmentsT1,T2andT3in1 no difference(P>0.05)withregardtobodyweight 59.12, 60.58,55.66kgrespectively. There was th et al. fortnight.Further, bodyweightofpigs Data onaveragedailygain(ADG)of Theresultsofthepresentstudyare (1996)whoobtainedincreased et al. (1997)observedlinear RESEARCH ARTICLE et al. K. Shyama hosphorus. et al. (1993)and st , 2 (1997) etal. nd , 3 rd 11 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 12 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 a, bMeanswithdifferentsuperscriptswithinthecolumndiffer(P<0.05) Table 4. Omogbenigun supplementation inpigswasreportedby mineral supplements. animals fedwitharationcontainingno phytase supplementation increased ADG of The resultofthepresentstudyrevealedthat no differencebetweentreatmentsT1andT2. 1 Table 3. 1 et al. difference in ADG wasreportedbyCervantes and Guy three experimentalrations (2005), Brana Mean ofsixvalues Meanofsixvalues Effect ofphytasesupplementation inswine.... (2004). Increased ADG asaresultofphytase Average dailygain et al. Digestibility ofnutrients (2008)whereasnosignificant et al. et al (2006).Veum . (2004),Jendza 1 andfeedefficiency ofexperimental animalsmaintained on 1 of threeexperimental rations(%) et al. (2006) et al. Feed ConversionEfficiency with microbialphytase,cerealphytaseor feed efficiencyinpigswhensupplemented which wassimilar(P>0.05)statistically. efficiency of5.66,5.52and5.79,respectively T1, T2andT3registeredafeedconversion respectively. Animals belongingtotreatments T3 arepresentedinFig.2and Table 3 maintained ondietarytreatmentsT1,T2and the feedconversionefficiencyofpigs Han The totaldrymatter(DM)intakeand et al. (1997) obtainedsimilar RESEARCH ARTICLE phytase supplementationinpigs. observed improvedgain:feedratiowith Williams concurrence withthepresentstudy. However al. Dry Matter Digestibility ofNutrients was reportedingrowingpigsbyCervantes phytase supplementationonfeedconversion replace iPinthedietofpigs.Noeffect supplementation ofphytasecancompletely inorganic P (iP)indicatingthat et al. supplementation inswine.Oncontrary, Mroz digestibility ofDMwasnotaffectedbyphytase Jendza higher (P<0.05)thanthatofT1. DM digestibilityofrationsT2andT3was On statisticalanalysisitwasseenthatthe T1, T2 and T3 were86.11, 87.92and87.95. percentage DMdigestibilityofthethreerations nutrients arepresentedin Table 4. The of DMinpigletsbutnotgrowing-finishing the dietsignificantlyreduced thedigestibility al. higher DMdigestibilityinpigs. ButKemme observed thatphytaseadditionresultedin (2006) andViswanathan Table 5. (1997)observedthataddition ofphytaseto (2004)andMartinez (1994),Sands et al. Cowieson and Adeola (2005)and Dataonpercentdigestibilityof Cost offeedperkgbodyweightgainpigsmaintained onthreedietary treatments et al. (2005)noticedthatapparent (2005)andBrana et al. (2001),Kies et al. et al et al. (2004)in . (2007) (2006) et al. et et based diets. pigs andsowsfedcorn-soyabeanmeal increased CPdigestibilityinweanedpigs. al. hand, Omogbenigun sorghum-soyabean mealdiet.Ontheother digestibility ofCPandaminoacidsinpigsfed supplementation ontheapparentileal not observeanyeffectofphytase digestibility. mineral supplementationhad noeffectonEE supplementation torations withoutany could beconcluded that phytase treatment groupsonstatisticalanalysis.It difference (P>0.05)evidentbetweenthethree respectively. There wasnosignificant rations were52.81,53.89and extract) EEinanimalsfedthethreetreatment CP digestibility. or withoutaddedmineralshadnoeffecton that phytasesupplementationtorationswith were similar(P>0.05).Itcouldbeconcluded 84.97 respectively(Table 4)andthevalues rations T1,T2andT3were83.63,85.31 Ether Extract Crude Protein (2001) andCervantes (2005)notedthataddingphytase The digestibilitypercentageof(ether O’Quinn The percentCPdigestibilitiesof et al. et al (1997),Traylor et al . (2004)andKies RESEARCH ARTICLE . (2004)alsodid K. Shyama etal. et al. et 13 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 14 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 resulted indecreasedfeedcost /kggain. that phytasesupplementation ofrations nonsignificant (P>0.05).Itcanbeconcluded production betweenT2andT3were (P< 0.05).Butthedifferenceincostof was higherthanthatofT2(P<0.01)andT3 respectively. Feedcost/kggainof T1 pigs treatments wereRs.65.73,59.90and62.44 gain ofpigsmaintainedonthethreedietary Rs.350 /kg.Costoffeedperkgbodyweight Laboratories PVT. Ltd, Puneattherateof Phytase wassuppliedbyPolchemHygiene dietary treatments arepresented in Table 5. weight gainofpigsmaintainedonthethree digestibility ofNFE. any addedmineralsdidnothaveeffecton phytase supplementationtorationswithout treatments anditcouldbeconcludedthat significant difference(P>0.05)betweenthe NFE anditwasnotedthatthereno and 93.56respectivelyinT1,T2T3for registered percentdigestibilityof92.22,93.55 statistically significant. crude fibredigestibilitythoughwasnot supplemented animalsregisteredhigher control. Inthepresenttrialalsophytase phytase supplementedgroupsthanthatof was significantlyhigherforcitricacidplus that thedigestibilitycoefficientofcrudefibre were similarstatistically(P>0.05). were 55.49,57.41and55.94,respectively (CF) ofthethreetreatmentsT1,T2andT3 observation Kies Economics ofGain Nitrogen FreeExtract Crude Fibre Acknowledgement Viswanathan apparent digestibilityoffatby1.2percent. 1500 PUofphytase/kgfeedincreased without phytase inLargeWhite Yorkshire pigs. supplemented groupsthanthatofthecontrol significantly higherforcitricacidplusphytase the digestibilitycoefficientofEEwas Effect ofphytasesupplementation inswine.... Data oncostoffeedperkgbody The resultsofthepresentstudy Viswanathan The percentdigestibilityofcrudefibre In contrastwiththepresent The facilitiesprovidedbythe Dean, et al et al. . (2007)alsoobservedthat et al (2005)observedthat . (2007)observed Han, Y.M., Yang F., Zhou, A.G., Miller, E.R.,Ku .Guy, J.H.,Edge,H.L.,Blanchard,P.J., Ilsley, Cromwell, G.L., Stahly, T.S., Coffey, R.D., Cowieson, Cervantes, Cervantes, Brana, D.V., Biehl, R.R.andBaker. D.H.1996.Efficacy of AOAC. 1990. References gratefully acknowledged. Mannuthy, forconductingthisstudyis College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, microbial andcerealsources 1997. Supplementalphytases of P.K., Hogberg.M.G. andLei,X.G. 47: growing pigs. intake andgrowthperformanceof phytase andorganicacidsonfeed supplementation withmicrobial 2008. A noteontheeffect of S.E., Coonan,C.andFeuerstein,D. meal dietsforpigs. soybean mealandcorn-soybean the bioavailabilityofphosphorusin 1993. Efficacyofphytaseinimproving Monegue, H.J.andRandolph,J.H. chicks. nutritionally marginaldietsforbroiler have anadditivebeneficialeffectin Carbohydrases, proteaseandphytase 71 with phytase. sorghum-based dietssupplemented performance ofpigsfedgrain Ileal aminoaciddigestibilityand J.L., Torrentera, N.andSauer, W. 2004. J. Anim.Sci., deficient corn-soybeanmealdiets. fed phosphorusoraminoacid- and microbialphytaseforyoungpigs supplemental hydroxycholecalciferol Washington, D.C.,587p. Chemists, Official Analytical Fifteenth edition. Association of Anim. Sci., nursery andgrower-finisherpigs. bone ash,andmineraldigestibilityin novel phytaseongrowthperformance, J.S andBaker, D.H.2006.Effect ofa M., Yanez, J.,Barrera,M.A.,Figueroa, : 1831-1840. 93–97. Ellis, M.,Castañeda, E.O.,Sands, A.J. and Adeola, O.2005. Poult. Sci., Official MethodsofAnalysis

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RESEARCH ARTICLE 84 J. Anim.Sci :1860–1867. J. ., . Murry, A.C., Lewis.R.D.and Amos, H.E.1997. Mroz, Z.,Jongbloed, A.W. andKemme,P.A. Martínez, M.M.,Hill3,G.M., Link,J.E.Raney, Kies, A.K., Kies, A.K., Gerrits, W.J.J., Schrama,J.W., Kemme, P.A., Jongbloed, A.W., Mroz,Z.and Jendza, J.A .,Dilger, R.N., Adedokun, S.A ., density ofnurserypigs. concentration, andbone mineral nutrients, serum mineral apparent digestibilityandretention of pearl millet-soybeanmealdieton The effectofmicrobialphytaseina J. Anim.Sci phytase andfeedingregimeninpigs. complexes asinfluencedbymicrobial retention ofnutrientsboundtophytate 1994. Apparent digestibilityand weaned pigs. and proteinconcentrationinnewly metallothionein mRNAabundance phytase supplementationenhance 2004. Pharmacologicalzincand N.E., Tempelman, R.JandErnst,C.W. Anim. Sci., of variousmineralsinweanerpigs. of microbialphytaseonthedigestibility Effect ofgradeddosesandahighdose J. Th. M.vanandJongbloed, W. 2006. 135 metabolism inyoungpiglets. phytase, andtheireffectonenergy excretion asaffectedbymicrobial M.W.A. 2005.Mineralabsorptionand vander., Zandstra, T. andVerstegen, Heetkamp, M.J.W., Linden,K.L. 75 physiological status. absorption inpigsisinfluencedbypig phytate phosphorusavailablefor Aspergillus niger of efficacy The Beynen, A.C.1997. 83 deficient diets. andfinisher pigsfedphosphorus growth performanceofstarter, grower Escherichia coli Sands, J.S.and Adeola, O.2005. 75 through finishing. utilization bypigsfromweaning improve dietaryphytatephosphorus :1882-1889. :2129–2138. :1017–1025. Kemme, P.A .,Sebek,L.BDiepen, :1131-1138.

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J. Anim.Sci., 134 :538-544. J. Nutr., J. ., ., Snedecor, G.W. Sands, J.S.,Ragland,D.,Baxter, C.,Joern, O’Quinn, P.R., Knabe,D.A.andGregg,E.J. Omogbenigun, F.O., Nyachoti,C.M.and NRC. 1998.NutrientRequirementsofSwine. Veum, T.L., Bollinger, D.W., Buff, C.E.and Williams, S.B.,Southern,L.L.andBidner, T.D. Viswanathan, T.V., Traylor, S.L.,Cromwell,G.L., Lindemann,M.D. Statistical Methods Anim. Sci., phosphorus cornandphytase. balance inpigsfedhighavailable growth performance,andnutrient 2001. Phosphorusbioavailability, B.C., Sauber, T.E. and Adeola, O. swine. sorghum- baseddietsoffinishing 1997. EfficacyofNatuphosin Anim. Sci., performance inweanedpigs. nutrientutilization andgrowth multienzyme preparationsimproves Dietarysupplementation with Slominski, B.A.2004. Washington, DC.p111–123. 10th ed.National Academy Press, 75 Anim. Sci while Yorkshirepigs. phytase onnutrientutilizationinlarge K.M. 2007.Effectofcitricacidand 84 inavailable phosphorus. of youngswinefeddietsdeficient performance, andbonestrength improves nutrientutilization,growth engineered Bedford, M.R.2006. A genetically J. Anim. Sci., J. Anim.Sci., concentrations ofweanling pigs growth performanceandtissue zinc cological concentrationsof zincon dietary phytaseandpharma 2005. Effectsofsupplemental pigs. dehulled soybeanmealforgrowing calcium,and phosphorusin digestibility ofaminoacids, of supplementalphytaseonileal and Knabe,D.A.2001.Effectsoflevel University press, Ames, Iowa,313p. :1147-1158. :1284-1291. J. Anim.Sci. J. Anim.Sci ., Sekar, M.andSyamMohan, and Cochran,W.G. 1994.

3 82 79 Escherichia coli : 65-69. 83 :1053-1061. :2134–2142. :386-392. . 8 , RESEARCH ARTICLE th ., 79 ed. The IowaState Tamilnadu J.Vet. 75 :2634–2642. K. Shyama :1299–1307. J. Anim.Sci., phytase etal. ‰ J. J. . 15 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 8-15 16 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 16-19 ³Professor andHead,CVAS,Pookode, Wayanad ²Professor (Retd.) ¹Associate Professor lumen disappearedatthis stage.The compared totheperipheryandcentral portion, thecellswerelooselyarrangedwhen vessels andnervefibres.Towards the central fibrous networkofinterstitialtissue,fineblood and glialcellsscatteredthroughoutinthe The parenchymaconsistedofpinealocytes dividing theparenchymaintosmalllobules. connective tissueseptapenetratedthegland, stages ofpregnancy. Fromthecapsule, adult characteristicstowardstheterminal Histologically thepinealglandacquired pineal glandcouldnotbelocated. was elongatedorovalinshape.Theaccessory nuclei. By124daysofage,thepinealgland be distinguishedbytheirsmalleranddarker among thepinealocytesfromwhichtheycould lumen. Theneuroglialcellswerescattered cord-like mannerandtherewasacentral The parenchymalcellswerearrangedina covered thepinealglandby76daysofage. commissure. Athinconnectivetissuecapsule ventral lamina,continuouswiththeposterior continuous withthedorsalcommissureanda the stalkwasdividedintoadorsallamina body asthepinealrecess.Duringthirdmonth, third ventricleextendedtowardsthepineal aspect ofthediencephalonandlumen conical evaginationonthecaudo-dorsal developed duringtheseventhweekasa to 41.5cmCRL(fullterm).Pinealgland ranging from1.4cmCRL(24daysofgestation) in goatwasstudiedusing52foetuses Abstract IN GOAT FOETUSES HISTOMORPHOGENESIS OFPINEALGLAND 4 * Accepted -21.10.11 Received -24.09.11 Part ofPh.Dthesissubmittedbythe firstauthortotheKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Professor andHead Pineal glandingoat foetuses... Prenatal developmentofpinealgland * into fivegroups,representing thefivemonths in days.Basedonage,foetusesweredivided body weightofthefoetusingand‘t’isage al. pineal glandingoats. to studytheprenatalhistomorphogenesisof Therefore, thepresentworkwasundertaken have notbeenwelldocumentedinruminants. (1995a). However, embryologicalchanges by Calvo gland havebeenmadeindomesticanimals anatomical andhistologicalstudiesofpineal colliculi atthecaudalendofthalamus.Gross central depressionbetweentherostral on thedorsalaspectofbrainstemin Pineal glandorepiphysis development Keywords morphology. be identifiedbasedonthenuclear and darkcells.Fourtypesofglialcellscould pinealocytes wereoftwotypesnamelythelight formula, W Age ofthefoetuseswascalculatedfrom parameters ofthesubjectswererecorded. and clinicswereusedforthestudy. Body Anatomy andthosecollectedfromthefarms material availableintheDepartmentof gestation) to41.5cmCRL(fullterm).The ranging from1.4cmCRL(24daysof gland wasstudiedusing52goatfoetuses Mannuthy -680651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Anatomy andHistology J. Chungath K. M.Lucy Materials andMethods (1979)forgoatfoetuses,where‘W’isthe Prenatal developmentofthepineal et al. S! : =0.096(t-30)derivedbySingh Pinealgland,goat,prenatal 1 , K.R.Harshan (1988)andKumar 3 andN. Ashok

cerebri RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 , 4

is located et al. et appeared at14 represented thehabenula.Pinealbody this wasanothersmallevaginationthat the pinealrecessatthisstage(Fig.1).Infrontof ventricle extendedtowardsthepinealbodyas gestation inthehumanfoetus(Sadler, 2004). (Clabough with athicknessof131.0 at thecaudo-dorsalaspectofdiencephalon during theseventhweekasaconicalevagination using anocularmicrometer. Measurements ofthepinealglandweretaken carmine methodforglycogen(Luna,1968). propylene glycolmethodforfatandBest’s (Singh andSulochana,1996),OilRed‘O’in Gomori’s methodforacidphosphatase method foralkalinephosphataseand Gomori’s alkalinephosphatasecobalt 1968). Histochemicalstudiesemployedwere Schiff’s reactionforcarbohydrates(Luna, method forCNStissueandPeriodicacid Phosphotungstic acidhaematoxylin(PTAH) PAS methodforcentralnervoussystem, method forneuraltissues, Aldehyde-thionine- fibres, Sevier-Mungersilverimpregnation method forcollagen,Holzer’sglial Haematoxylin andEosin(H&E),Van Gieson’s The sectionswerestainedusing for histologicalandhistochemicalstudies. formalin. Standard procedureswereadopted out andfixedin10percentneutralbuffered and thebrainwasthencarefullydissected was separatedatoccipito-atlantaljunction studies. FromGroup2onwards,thehead fixed intotoforhistologicalandhistochemical of gestation.EmbryostheGroup1were Results andDiscussion cord-like manner(Fig.3).There wasasmall The parenchymalcellswere arrangedina covered thepinealglandby 76 daysofage. commissure. lamina, continuouswiththeposterior with thedorsalcommissureandaventral was dividedintoadorsallaminacontinuous commissures byashallowstalk.Thestalk thalami andhabenularposterior (Fig. 2).Thebasewasattachedtothetaeniae depression betweentherostralcolliculi epithalamus. Thepinealglandlayinthe sulcus separatedthethalamusfrom A thinconnectivetissuecapsule During thirdmonth,anepithalamic Epiphysis orpinealbodydeveloped , 1973)andinthesixthweekof th dayofgestationinalbinorats µ m. Lumenofthethird commenced onthe16 delivered. Thecellularproliferationphase day andextendeduntiltheyoungwere parenchyma intosmalllobules (Fig. septa penetratedthegland dividingthe ventricle. Fromthecapsule,connective tissue cells coveredthesurface facing thethird age, simpleciliatedcolumnarependymal terminal stages ofpregnancy. At 144daysof acquired theadultcharacteristicstowards gland. buffaloes ontheposteriormarginofmain occurrence ofanaccessorypinealglandin conical incats.Theyalsoreportedthe shaped inpigs,lancet-shapeddogsand fusiform orovoidinhorses,elongatedcone- round toovalinsheep,goatsandbuffaloes, that theglandwasconicalinshapecattle, pineal glandindomesticanimalsandfound Kumar could notbelocatedinthepresentstudy. quadrigemina. Theaccessorypinealgland in betweentherostralcolliculiofcorpora depression atthecaudalendofthalamus elongated orovalinshapelocatedthecentral 124 daysofage,thepinealglandwas not differentiatedintolightanddarkcells.By as thatofthethirdmonth.Pinealocyteswere month. Histologicalstructurewasthesame increased progressivelyduringthefourth fibres. glial cells,finebloodcapillariesandnerve the parenchymawasformedofpinealocytes, pineal glandinyounggoat. According tothem, described thetopographyandhistologyof twelve weekspostpartum.Kumar began roughlyatbirthandterminatednineto cellular hypertrophyanddifferentiationphase terminated withinseveraldaysafterbirth.The considered tobeginataboutthe12 in rat.Themorphogeneticphasewas phases duringthedevelopmentofpinealgland cells. Reiter(1981)distinguishedthree pinealocytes wasmorethanthatoftheglial smaller anddarkernuclei.Numberof from whichtheycouldbedistinguishedbytheir cells werescatteredthroughtheparenchyma in thethirdmonthofgestation.Theneuroglial were notdifferentiatedintolightanddarktypes and eosinophiliccytoplasm.Thepinealocytes in shapewithbasallylocatedroundnucleus central lumen.Theliningcellswerecolumnar reported byKumar et al. Histologically thepinealgland Measurements ofpinealgland (1995a)reviewedtheanatomyof et al. th embryonicdayand (1995b)inyoung RESEARCH ARTICLE K. M.Lucy et al. th embryonic (1995b)

etal. 4) as 17 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 16-19 18 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 16-19 showing pinealevagination(48days). periphery. LalithaandSeshadri(1986) loosely arrangedwhencomparedtothe Towards thecentralportion,cellswere tissue, finebloodvesselsandnervefibres. throughout inthefibrousnetworkofinterstitial of pinealocytesandglialcellsscattered in adultsheep.Theparenchymaconsisted adult IndiandonkeysandSaggar goats, PawarandRamakrishna(2000)in 6. Cerebellum7.Medullaoblongata 3. Pinealgland4&5.Caudalcolliculus 1. Cerebrum2.Marginalsulcus 3. Habenulae4.Rostralcolliculus5.Piamater 1. Thirdventricle2.Pinealevagination Fig. 3. 6. Choroidplexusofthirdventricle 5.Thirdventriclewith liningependyma 4. Cellcords 2. Centrallumen 3.Capsule 1. Pinealgland Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Pineal glandingoat foetuses... L. S.ofdiencephalonandmesencephalon C. S. of the pineal gland (76 days). H&E. x100 C. S.ofthepinealgland(76days). Dorsal viewofbrain(76days) et al. (2001) H&E. x100 H&Ex400 Fig. 5. 3.Cortex4.Medulla 1. Capsule2.Connectivetissueseptum H&Ex100 Fig. 4. in adultbuffaloesbyPrasadand Sinha(1984), large nuclei.Similarobservations weremade with thebloodcapillariesand afewcellswith cells withelongatednucleiclosely associated round orovalstronglybasophilic nuclei,glial cone-shaped nucleus,smallerglialcellswith morphology, viz.,glialcellswithround,ovalor glial cellscouldbeidentifiedbasedonnuclear pinealocytes thanglialcells.Fourtypesof parenchyma showedagreaterpopulationof goats byKumar Similar observationsweremadeinyoung showed uniformdistributionofchromatin. more towardstheperiphery. The darkcells pinealocytes hadfinechromatinlocalised round toovalirregularnucleioflight namely thelightanddarkcells(Fig.5).The third monthofgestation disappearedlater. The smallcentrallumenthatappearedduring zone andsyncitium-likecentralarrangement. gland showedadiffusenarrowperipheral reported thatinbuffalocalves,thepineal 7. Bloodvessel8.Nervefibres 5. Type IIIglialcell6.Type IVglialcell 3. Type Iglialcell4.Type IIglialcell 1. Lightpinealocytes2.Dark C.S.ofthepinealgland(144days). C. S.ofthepinealgland(144days). The pinealocyteswereoftwotypes, et al. (1995b).The RESEARCH ARTICLE Luna, L.G. 1968. Lalitha, P.S. andSeshadri,V.K. 1986.Studies Kumar, P., Kumar, S.andSingh, Y. 1995b. Kumar, P., Kumar, S.andSingh, Y. 1995a. Clabough, J.W. 1973.Cytologicalaspects of Mannuthy forprovidingthefacilitiesthisstudy. College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, corpora arenaceaasreportedbySaigal pinealocytes. Thepigmentedcellsand distributed irregularlyadjacenttothe Acknowledgement observed inthepresentstudy. goat andthedog,respectivelywerenot (1976) andCalvo by Saggar in goatsbyKumar Calvo, J.,Boya,Maurino,J.E.G. and References The authorsarethankfultotheDean, Forces InstituteofPathology.3 Staining MethodsoftheArmed 43. ( pineal glandoftheIndianbuffalo on themicroscopicalstructureof Anim. Sci., pineal glandinyounggoat. Topography andhistomorphologyof Anat., domestic animals. Anatomy ofthepinealglandin hamsters. pineal developmentinratsand in theadultdogpinealgland. ultrastructure ofthepigmentedcells Carbonell, A.L. 1988.Structure and 160 Bubalus bubalis et al. : 67-73.

7 (2001).Thenervefibreswere : 1-10. et al. Am. J.Anat.,

et al. 65 Manual ofHistological : 633-635. (1995b)andinsheep (1988)intheadult ). Cheiron Indian J.Vet.

137 : 215-222. , Indian J. J. Anat 15 rd et al. : 37-

ed. ., Saggar, D.,Kumar, P., Kumar, S.andGupta, Sadler, T.W.,2004. Prasad, J.andSinha,R.D.1984.Histological Reiter, R.J.1981. The mammalianpineal Singh, U.B.andSulochana,S.1996. Singh, Y. Sharma,D.N.andDhingra,L.D. Saigal, R.P., Nanda,B.S.,Nagpal, S.K.andRoy, Pawar, A. andRamakrishna,V. 2000. Histology Embryology sheep. histochemistry ofpinealgland A.N. 2001.Histologyand 534p. Williams andWilkins,Philadelphia, buffalo. and accessorypinealbodiesin and histochemicalstudyonthepineal College, Chennai. 23-25 Dec.2000.MadrasVeterinary Anatomists andNationalSymposium, Indian Association ofVeterinary Anat., gland: structureandfunction. 49. Publishing House,Hyderabad,111p. Histochemical Techniques. Handbook ofHistologicaland 931. goat. 1979. Morphogenesisofthetestisin goats. K.S. 1976.Epiphysiscerebriofageing 61. ( of thepinealglandinIndiandonkey York, 258p. Mc Graw-HillBookCompany, New Equus asinus

Indian J.Anim.Sci., 162 J. Anat. Soc.India. J. Indian J.Vet.Anat., Indian J.Anim.Sci., : 287-313. . 9 Langman’s Medical ). XVConventionof th Abstr ed.Lippincott RESEARCH ARTICLE K. M.Lucy : p.46. , 25

Premier 49

: 51. 13 54 Am. J. etal. : 925- : 58- : 45- ‰ 19 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 16-19 20 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 20-22 Hospitals of MannuthyandKokkalaiwith 2010. DogspresentedtoVeterinary teaching of oneyearfromFebruary2009 toJanuary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthyforaperiod and PreventiveMedicine,CollegeofVeterinary the Department ofVeterinary Epidemiology Materials andMethods disease. contributing factorinthedevelopmentof underlying problem,whichmightbea estimation canbeusedforidentifyingan serum biochemicalandmineral systemic diseases. The haematological, hormonal andnutritionalimbalancesother conditions suchasatopy, fleabite,mangeor secondary toanumberofotherintegumentary confusing becausetheconditioncanbe cutaneous bacterialinfectionsareoften veterinary dermatologist.Diagnosisof common canineskindiseasespresentedtoa bacterial pyodermaareoneofthemost haematological, biochemical. Keywords: study revealedanincreaseinzincandiron. examination ofinfectedanimalsinthepresent observed inaffecteddogs.Serummineral mild increaseinbloodcholesterolwas Hyperglobulinaemea, hyperglycaemiaanda erythrocyte countandtotal leucocytecount. content, volumeofpacked redcells,total significantly lowermeanvaluesofhaemoglobin Abstract AFFECTED WITHBACTERIAL DERMATITIS HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL STUDIESINDOGS Accepted -10.10.11 Received -21.03.11 2. 1. Haematobiochemical studiesinbacterialdermatitis... Associate Professor(ondeputation asJointCommissioner, AH, Govt.ofIndia) Veterinary Surgeon,V The presentstudywascarriedoutin Cutaneous bacterialinfectionsor Infectedgroupofdogshad Bacterialdermatitis,minerals, eterinary Dispensary, Vandazhi stored at-20 for separating serum.Seraseparated were millilitres ofbloodwascollectedinatesttube prepare abloodsmear(Benjamin,1985).Five was collectedoncleangreasefreeslideto examined onthesameday. A dropofblood rate of1mg/mlbloodandthespecimen syringes withEDTA asanticoagulantatthe from cephalicveinofaffected dogsinsterile were includedinthestudy. clinical signssuggestiveofbacterialdermatitis Mannuthy -680651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary EpidemiologyandPreventiveMedicine V. H.Shyma collected fromsixhealthydogs forcontrolstudy. Spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer 3110). were estimatedusing Atomic Absorption Diagnostics). commercially availablekits (Agappe in Merck200spectrophotometerusing stored serumsamplesbyspectrophotometry globulin ratio,cholesterolwerecarriedouton total protein,albumin,globulin,albumin method describedinBenjamin(1985). leucocyte count)wascarriedoutasperthe count, total leucocytecount,differential blood samples(Hb,VPRC, Total erythrocyte instruction. manufacturer’s glucose monitoringsystem)asperthe dogs withglucometer(Ez-Smart-168Blood used forbloodglucoseestimationofaffected Three millilitersofbloodwascollected Blood andserumsamples were Serum calcium,zinc,ironandcopper Biochemical estimationsofserum Haematological examinationofthe Capillary bloodfromtheeartipwas 0 C tillfurtheranalysis. 1 andK.Vijayakumar RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 anaemia (Maynard content inbloodwasaconstant findingin mineral estimationsinceloweringofthecopper values ininfectedanimalsobtained inserum be explainedwithsignificantlylowercopper indicated anaemiaindiseaseddogsandcould Table 1. ± 0.32X10 (11.74 ±0.32g/dl,33.751.76percent,4.63 total erythrocytecount,total leucocytecount haemoglobin content,volumeofpacked cells, significantly lowermeanvaluesof Haematological Parameters Results andDiscussion Table 2. ± 0.46X10 (13.36 ±0.64g/dl,36.891.27percent,6.24 to respectivemeanvaluesofcontrolanimals 0.42 percentrespectively). Neutrophiliain eosinophils andmonocytes(1.75 percentand neutrophila (69percent)and reduced levelsof leucocyte countininfectedanimals indicated P<0.05-Nonsignificantvariation P<0.05 -Nonsignificantvariation Meanvaluesofhaematologicalparameters ofinfectedandcontrolgroup Infected groupofdogshad Meanvaluesof 6 6 /mm /mm 3 3 ) respectivelywhencompared ) asfurnishedintable 1. This et al.,

biochemical parameters ofinfectedandcontrolgroup 1979). Differential Medleau (1991)andKumar infected animalswasreportedbyMason(1991), were asfollows albumin, globulin, A/G indiseasedanimals table 2,themean valuesoftotal protein, Biochemical Parameters with infection. to increasedinflammatoryresponse assorted protein valuesinpresentstudy mightbedue g/dl) inaffected dogs. A mildincreaseintotal mildly increasedlevelsofglobulin(4.1to5.2 dermatitis. KrickandScott(1989)reported aemia indogsaffected withbacterial hypergammaglobulinaemia andhypoalbumin with Mason(1991)whoreported control animals. This findingisinagreement protein andglobulinwashigherthanthoseof values ofcontrolanimalsandthattotal albumin weresignificantlylowerthanthemean dl, 5.36±0.54g/dl,0.93±0.13. The valuesof In thepresentstudy, asdepictedin ie, 7.72±0.52,2.260.15g/ V. H.ShymaandK.Vijayakumar RESEARCH ARTICLE et al. (2006). 21 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 20-22 22 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 20-22 of copperinthepresentstudy. (Underwood, 1981)andhencethelowerlevel would havelimitedtheabsorptionofcopper and ironlevels. The presenceoftheseminerals infected animals,revealedanincreaseinzinc than thenormalcontrolvalue(51±1.52µg/dl). (240.6 ±27.63µg/dl)wassignificantlyhigher dermatitis. decrease inlevelofcoppercasesbacterial (1999) andUdayasree(2004)whoreporteda in accordancewithPal ± 20.08µg/dlrespectively. This findingwas control groupwere49.5±3.49µg/dland115 control animals. significantly higher(P<0.05)thanthatof was 354.96±45.33µg/dlandit infected andcontrolgroup(Table 3). statistical difference betweenthevaluesof value of10.15±1.78mg/dl.Thereisno was 11.95 ±1.99mg/dlasagainstthecontrol infected dogsobtained in thepresentstudy Serum MineralStatus experimentally infecteddogs. hypercholesterolemia andhypoglycaemiain with Gowda respectively. This findingwasinagreement 89.80 ±2.91mg/dland908.90mg/dl) level ofinfecteddogspresentstudywere Benjamin, M.1985. References Table 3. P<0.05 -Nonsignificantvariation Haematobiochemical studiesinbacterialdermatitis... Serummineralstatus ofinfectedandcontrolgroup Clinical Pathology.3 Serum mineralexaminationof Mean valueofzincintheinfectedgroup Mean valuesofcopperininfectedand Mean valueofironininfectedanimals Mean valuesofserumcalcium Blood glucoselevelandcholesterol et al. (1982) whoreported et al. Outline ofVeterinary (1995), Mathews rd ed. Kalyani Maynard, L. A., Loosli,J.K.,Hintz,H. F. and Mathews, M.R.1999.Dermatologicdisorders Mason, I.S.1991.CaninePyoderma. Kumar, K.S., Rao, D.S. T. andRamesh,P. Krick, A. S.andScott,D.W. 1989.Bacterial Gowda, B. K. Underwood, E.J.1981. Udayasree, V. J.2004.Clinicotherapeutic Pal, A., Basak,D.N.andChakrabarti, A. 1995. Medleau, L.,Pakich,P. M.andLatimer, K.S. Agricultural University, Thrissur,118 p. 7 Warner, R.G. 1979. in dogs. Anim. Pract., Vet. Med., on caninemalassezziosis. 2006. Clinicalandtherapeuticstudies Am. Hosp. Assoc., retrospective analysisof17cases. German shepherddog:a folliculitis, furunculosis,andcellulitisin Indian J.Vet. Med., studies innonspecificdermatitis. 1982. Biochemicalandhaematological Publishers, NewDelhi,351p. Agricultural Bureaux,England,101p. Thrissur, 97p. Thesis studies oncaninepyoderma. Indian Vet. J in experimental caninepyoderma. Biochemical studiesofserumandhair 807- 811. uncommon skindisorder. pyoderma inthecat:Diagnosingan and Grant,J.B.1991.Superficial Company Limited,NewDelhi,602p. of Livestock. th ed. Tata McGraw-Hillpublishing K., Rao,M.andGanesh, T. , Kerala Agricultural University,

M.V.Sc. Thesis 26 2 ., : 73-74.

32 nd The MineralNutrition ed.Commonwealth 72 :381-386. : 481-484. RESEARCH ARTICLE 25

Animal nutrition. 2 : 29-33. :23-31. Vet. Med., , Kerala Indian J. J. Small M.V.Sc. ‰ J. IN RATS* BODY WEIGHT AND SERUMLIPIDPROFILE PREPARATIONS OFCOCONUTOIL ON EFFECT OFFISHOIL AND VARIOUS coconut oil,Virgin coconutoil Keywords: body weight. its favorableeffects onserumlipidprofileand recommends theconsumptionofVCOdueto to thatofFOadministration.Thepresentstudy the effectwascomparable to orevensuperior rats, revealedadesirableeffectwithVCO and fed group.Comparison betweenvariousoilfed increased HDL/LDLratio,beinghighestinVCO Except SCO,allotheroilssignificantly variation inthelevelsofTC,HDLandVLDL. while TLandLDLdecreasedwithnosignificant administration significantlyincreasedTAG, of TL,TC,TAG andVLDL.Fishoil decreased LDL,withlittlechangeinthelevels whereas, VCOsignificantlyincreasedHDLand significantly increasedinSCOfedrats levels. All thelipidparameters understudywere total lipids(TL),total cholesterol(TC)andHDL significant decreaseinLDLandnochange in serumtriacylglycerol(TAG) andVLDL, administered rats showedsignificantincrease period ofthreemonths.Coconutoil significant variation,whenadministeredfora whereas, COandSCOdidnotshowany observed inVCOandFOfedrats respectively decrease andincreaseinbodyweightwas weight andserumlipidprofileinrats. Significant coconut oil(VCO)wasevaluatedonbody (CO), seasonedcoconutoil(SCO)andvirgin of coconutoilviz.,copraoil/RBD Effect offishoil(FO)andvariouspreparations Abstract Accepted -12.10.11 Received -25.06.11 2.Professor andHead 1.M.V.Sc. scholar *Part ofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedbythefirstauthorto theKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Copra oil,FishRats,Seasoned heart disease oil increasestheriskofatherosclerosisand human beingscontradicts claimsthatcoconut other investigationsconductedinanimalsand coconut oilanddevelopmentofCHD,many positive correlationbetweenconsumptionof Though, therearestudiesthatindicatea for generationsthroughoutthetropics. source offatinthediets ofmillionspeople as well. milk, buttheoilandgratedcoconutareused of SouthIndiandishes,notjustthecoconut leaves andturmeric.Coconutfeaturesinalot seasoning itwithmustard seeds,onion,curry of Indiausecoconutoilforcurrieddishesafter Usually peopleinthewesterncoastal region for cultivationandproductionofcoconut. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesharewellknown southern states suchas,Kerala, Tamil Nadu, countries, forthousandsofyears.InIndia, SriLanka, Malaysiaandothertropical Indonesia, India,Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, consumed mainlybythepeopleofPhilippines, fatty acids.Coconutkernelandoilare has averyhighcontent(90%)ofsaturated 1997). Among thevegetable oils,coconutoil coronary heartdisease( consumption ofexcesssaturatedfatand correlation hasbeensuggestedbetween saturated fats isessentialandahigh Mannuthy- 680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Biochemistry K. P. Sreeji negative effects ofcoconutoil. The present the scientificcommunityregarding 2009). Thus, thereexists acontroversy among Coconut oilhasprovidedtheprimary Consumption ofsmallamount 1 andSisilammaGeorge

(Awad, 1981;Sabitha K. P. SreejiandSisilammaGeorge CHD) RESEARCH ARTICLE

(Clarke et al et al 2 ., ., 23 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 23-29 24 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 23-29 A doseof30kg/head/yearwas fixed,which around 14kg/head/year(Rajamohan, 2004). oil +derivedfromkernel), whichcomes total coconutoilconsumption inKerala(free western world(44to48kg/head/year) andthe head/year), consumptionlevelofdeveloped world averageoilconsumptionlevel(17.8kg/ follows: with variousoilsforaperiodof90daysas rats underallothergroups wereadministered G5, eachcomprising6animals.ExceptG1, were randomlydividedintofivegroups, G1to of Institutional Animal EthicsCommittee. Rats Experiments wereconductedwiththeapproval standard ratpelletdietanddrinkingwater. cent relativehumiditywithfreeaccessto : 12hrLDcycleat22to28°Cand4555per ventilated experimental animalroomunder12 g werehousedinappropriatecagesawell Mumbai. chemicals wereprocuredfromMerckIndiaLtd, week afreshandusedforthestudy. All other of seasonedcoconutoilwasprepared each strained throughamuslincloth. About 250ml to coolroomtemperature. Then theoilwas curry leaves(10%w/v).Mixedwellandallowed remaining oil,turmericpowder(2.5%w/v)and brown, followedbytheadditionof w/v) andfrieduntilthecolourbecamegolden small onion/redonion( As soonastheseedssizzled,addedchopped in apan andaddedmustard seeds (10%w/v). follows: About 50mlofcopraoilwasheated coconut oilwasprepared inthelaboratoryas oil wereprocuredfromlocalmarket.Seasoned coconut oil(RUBCONutri-ko)andsharkliver Agricultural University. Commercialvirgin RBD coconutoil)wasprocuredfromKerala Materials andMethods metabolism inrats incomparison withfishoil. seasoned coconutoilonbodyweightandlipid oil/RBD coconutoil,virginoiland various preparations ofcoconutoilviz.,copra study wascarriedouttoevaluatetheroleof Fishoilandcoconut oilonbodyweightandserumlipids... Dose wasfixedbasedonpercapita G5 –Fishoil(FO) G4 –Virgin coconut oil(VCO) G3 –Seasonedcoconutoil(SCO) G2 –Copraoil/RBDcoconutoil(CO) G1 –Normalcontrol(NC) Male Wistar rats weighing180to220 Commercial coconutoil(Copraoil/ Allium oschaninii ) (5% separated serumbycentrifugingat1000 and 90daysafter oiladministration)and before administrationofoils),45and90(45 into sterilemicrofugetubesondays,0(just anesthesia, usingheparinised capillarytubes, from theretroorbital plexusundermildether morning andevening. orogastric tubeintwodivideddoses,at administered everydayorallyusingan coconut oilconsumptioninKerala.Oilswere Moreover, itwasnearlydoublethepercapita consumption ofdevelopedwesternworld. capita worldaverageconsumptionand The dosefixedwasanaveragevalueofper comes toaratdoseof16.4g/kgbodyweight. for 10min.at15 value of test todeterminethelevelofsignificance. The (ANCOVA) followedbyDuncanmultiplerange were compared byanalysisofco-variance Equation (Warnick were estimatedbytheconventionalFriedewald and Albers, 1978). and Albers, Manganese precipitation procedure(Warnick cholesterol wasestimatedbyHeparin– M/s E.MerckIndia,Ltd, Mumbai).HDL using commerciallyavailablekits (EcolineKits, total cholesterol(TC)andtriacylglycerol(TAG) samples wereanalysedfortotal lipids(TL), also recordedontheabovedays.Serum Results andDiscussion in bodyfat(Tsuji considered tobelessavailable fordeposition a rapidsourceofenergy. Thus, MCFAs are carnitine acyltransferaseand areoxidizedas mitochondria withoutthe assistance of hepatocytes, wheretheseenterthe gastro intestinaltractandtransportedto 50-57% inVCO),areabsorbedreadilyfrom MCFAs mainly, lauricacid(~43%inCO and (MCFAs) (BezardandBugaut,1986).Free lipases toreleasemediumchainfattyacids are readilyhydrolyzedbylingualandgastric triacylglycerols (MCTs) incoconutoil,which attributed tothehighcontentofmediumchain of threemonths(Table 1). This couldbe body weight,whenadministeredforaperiod whereas, VCOsignificantlydecreasedthe which decreasedtothatofcontrolrats showed atransientincreaseinbodyweight, significant (SnedecorandCochran,1985). Administration ofCOandSCO P < 0.05 Blood sampleswerecollected 0 C. Weight oftheanimalswas wasconsideredstatistically et al

LDL andVLDL cholesterols et al ., 2001). ., 1990).Data obtained RESEARCH ARTICLE x g triacylglycerol (mg/dl)levelsinrats (Mean±SE,n=6) Table 1. Table 2. (Mean ±SE,n=6) in fatdepots (Tsuji transported toperipheraltissuesforstorage packaged andsecretedintolymph,whichare bile toentertheintestinalcells,re-esterified, acids (LCFAs) requirethedetergent actionof fatty acids(PUFAs -65-70%).Long chainfatty high contentoflongchainpolyunsaturated 5% inVCOfedrats, whichcouldbeduetothe was about40%compared today0asagainst coconut oilonday90(Table 1). The increase significantly compared totherats fedwith (both COandSCO)apoC-III-mediated expression ofapoC-IIIbyMCTs incoconutoil fed rats (Table 2).Increasedhepatic remained atasignificantlyhigherlevelinSCO high inCOfedrats. However, both TL and TAG to thatofNCwhile TAG remainedsignificantly by day45.On90thelevelof TL decreased significantly increasedthelevelsof TL and TAG In FOfedrats, bodyweightincreased

Effect ofvariouspreparations ofcoconutoilandfishonbodyweight(g)inrats Effect ofvariouspreparations ofcoconutoilandfishonserumtotal lipidsand Feeding COandSCO et al ., 2001). with earlierreports (Frenoux Lipid loweringeffect ofFOisinaccordance lower thanCOandSCOfedrats (Table 2). TAG wassignificantlyhigherthanVCOand decreased significantlywhereas,thelevelof day 45andlaterby90,thelevelof TL increase inthelevelsofserum TL and TAG by effect ofVCO(NevinandRajamohan,2004). might havecontributedtothelipidlowering minor constituents suchasvitamin A andE CO andVCO.Highcontentofpolyphenols this couldbeduetothequalitydifference in reported byearlierworkersandsuggestedthat (Table 2).Similarobservationswerealso decreased tothatofcontrolratsbyday90 increased thelevelsof TL and TAG, which et al in serumlipidand TAG concentrations(Wang lipoproteins mighthavecontributedtoarise inhibition ofcatabolism of TAG-rich .,1998). Administration ofVCOtransiently Rats fedwithFOshowedasignificant K. P. SreejiandSisilammaGeorge RESEARCH ARTICLE et al ., 2001). 25 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 23-29 26 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 23-29 level ofLDLandbyday90thedecreased fed groupshowedadecreasingtrendinthe became significantbyday90whereas,VCO VLDL showedanincreasingtrendwhich SCO fedgroupthelevelsofbothLDLand significantly throughouttheperiodofstudy. In LDL decreasedandVLDLincreased levels ofLDL andVLDL inCOfedrats where, throughout theperiodofstudy(Table 3). remained atasignificantlyhighlevel to thatofcontrolrats byday90whereas,HDL increase inthelevelof TC, whichdecreased Virgin coconut oilfedrats showedatransient significantly higherlevelinSCOfedgroup. rats whilethesecontinuedtobeat a of both,decreasedtothatNCinCOfed increase byday45butafter90days,thelevels levels of TC andHDL alsoshowedasignificant in lipidmetabolism. interaction betweenEPA andDHA isimportant of PUFA, thecomposition ofPUFA andan suggested thatratherthanthetotal quantity unaltered (Banerjee while TAG andphospholipidlevelsremained water fish)elevatedplasmacholesterollevel phospholipids while,chital oil(oilfromfresh the levelsofserumcholesterol, TAG and diets containing marinehilsaFOdecreased and HDL (mg/dl) levelsinrats (Mean±SE,n=6) Table 3. (Goodnight plasma lipidlevelsandplateletaggregation present inFO,whichareknowntoreduceboth to theEPA andDHA components ofPUFA Reduction inthelevelof TL couldbeattributed Fishoilandcoconut oilonbodyweightandserumlipids... An oppositetrendwasobservedinthe In bothCOandSCOfedgroups, the Effect ofvariouspreparations ofcoconutoilandfishonserumtotal cholesterol et al ., 1982).Feedingrats with et al ., 1992),which cholesterol synthesis(Jones or directlybyservingasaprecursorfor of cholesterolabsorptionfromsmallintestine cholesterogenesis eitherbyindirectsuppression SCO ingredients, whichcouldupregulate the presenceofphytosterolsandsqualenein between thetwoisnotclear. Itmightbedueto ingredients andthereasonforthisvaryingeffect the fatsolublecomponents ofseasoning VLDL duringthecourseofexperiment. cholesterol fractions,suchas,HDL,LDLand stantiated bytheincreasedlevelsofallother cantly highlevelof TC inSCOfedrats issub- lesterol (Cox oil hadalessereffect inincreasingserumcho- showed thatcompared tobutterfat,coconut the levelof TC. Studies inhumanbeingsalso to theincreaseandsubsequentdecreasein (20 mg/dl)byday90,mighthavecontributed by day45,whichreturnedtothatofbasallevel from 18mg/dlto31mg/dl,inthelevelofHDL ministered rats showedaveryhighincrease, terol fractionsespecially, HDL.Coconutoilad- then adecreaseinthelevelofothercholes- ministration mightbeduetotheincreaseand crease observedinthelevelof TC onCOad- and VCOfedgroups (Table 5). fed rats whileitincreasedsignificantlyinCO significant variationinHDL/LDLratioofSCO of NCrats byday90(Table 4). There wasno in thelevelofVLDL,whichdecreasedtothat day 0.However, therewasatransientincrease to nearlyhalfthevaluethanthatobservedon Coconut oilandSCOdiffers onlyin Transient increaseandthenade- et al ., 1995).However, signifi- RESEARCH ARTICLE et al ., 1994). (Mean ±SE,n=6) Table 4. Table 5. (Heek andZilversmit,1991;Cox decrease inVLDL TAG clearance capacity hepatic secretionofVLDL orduetoamodest due toanincreaseinparticle number, increased accordance withearlierreports and itcouldbe Elevation inVLDLCOadministrationis (Denke andGrundy, 1992.,Cox LDL inCOfedrats agrees with earlierfindings serum HDL (Wang triglycerides, maycontributetothehigher in animalsfedwithintermediatechain (mg/dl) levelsinrats (Mean±SE,n=6) (a, b,candd)inacolumndiffersignificantly(P<0.05). Level ofsignificancewasdeterminedcolumnwisebetweengroups. Values notbearingacommon superscriptletter Increased hepatic apo A-I expression Effect ofvariouspreparations ofcoconutoilandfishonHDL/LDL ratio

Effect ofvariouspreparations ofcoconutoilandfishonserumLDL andVLDL et al ., 1998).Lowerlevelof et al et al ., 1995). ., 1995). contain onlyverylowamount oftheabove Seasoned coconutoilusedin thisstudy, might might havecontributed to thiseffect. leaves andPUFA contentofmustard seeds polyphenols andflavonoids present incurry leaves andmustard seedsandsuggested that coconut oildietsupplementedwithcurry were decreased,whenrats werefedwitha an increaseinHDLwhereas,LDLandVLDL findings ofBeena observed inSCOfedrats partly agree withthe High levelsofHDL,LDLandVLDL K. P. SreejiandSisilammaGeorge et al. (1996). They reported RESEARCH ARTICLE 27 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 23-29 28 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 23-29 administration decreasedtheactivitiesof al level ofLDL-cholesterolproduction(Maree of receptordependentLDLtransportoralow which couldbeeitherduetoanincreasedrate in rats supplemented withadietrichinFO, reduction inthelevelofLDLwasalsoreported the periodofstudy(Table 3,4,5).Significant a significantlyhighHDL/LDLratiothroughout whereas, LDL decreasedsignificantly, showing HDL andVLDLdidnotvarysignificantly Agricultural University. financial supportprovidedbytheKerala (Toussant enzymes associatedwithlipidsynthesis to thiseffect (Zhou and otherpolyphenolsmighthavecontributed Rajamohan, 2004).Highcontentofflavonoids agreement withearlierfindings(Nevinand fractions suchas,HDLandLDL,whichisin correlate withthelevelsofothercholesterol decrease inthelevelof TC inVCOfedrats, References Acknowledgement effect inreducingthelevelsofLDL andVLDL. any effect orhaveexertedanantagonistic active principleseithermightnothaveexerted Awad, A. B. 1981. Effect ofdietary lipidson further explored. on varyingdosesofCOandVCOhavetobe the effect ofheatandtheseasoningingredients one ofthemajorcomponents incookeddishes, consumption inKerala.Since,coconutoilis was almostdoublethepercapita coconutoil developed westernworld.Moreover, thedose consumption andtheof average valueofpercapita worldaverage of oiladministeredwasveryhigh,whichisan context, itisworthmentioningthatthedose lipid fractionsunderstudyexceptHDL.Inthis SCO revealedundesirableeffect onallserum effects onthelevelsof TAG andVLDL while rats. Compared toVCO,COshowedadverse to orevensuperiorthatofFOadministered and serumlipidprofile. The effect wassimilar VCO exhibiteddesirableeffects onbodyweight among thevariouspreparations ofcoconutoil, Fishoilandcoconut oilonbodyweightandserumlipids... ., 2009).IthasalsobeenreportedthatPUFA The authorsacknowledgethe adipose tissue composition andglucoseutilization byrat The aboveobservationssuggestthat

et al In FOfedrats, thelevelsof TC, Transient increaseandthena ., 1981). et al . J.Nutr., ., 2009). 111: 34-39.

many et Denke, M Jones, P. J.,Lichtenstein, A. H.,Schaefer, E. Heek, M.VandZilversmit,D.B.1991. Goodnight, S.H.,Harris,W. S.,Connor, W. E Frenoux, J. M. Cox, C.,Mann,J.,Sutherland,W., Chisholm, Clarke, R.,Collins,FandPeto, A. 1997. Bezard, JandBugaut,M.1986. Beena, A. K., Abraham, A andLeelamma,S. Banerjee, lipoproteins. and palmitic acidonplasmalipidsand Comparison ofeffects oflauricacid J andNamchuk,G. L. 1994.Effect of rabbit. in thecoconutoil/cholesterol-fed Mechanisms ofhypertriglyceridemia sclerosis lipidemia andthrombosis. unsaturated fattyacids,hyper and IllingworthD.R.1982.Poly Nutr. spontaneously hypertensiverats. improves antioxidantstatusin fatty aciddietlowersbloodpressureand and Prost,J.L.2001. A polyunsaturated 895-898. levels. with moderatelyelevatedcholesterol on lipidsandlipoproteinsinpersons coconut oil,butter, andsafflower oil A andSkeaff, M.,1995.Effects of 314 metabolic wardstudies. quantitative meta-analysis of Dietary lipidsandbloodcholesterol: 918-927. acids permeation ofmediumchainfatty and long glycerides containing short,medium, Nutr., juncea) tothediet. koenigii) andmustard seeds(Brassica the additionofcurryleaf(Murraya 1996. Biochemicalresponseinrats to Lipids, on plasmaandliverlipidsinrats. dif polyunsaturated fattyacidcompositions oils with Comparison oftheeffects ofdietary fish I., Saha,SandDutta, J.1992. :112-117. , and Grundy, S.M.,1992. (BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress). 131 49:

27 R., Prost,E.D.,Belleville,J.L J. LipidRes., J. Arterioscler.Thromb. , 295-299. :39-45. :425-428. 2: 87-113. chain fattyacids: Am. J.Clin.Nutr., ferent n-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Plant foodHum. 36 :1787-1795. Absorption of Brit. Med.J., Arterio , 56 11 J. : : Toussant, M. Snedecor, G. W Sabitha, P., V Rajamohan, T. 2004.Coconutoilbringsinno Nevin, K. G Maree, N.,Balouni,I. A., Moselhy, S.Sand Publishing Company, Calcutta). 564p. Statistical Methods, J. Clin.Biochem., coconut oilandsunfloweroil. among southIndianmenconsuming lipid profileandantioxidantenzymes and Kamath,P. 2009.Comparison of J. Nutr., synthetase bypolyunsaturatedfat. acetyl-CoA carboxylaseandfattyacid 1981. Coordinatesuppressionofliver evil. Clin. Biochem. parameters and effects ofvirgincoconutoilonlipid Biochem., Oil BasedHighFatDiet. Lipid ProfileofRats FedonCoconut Sesame Kumosani, T. 2009.Dietary Fishand Biol., humans. moderately hypercholesterolemic cholesterol synthesisinolder, dietary fatselectiononplasma and Rajamohan, T. 2004.Beneficial Kerala calling, aidyanathan, K.,Vasudevan, D.M J., Wilson,M.DandClarke,S.D. 14 :542-548. 111 and Cochran,W. G. 1985. Arterioscler. Thromb.Vasc. 34 :146-153. Oil Effects onSerum :220-225. , 37 in vitro :830-835. 24

(OxfordandIBH May :76-81. LDL oxidation. :10-11. Turk. J. Indian Warnick, G. R.and Albers J.J.1978. A Warnick, G. R.,Knopp,R.H.,Fitzpatrick, V Wang, H.,Hunter, FandBlack,D.1998. Tsuji, H.,Kasai,M., Takeuchi, H.,Nakamura, Zhou, T., Luo,D., Li,XandLuo, Y. 2009. 19 lipoprotein cholesterol. procedure forestimatinghighdensity heparin –manganeseprecipitation comprehensive evaluationofthe cutpoints. the basisofnationallyrecommended adequate forclassifyingpatients on by theFriedewaldEquationis Low-Density LipoproteinCholesterol and BransonL.1990.Estimating J. Physiol. expression innewbornswine. acid compositiononapolipoprotein Effect offeedingdiets ofvaryingfatty J. Nutr., trial inhealthymenandwomen. triacyl medium-chain body fatinadouble-blind, glycerols suppressaccumulationof Dietary M., Okazaki,MandKondo,K.2001. effects of Hypoglycemic andhypolipidemic 3 diabetic mice. ( Nelumbo nuficera :290-293. :65-76. 131 K. P. SreejiandSisilammaGeorge , Clin. Chem., 275 :2853-2859. flavonoids fromlotus J. Med.Plants Res., :645-651. RESEARCH ARTICLE Gaertn) leafin 36 J. LipidRes., :15-19. controlled Am. ‰ 29 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 23-29 30 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 30-33 conducted in41foetuses. developing lymphnodesingoatwere Abstract Accepted -16.09.11 Received -24.07.11 4 3 2 1 * recognition (FuandChaplin,1999). thought toenhancethesensitivityofantigen structure ofthesecondarylymphoidtissueis of theimmunesystem. The organised together withtheregulatoryandeffector cells foreign antigencouldbeefficiently brought generally locatedatthestrategicsitewhere and hilus. The secondarylymphoidtissuesare of capsule, stroma,cortex,medulla,nodules the courseofsmallerlymphatics.Theyconsist regarded asthefiltersorbarrierslocatedin nodules ofthelymphoidtissueandare Morphometry, Prenatal Keywords the lymphnodesofrightside. slightly highervaluesformaleanimalsandin The meanvaluesforgrossparameters showed variation inpositionsomeanimalsstudied. position oftheselymphnodesshowedslight nodes occurredingroups. Thetopographical as singleonesanddeeporviscerallymph found thatthesuperficiallymphnodesoccurred In thefivemajorlymphocentresstudied,itwas positive correlationwithbodyweightandage. The weightofthelymphnodesexhibited weight oflymphnodesastheageadvanced. nodes, viz.meanlength,width, thicknessand progressive increaseinthesizeoflymph LYMPH NODESINGOAT FOETUSES MORPHOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS ON Professor andHead(Retd.) Associate Professor, Veterinary Surgeon,AHD,Kerala Prenatal morphometry oflymphnodesingoat... Part ofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedby thefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Professor andHead,CVAS, Pookode,Wayanad Prenatal studiesonthebiometryof Lymph nodesaresmallorlargesized : Foetus, Goat,Lymph nodes,

There wasa Mannuthy– 680651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Anatomy andHistology J.J. Chungath A. Asha Materials andMethods goats atdifferent stages ofprenatal life biometrical parameters ofthelymphnodesin this studywasconductedtoelucidatethe of thecaprinelymphnodesarescanty. Hence Descriptive reports aboutthemorphogenesis the past andisnotadequatelydescribed. enough attentionbylymphaticresearchersin caprine lymphaticsystemhasnotattracted of animals,theprenatal developmentof conducted onthelymphnodesinotherspecies jejunal mesentericlymphnodefromabdominal mediastinal lymphnodefromthoraciccavity, prescapular lymphnodefromneck,caudal lymph nodesfromlymphocentresofthehead, were studied, lymph nodesfromfivemajorlymphocentres collected andfixedassuch.Representative thoracic andlumbarvertebralregionswere along withcarotidsheathandthedorsal lymph nodes,theventralaspectofneck surrounding andincludingthedeveloping embryos of61to90daysage,theareas upto 60daysofage,werefixedassuch.From divided intofivegroups. Embryosandfoetuses days. Basedontheage,foetuseswere of thefoetusingandt=age W derived bySingh foetuses wascalculatedusingtheformula Crown RumpLength(CRL),theageof foetuses. After recordingstraightandcurved 1/3 =0.096(t-30),where,Wbodyweight Although extensiveworkhasbeen The studywasconductedon41goat 1 , S.Maya viz 4 et al. ., parotid andmandibular 2 (1979)forgoatfoetuses, , K.R.Harshan * RESEARCH ARTICLE 3 and Cochran (1994). analysed statistically followingSnedecorand were alsocollected. The data collectedwere growth, organslikeliver, thymusandspleen as such.Formakingcomparative studieson related structureswerealsocollectedandfixed thoracic ductandcisternachylialongwiththeir of theneckalongwithcarotidsheathand From thisgroupoffoetuses,theventralaspect lymph nodesweremeasuredineachfoetus. width (shortdiameter)andthicknessofthe parameters likeweight,length(longdiameter), dissected outtorecordthemorphometric days ofageandabove,thelymphnodeswere abdominal wall.Fromlargerfoetusesof91 viscera, andprefemorallymphnodefrom Results andDiscussion visceral lymphnodesoccurredingroups. This nodes occurredassingleonesanddeepor studied, itwasfoundthatthesuperficiallymph Table 1. month ofgestation (Mean±S.E.) In thefivemajorlymphocentres

Average length,width, thicknessandweightoflymphnodesatfourthfifth to antigens. an enlargementoflymphnodesonexposure calves, whocouldalsoobservethattherewas et al 1), similartotheobservationsmadebyGadre of lymphnodesastheageadvanced(Table thicknessandweight the meanlength,width, nodes. mandibular andsuperficialcervicallymph in positionofmostthelymphnodesexcept Assam localgoats, whofoundslightvariation with thefindingsofSarma of theanimalsstudied,whichpartially agreed lymph nodesshowedslightvariationinsome calves. Gadre was inaccordancewiththeobservationsof . (1986)inthelymphnodesofcrossbred et al The grossparameters ofthelymph There wasaprogressiveincreasein The topographicalpositionofthese . (1988)inthecross-bredmale RESEARCH ARTICLE et al A. Asha . (2004)in etal. 31 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 30-33 32 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 30-33 Table 2. these valueswereslightlyhigher inthelymph lymph nodesduringfifth monthshowedthat organs (Table 2). other internalorgansandmajor lymphatic indicating agrowthtrendinaccordancewith similar relationwiththeliverandspleenweight weight, ageandCRL. These alsoshoweda nodes exhibitedpositivecorrelationwithbody Prenatal morphometry oflymphnodesingoat... * P<0.05**P<0.01 The comparison ofmeanvalues of Correlation ofbodyparameters withliver, spleenandlymphnodeweight al side (Fig.1)similartothereports ofSarma nodes oftherightsidethanthoseleft five millimetersunlikethefindings ofGadhave the meandifference rangingbetweentwoto compared tothatofthefemaleanimals,with fifth monthwereslightlyhigher inmaleswhen parameters oflymphnodesduringfourthand . (2004)in Assam localgoats. The meanvaluesforgross RESEARCH ARTICLE et Gadre, Gadhave, S.B.1996.Grossanatomicaland Fu, Y.X. andChaplin,D.D.1999.Development References external influences. the respectivechangesinexposureto in thebiometryoftheseorgansonlyindicated of bodyfluids,theregionalandsidedifferences processes withlymphnodesactingasfilters crucial rolebothinnormalandpathological lymph nodeinprenatal lifeinsheep. development ofthetracheo-bronchialcranial had noinfluenceonthemorphologyand et al. (1996) inMurrahbuffaloes. ButPospieszny Fig.1. (2002)stated thatthesexoffoetus Biometrical parameters of lymphnodesofrightandleft sidesduringfifth monthofgestation From LeftWidth 6.Thicknessleft 4.Width 2.Lengthleft3. 1.Lengthright right left 5.Thicknessright K.M., Malik,M.R.andSrivastava, A.M. calves withageandimmuneresponse. abdominal lymphnodeofcrossbred 1986. Grossanatomicalchangesin Vidyapeeth, Mumbai,79p. M.V.Sc. Thesis, lymph nodesinMurrahbuffalo. prescapular, prefemoralandpopliteal histochemical studyofparotid, lymphoid tissues. and maturationofsecondary Since thelymphaticsystemplaysa 17: 399-433. Ann. Rev. Immunol Konkan Krishi ., Gadre, K.M.,Malik,M.R.andSrivastava, A.M. Pospieszny, N.,Kleckowska,J., Sarma, K.,Kalita, A., Suri,S.andZama, Snedecor, G.W. andCochran,W.G. 1994. Singh, Y., Sharma, D.N.andDhingra,L.D. Indian J. Anim. Sc., Anim. Sci., age andantigentreatment. lymph nodesofcross-bredcalveswith 1988. Morphologicalchangesin 313 p. IBM PublishingCompany, NewDelhi, nodes inprenatal period. sheep’s tracheo-bronchial craniallymph morphology anddevelopmentofthe and Juszczyk,M.2002. The 02.html series/volume5/issue2/veterinary/art- Available: Univ.Pol. Agric. Indian J. Anim. Sci nodes ofBakarwaligoat observations onthesuperficiallymph M.M.S. 2004.Grossanatomical Statistical Methods Indian J. Anim. Sci., 1979. Morphogenesisoftestisingoat. . ISSN0717-3458. http://www .ejpau. media.pl/ 58 : 440-445. [online].5(2). ., . 8 RESEARCH ARTICLE 56 74 49 th ed.Oxfordand : 623-633. : 750-751. (Capra hircus). : 925-931. Chroszcz, A. Electronic A. Asha Indian J. etal. ‰

J. 33 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 30-33 34 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 34-38 CROSSBRED COWS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN MATTER INTAKE, RUMENFERMENTATION INFLUENCE OFDIETARY PROTEINONDRY 2 1 * any significanteffectonthedrymatterintake, (28, 39.15,26.46and40percentofCP)has neither thelevelofCP(17and20)norUDP results obtained inthestudyindicatethat parameters studied inthepresentstudy. The fatty acidlevelsoranyhaematological dry matterintake, rumenNH3-N,total volatile animals giventhefourdietary treatmentsin significant difference(P>0.05)betweenthe urea assourceofRDP. There wasno four dietary treatments contained onepercent 15.50 andpercent,respectively. All the straw intheratioof70:30was13.41,13.71, formulated withconcentratemixtureandpaddy content ofthefourexperimental rations UDP, respectively, onDMbasis.TheCP 28, 39.15,26.46and40percentofCPas with 17percentand20CP containing fed withfourisocaloricconcentratemixtures weight andmilkyieldwereselected possible withregardtotheirage,parity, body cows within20daysoflactation asuniform haematological parameters. Eightcrossbred matter intake, rumenfermentation and levels ofCPandUDPwillinfluencethedry like ureaintheconcentratemixtureattwo inclusion ofareadilydegradableproteinsource cows inearlylactation toassesswhether Abstract Accepted -20.10.11 Received -21.03.11 Part ofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedby thefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Effect ofurea on dmi,rumenfermentationandhaematology... Associate Professor Veterinary Surgeon, AHD, Kerala A studywasconductedincrossbred source, whichisdegradedcompletelyinthe is thecheapestandmostcommonlyusedNPN which canbeutilisedbyrumenmicrobes.Urea nitrogen (NPN)isacheapersourceofnitrogen, is digesteddirectlybythecows.Nonprotein for microbialproteinsynthesisandUDPthat protein byprovidingbothRDPthatisutilized dietary proteinshouldsupplymetabolisable of ammoniaforrumenbacteria. Therefore the the microbialproteinsynthesisduetoshortage protein (UDP)levelintherationwillreduce rumen, while,anincreaseinundegradable result inanaccumulationofammoniathe degradable protein(RDP)intherationwill microbial protein. An excessofrumen decreasing theefficiency ofsynthesis must escaperuminaldegradationwithout acids tothesmallintestine,dietary protein endogenous proteins. amino acidsfromdietary, microbialand which isachievedbyintestinalabsorptionof demand forproteinintheformofaminoacids, haematology, rumen Keywords lactation. parameters incrossbredcowsearly rumen fermentation andhaematological Mannuthy-680 651,Thrissur,Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department of Animal Nutrition Sheena Joseph To achievethegreaterflowofamino Dairy cowshaveanincreased : Dairy cows,CP andUDP, dmi, 1 and K. Ally RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 in earlylactation. haematological parameters ofcrossbredcows dry matterintake, rumenfermentation and two levelsofCPandUDPwillinfluencethe source likeureaintheconcentratemixtureat inclusion ofareadilydegradableprotein study wasundertaken to assess whether and economicalindairyrations. The present substance likeureacanbeequallyeffective rumen. SoacombinationofUDPandNPN Materials andMethods through outtheexperimental period.Rumen Daily drymatterintake (DMI)was recorded fed attheratio70:30ofdaily drymatter. The concentratemixtureandpaddy strawwere The total feedingexperiment wasfor15weeks. period ofoneweekinbetweenthetreatments. for aperiodofthreeweekswithanadaptation switch overdesign.Eachtreatmentwasgiven source ofRDP (Table 1). treatments contained onepercentureaas per cent,respectively. All thefourdietary ratio 70:30was13.41,13.71,15.50and concentrate mixtureandpaddy strawinthe the fourexperimental rationsformulatedwith respectively, onDMbasis. The CP contentof 39.15, 26.46and40percentofCP asUDP, 20 percentCP, respectivelycontaining 28, isocaloric concentratemixtureswith17and management. The animalswerefedfour the facilitiesforindividualfeeding,careand were selectedandhousedinashedwithall to theirage,parity, bodyweightandmilkyield of lactation asuniformpossiblewithregard Table 1. Ingredientcompositionandcalculated The feedingtrialwasconductedina Eight crossbredcowswithin20days experimental animals(Kg) concentrate mixturegiventothe nutrient contentofthefour al. (P>0.05) bythedietary CP level(Annextad after feeding. The ruminalpHwasnotaffected from alltheanimalswascollectedthreehours dietary treatments (Table 4).Rumenliquor (P>0.05)bythefour not significantlyaffected volatile fattyacid(TVFA) concentrationswere (Kanjanapruthipong design (SnedecorandCochran,1985). were analysedbythemethodforswitchover data isgivenin Table 2. The results obtained per standard procedure(AOAC,1990) and mixtures andpaddy strawwascarriedoutas Proximate analysisofthefourconcentrate 3110) usinghollowcalciumcathodetubes. Spectrophotometer (PerkinElmermodel– calcium wasestimatedby Atomic Absorption diagnostics, Maharashtra,India.Plasma method) usingthekits suppliedby Agappe method) andalbumin(bromcresolgreen method), plasmatotal protein(directBiuret method), plasmacreatinine(modifiedJaffe’s plasma ureanitrogen(modifiedBerthelot phosphorus (phosphomolybdatemethod), plasma glucose(GOD-PAP method), plasma haemoglobin (cyanmethaemoglobinmethod), of eachfeedingperiodwereusedtodetermine experimental animalsatthebeginningandend 1970). ammonia nitrogen(BeecherandWhitten, acids (BarnettandReid,1957)rumen rumen ammonianitrogen(NH Rumen fermentation parameters treatmentsdietary (Table 3). and 10.65kg,respectively)giventhefour average DMIofanimals(10.53,10.54,10.53, no significantdifference (P>0.05)betweenthe readily andfeedrefusalwasrare. There was cent, respectively. All thedietswereconsumed similar andwere3.03,3.01,3.03.03per their bodyweightinthefourgroups were Dry matterintake Results andDiscussion (pH each feedingperiodandwasanalysedforpH a stomachtube,atthebeginningandendof liquor wascollectedfromalltheanimalsusing 40 percentUDPproducedmore NH per centCPconcentratemixture at26.46and feeding ofconcentratemixture containing 20 Broderick, 2003).Itcouldbe observedthat , 1987;Sannes

meter, Cyberscan,2500),totalvolatilefatty Blood samplescollectedfromthe The averagevaluesonrumenpH, The DMIoftheanimalsaspercent et al. et al., , 2002)andUDPlevel Sheena Joseph 2002;Reynaland RESEARCH ARTICLE 3 –N) andtotal 3 –N (27.85 and K. Ally et 35 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 34-38 36 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 34-38 et al. protein levelissimilartothereports ofSannes decrease inNH by themicrobesinrumen. the rumen,promotesammonia production dietary protein,whichismoredegradablein pruthypong Rodriguez current studyissimilartothefindingsof to increaseinUDPlevelsobservedthe NH significant (P>0.05). This linearresponse to cent) eventhoughthedifference wasnot 39.15 percentUDP(23.46mgand17.40 with thatcontaining 17percentCP at28and and 23.21mgpercent,respectively)compared Table 3. Table 2. Effect ofurea on dmi,rumenfermentationandhaematology... 3 –N concentrationwithincreaseindietary (2002)andDavidson It couldbeseenthattheaverage TVFA Average dry matterintake ofanimalsmaintained onthefourexperimental rations(kg) experimental animals*(%) Chemical compositionofthefourconcentratemixturesandpaddy strawfedto et al. et al. 3 –N concentrationsinresponse (2002). This isbecause (1997) andKanjana et al. (2003). The glucose levelfallsinthelower limits ofnormal reported by Ally level onhaemoglobinconcentration isalso significant effect ofdietary proteinandUDP dietary treatments (Table 5). The lackof were significantlyaffected (P>0.05)bythefour biochemical parameters inthe presentstudy Haematological andBiochemicalParameters TVFA concentrationofrumenliquor. (2002) inwhichthelevelofUDP didnotaffect study agreeswiththefindingsofSannes al. TVFA productionasreportedbyDavidson dietary CP levelshadnosignificanteffect on (P>0.05) bythefourdietary treatments. The concentration wasnotsignificantlyaffected (2003). The observationmadeinthepresent None ofthehaematologicaland et al .(2007). Theplasma RESEARCH ARTICLE et al. et reports ofWiley four dietary treatments andsimilartothe creatinine wasnotaffected (P>0.05)bythe 1991; Rodriguez CP levelsorUDP(Zimmerman was notsignificantlyaffected (P>0.05) bythe 17 to20percent. increase inCPtheconcentratemixturefrom (though notsignificant)correspondingtoan also beseenthatPGLlevelstendtoincrease range (40to60mg/100ml)forcows.Itcould * Meanofeightvalues Table 5. Jordan calcium andphosphoruslevels asreportedby significant effect (P>0.05)onbothplasma sources. were notaffected bypostpartum protein *Meanofeightvalues Table 4 . Summariseddata onaveragerumenfermentation parameters inanimals et al. The averageplasmaureanitrogen Summariseddata onaveragehaematologicalandbiochemicalparameters ofthe The fourdietary combinationshadno maintained onthefourexperimental rations* animals maintained onthefourexperimental rations* (1983)and Ally (2003).Inthe et al. et al., (1991) inwhichlevels 1997). The plasma 1997). The et al., gratefully acknowledged. Mannuthy, forconductingthis studyis College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Aharoni, Y., Arieli, A. andTagari, H.1993. References Acknowledgement et al. reports ofCressman in thepresentstudyisagreementwith albumin concentration. The observationmade (P>0.05) boththeplasmatotal proteinand degradability didnotsignificantlyaffect present study, thedietary proteinandits (1990)and Aharoni The facilitiesprovidedbytheDean, change ofdegradability dietary Lactational responseofdairycowsto et al. Sheena Joseph et al. (1980),McGuffey RESEARCH ARTICLE (1993). and K. Ally 37 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 34-38 38 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 34-38 Annexstad, R.J.,Stern, M.D.,Otterby, D.E., Ally,Mercy, K., A. D. Cressman, S.G., Grieve,D.G., Macleod,G. Beecher, G. P. andWhitten,B.K.1970. Barnett, A. J.G. andReid, R.L.1957.Studies AOAC. (1990) Kanjanapruthipong, J.,Vajrabukka, C.and Davidson, S.,Hopkins,B. A., Diaz, D.E.,Bott, Effect ofurea on dmi,rumenfermentationandhaematology... cows. levels ontheperformanceoflactating 2007. Effect ofdietarycrudeprotein Sci., for lactating dairycattle meal assupplemental proteinsources Extruded soybeansandcorngluten Linn, J.G. andHansen,W.P. 1987. Sci protein andorganicmatter. Sci., dairy cattleinearlylactation. concentration onmilkproductionby 1980. Influenceofdietary protein K, Wheeler, E. Eand Young, L.G. compounds. modification andinterfering Ammonia determination:Reagent 315- 21. an artificialrumen. acids fromgrassbyrumenliquorin on theproductionofvolatilefatty D.C. 587p. Analytical Chemists, Washington 15th ed. Association ofOfficial formalin treatedsoybeanasasource Sindhuvanich, S.2002.Effects of 86 lactation Holsteincows. utilization andexcretioninearly protein onlactation, nitrogen amount anddegradabilityofdietary Whitlow, L .W. 2003.Effects of S. M.,Brownie,C.,Fellner, V. and :1681-89. .,

7 76 63 Indian J. Anim Nutr 0: . OfficialMethodof Analysis. : 3514-22. : 1839-47. 814-22. Anayt. Bioch. and Viswanathan, T. V. J. Agricl. Sci., J. Agricl. J.DairySci., ., . J.Dairy 64 :8 , 36 J. Dairy J. Dairy : 243. 4-87. 48 : Snedecor, G. W. Sannes, R. A., Messman,M. A. andVagoni, Rodriguez, L. A., Stallings, C.C.,Herbein,J. Reynal, S.Reynal, M. and Briderick, G. A. McGuffey, R.K.,Green,H.B.andBasson, Zimmerman, C. A, Rakes, A. H.,Jaquette,R. Wiley, J.S.,Peterson,M.K., Ansotegui, R.P. Statistical Methods Dairy Sci., protein efficiencyofdairycows. on microbialproteinsynthesisand degradable carbohydrateandnitrogen D. B.2002.Formofrumen- 80 protein andaddedfat in responsetodegradabledietary nitrogen inHolsteinandJerseycows variation inmilkandplasmaurea H. andMcGilliard,M.L.1997.Diurnal degradability. supplements ofvaryingruminal of feedingdairycowsprotein protein. protein andundegradableintake and fedrationsvaryingincrude cows receivingbovinesomatotropin P. 1990.Lactation responseofdairy Aust. J. Animal Sci., cows onconcentratebaseddiet. rumen functionsofnon-lactating dairy of rumenundegradableproteinon State Universitypress, America. 313p. cows. composition inearlylactation dairy forage sourceonmilkproductionand Jr. 1991.Effects ofproteinleveland D, Hopkins,B. A. andCroom, W.J. Anim. Sci., or degradableproteinpostpartum nutrition andruminallyundegradable maintenance orlowlevelofprepartum from first-calfbeefheifersfeda and Bellows,R. A. 1991.Production : 3368-76. J. DairySci. J. DairySci., and Cochran,W. G. 1985.

85 69 J.DairySci : 900-08. : 4279-93. . 8 , RESEARCH ARTICLE 74 15 . J.DairySci.,

th 73 ed. The Iowa : 980-90. : 1439-44. 2003. Effects ., : 2437-43. 86 : 835-43. Asian . J. J. ‰ (P age groups wasstatistically significant difference inprevalenceobserveddifferent (3.08%) thaninpuppies(0.03%).The than infemales(1.50%)andcommonadults prevalence ratewashigherinmales(1.90%) from DecembertoFebruary(2.07%).The prevalence wasrecordedduringwintermonths prevalence of1.70percent.Thehighest positive formicrofilariaeshowinganoverall cases presentedtothehospital, 145were A RETROSPECTIVESTUDY MICROFILARIOSIS INDOGS– SECONDARY DETERMINANTSOF 2. DirectorofClinics,KVASU 1. Academic Consultant, CVAS, Pookode,Wayanad for a12monthperiod. the recordsofVeterinary Hospital, Mannuthy occurrence ofmicrofilariosisindogsscanning effect ofseason,agesexandbreedonthe Abstract Accepted -08.04.11 Received -26.02.11 B.pahangi Dipetalonema reconditum,Brugiamalayiand from Keralaare Important filarialparasites indogsreported or infectivelarvaeoffilarialparasites. Keywords: oedema, coughandvomiting. conjunctivitis, dermatitis,anorexia,limb important symptomsrecordedwerepyrexia, Boxers (8.00%)andlessinPugs(0.8%).The strongly associatedwithhost variablessuch < 0.05). Theinfectionwasfoundmorein An attemptwasmadetoanalysethe Microfilariae areadvancedembryos The occurrenceofsomediseasesis (Radhika

Microfilaria, dog,season,sex,age et al.,

Dirofilaria repens Out of8503canine 2001; Ambily, 2009). (1 yearto6years)andaged (>6 years).Data and youngadult(<1year), Different agegroups wereclassifiedaspuppies case sheets andprevalencewascalculated. percentages obtained bystudyingmonthly were estimatedusingthegeneraltrendin of dogsdifferentagegroups andbreeds monthly wasalsorecorded. The total number of caninecasespresentedtothehospital, epidemiological data form. The total number film examinationwererecordedusingan positive formicrofilariaebyroutinewetblood of microfilariosisindogs. screened fordeterminingtheprevalencerate months fromJune2009toMay2010were Hospital, Mannuthyforaperiodoftwelve Mannuthy- 680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofClinicalVeterinary Medicine Deepa Chirayath Materials andMethods occurrence ofmicrofilariosisindogs. some secondarydeterminants inthe was undertaken toanalysethesignificanceof the occurrenceofsame. The presentstudy appropriate managementalsteps toprevent at anearlytentativediagnosisandtotake sex andseasonmayhelpclinicianstoarrive of caninefilariosisinrelationtoage,breed, al., animals ofcertainagegroups (Schwabe as sex,breedoradiseasemayoccuronlyin 1997). The informationontheprevalence Records ofVeterinary College The details ofcaninecasesthatwere 1 andP.C. Alex Deepa Chirayath andP.C. Alex RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 et 39 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 39-41 40 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 39-41 anorexia, limbedema,coughandvomiting. were pyrexia,conjunctivitis,dermatitis, Great Dane(2.87%)andleastinPug(0.8%). Dalmatian (4.00%),Labrador(3.10%)and (8.00 %)followedbyCockerSpaniel (4.00%), Table 2. The prevalencewashighestinBoxers prevalence ofmicrofilariosisisdepictedin was statisticallysignificant.Breedwise prevalence observedindifferent agegroups the leastinpuppies. The difference in prevalence washighestinadults (3.08%)and 1.90 %whileinfemalesitwas1.50%. The (1.63%) andtheleastinsummer(1.31%). East monsoon(1.93%),South-West monsoon recorded inwinter(2.07%)followedbyNorth- depicted in Table 1. The highestprevalencewas during different seasons,sexandageis February (2.20%)andJuly(2.07%). was highestinJanuary(2.47%)followedby prevalence was1.70percent. The prevalence wet bloodfilmexamination. The overall 145 werepositiveformicrofilariaebyroutine to thehospital duringthetwelvemonthperiod, Results andDiscussion Winter (December, JanuaryandFebruary). East monsoon(OctoberandNovember) (June, July, August andSeptember)North- ( March, April andMay),South-West monsoon be dividedintofourseasons-Summer features, theclimaticconditioninKeralacan wise prevalencestudywasalsoconducted. were analysedusingchi-squaretest.Season **Significant at1%level Table 1: Secondary determinants ofmicrofilariosisindogs....

The prevalencerateobtained inthe The prevalenceofmicrofilariosis Owing toits diversityingeographical The important symptomsrecorded The prevalencerateinmaleswas Out of8503caninecasespresented Seasonwise,sexwiseandageprevalenceofmicrofilariosis indogs microfilariae of report by Ambily (2009). recorded wereinaccordancewithprevious Spaniel (4%).Important clinicalsymptoms Boxer (8%),Dalmatian(4%),andCocker breed wasonly3.10%,whichlessthan Labrador (33.10%),theprevalencerateinthis rate inthepresentstudywashighest (Anup group of1to6yearsissimilarotherreports The prevalenceratewashighestintheage long as28daysat18 can beasshorteightdaysat30 development ofL1larvaetoL3inmosquitoes warm ambienttemperatures. The rate of reports (Radhika females whichisinagreementwithprevious prevalence wasmoreinmalescompared to reported higherprevalenceinsummer. The highest inwinterwhileRadhika analysis ofcaserecords. The prevalencewas is aretrospectiveone,purelybasedon may beduetothefactthatpresentstudy Radhika (1997)whogot7.95%. The disparity present study(1.70)waslesscompared to species offilariae. temperature requirements varywithdifferent months after infection(Dillon,2000). The adults andproducemicrofilariaeinsixtoseven after infection. They developtosexuallymature and developtoL5approximately100days of thatmosquito.Inanimals,L3larvaemoult during therelativelyshortlifespan (onemonth) exposure towarmtemperaturemustoccur acquires themicrofilariaL1,adequate temperature duringdifferent seasons areas not beenstudied.InKerala,theaverage Temperature requirementofthespecies has common filarialparasite reportedfromKerala. et al., The numberofcirculating 2006). Though theoccurrence D. immitis Dirofilaria repens et al., o 2001; Ambily,2009). C. After amosquito indogsincreases RESEARCH ARTICLE et al.( isthemost o C oras 2001) countries, ambienttemperatureof30 and Summer36 Anup, J. Ambily, V. R.2009.Clinico-therapeuticstudies References be around30 Kerala eveninwintermonthstemperaturewill be attained onlyinsummermonths,but follows: S-WMonsoon30 vary fromthefindingofRadhika prevalence isreportedinwinterseasonwhich N-E Monsoon35 microfilariae. months tobecomeadults andproduce that itwilltake L3larvaeapproximately10 prevalence rate. This maybeduetothefact young adults (>1year)hadshownleast Thesis on caninemicrofilariosis. Subramanian, H.andSreekala,S.2006. In thepresentstudy, puppiesand K., Pradeep,S.V., Baby, P.G., o C.Inthepresentstudy, maximum **Significant at1%level Table 2: , KAU, Thrissur, 137p. 0 C/19 o C/32 o Breed-wiseprevalenceofmicrofilariosisindogs C, Winter28 o 0 C. Intemperate C

Max /19 et al., o M.V.Sc. C/18 0 o C Min, Cwill 2001. o C Tarello, W. 2000.Subcutaneous canine Schwabe, C.W., Radhika, R.,Subramanian,H.and Dillon, R.2000.Dirofilariasisindogsandcats. 1997. 151: in Italy: Casereport. (Nochtiella) dirofilariasis dueto Lea &Febiger,p. Philadelphia,146 Thrissur. J Prevalence of Saseendranath, M.R.2001. 937-963. W.B SaundersCo.Philadelphia.pp Internal Medicine (Eds.). In: Ettinger, S.J.,FeldmanandE.C. dogs. protein profileinmicrofilarialinfectionof Prevalence, micrometryandserum 1053-1058. Epidemiology inVeterinary Practice J. Anim. Vet. Sci., Vet. J. Anim. Rieman, H.P. andFranti,C.E. Text bookofVeterinary . Vet. Anim. Sci

repens Deepa Chirayath andP.C. Alex Dirofilaria. repens . Volume 1.5 of American origin RESEARCH ARTICLE Rev. Med.Vet., 37: ., Dirofilaria 44-47. 32 :46-48. th ed. in ‰ . 41 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 39-41 42 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 42-44 Phenobarbital (PB)after initiationwith the tumourpromotingpotentialof Abstract Accepted -25.04.11 Received -30.08.09 RATS* STUDIES OFN-NITROSOMETHYLUREAIN EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENICITY 2 1 *Part ofPh.D.thesissubmittedbythe firstauthortoTANUVAS, Chennai-63 urea Keywords foldings. marked epithelialproliferationtopapillomatous the urinarybladdermucosavariedfrom adenoma toushyperplasia.Thechangesin seminiferous tubules.Mammaryglandshowed spermatids andaccumulationofdebrisinthe brain. Inthetestes,therewerenecrosisof focal proliferationofmeningealcellsinthe mononuclear cellsinthelungs,mildgliosiswith in thekidney, perivascularcollection of included hyperaemiaandtubulardegeneration due toingressofwater. Theotherchanges to dilatation andvesiculationofRERSER also seeninthecytoplasmwhichcouldbedue granules. Besides,numerousvacuoleswere cells showedanincreaseininterchromation dysplasia. Ultrastructurallythenucleiofhepatic like clearcellfociandfocalhepatocellular hepatocytes aswellpreneoplasticchanges vacuolation, granularityandnecrosisof group, thelivershowedtoxicchangeslike changes inthestomach.InNMU+PB There weresquamouscellhyperplastic kidney manifesteddegenerativechanges. hepatocytes showedmildtoxicchanges.The Nitrosomethylurea (NMU).IntheNMUgroup, Professor andHead(Retd.) Associate Professor, CVAS, Mannuthy Experimental carcinogenicity studiesofNMU.... The objectofthisstudywastoassess : Phenobarbital, N-Nitrosomethyl

N- Vepery, Chennai–60000 Madras Veterinary College Department ofPathology A. Sundararaj Mammen J. Abraham phenobarbital atthelevelof0.05%inbasal followed bydailyadministrationof weight intraperitoneallyat0,4,8and12days doses ofNMUattherate25mg/kg.body The thirdgroupwasadministeredfourinitiating weight intraperitoneallyat0,4,8and12days. of NMUatadosagerate25mg/kgbody the secondgroupwasadministeredfourdoses were maintained asuntreated controlgroup, were randomlyselected.Onegroupofrats comprising 30malerats and10femalerats Materials andMethods in manyspeciesofanimals(Talcott can inducetumourformationinseveralorgans is averypotentresorptivecarcinogenwhich formed fromprecursorsinthehumanbody. It in thehumanenvironmentandmayalsobe compounds havebeenfoundinlowquantities belongs totheN-nitrosogroupofchemical Hermann, dormant tumorigeniclesion.(RolfSchutle- tumour promotioneffect onapre-existing potent tumourpromoterwhichcouldexert 1990). genesis subsequenttoinitiationbyNMU. phenobarbital onthemultiorgancarcino the modifyingeffects ofthetumourpromoter, was undertaken withtheobjectiveofassessing N-Nitrosomethylurea (NMU)which Three groups ofrats, eachgroup Phenobarbital isamitogenand et al ., 1981). An experimental study 2 7. 1 and RESEARCH ARTICLE et al ., Results andDiscussion histopathology andEMStudies. subjected todetailed grosspathology, the survivingrats weresacrificedand maintained foraperiodof20weeksandall diet. All thegroups ofexperimental rats were hepatocytomegaly andkaryomegaly characterised byindividualisation, showing focalhepatocytes dysplasia Fig. 2. papilliferous folds bladder showingepithelialhyperplasiaforming Fig.1. suggestive ofatendencytowardsneoplastic of thehyperplasticchangescouldbe low mitoticindex.Inthiscasethepersistence (Fig.1). Normallytheurinarybladderhasa hyperplasia thatformedpapilliferous folds the urinarybladdershowedepithelial squamous cellhyperplasia. The mucosaof mononuclear cellswhilethestomachshowed The lungsshowedfocalcollectionof effects ofNMUasobservedbyFrei(1970). could beindicativeofrecoveryfromtoxic administration, theaboveobservedchanges after thediscontinuationofNMU of animalsweresacrificednearly10weeks occasional venousstasis. Sincethesegroups of thehepatocytes, mildportal infiltrationand mild toxicchangeswhichincludedgranularity

NMU+PBgroup-Liver section In theNMUgrouplivershowed NMU group-Mucosaoftheurinary growths inthestomach. squamous cellhyperplasiaand papillomatous of ependymalcellsinthe brain,focal degeneration inthekidneys,focal proliferation included hyperaemiaand tubularcell complex invesicleformation. and theinvolvementofSERGolgi which couldbeduetodegranulationofRER usually sparsely populatedbyribosomes fragmentation ofRERinhepatocytes are (Fig.3).The vesiclesproducedby proliferated SER,followingtheingressofwater vesiculation oftheRERaswellthat which couldbeduetothedilatation and Moreover cytocavitiescouldalsobeseen synthesis (SvobodaandHigginson,1968). phenobarbital couldinhibitnucleolarRNA of RNAsincethetoxicityNMUand could representalternatesitesforthesynthesis interchromatin granulesandthisalteration Ultrastructurally therewasanincreaseof cytomegaly andkaryomegaly(Fig.2). individualisation ofhepatocytes, hepato hepatocellular dysplasiacharacterised by preneoplastic changesintheformoffocal and necrosis.Besides,therewere by vacuolationofthehepatocytes, granularity the livershowedtoxicchangescharacterised significant toxicchangeinthekidney. 1968) thishadnoassociationwithany nuclei acidsinthekidneys(SwannandMagee, shown toproduceextensivemethylationof tubular epithelialcells. Though NMUhasbeen hyperaemia anddegenerativechangesinthe epithelium (HicksandWakefield, 1972). produced reversiblehyperplasiaofthebladder (2.0 mg)administeredintravesicularly transformation. A singlecytotoxicdoseofNMU cytocavities andelectrondensecytosol Fig. 3. Ultrastructureofhepatocytes showing The otherprominentchanges The kidneysshowedprimarilydiffuse In theNMU+PBgroupofthisstudy, Mammen J. Abraham and A. Sundararaj RESEARCH ARTICLE 43 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 42-44 44 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 42-44 (Rolf-Schulte –Hermann phenobarbital wastostimulateDNA synthesis hepatectomy themainactivityofmitogen,like environmental origin. As withpartial dormant tumorigeniclesionofgeneticor resulted frompromotionofapre-existing of livertumoursinthemitogen-treatedanimals in theliver(Pitot in thesizeandnumberofpreneoplasticislands carcinogen wasshowntoresultinanincrease several monthstorats, pretreatedwitha liver mitogenwhichwhenadministeredfor action (El-Sokkary, 2007).Phenobarbital isa genotoxic mitogeninducesits carcinogenic be themechanismsbywhichnon- and cellcycletimealterationinthelivermay proliferative activity, kineticsofDNA synthesis phenobarbital ontheoxidizedlipids, papillomatous foldings. from markedepithelialproliferationto changes intheurinarybladdermucosavaried showed adenomatoushyperplasia. The seminiferous tubules.Mammaryglands spermatids andaccumulationofdebrisinthe El-Sokkary, G.H. 2007. An autoradiographic References Frei, J.V. 1970. Toxicity, tissuechanges and Experimental carcinogenicity studiesofNMU.... The stimulatoryeffect of In thetestes,therewerenecrosisof Biol. Lett., protective roleofmelatonin. induced oxidativestress:the the ratlivercausedbyphenobarbital- synthesis andcellcyclevariabilityin study ofcellularproliferaton,DNA et al 12 : ., 1978). The appearance 317-330. etal ., 1981). Cell Mol. Swann, P. F. andMagee,V. 1968. Svoboda. R. Rolf Schulte– Pitot, H.C.,Barness,L.Goldworthy,T. and Hicks, R.M.and.Wakefield, J.S.J.1972. sulphonate. sulphate andmethylmethane dimethyl nitrosamine, rat byN-Methyl–N-Nitrosourea, The alkylationofnucleicacidsthe Nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis: Cancer Res., in ratliverduetochemicalcarcinogens. Comparison ofultrastructuralchanges Res., compounds andnafenopin. steroid hexachlorocyclohexane, the tumourpromotesPhenobarbital, cells inratliverfollowingtreatmentwith proliferation ofputative preneoplastic I.andTimmermann, T. 1981.Enhanced 271 dose ofdiethylnitrosamine. hepatocarcinogenesis after asingle characterization ofstage of Kitagawa, T. 1978.Biochemical Histology, Chem.Biol.Interact., rats withN-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea. Rapid inductionofbladdercancerin compounds. by methylnitrosamineandamide tumor inductionininbredswissmice :456-458.

Hermann, G., Ohde,J.,Schuppler 41 and Higginson,J.1968. :2556-2562.

Cancer Res., Biochem. J., 28 :1703-1733. RESEARCH ARTICLE

110

30 Cancer Nature :11-17. :39-47.

5 :139. ‰ , of pigcarcasseshavebeenevaluated. of varioussanitizersonthebacterialcounts and sanitizing.Inthepresentstudy, theeffect meat processingindustryiscarcasswashing has gainedrelativelywideacceptance inthe on carcasssurfaces.Onesuchstrategythat been developedtoreducethebacterialload meat. Severalinterventionstrategieshave and subsequentreductionintheshelflifeof variation whichfavourmicrobialmultiplication to extraneouscontamination andtemperature slaughter operations,thecarcassisexposed fresh, immediatelyafter slaughter. During bacteria potassium sorbate,chlorine,pigcarcass, BACTERIAL COUNTSOFPIGCARCASSES EFFECT OFCHEMICALSANITIZERSONTHE 4 3 2 1 Keywords carcasses. and sulfitereducingclostridiumcountofthe count, coliform,Escherichiacoli,enterococcal the mosteffectiveinreducingtotal viable carcasses. Howeverlacticacidat2%levelwas could reducethebacterialloadof concentrations revealedthatallthesanitizers decontamination ofthecarcassesatdifferent combination withlacticacidandchlorineinthe and lacticacid,potassium sorbatein studied. Theeffectoforganicacids,viz.,acetic controlling thebacterialloadofpigcarcassis Abstract Accepted -06.12.11 Received -19.03.10 Dean (Retd.) Associate Professor&Head Associate Professor Assistant Professor InIndia,meatisgenerallyconsumed The effectivenessofsanitizersin : Sanitizer, lacticacid,acetic a significantreductioninthemean total viable shown inthetable. mean bacterialcountofpigcarcassesis from 100cm chlorine. Theswabsampleswerecollected (2%) andaceticacid(1%2%) of Potassium sorbate (0.5%)andlacticacid included lacticacid(1%and2%),combination samples. of carcassesselectedweretreatedascontrol antibacterial effect ofsanitizers.Equalnumber meat processingplantinKerala,todetectthe carcasses werecollectedrandomlyfroma Materials andMethods Mannuthy-680 651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Public Health B. Sunil E. Nanu, Results andDiscussion procedure describedbyRangaswamy(1995). was subjectedtostatistical analysis following (2001).The dataobtained fromtheabovestudy procedure describedbyDownesandIto count (SRC)wasestimatedasperthe count (EC) count (CC) into 500mlof0.1%peptonewater. The samplesfromeachcarcasswerepooled bacon, loinandhamregionsofthecarcasses. The effect ofdifferentsanitizersonthe The sanitizersusedinthestudy During thestudy, atotal ofsixpig The total viablecount(TVC),coliform Statistical analysisofdata revealed 3 1 andC.Latha Escherichia coli

K. Vrinda Menon and sulfitereducingclostridium 2 areaeachfromjowl,shoulder, 4 countenterococcal RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 E. Nanu ,

et al. 45 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 :45-47 46 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 :45-47 2.02±0.28 reduction incoliformcountofthecarcassesfrom sanitizers onbeefcarcasses.Maximum Table: observed bySakhare and reductionofcounts by1log10cfu/cm (200ppm) respectively. The effectofaceticacid treatment withaceticacid(2%)andchlorine Anderson chlorine (200ppm)wasalsoobservedby TVC countontreatmentwithaceticacidand and lacticacid. The significantreductioninmean acid (2%)andcombinationofpotassium sorbate Enterococcal counts weresignificantly(P strain evenwhentreatedwith3%lacticacid.. of growth revealed asignificanteffect (P (2%). All thesanitizersexcept lacticacid(1%) coliform countontreatmentwithaceticacid also reportedamarkeddecreasein TVC and and reduction inthegrowthof reported byDoores(1993) who observeda reducing clostridiumcount which wasalso significantly reducethegrowthofsulphite However lacticacidat1%leveldidnot reduced atbothconcentrationsoflacticacid. reported noeffect oflacticacidon to theresults ofSmuldersandGreer(1998)who lactic acid. cfu/cm count (TVC)wasreducedbyaround4log ofthetreatedcarcasses. count The total viable * P 0.68±0.20 log • • Efficacy ofchemicalsanitizers.... Figuresinthesamecolumnbearingdifferentsuperscriptdonotdiffersignificantly Figures inthesamecolumnbearingsuperscriptdiffersignificantly ≤ ≤ 0.01 C. perfringens 2 whencarcassesweretreatedwithlactic Effect ofsanitizersonthemeanbacterialcounts ofpigcarcasses E. coli et al.

log 10 (2006)onapplicationofthese countwhichwasinaccordance 10 cfu/cm cfu/cm athigherconcentrationof et al (1999).Fu 2 Clostridium botulinum 2 to0.68±0.14and was observedon E. coli < 0.05) onthe et al. O157H9 (2006) < 2 0.01) was 10 improving thequalityandshelflifeofmeat. of variousorganismswhichwillfurtherhelpin sanitizers couldsignificantlyreducethegrowth Hence,theuseofthesefoodgrade Anderson, M.E.,Marshall,R.T, Stringer, W.C. References Acknowledgement Downes, F.P. andIto,K.2001. Doores, S.1993.Organicacids:In:Brannen, Fu, A.H., Sebrannek,J.G., andMurano,E.A. is alsogratefullyacknowledged. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy The facilitiesprovidedbytheDean,College assurance ofmeatinprocessingplant–KAU”. for fundingtheprojecton“Bacterialquality Council of Agricultural Research,NewDelhi J. FoodSci. of applicationtosurfacesbeef. of threesanitizersundersixconditions and Naumann,H.D.2006.Efficacies examination offoods of methodsforthemicrobiological New York,95-124. pp Antimicrobials infood. A.L. andDavidson, A.M. (Eds). characteristics ofporkcuts from 2006. Microbialand quality Washington DC:676p. American PublicHealth Association, The authorsarethankfultotheIndian , 42 :326-329. RESEARCH ARTICLE MarcelDekker, Compendium . 4 th ed., Rangaswamy,R. 1995. Sakhare, P.Z., Sachendra,N.M., Yashoda, sprays. carcasses treatedwithsanitizing intermittent decontamination treat K.P. andRao,N.D.1999.Efficacy of Delhi. 495p. International PublishersLtd. New agricultural statistics J. FoodSci ., A textbookof 59 . New Age :306- 309. Smulders, F. J.M.andGreer, G.G. 1998. J. FoodMicrobiol., prospects andcontroversies. programme formusclefoods with organicacidsinHACCP Integrating microbialdecontamination carcass. the microbialloadonbroilerchicken ments duringprocessinginreducing Food Control RESEARCH ARTICLE

44 : 149-169. , 10 E. Nanu :189-194.

et al. Int. ‰ 47 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 :45-47 48 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 48-52 Xxylazine, Ketamine, Keywords: two tosixhours. varying degreesofdullness,whichlastedfor uneventful recovery, thoughthedogsshowed animals. All theanimalsofbothgroups hadan it wassatisfactoryinmidazolam-premedicated major surgicalprocedureslikelaparotomy. But premedication wasfoundnotsatisfactoryfor anaesthesia achievedwithoutmidazolam anaesthesia wasgood.Thedepthof and thedegreeofmusclerelaxationduring midazolam, endotrachealintubationwaseasy anaesthesia. Inanimalspremedicatedwith the inductionandmaintenanceofgeneral weight) wasadministeredintramuscularlyfor ketamine hydrochloride(10mg/kgbody after premedication inboththegroups administered intravenously. Fifteen minutes, midazolam (0.3mg/kgbodyweight)wasalso In animalsofGroupII,tenminuteslater (1.0 mg/kgbodyweight)at15minutesinterval. (0.011mg/kg bodyweight)followedbyxylazine intramuscular administrationofglycopyrrolate 6. Animals ofgroupIwerepremedicated by animals andwerenumberedseriallyfrom1to divided intotwogroups eachconsistingofsix (oophorectomies). Theywererandomly subjected toelectivesurgicalprocedures in 12femaledogsofdifferentbreeds, Abstract ANAESTHESIA INDOGS PREMEDICATION INKETAMINE XYLAZINE COMBINATION FOR MIDAZOLAM WITHGLYCOPYRROLATE- Accepted -07.12.11 Received -16.06.11 5. 4 3 2 1 Midazolam premedication inketamine anaesthesiaindogs... Associate ProfessorandHead Professor&Head,CVAS, Pookode,Wayanad Professor (Retd.) Assistant Professor Associate ProfessorandHead,UniversityVeterinary Hospital, Mannuthy The anaestheticstudywasconducted Midazolam,Glycopyrrolate, Anaesthesia, dogs premedication inketamine anaesthesiaindogs. glycopyrrolate-xylazine combinationfor midazolam wascarriedoutwith 1990). vocalization orpeddling(Tranquilly unconsciousness withnostruggling, system depressionandeasytransitionto induced aprofoundlevelofcentralnervous midazolam, withxylazineandketamine 1982). Intravenousadministrationof Mannuthy-680 651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary SurgeryandRadiology C.B. Devanand T. Sarada Amma M.K.Narayanan Materials andMethods reported duringrecoveryperiod(Clark by vocalizationafter painful stimulihadbeen like clonicheadandlimbmovements followed surgical procedures.Butuntowardreactions anaesthetic combinationforshortduration dissociative anaesthetic)areverypopular these, xylazine( the doserequirementandsideeffects. Among preferred toindividualdrugs,sinceitreduces Commonly, drugcombinationsarebeing and theeaseofadministrationdrugs. the inherentpeculiaritiesofanimalpatients, anaesthetic techniquesarepreferreddueto Sciences, MannuthyandtheUniversity Radiology ofCollegeVeterinary and Animal Department ofVeterinary Surgery and surgical procedures(oopherectomies)atthe dogs ofdifferent breedssubjectedtoelective In thepresentstudy, evaluation of In veterinarypractice,injectable The studywasconductedin12female α 4

1 2 , K.Rajankutty 3

, K.V. Syam agonist) andketamine (a RESEARCH ARTICLE 4 and 2 , et al. et al. , , observations anaesthesia wererecorded. The physiological induction, maintenanceandrecoveryof the dogsfollowingpremedication,during intravenously toallthedogs. percent dextrosesalinewasadministered keep theairwaypatent. Endotracheal intubationwascarriedoutto and maintenanceofgeneralanaesthesia. administered intramuscularlyfortheinduction hydrochloride (10mg/kgbodyweight)was premedication, inboththegroups ketamine medication. Fifteen minutesafter intravenously asapart ofpreanaesthetic mg/kg bodyweight)wasalsoadministered of GroupII,10minuteslatermidazolam(0.3 body weight)at15minutesinterval.Inanimals body weight)followedbyxylazine(1.0mg/kg administration ofglycopyrrolate(0.011mg/kg Group Iwerepremedicatedbyintramuscular for 12and24hoursrespectively. Animals of Preoperatively, waterandfoodwerewithheld and werefoundapparently healthy. consisting ofsixanimals. into twogroups Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalaiandweredivided good. as unsatisfactory, satisfactory, goodorvery relaxation andunconsciousness,graded extent ofanalgesia,degreemuscle was evaluatedduringsurgerybyassessingthe of muscleslowerjaw. the disappearanceandreturnoftone was calculatedasthetimeintervalbetween return ofpedalreflex.Musclerelaxationtime disappearance ofpedalreflexandthetime as thetimeintervalbetweenof reflex andthedurationofsurgicalanaesthesia ketamine tothedisappearanceofpedal calculated asthetimefrominjectionof after theadministrationofketamine. and at3090minutes24hours anaesthetic combinations,immediatelybefore, were recordedbeforetheadministrationofpre capillary refilltimeandbloodcoagulation muscles oftheabdomen during surgery. and bytheassessmentofrelaxation ofthe the resistance inopeningthejawsmanually moderate (++)andpoor(+), depending upon rated asexcellent(++++), good(+++), mucous membrane,oxygensaturation(SpO rate, rateofrespiration,colourvisible

The degreeofmusclerelaxation The salientclinicalsignsexhibitedby All thedogswereclinicallyexamined The inductiontimeofanaesthesiawas viz., viz., rectal temperature,pulse Group IandII,each

Depthofanaesthesia

During surgeryfive

was 2 ), xylazine combination. following theadministration ofmidazolam- reported excellentmusclerelaxation inhorses in alldogsofGroupII.Luna moderate intwoanimalsGroup Iandgood relaxation waspoorinfouranimalsand (41.20 ±2.14min). The degreeofmuscle in GroupII(49.83±1.85min)thanI swallowing reflex. combination indogs,sinceitabolishedthe added advantage ofmidazolam-ketamine (1991) alsoreportedrapidintubationasan included forpremedication.Hellyer easy inGroupIIwhichmidazolamwas be performedonlywithresistance, butitwas Group Ianimalsendotrachealintubationcould midazolam wascombinedwithketamine. In reported byHellyer midazolam. Similarfindingswerealso min) duetotheaddedsedativeeffectof (8.83 ±0.40min)thaningroupI(9.500.72 anaesthesia wasfoundquickeringroupIIdogs in boththegroups. The inductiontimeof aspiration duringsurgeryandpostoperatively. stomach therebyeliminatingthepossibilityof considered advantageous asitemptiesthe to Moye attributed totheeffect ofxylazine. According The possiblereasonforthevomitingcanbe had alsobeenreportedindogsbyHall(1985). Varghese (2006).Xylazineinducedvomiting had beenreportedbyRajankutty(1996)and dogs followingtheadministrationofxylazine urination anddefecation. These symptomsin symptoms noticedwerevomiting,licking, lateral recumbencywasmaintained. The other administration ofmidazolamandthereafter lateral recumbencyfortheintravenous dogs inGroupIIweremanuallycontrolled recumbency withheaddownposture. All the of movement, were winkingofeyes,yawning,inco-ordination administration ofglycopyrrolateandxylazine the groupsfollowingpremedicationwith of sedationmanifestedbythedogsboth table.The commonclinicalsignssuggestive Results andDiscussion analysed. walk unassisted. All thedata werestatistically the timewhenanimalcouldstand upand interval betweenthereturnofpedalreflexand Recovery time The musclerelaxationtimewasmore The observationsarepresentedinthe Induction ofanaesthesiawassmooth et al.

(1973),emeticactionwas and assumptionofsternal was calculatedasthetime et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE M.K.Narayanan et al. (1991)when (1992)had et al. etal. 49 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 48-52 50 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 48-52 than inGroupI(36.70±2.65min).During prolonged inGroupII(45.83±1.54min) with midazolam. satisfactorily inthoseanimalspremedicated laparotomy, butitcouldbeachievedmore satisfactory forsurgicalprocedureslike 10 mg/kgrespectivelymaynotbealways combination atthedoserateof1mg/kgand inferred thatxylazineandketamine also resortedto.Fromthestudy, itcouldbe site using2%lignocainehydrochloridewas local infiltrationanaesthesiaatthelaparotomy Hence tocompletethesurgicalprocedure, satisfactory inalltheanimalsofGroupI. satisfactory inGroupII,butwasnot anaesthesia andrecovery, andat24h.(GroupIII)(Mean±SE)n=6 Table. * Columnmeanswithalphabeticsuperscripts incommon(a,b,c,d)isnotstatisticallysignificant. * Rowmeanscompared tothe meanvaluebefore premedication (P<0.05) Significantat5percentlevel. Midazolam premedication inketamine anaesthesiaindogs... Observationsonphysiologicalparameters beforeandafter premedication,during The durationofanaesthesiawas The depthofanaesthesiawas 2006) andmidazolam-xylazineanaesthesia anaesthesia (Sharma rectal temperatureduringxylazine-ketamine anaesthesia inboththegroups. Decreasein temperature after premedicationandduring next dayonwards. hours andhadnormalfoodintake fromthe degree ofdullness,whichlastedfortwotosix recovery, thoughthedogsshowedvarying 1982). All theanimalshadanuneventful be duetoitsaction (Kanto hypnotic min) thaninGroupII(71.70±4.01may was includedforpremedication(80.00±5.17 was foundmoreinGroupIIweremidazolam vocalization wasnoticed. The recoverytime recovery inafewofGroupIanimals, There wasmarginaldecreaseinrectal et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE , 1983;Mohan, et al. , tone producedbymidazolam(Koc vasodilatation effect andthelossofmuscle refill timenoticedmaybeduetotheperipheral for premedication. This increasedcapillary (1.83±0.21) wheremidazolamwasincluded anaesthesia itwasincreasedinGroupII (1.50±0.26) andGroupII(1.33±0.22).During decreased after premedicationinGroupI after premedicationinGroupIandII. anaesthesia andrecoverywhereas inGroup 4.73) andafter premedication,during systolic bloodpressureinGroup I(158.00± anaesthesia inboththegroups. time after premedicationandduring 2002). There wasanincreaseincoagulation midazolam anaesthesia(Koc by normalvalueduringrecoveryinxylazine- of midazolam. A decreasedheartratefollowed observed probablyduetothesedativeeffect But inGroupII,suchanincreasewasnot mild increaseafter premedicationinGroupI. recovery inallthegroups thoughtherewasa premedication, duringanaesthesiaand thermoregulatory mechanism. rate andmuscletonedepressionof vasodilatation, decreaseofbasalmetabolic anaesthesia couldbeduetoperipheral temperature duringxylazine-midazolam et al. premedication (Ramaswamy also maybeacontributingfactorinmidazolam nervous system.Peripheralvasodilatation depressant effect ofthedrugsoncentral anaesthesia canbeattributedtothe The decreaseinbodytemperatureduring in dogs(Koc the stability ofperipheralcirculation. throughout theperiodofobservation,indicating membrane waspale roseateinalltheanimals reported indogs. midazolam (Koc ketamine (Haskin ketamine (Haskins midazolam (BishnoiandSaini,2005a), administration ofxylazine(Peshin Decrease inrespirationratefollowingthe following premedicationinboththegroups. been reported. was significant(P<0.05)increaseinS (2002)opinedthatthedecreaseinbody The capillaryrefilltimewasseen There wassignificantincrease in There wasdecreaseinpulserateafter There wasdecreaseinrespirationrate The colourofthevisiblemucous et al. , 2002)hadbeenreported. et al. et al. et al. , 1986)andxylazine- , 2002)hadbeen , 1985),xylazine- et al. et al. et al. , 1991).Koc , 2002)had

P There , 1980), O et al. 2 level , of shortduration. and smoothrecoveryforsurgicalprocedures satisfactory depthanddurationofanaesthesia resulted ingoodmusclerelaxationand permitted easyendotrachealintubation, combination inketamine anaesthesia sedation indogs. This preanaesthetic preanaesthetic medicationproducedadequate glycopyrrolate-xylazine combinationas concluded that,midazolamwith groups. decreasing trendduringrecoveryinallthe premedication andduringanaesthesiawitha increase inmeanbloodpressureafter in boththegroups. There wassignificant anaesthesia itshowedasignificantincrease it was(104.50±1.64)inGroupII,butduring premedication inGroupI(100.17±2.11) while increase indiastolicpressureafter administration ofmidazolam. There was in systolicpressurefollowingthe et al (181.83±6.36). Melvin significant increaseduringanaesthesia II, wheremidazolamwasincluded,there Hellyer, P.W., Freeman,L.C.andHubbell, Haskins, S.C.,Patz,J.D.andFarver, T.B. Haskins, S.C.,Farver, T.B. andPatz,J.D. Clark, D.M.,Martin,R.AandShort,C.A.1982. Bishnoi, P. References Mannuthy forthefacilitiesprovided. College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Acknowledgement Hall, L.W. . (2002)alsoobservedsignificantdecrease From thepresentstudy, itcouldbe anaesthesia. midazolam-ketamine inGreyhounds. with diazepam-ketamine and J.A.E. 1991.Inductionofanaesthesia 47 ketamine indogs. 1986. Xylazineandxylazine- Res 1985. Ketamine indogs. dog. xylazine/ketamine anaesthesiainthe Cardiopulmonary responsesto 815-821. in calves. Cardiorespiratory effects ofmidazolam Authors arethankfultotheDean, : 636-641. 1985. Premedicationincanine ., J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., Am. Anim. J. 46 and Saini,N.S.2005. :1855-1859. Vet. Pract Canine Pract et al. (1982)andShenoy RESEARCH ARTICLE Am. J.Vet. Res M.K.Narayanan ., 6 :1-5. ., Am. J.Vet. 12 :15-21. etal. 18 ., : 51 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 48-52 52 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 48-52 Kanto, J.,Sjovall,S.andVrosi, A. 1982.Effect Koc, Y., Alkan, F. andKul,M.2002.Effects of Moye, R.J.,Pailet, A. andSmith,M.W. 1973. Luna, S.P.L., Massone,F., Castro,G.B., Peshin, P.K., Kumar, A. andSingh, H.1980. Mohan, M.R.2006.Comparative efficacy of Melvin, M.A.,Johnson,B.H.,Quasha, A.L. and Midazolam premedication inketamine anaesthesiaindogs... Vet. Surg Br. J. Anaesth the inductionpropertiesofMidazolam. of different kindsofpremedicationon Vet. J clinical parameters indogs. midazolam andxylazineoncertain anaesthetic likecombinationof cats. Clinical useofxylazineindogsand Agricultural University, Thrissur, 76p. in horses. ketamine, inananaestheticprocedure and guaiphenesinwithwithout of methotrimeparazine, midazolam Aguiar, A.J.A. 1992. A combination Fantoni, D.T., Hussni,C.A.and haematologic andsedativeeffects of Cardiovascular,respiratory and dogs. anaesthesia forCaesareansectionin premedication onpropofol xylazine andxylazine-ketamine Anaesthesiol., decreases halothaneMACinhumans. anaesthesia withmidazolam Eger, E.I.1982.Inductionof Vet. Med . ,

79 M.V.Sc. Thesis ., :1281-1284. Vet. Rec., 20 :143-147. ., ., 57 54 68 :238-241. :507-511. :236-241. 131 :33-35. . Kerala Indian Ramaswamy, V., Balasubramanian,N.N, Rajankutty, K.1996.Generalanaesthesiain V Tranquilli, W.J., Gross,M.E, Thurmon, J.C, Shenoy, S.,Kaul,H.L.andMuralidhar, V. Sharma S.K.,Kumar, A. andSingh,H.P., 1983. arghese, P. 2006.Clinicalevaluationofthe Vet. J canines (quantitative changes). xylazine, diazepam andpromazinein anaesthetic incombinationwith hydrochloride asageneral Studies onefficacy ofketamine Gopal, M.S.andDavid, A. 1991. University, Thrissur, 130p. Ph.D. Thesis. dogs withtiletamine-zolazepam. 19 preliminary trialsindogs. three midazolam-xylazinemixtures, and Benson,G.J. 1990.Evaluationof Pharmacol comparison. midazolam andthiopentone-A 2002. Inductioncharacteristicsof Indian J sodium inducedanaesthesiaindogs. Effects ofxylazineonthiopentone 1 M.V.Sc. Thesis thiopentone anaesthesiaindogs. xylazine-ketamine premedicationin comparative efficacy ofxylazineand University, Thrissur. 71p. xylazine indogs. :12-17. :168-172. ., 68 . Vet. Surg., :548-551. ., 15: Kerala Agricultural J. Anaesth. Clin. J. Anaesth. . Kerala Agricultural 410. IndianJ RESEARCH ARTICLE 4 :34-40. . Vet. Surg., Vet. Surg., Indian ‰ SPINDALE ABATTOIR SURVEY OF Keywords tests forschistosomosis. for developingalternatefieldleveldiagnostic techniques. Thestudyemphasisestheneed reports basedonfaecaleggdetection was veryhighwhencompared totheexisting loss totheherd.Prevalenceofdisease chronic infectionscausesignificantproduction harbouring moderateinfections.Longterm infections withasignificantproportion cent animalscarriedSchistosomaspindale eight mesenterysamplesprocessed,45.4per buffaloes slaughteredinThrissur. Oftheforty intestinal schistosomosisamongcattleand was employedtostudytheprevalenceof Abstract Accepted -31.03.11 Received -31.08.10 (2003), about3226cattleand 109buffaloes report of Animal HusbandryDepartment Ravindran studies inSouthIndia(Sumanth has beenreportedbasedonslaughterhouse infection amongcattle,goats andbuffaloes mesentery (AgarwalandSouthgate,2000). large numberofwormpairs inhabitthe manifested aschronicdiarrhoeicdiseaseif India andotherdevelopingcountrieswhichis important bloodflukeinfectionwidespreadin Schistosoma spindale worm count,Thrissur. 3 2 1 Assistant Professor Dean Veterinary Graduates Mesenteric wormcounttechnique A significantprevalenceof Intestinal schistosomosisdueto : et al Schistosoma spindale ., 2007). As pertheannual INFECTIONINTHRISSUR isaneconomically et al , S. spindale mesenteric ., 2004; that symptoms,morbidityand mortality of De BontandVecruysse (1998) hadreported of theanimalshadhighintensityinfection. which majoritywerebuffaloes (Table). None animals hadmoderateinfections(45.4%)of considerable proportionofwormpositive harboured samples processed,45.8percentofanimals their ootype(Fig.).Ofthe48mesentery female wormscarried5to6eggsatatimein male wormswerestoutwithouttuberclesand identified as assessed asperSumanth identified, countedandintensityofinfectionwas for 5to6hours. The recoveredwormpairs were small piecesandimmersedinnormalsaline samples wereidentifiedseparately, cutinto at localslaughterhousesin Thrissur. The 18 buffaloes werecollectedduringevisceration survey wasconductedduring2008-09. infection inThrissur, apreliminaryabattoir to accuratelyassessthestatus of interferes withthecontrolstrategies.Inorder the actualprevalencewhichultimately have poorsensitivityandthusunderestimate clinical signs.Suchroutinediagnosticmethods based onfaecalsampleexaminationand in Keralaareaffected withschistosomosis Mannuthy- 680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Parasitology H. Subramanian Muhammed Fawaz Bindu Lakshmanan Results andDiscussion Materials andMethods SCHISTOSOMA The recoveredwormspairs were Mesenteric samplesof30cattleand S. spindale S. spindale 3 2 and 1 , Abdu Rauoof (Soulsby,1982).The Bindu Lakshmanan et al RESEARCH ARTICLE infection. A . (2004). S. spindale etal. 2 , 53 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 53-54 54 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 53-54 of thediseaseamongfoodanimals. specific andsensitiveantemortem diagnosis level diagnostictests maybestandardised for Thrissur, itisimperativethat alternatefield light ofthehighinfectionratenoticedin detected byfaecalsampleexamination.Inthe opined that studies on diseases (McCawley susceptibility tootherparasitic andbacterial growth, productivityandincreased significant losstotheherdintermsofanimal term chronicschistosomeinfectionscause natural hosts of the intensityofinfection. schistosomosis aretosomeextentrelated (De Bont reported aninfectionrateof31.2%inSrilanka using mesentericwormcounttechnique Bont poor sensitivityandeggsareoften missed(De frequently employedbyafieldveterinarianhas examination isverylesssincethetests detected positivebyfaecalsample remembered thatthenumberofanimals with significant proportionofanimalsareinfected abattoir surveyin Thrissur indicatethata ( Ravindran (Islam,1975) and57.3%inWayanad ,Kerala Fig. Table: Schistosoma spindale S spindale Female wormof et al Intensity of Buffaloes andoxenaretheprincipal Nevertheless, itshouldbe et al ., 1991). Agarwal (1999)hadalso S. spindale S. spindale et al., ., 1991),37%inBangladesh S. spindale . infectionin Thrissur... 2007). The results ofthis S. spindale infectionsarenoteasily et al., S.spindale in domestic . Nevertheless,long 1984).Previous infection witheggs

ruminants Soulsby, E.J.L.1982.Helminths, Arthropods Ravindran, R.,Lakshmanan,B.,Ravishankar, Mc Cawley, E.H.,Majid, A. A. and Tayeb, Islam, K.S.1975.Schistosomiasisindomestic Agarwal, M.C.andSouthgate,V. R.2000. Agarwal, M.C.1999.Schistosomosis: An References Sumanth, S De Bont,J.andVecruysse, J.1998. De Bont,J.,Vecruysse, J.,Van Aken, D., animals.7 and protozoaofdomesticated 38 Asian J.Trop. Med.Pub.Hlth Wayanad, SouthIndia. domestic ruminants slaughtered in Visceral schistosomiasisamong C. andSubramanian,H.2007. Sudan. schistosomiasis andvaccinationin production impact ofbovine A.1984. Economicevaluationofthe Hlth Prod ruminants inBangladesh. schistosomosis. Schistosoma spindale Asia. underestimated probleminSouth India. at anabattoirinBangalore,South schistosomosis incattleslaughtered S. 2004. A studyofnasal andvisceral London.pp.71-73. Parasitol Schistosomosis incattle. of Moncrieff, C.1991.Theepidemiology Southgate, V.R., Rollinson,D.and 95-107. Parasitology mery,1906 incattleSrilanka. :1008-1010. Schistosoma spindale ., D’Souza, P. andJagannath,M. World Anim Rev World Anim Rev. Sci. Tech Prev. Vet. Med ., ., 41 7 th :244. ed.Bailliere Tindall, , 102 :286-363. J .Vet. Parasitol : 237-241 RESEARCH ARTICLE ., ., ., 23 andbovine 92 2 South east :937-942. Trop. Anim. :735-754. . :55-57. , Montgo ., Adv 14 ‰ , : the thymusandbursaofFabricius(Firth, peripheral lymphoidorgandependentonboth in birds(SmithandHunt,2004).Itisa and evolutiontoinferimmunesystemstatus used instudiesofavianecology, parasitology bodyweight, spleendevelopment PEKIN DUCKS ON SPLEENPARAMETERS INWHITE INFLUENCE OF AGE AND BODY WEIGHT Keywords: health systemic immunity, thusimproving theflock demands ofthebodyindevelopment an earlyage.Thiswillhelptomeetthe attain its maximumimmunologicalfunctionsat of thebirdswouldincrease,spleenmight management practiceswhenthebodyweight Hence, itcanbeconcludedthatbyscientific representative ofastrongimmunesystem. spleen. A welldevelopedspleenisa of aparticular agewilltendto haveheavier the developmentofspleen.Thusheavierbirds But bodyweighthadagreaterinfluenceon increased withageandbodyweightofbirds. significance. Thesizeandweightofspleen different factorswerecalculatedandtestedfor partial correlationcoefficientbetweenthe fit wasappliedtothedata. Simpleaswell on thespleenofducks. A multipleregression ascertain theinfluenceofageandbodyweight Pekin ducksfromdayoldto155days Abstract Accepted -07.06.10 Received -29.03.10 4. ProfessorandHead 3 Professor(Retd.) 2.Professor andHead,CVAS, Pookode Professor,1. Assistant . The avianspleenhasbeenfrequently A studywasconductedusing45White

duck, influenceofageand influence. ascertain whichofthetwohadmaximum weight inWhitePekinducksorderto and weightofspleentotheagebody objective ofthisstudywastocorrelatethesize the quantityoflymphocytesproduced. The of spleenapparently hasarelationshipwith on heritable differences indicatethatthesize status andenvironment. The studiesmade erably withbreed,age,bodyweight,health 1977). Weight ofthespleenvariesconsid Mannuthy- 680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Anatomy andHistology K.R. Harshan V.R. Indu¹,J.J.Chungath Cochran (1989). for significancefollowingSnedecorand the differentfactorswerecalculatedandtested well aspartial significantcoefficients between by analysisofvariancetechnique.Simpleas Significance ofregressionfitwascarriedout weight andage(indays)wasfittedtothedata. regression ofthespleenweightonbody spleen wascollectedandweighed. A multiple body weight,thebirdsweresacrificedand up to155daysofage. After recordingthelive up to50daysandthereafterat15interval day ofhatchupto20days,tendaysinterval was collectedatfivedaysintervalfromthe intensive systemofmanagement.Material randomly fromasinglehatchandrearedunder used forthestudy. The birdswereselected White Pekinducksofvariousagegroups were Materials andMethods Fourty fiveapparently healthymale 3 and N. Ashok RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 , V.R. Indu 4 et al. 55 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 55-57 56 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 55-57 (Table 2).Estimatingamultiplecorrelation age, bodyweightandtheofspleen positive correlationwasobservedbetween (nearly 0.3%)at5to11 weeksincockerels. spleen weightstobodyweightpercentage and Breitenbach(1968)obtained maximum at afasterratecompared tothespleen.Dieter to thebodygrowthrate. The wholebodygrew the growthrateofspleenwasnotproportionate study. This indicatesthatafter 20daysofage, decreasing trendthroughouttheperiodof age. Thereafter, theproportionshoweda weight (0.12%)wasrecordedat20daysof The maximumspleenweightrelativetobody weight andspleensizeareshownintable 2. Relationship betweenbodyweight,spleen weight of6.45gat20weeksage. Wolfe weight wasnoticed.Butinthecaseofchicken, 0.06%. Thereafter, agradualdeclineinspleen contribution ofspleentobodyweightwas At thisage,thebodyweighed1.90kgand maximum weightof1.10gat110 daysofage. (1.86 times)from80to110 daysofagewitha 80 daysofage(Table1). Italmostdoubled was inaccordancewithgrowthofthebirduntil Results andDiscussion Table 1 Spleen parameters inWhitePeckinducks... et In thepresentstudy, highlysignificant The increaseinweightofthespleen

. al. Body weightandparameters ofspleeninWhitePekinducksatdifferent ages. (1962)reportedamaximummean had adirectrelationshiptothebodyweight. noticed thatafter sixweeks,thesplenicweight of thebird.DieterandBreitenbach(1968) influence ontheweightofspleenthanage indicates thatbodyweighthadagreater was duetochangesinthebodyweight. This percent ofthevariationinweightspleen and whenageofbirdwaskeptconstant 38.69 in weightofspleenwasaccountedforbyage constant, only6.45percentoftotal variation when thebodyweightofbirdwaskept was heldconstant was0.622(p<0.01). Thus spleen andbodyweightwhenageofthebird (p<0.05) whereasthatbetweentheweightof bird keepingbodyweightconstant was–0.254 between theweightofspleenandage influence ontheweightofspleen. parameters (ageorbodyweight)hadagreater did notactuallyindicatewhichofthetwo chicken. Butthisjointaccountingofvariables in (1963) and Abdulla by Al-Dabargh and reported byGillieandSalomon(1999)inducks advancement ofageandbodyweightas spleen wasobservedtoincreasewiththe and bodyweightofthebirds. Thus weightof spleen occurredduetothevariationinage percent ofthetotal variationintheweightof coefficient of0.951itcanbeinferredthat90.48 The partial correlationcoefficient RESEARCH ARTICLE weight waskeptconstant. Whereas, whenthe was accountedforbyagewhenthebody 5.90 percentoftotal variation inspleenwidth percent oftotal variation inspleenlengthand From theseresults itcan bederivedthat17.14 spleen andweightofbirdwas0.641(p<0.01). was 0.625(p<0.01)andbetweenwidth of between lengthofspleenandweightbird constant thepartialcorrelationcoefficient (p<0.05). Whenageofthebirdswaskept spleen andtheageofbirdwas–0.243 0.414 (p<0.05)andbetweenthewidth of length ofspleenandtheagebirdwas– the partial correlationcoefficient betweenthe in ducksarenotavailableforcomparison. 0.904 and0.929,respectively. Similarreports estimating amultiplecoefficient correlationof variation intheageandbodyweightofbirds in thewidth ofspleenwasexplained bythe of spleenand86.36percenttotal variation 81.72 percentoftotal variationinthelength spleen totheageandbodyweightofbirds. correlation betweenthelengthandwidth of Table 2showshighlysignificantpositive dimensions wasnoticedupto155daysofage. age (Table1). Thereafter, adeclineinboththe length andwidth ofspleenupto110 daysof Table 2. *p<0.05; pairs inWhitePekinducks. When bodyweightwaskeptconstant, There wasaprogressiveincreasein ** p<0.01

Correlation coefficient between Firth, G.A. 1977. The normallymphaticsystem Wolfe, H.R.,SheridanS.A.,Wilstal, M.N.and Gillie, U.andSalomon,F.V. 1999. Age related Dieter, M.P. andBreitenbach,R.P. 1968. Al-Dabargh, M.A.and Abdulla, M.1963. References Breitenbach (1968)inchicken. accordance withthereports ofDieterand width ofspleen. These observationswerein factor thatinfluencedtheweight,lengthand This indicatedthatbodyweightwasthemain was accountedforbychangeinbodyweight. percent ofthetotal variationinspleenwidth of thetotal variationinspleenlengthand41.12 39.10percent age ofbirdswaskeptconstant Snedecor, G.W. Smith, K.G. andHunt,J.L.2004.Ontheuse of thefowl. C. adrenal andlymphoidorganvitamin oxidation state andconcentration of testes andadrenalsinrelationtothe growth ofchickenlymphoidorgans, chicken. lymphoid organsandtestesof Johnson, M.A.1962. The growthof IBH PublishingCo.,NewDelhi.313p. Statistical Methods Embryol lymphoid organs. changes intheavianprimary chicks. note ofhistologytheseorgansin body weights ofnormalchickswitha livers andspleenstotheages Correlation ofsizesandweights of 138 immune systemstrength. of spleenmassasameasureavian Poult.Sci., :28-31. Vet. Rec ., andCochran,W.G. 1989. Anat.Rec 28 Vet.Bull :229-233.

47 :1463. ., . 6 75 RESEARCH ARTICLE ., ., 47 th :397-400. 142 ed.Oxfordand Anat. Histol. :167-179. V.R. Indu :485-493. Oecologia. et al.

The ‰ , 57 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 55-57 58 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 58-60 intestine,granuloma. Keywords: recovery. Etiopathology isdiscussed. weight intravenouslyproducedclinical potassium antimonytartrate at1.25mg/kgbody not detectedintheliver. Therapywith giant cells.Grossormicroscopicallesionswere had fibroblasts, histiocytesandforeignbody of lymphocytesandplasmacells. A fewcases S.spindale surroundedwithdiffuseinfiltration examination whichrevealedmultipleovaof intestine wereobservedduringpostmortem nodular changesonthemucosaofsmall cachexia leadingtoheavymortality. Extensive Clinical symptomsincludedanorexiaand large herdsofmalebuffalocalvesarereported. Schistosoma spindaleinfectionamongtwo Abstract SCHISTOSOMOSIS INBUFFALOES GRANULOMA FORMINGINTESTINAL Vercruysse,1998). Verma andVyas (2004) debilitating infections(DeBontand are insufficient todistinguishitfromother chronic innatureandsymptomsanimals loss andweakness. This diseaseis generally diarrhea withbloodandmucus,colic,weight S.spindale al Vaithyanathan (1949)andMohanty Kerala assporadiccases. According to spindale Accepted -24.10.11 Received -12.09.11 Intestinal schistosomosis inbuffaloes... 4. Associate Professor(Ondeputation as JointCommissioner, AH, Govt.ofIndia) 3. ProfessorandHead,Dept.ofVeterinary Parasitology Professor 2. Associate Professor 1. Assistant .(1984), visceralschistosomosiscausedby Infectionsdueto Characteristic observationsof amongcattleareencounteredin ischaracterisedbyfrequent Schistosoma spindale,buffaloes Schistosoma et calves werecarriedout. and haematologicalinvestigationofaffected clinical examination,coprologicalexamination observed bythemanagement. Thorough subsequent debilityweretheothersigns first. Reductioninfeedintake, lethargyand apparent precipitating causewasreportedat months before.Heavymortality withoutany Tamil Nadustate andbroughttothefarmstwo had beenpurchasedfromPollachiin a waterloggedareaintheplains. The calves tract regionwhereasthesecondfarmwasby was bythecatchmentareaofadaminhill affected withamphistomosis. The firstfarm being rearedforfatteningpurposewere 126 malebuffalo calves(6to7monthold) reared forfatteningpurpose. S major andcharacteristicoccurrenceof unusual findings. This reportdealswitha ruminants affected with perilobular zones.Granulomasinintestineof periportal epithelioidcellgranulomaswithin as moderatewithperiportal cellinfiltrationand reported hepatic lesionsinaffected buffaloes Mannuthy -680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Department ofVeterinary EpidemiologyandPreventiveMedicine K. Devada K.Vinodkumar Results andDiscussion Materials andMethods were foundtobeveryweakandemaciated. . spindale Onclinicalexamination,animals Two farmswithatotal herdsizeof infectionamongmalebuffalo calves 3 andK.Vijayakumar 1 , P.V.Tresamol S.spindale RESEARCH ARTICLE 2 , 4 were numerous ovaof of thesectionsuchnodulesrevealed of mucosa.Directmicroscopicalexamination inflammatory changesinsurroundingareas (Fig. 2)andwereunevenlyspaced withoutany were surroundedbybluish,necroticareas surface ofintact organ(Fig.1). These nodules intestine visiblebygrossexaminationofthe sized nodulesonthemucosathroughout calves revealednecroticareasandpinhead month fromtheonsetofsymptoms. affected calvesdiedwithinaperiodofone about anydesirableresults. All thetwentyeight therapy andsupportivetreatmentdidnotbring haemograms. Changeinthediet,antimicrobial haemoglobin levelwereobservedin significant changesotherthanlow of smear byGiemsastaining revealedpresence ova ofanyparasite. Examinationofblood Repeated examinationsofdungdidnotreveal dewormed usingbenzimidazoleanthelmintics. symptoms. The calveswereregularly and paste-like fecesweretheprimaryclinical 3.6-4.9 g%),reluctance tograze,dyspnoea the calves. was noticedinappetiteandgeneral healthof more calvessuccumbed.Marked improvement continued foronemoreweek, after whichno on waterloggedareaswasstopped. Mortality antibiotics, crystalloids andvitamins. Grazing days. Supportivetherapyincludedparenteral 20 mldistilledwaterthreetimesonalternate @1.25mg/kg bodyweightintravenouslyin potassium antimonytartarate (tartar emetic) and infiltration(Fig.4). serosal layeralsoshowedextensivenecrosis bodies, giantcellsandfibroblasts. Adjacent the centresurroundedlargehistiocytes,foreign shaped ovawithdegeneratedmiracidiumin granulomas consistedofthetypicalspindle lymphocytes andplasmacells. The the mucosawithdensediffuse infiltrationby parts ofsmallintestinerevealednecrosis Histopathological examinationofposterior diagnostic significanceinanyofthecases. cardiomegaly. Liverdidnotpresentlesionsof changes inthelungandcompensatory organs includedmoderateinflammatory small intestine(Fig.3).Otherlesionsinvital erosions andulcersinthedistal segments of whole ofthemiracidiainside.Onecalfhad eyes. Pyrexia(104 Some hadmucopurulentdischargefromthe Anaplasma marginale Post mortemexaminationofsix All theanimalswereadministered 0 S. spindale F), anorexia,anaemia(Hb inonecalf.No withparts or Fig.2 prior topurchaseofcalves. Obscure nature symptoms points to acquisitionoftheinfection in thefarmsandmanifestation ofclinical short intervalbetweenarrival oftheanimals small intestine400X Fig.4 Fig.3 Fig.1 Haemorrhagic tracts onintestinalmucosa Haemorrhagictracts Nodulesonintestinalmucosa . Inflammatorychangesinserosaof Grosslesionsonsurfaceofsmallintestine Chronic natureofthelesions andthe RESEARCH ARTICLE K.Vinodkumar etal. 59 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 58-60 60 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 58-60 the infection. could beexplainedbythechronicnatureof ova infaecalsamplesofanytheanimals of theclinicalsymptomsandfailuretodetect manifested. in buffaloes isusuallysub-clinically efficacy andeconomy. The doserateof1-1.5g/ remains thedrugofchoiceonaccount manifested inthesecases. place, typicalclinicalsymptomswerenot formation ofhaemorrhagictracts donottake emaciation. As migrationandsubsequent affected gastro-intestinaltractleadto Impaired absorptionofnutrients fromthe occasionally leadtotheformationofnodules. inflammatory reactioncausedbysuchova without beingreleasedintothelumen.Intense membrane orembeddedinvarioustissues buffaloes wereentrappedwithinthebasement Intestinal schistosomosis inbuffaloes... Most oftheova Potassium antimonytartrate still Schistosoma spindale S. spindale infection in Verma, Y. andVyas, U.K.2004.Pathologyof Vaidyanathan, S.N.1949. Mohanthy, D.N.,Mohanthy, R.K.,Ray, S.K. De Bont,J.andVercruysse. J.1998. References results inthisinstance also. alternate dayshaveproducedsatisfactory kg bwtdaily, forthreeadministrationson 228. 28 ( hepatic schistosomosisinbuffaloes anthiomaline. spindale Livestock Advisor cattle andits successfultreatment. Schistosoma spindale and Mohanthy, K.M. 1984. A noteon in Parasitology Schistosomiasis incattle. Bubalis bubalis) :412-414. inacow. Treatment with IndianVet. J. , 41 . , Indian J.Vet. Path., :285-363. 9 RESEARCH ARTICLE :37-39. Schistosoma infection in Advances

26: 225- ‰ IN GOATS* OF ANAEMIA ON AETIOLOGY ASTUDY Materials andMethods Keywords: anaemia inmajorityofanimals. parasitism wasobservedresponsiblefor behind theiranaemia.Heavyendoandecto carried outtoassesstheunderlyingcauses were selectedanddetailedinvestigations belonging todifferentagegroupsandbreeds For thepresentstudy,250anaemicgoats suppresses theresistancepowerofanimals. capabilities andreproductivetraits It isaconditionwhichsilentlykillstheproduction haemoparasitism andnutritionaldeficiencies. reasons likeendoparasitism,ectoparasitism, Abstract Accepted -21.10.11 Received -02.09.11 breeds andagegroups showingvisiblesigns from Thrissur districtbelongingtodifferent district. associated withanaemiaingoatsofThrissur undertaken toidentifytheetiologicalfactors nutritional deficiencies.Thepresentstudywas parasitism, haemoprotozoandiseasesand anaemia includeinternalandexternal growth andbodyweight.Majorcausesof intolerance, weakness,tachycardia,reduced by palemucousmembranes,exercise clinical presentationingoatsandcharacterised 5. ProfessorandHead 4. Associate Professor(ondeputation asJointCommissioner, AH, Govt. ofIndia) 2. Associate Professor 1&3. PostGraduateScholars *Part ofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedbythefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Anaemia canbeduetovarious Anaemia isacommonandimportant Goat, anaemia,aetiology Two hundred andfifty goats ectoparasites and20animals(8percent)were infection, 54(21.6percent)wereinfestedwith (40.8 percent)werehavingendoparasitic examined forhaemoparasites. were prepared, stained withGiemsastain and Peripheral bloodsmearsfromtheanimals for detectionofparasitic ovaandoocysts. and subjectedtomicroscopicalexamination of mites. The faecalsampleswere collected 10 percentpotassium hydroxidefordetection subjected formicroscopicalexaminationwith collected fromanimalswithskinlesionsand body ofanimals.Deepskinscrapingswere to detectthepresenceofectoparasites onthe anaemia. the casestoidentifyfactorsassociatedwith parasitological studieswereconductedinall as anaemic.Detailedhaematologicaland Hb levellowerthan7.5g/dlwereconsidered withVPRClessthan22percentand goats Volume ofPackedRedCells(VPRC). Those estimation ofHaemoglobinlevel(Hb)and anaemia wereselectedandscreenedby tachycardia androughhaircoatsuggestiveof mucous membrane,exerciseintolerance, anaemia. Animals withclinicalsignslikepale detailed investigationtoidentifythecausesof of anaemiawereselectedandsubjectedto Mannuthy -680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences ofVeterinaryDepartment Epidemiology andPreventiveMedicine M.R. Saseendranath M.G. Saranya J. Anumol Results andDiscussion Outofthe250anaemicgoats, 102 Examination oftheanimalswasdone 1 , P.V. Tresamol 3 , K.Vijayakumar 5 CLINICAL ARTICLE 2, J. Anumol 4 and et al. 61 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 61-63 62 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 61-63 and geographicalpeculiarities. Iran whichmaybeduetoclimaticdifferences was themajorcauseforanaemiaingoats in According to Yakhchali, (2006)ectoparasitism finding ofShindeandRajguru(2009). parasitism. This wasinaccordance withthe reason foranaemiawasexternalandinternal not havinganyparasitic infestation. The major animals. Sevenanimals(2.8percent)were infection wasnoticedin67(26.8percent) infected withcoccidiosis.Haemoparasitic anaemia isreportedtobean important clinical anaemia duetoschistosomosis. Progressive group, onlyonegoatwasaffected withsevere per centoftheanaemicanimals. Inthestudy moneiziosis. were observedinlambsaffected with diarrhoea, roughskinandcoarsebodycoat visible mucousmembranes,occasional the animals.Dullness,poorappetite,pale development ofanaemiain15.69percent animals insomeflocks(Ozlem mortality wasmorethan50per centinyoung pale mucousmembranes,dehydrationandthe developed severeanaemiacharacterisedby previous reports. Kidsinfectedwith coccidiosis present studywasfoundlowerthanfromthe productivity andeventualdeath. depression, lossofcondition,reduced anemia andhypoproteinaemia,leadingto Haemonchus contortus al from agroupofanaemicanimals.Kaplan fact thatthepresentobservationwasobtained reports fromKerala. This maybeduetothe among goats washigherthantheearlier goats. infection wasnoticedin13.73percentof schistosomosis (0.98percent)andmixed amphistomosis (4.90percent), (9.6 percent),trichuriosis(4.90 moneiziosis (15.69percent),strongyloidosis one with50percentoccurrence,followedby infections, strongylosiswasthepredominant Among thecasesofgastrointestinalhelminthic made ingoats ofKeralaby Arun Shaju(2001). detected ingoats. Similarobservationswere Amphistomes Strongyloides Aetiology ofanaemia ingoats... . (2004)opinedthattheinfectionwith Ova ofvariousspecieslike Amphistomosis wasrecorded in4.9 Moneiziosis accountedforthe Occurrence ofcoccidiosisinthe Prevalence ofstrongylosis and , Trichuris Schistosomes may causesevere , Moneizia, etal Strongyle ., 2004). were et , diseases. A total of46casesanaplasmosis having thehighestoccurrenceamongthese stained bloodsmears. Anaplasmosis was were diagnosedbyexaminationofGiemsa a dullroughcoat. were restless,week,hadpoorgrowthrateand particularly onthechest,abdomenandlegs that thekidswithseverecatfleainfestation and Linognathus ( Ixodes, Rhipicephalus Hyalomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis ectoparasites ofgoats asticks( Psoroptes mange, speciesof were present weremainly Haemaphysalis Wossene (2006). ectoparasites assuggestedbySertse and contributed forthewidespreadoccurrenceof extension servicesarebelievedtohave awareness offarmersandpooranimalhealth Favourable climates,poormanagement, Yakhchali (2006)hadsimilarfindings inIran. (25.93 percent)andfleas(7.40cent). cent), followedbylice(27.78permites ectoparasite foundamonggoats (38.89per causing mortality (Gupta haemoglobin tofourfivegram/decilitreoften severe withpassage oftimereducing feature inschistosomosiswhichbecamemore are tobeadoptedalleviate thesymptoms goats, propertreatmentandcontrolmeasures parasitism is themajorcauseofanaemiain nutritional deficienciesorother causes.Since Anaemia intheseanimals may bedueto endoparasitic infectionsmentionedabove. group werenothavinganyectoor and vivax per cent), Anaplasma ovis and thehaemoparasites identifiedinclude haemoparasitic infectionsinZaria of Nigeria reported, 27percentofthegoats with cent) wereidentified.Useh per cent)and4casesofbabesiosis(6.89 (79.31 percent),13casesoftheileriosis(22.41 Damalinia, Haematopinus Babesia motasi Demodex (2percent), Ctenocephalids Dimri Ticks identifiedwereeither T. mutans wereidentified. ) andmites( Various haemoparasiticdiseases Ticks werethemostcommon Seven anaemicgoats of the ). Anish et al.

(86percent), bispinosa T. congolense (2percent), (onepercent). Demodex, Sarcoptesand and Linognathus (2006) identifiedthe et al. . Fromthecasesof Sarcoptes, Psoroptes or et al , Amblyomma et al. Solenopotes H. (2006) observed CLINICAL ARTICLE Theileria ovis ., 2006).

spinigera. Trypanosoma (2percent) (2002) also Boophilus, and

), lice fleas Lice and (7 , carry outtheresearchwork. Mannuthy forprovidingnecessaryfacilitiesto College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Kaplan, R.M.,Burke,J.M., Terrill, T.H., Miller, Gupta, S., Agarwal, M.C.andVohra, S.2006. Dimri, U.,Sharma,M.C.andKumar, M.2006. Arun Shaju, T. 2001.Prevalence,haematology Anish, Y., Khajuria,J.K.andJonali,D.2006. References Acknowledgement of anaemia. The authorswishtothanktheDean, Williamson, L.H.,Larsen,M.and Valencia, M.J., E.,Williams, J.E., Getz,W.R., Mobini,S., 29-31. schistosomosis. Clinical observationsinexperimental Indian J.vet.Med., responses andtherapeuticevaluation. reference toimmuno-biochemical Ectoparasitism incaprinewith University, Thrissur. 43p. M. V. Sc.thesis and treatmentofstrongylosisingoats. vet. J., Cat fleainfestation ingoats. 83 :439-440. , Kerala Agricultural Vet. Parasitol., 26 :22-27. Indian

20 : Sertse, T. andWossene, A. 2006. A studyon Ozlem, O.,Sima,S.andBayram, A.Y. 2004. Yakhchali, M.A.2006.Prevalenceand Useh, U., Ajanusi, O.J.,Lawal, A., Adamu, S., Shinde, S.B.andRajguru,D.N.2009. States. goats onfarmsinthesouthernUnited detecting clinicalanemiainsheepand FAMACHA eyecolorchartfor Vatta, A.F. 2004.Validation ofthe northeast Ethiopia eastern part of Amhara region, ectoparasites ofsheepandgoats in vet. J., coccidiosis oflambsandkids. treatment inacuteandchronic clinicopathological findingsand Comparative evaluationon Res., Vet goats flocksinUrmia suburb,Iran. ectoparasites faunaofsheepand J. Parasitol., free rangeinZaria,Nigeria. Haemoparasites ofgoats rearedon Agbede, R.I.andEsievo,K.A.2002. goats. Prevalence ofparasitic anaemiain . Arhiv.,

69 Vet. Practitioner, Vet. Parasitol., 81 : 62-67. : 1206-1209.

76

27 : 431-442. : 54-57. . J.SmallRuminant CLINICAL ARTICLE

123 J. Anumol 10 : 105-120. :76. Nigerian Indian et al. ‰ 63 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 61-63 64 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 64-65 of anorexia,lethargy, melenaandabdominal College Hospital,Mannuthywiththehistory referred totheMedicineunitofVeterinary months withabodyweightof20kgwas Materials andMethods management. boxer dogandits successfultherapeutic diagnosis ofhepatic cirrhosisinanintact male present paper describestheultrasonographic distortion (AndersonandSevelius,1991). The degeneration andmarkedarchitectural disease withnecrosis,fibrosis,hepatocyte Ultrasonography. Keywords: Essential aminoacids. fully treatedwithFrusemide,Silymarinand to hepatic cirrhosis.Theanimalwassuccess biopsy, thecasewasdiagnosedasascitisdue characteristics oftheasciticfluidandliver graphic findings,serumbiochemistry, physical Based ontheclinicalexamination,ultrasono and abdominaldistensionsincethreeweeks. with thehistoryofanorexia,lethargy, melena referred totheVeterinary Hospital, Mannuthy months withabodyweightof20kgwas Abstract Accepted -18.10.11 Received -04.03.11 CIRRHOSIS IN A DOG ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSISOF 2 1 Associate Professor Associate PostGraduateScholar Ultrasonographicdiagnosis ofcirrhosis... Cirrhosis referstotheendstage liver A maleboxerdogagedabout11 A maleboxerdogagedabout11 Dog, Ascitis, Cirrhosis, Dog, Ascitis, hepatic cirrhosis. ultrasonographic findingwassuggestiveof medullary distinctionwasclear. The found tobeofnormalsizeandcortico- fibrous tissueandascitis(Fig.1).Kidneyswere parenchymal echogenicityassociatedwith irregular hepatic marginsandincreased analysis wasunremarkable. presence ofanyparasite. Resultofurine sample examinationwerenegativeforthe fluid thrillcouldbefelt. The wetfilmandfaecal mucous membrane.Onabdominalpalpation, respiratory rate(48/min)andapale roseate aided liverbiopsy wasalsoperformed. estimating proteinlevel.Ultrasonography enzyme. Ascitic fluidwasalso collectedfor bilirubin and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) globulin, A:G ratio,BUN,directandindirect samples forestimatingtotal protein,albumin, collected forroutineanalysisandserum ascitis andliverabnormality. Urinesamplewas ultrasonographic examinationwhichrevealed could befelt. Animal wassubjectedto carried out.Onabdominalpalpation, fluidthrill Detailed clinicalexaminationofthedogwas deworming scheduleswerenotedasregular. distension sincethreeweeks.Vaccination and Mannuthy -680651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofClinicalVeterinary Medicine Anju Anna James¹andUshaNarayanaPillai² Results andDiscussion temperature (101.8 The ultrasonographyofliverrevealed Routine clinicalexaminationrevealed 0 F), pulse(150/min), CLINICAL ARTICLE associated withcirrhosisleadstothe ascites. Intrahepatic portal hypertension ultimately resultedinthedevelopmentof production andincreasedsodiumretention Increased portal pressure,decreased albumin are themostcommoncausesofascites. (Sevelius, 1995).Diseasesinvolvingtheliver ascites wasacommonclinicalfinding ulceration wereobservedincirrhosisand haematemesis consequenttogastric (Johnson, 2000).Melenaand,or vomiting, diarrhea,polyuriaandpolydipsia include anorexia,lethargy, depression, and Tab. Essentiale-L fortwomoremonths. The ownerwasadvisedtocontinue Tab. Silybon Abdominal distensionwasmarkedlyreduced. improvement wasnoticedafter 15days. review after 15days.Considerable 250mg oncedailyfor15daysandadvised twice dailyand Tab. Essentiale-L(Lecithin) Tab. Silybon(Silymarin)@10mg/kgbodywt Lasix(Frusemide) @2mg/kgbodywttwicedaily, diagnosed asascitesduetocirrhosis. (Fig.2). Basedonthesefindings,thecasewas pseudolobulation andatrophyofhepatocytes was performedandhistopathology revealed transudate withproteinlevel0.2g/dl. fluid collectedwasfoundtobeaclear and elevatedserum ALP level(609U/L). Ascitic 0.2mg/dl, direct-0.1mg/dl,indirect-0.1mg/dl) (BUN-8mg/dl), normalbilirubinlevels(total- 3.1g/dl) reduced A:G ratio(0.4),hypouremia buminemia (1.3g/dl)andnormalglobulinlevel( hypoproteinemia (4.4g/dl)withhypoal irregular hepaticmargins. Fig.1 Anechoicareasuggestiveoffluidand Clinical signsofhepatic cirrhosis Animal wastreatedwith Tab. Ultrasonography aidedliverbiopsy Serum biochemistryrevealed Johnson, S. Sevelius, E.1995.Diagnosisandprognosisof Anderson, M.andSevelius,E.1991.Breed, References was diagnosedashepatic cirrhosis. the ultrasonographicfindingandthuscase the serumbiochemistrywasinagreementwith in alltypesofchronichepatitis. Inthiscase, obstruction. BUNlevelisfoundtobereduced cholestasis secondarytointrahepatic biliary serum ALP levelincirrhosismight bedueto (Strombeck andGribble,1978).Increased elevated almostfivetimesthenormal chronic activehepatitis, serum ALP levelwas 1995). Inabout100percentofdogswith chronic inflammatoryliverdisease(Sevelius, hypoalbuminemia wasanimportant markerof hepatitis, itwas16.7percentand 96 percentwhileforchronicnonspecific sensitivity ofalbumintodetectcirrhosiswas when compared tootherliverdiseases. The dogs withcirrhosiswassignificantlyreduced 2000). Meanserumalbuminconcentrationin protein containing hepatic lymph(Johnson, production ofalargevolumerelativelylow Strombeck, D.R.andGribble,D.1978. Chronic H&Ex400 Fig.2 Pseudolobulation and atrophyofhepatocytes medicine (Eds.). In: Ettinger, S.J.andFeldman,E.C J. Small Anim. Pract,. chronic hepatitis andcirrhosisindogs. Philadelphia. pp:1298-1325. study. chronic liverdisease:ademographic sex andagedistributionindogswith Med. Assoc., active hepatitis in the dog. Anju Anna James andUshaNarayanaPillai E. 2000.Chronichepatic disorders. J. Small Anim. Pract., Textbook ofveterinaryinternal .5 th ed.W. B.SaundersCo., 173 :380-386. CLINICAL ARTICLE 36 :521-528. J. Am. Vet. J. Am.

31 :1-5. ‰ 65 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 64-65 66 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 66-67 called the to acloselyrelatedgroupofmycoplasmas ruminants, pigsandpoultry(Quinn significance infarmanimals,especially respiratory diseasesofmajoreconomic Animal Health,2008). This organism the F38biotype(World Organisationfor subsp. CCPP iscausedby acute Classical, and Asia. in Africa occurs contagious caprinepleuropneumonia(CCPP) 2002). Ofthemycoplasmainfectionofgoats, Accepted -05.04.11 Received -04.10.10 DISTRICT OFKERALA ORGANISED GOAT FARM INKANNUR OUTBREAK OFMYCOPLASMOSISIN AN Srivastava plate agglutinationtestasdescribedby tested forantimycoplasmaantibodiesbyrapid by Giemsastain. Serumwasseparated and examined forhaemoprotozoansafter staining animals. Bloodsmearsweremadeand collected fromeightaffectedandincontact in thefarm,representativebloodsampleswere 2008. Fromamongthe100animalshoused Kommeri inKannurdistrictduringJanuary was observedinaprivategoatfarm distress, grunting,conjunctivitisandmortality fever, nasaldischarge,cough,respiratory in KannurdistrictofNorthKerala. mycoplasmosis inanorganisedprivatefarm This reportdealswithanoutbreakof for FoodSecurityandPublicHealth,2008). biochemical andgeneticsimilarities(Centre react inserologicaltests andshare members ofthe Mycoplasma capripneumoniae extrapulmonary signsandlesions. ruminants thatresemblesCCPP butmayhave large-colony type,cancauseadiseaseinsmall subsp. other organismsinthisgroup, Research Institute(IVRI),Izatnagar. Brieflythe Bacteriology andMycology, IndianVeterinary coloured) procuredfrom the Divisionof subsp. Mycoplasmosis in an organisedfarm... capri capri capripneumoniae Mycoplasmal infectionscause A rapidlyspreadinginfectionwith Mycoplasma mycoides et al. and platetestantigen(RoseBengal M. mycoides (1991)using M. mycoides Mycoplasma capricolum , originallyknownas subsp. cluster cross M. mycoides M. mycoides cluster. Two and other mycoides

belongs et al. , to betaken forpreventingits occurrence. significant diseaseofcaprines,measureare Mycoplasmosis beinganeconomically been established (Priya disease inWayanad districtofKeralahasalso reported (Ghosh in goats inotherstates ofIndiahasbeen in anyofthebloodsmears. cases. Haemoprotozoanswerenotdetected out asenteritiswasnotseeninanyofthe Peste despetits ruminants (PPR)wasruled disease wasdiagnosedasmycoplasmosis. with theserologicalfindingsandhence associated withtheinfectioncorrelatedwell respiratory distressandconjunctivitis antibodies. The clinicalsignsofcough, per cent)testedpositiveforantimycoplasma negative controls. The testwasperformedwithpositiveand minutes wastaken asnon-specificreaction. in goodlight1+. Any agglutination after two 2+ andaveryfineflocculationdetectable only 3+, adefinitereactionbutfarfromcomplete flocculation andcompleteintwominutesas 30 secwasgiven4+,asimilarbutless A rapidcoarseflocculationoccurringin15to of theagglutinateandspeedtheirformation. were gradedas1+to4+accordingthesize glass slideandtheagglutinationreactions antigen andtestserumweremixedonaclean test wasconductedasfollows. Summary respiratory distressandgrunting. Outofthe observed werefever, nasaldischarge,cough, district ofKerala. The mainclinicalsymptoms was reportedinaprivategoat farminKannur Ingle Shaheen et al. Prevalence ofmycoplasmainfection Of theeightsamplestested,five(62.5 Twenty microlitreseachofcoloured An outbreakofaninfectious disease et. al. , 2008). The prevalenceofthe , 2001;Barbuddhe et. al. , 1989;Pradhan, SHORT COMMUNICATION et al. et. al. , 2008). , 2005;

1997; Pradhan, R.K.1997.Sheepandgoatdisease Ingle, V. Ghosh, S.S.,Srivastava, N.C.,Sikdar, A. and Centre forFoodSecurityandPublicHealth, Acknowledgement the results oftheserologicaltest. diagnosed asmycoplasmosisonthebasisof agglutination test. The diseaseconditionwas antibodies whentestedbytherapidplate farm, five(62.5percent)hadantimycoplasma eight seracollectedfromtheanimalsof Barbuddhe, S.B.,Sundaram,R.N.S., References for conductofthestudy. Sciences, Pookode,forprovidingthefacilities Dean, CollegeofVeterinary and Animal 4 3 2 1 Professor andHead,Dept.ofClinical Veterinary Medicine, CVAS, Mannuthy Assistant Professor, Dept.ofVet. Parasitology Professor,CVAS, Assistant Mannuthy Assistant Professor, (onstudy leave) C., Sivakumar, P., Kalorey, D.R.,Pote, National SeminaronSmallRuminant problem inhumidregion.Comp., Third World, Nagpur districtofVidarbha region. caprine pleuropneumoniaingoats in 2008. Seroprevalenceofcontagious S. K.,Nagdive, A. A. andHatkar, D.N. D. E.,DhamannaPatil,P. S.,Chavhan, Vet. J., caprine mycoplasmain Tripura. Gupta, B.R.1989.Seroprevalenceof September 2010. _pleuropneumonia.pdf Accessed on8 Factsheets/pdfs/contagious_caprine at http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/ caprine pleuropneumonia. Available State University. 2008.Contagious College ofVeterinary Medicine,Iowa Immunol. Infect.Dis., region. ruminants among goats inGoa bluetongue andpestedespetits contagious caprinepleuropneumonia, Swain, B.K.2005.Seroprevalenceof Chakurkar, E.B.,Sahare, A. M.and The authorsthankthe Associate

1 66 Indian J.Comp.Microbiol. :270-271. :577-579.

26 :42-43. Indian Vet. Srivastava, N.C.,Srivastava, S. K.,Uppal, P. Shaheen, M.,Haque,S.and Thakur, D.K. Quinn,P. J.,Markey, B.K.,Carter, M.E., Priya, P.M., Baburaj,N.K.,Kiran,N.,Rajan, World Organisationfor Animal Health.2008. Pookode, Wayanad -673576,Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Microbiology Chintu Ravishankar Reghu Ravindran Microbiol. Immunol.Infect.Dis., agglutination test. mycoides antibodies against K. andSikdar, A. 1991.Detectionof Indian J. Anim. Sci., pleuropneumonia inkidsRanchi. 2001. Contagious caprine United Kingdom.pp189-195. Diseases Veterinary MicrobiologyandMicrobial Donelly, W. J.C.,Leonard,F. C.2002. Biotech. Res.Comm., district ofKerala,India. on CCPP amonggoats ofWayanad 2008. A crosssectionalinvestigation S., Ravishankar, C.andJayesh,V. 29-34. CIRG, Makhdoom,Mathura(U.P.) pp Disease, 2-3December, 2007at Accessed 27September2010. 2008/pdf/2.07.06_CCPP.pdf. /www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/ pleuropneumonia. Available at:http:/ Chapter 2.7.6.Contagious caprine Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Manual ofDiagnostic Tests and 44-49. , BlackwellScienceLimited, subspecies 3 andS. Ajithkumar SHORT COMMUNICATION 1 , P. M.Priya Chintu Ravishankar Indian J.Comp. 71 capri

1 Mycoplasma :136-138. :140-142. usingslide Biosci. 2 , etal.

12 ‰ 4 : 67 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 66-67 68 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 68-70 prostate. fluid werefoundwithintheparenchyma ofthe chronic prostatitis wherecavitiesof purulent become secondarilyinfectedorasasequelto tract, byhaematogenousroute,fromcysts that spreading fromanotherpart oftheurinary develop asaresultofbacterialcontamination (Baker andLumsden,1999). They canalso the glandorafter infectionofprostatic cysts after fusionofsmallareasinfectionwithin Accepted -05.04.11 Received -08.10.10 GERMAN SHEPHERDDOG– A CASEREPORT* PROSTATICIN A ABSCESS distinction wasabsent.Urinary bladderwith with thickenedcortexandthe corticomedullary respectively. Boththekidneyswere enlarged were 5.79,6.28,5.02and 95.46cm The prostatic length,depth,width andvolume echogenicity/ flocculentappearance(Fig.1). The fluidwithinthelesionhadmixed boarders werevisualisedintheprostate gland. hypoechoic cavitary lesionswithirregular pain duringrectal examination. rectal examination. The animalexhibitedslight enlarged asymmetricallyandmovableupon in consistency. The prostateglandwas was foundtobemoderatelysmoothandsoft the pelvicandabdominalcavities.Prostate Position oftheprostate glandwaspartly in prostate glandwasfoundtobeisothermic. membranes werecongested. respiration 17/minandthevisiblemucous temperature was102 uraemic smellwaspresentfrommouth. The stand up. The respirationwasshallowand animal wasfounddehydratedwithdifficulty to on detailed clinicalexaminationofthedog. The for 10days.Significantchangeswererecorded of anorexia,vomiting,melenaanddyschezia to Veterinary CollegeHospital, withahistory shepherd dogweighing25kgwaspresented Prostatic abscess ... A sixyearold intact male Prostatic abscessesdevelopeither On ultrasonography, multiple On digital rectal palpation, the ° F; pulse120/min,

German 3 animal diedonthesecondday ofpresentation. (Inj. Pantoprazole@1mg/kg BWIV).Butthe mg/kg b.wtSC)andproton pumpinhibitors fluids, antiemetics(Inj.Metoclopramide @0.2 enrofloxacin @10mg/kgb.wt. alongwithIV chloramphenicol. to tetracycline,enrofloxacin,amoxicillinand isolated The culturalexaminationofurinesample pigment wasabsentwhileproteinuria(3+). and hadthespecificgravityof1.008.Blood sample only. amoxicillin wassensitiveinthecaseofurine were sensitivetobothsampleswhereas, tetracycline, enrofloxacinandchloramphenicol prostatic fluidandurine. Antibiotics suchas testosterone waswithinthenormalrange. (3.6 U/L)wereelevated. The serum phosphatase (8.5U/L)andprostatic fractions in thepresentstudy. Serumtotal acid 28 mg/dlandBUN-675mg/dl)wereobserved (57 mg/dl)andazotaemia (serumcreatinine- Hyperglobulinaemia (5.4g/dl),hypoglycaemia was alsoreportedinhaematology. (88%) andlymphopenia(12%).Mildanaemia leucocytosis (25,500/cu.mm)withneutrophilia chloramphenicol. sensitive totetracycline,enrofloxacinand the presenceof and sensitivitytestofprostatic fluidrevealed degenerated neutrophilsandbacteria.Culture examination revealedlargenumberof catheterisation, waspurulentandcytological massage combinedwithurethral Splenomegaly wasalsopresent. substances (Fig.2)wasobserved. thickened wallcontaining mixedechogenic The treatmentwasstarted with The urinesamplewasacidicinnature Escherchia coli Clinical pathology revealed Prostatic fluidcollectedbyprostatic E.coli organism,whichwassensitive Escherichia coli wasisolatedfromboth SHORT COMMUNICATION , whichwas Fig. 2. Fig. 1. ultrasonographic andautopsy findings. ascertained by increasedserumcreatinine, due toconcurrentrenalfailure, whichis from mouthobservedinthis casemightbe systemic ornot(Smith,2008).Uraemicsmell abscess andwhethertheinfectionbecame signs often varydepending onthesizeof dysuria andcaudalabdominalpain. Clinical depression, gaitabnormalities,tenesmus, signs ofprostatic abscess asanorexia,fever, findings. Lowseth abscess wasmadeonthebasisofabove Some areashadhyperplasticglands(Fig.4). lymphocytes, plasmacellsandpolymorphs. Stroma showeddenseinfiltrationby were distendedwithnecroticmaterialinside. inflammatory granulationtissue.Someacini revealed anabscesswallthatwasformedby present inbladdermucosa. with purulentfluidandechymoticpatches were in colour. The urinarybladderwasalsofilled pus (Fig.3). The rightlobewasbluishtoblack lobes ofprostate wereenlargedandfilledwith splenomegaly withnodularchanges.Boththe inflammatory changesandnecroticareas gastroenteritis, irregularkidneyswith containing mixedechogenic Urinary bladerwiththickened wall Fluid withflocculentappearence In thepresentcase,prostate was A clinicaldiagnosisofprostatic Histopathology ofprostate gland Postmortem examinationrevealed et al . (1990)reportedclinical materials the prostatic tissueby the abscessformedas this mightbeduetodegenerative processof phosphatase wereelevated. The reasonfor Davidson (2003)alsoreported similarfindings. azotaemia wereobservedinthepresent study. Hyperglobulinaemia, hypoglycaemiaand anemia wasalsoreportedinhaematology. leucocytosis, lymphopeniaorboth.Mild abnormalities includedmildtomoderate prostatic abscessandthemostcommon serum biochemicalresultwerevariablein al. was observedinthiscasewhereasBoland neutrophilia (88%)andlymphopenia(12%) al Similar findingswerereportedbyBoland prostatic fluid revealedpresenceof neutrophils andbacteria.Thecultureof fluid revealedlargenumberofdegenerated (2003). prostatic abscessasreportedbyDavidson Palpable fluctuant areaswerepresentin enlargement ofprostate and pain onpalpation. prostatic abscessrevealedasymmetrical reported thattherectalexaminationofdogwith painful onpalpation. Boland asymmetrically enlarged,movable,soft and Fig.4. Fig.3. . (2003). (2003) reportedthathaematologyand Enlarged Prostate filledwithpus Distended aciniwithhyperplasticglands Serum andprostatic fractiontotal acid Cytopathological studiesofprostatic Leucocytosis (25500/cu.mm)with SHORT COMMUNICATION Sindhu K.Rajan et al. E. coli. (2003) et al. et et 69 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 68-70 70 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 68-70 pathological findingsconfirmingthediagnosis. in ultrasonographycorrelatedtohisto parameters werestudiedindetail. The changes sonography andclinicobiochemical Transrectal digital palpation, ultra diagnosed inaGermanshepherddog. Baker, R.H.,Lumsden,J.H.1999. References Summary cytology. ultrasonographic findingsandprostatic fluid were allcouldbecorrelatedwith and polymorphsinfiltrationintothestromathat necrotic material,lymphocytes,plasmacells by inflammatorygranulationtissue,aciniwith prostate glandrevealedabscesswallformed septicaemia. the seconddayoftreatmentduetosevere could notbeevaluatedastheanimaldiedon was withinthenormalrange. dihydrotestosterone. The serumtestosterone during degenerationwhichwasinducedby that prostatic acidphosphatase wasliberated opined byCorazza Prostatic abscess ... 5 4 3 2 1 * DirectorofClinics,KVASU PartofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedbythefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University Veterinary Surgeon, AHD, Kerala Associate Professor, Dept.ofGynaecology, Obstetricsand Animal Reproduction Professor andHead,UniversityVeterinary Hospital,Kokkalai Associate Professor A caseofprostatic abscesswas Mosby, St. Louis.pp.235–251. of CytologytheDogandCat and Lumsden,J.H.(Eds.) Reproductive tract.In:Baker, R.H. Histopathological examinationof The effectiveness ofthetreatment et al . (1994)whoreported Color Atlas (CV Smith, J.2008.Canineprostatic disease: Lowseth, L. A., Gerlach,R.F., Gillet,N. A. Davidson, J.R.2003.Prostatic diseasesof Corazza, M.,Guidi,G., Romagnoli,S., Boland, L.E.,Hardie,R.J.,Gregory, S.P. Mannuthy 680651, Thrissur. College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofClinicalVeterinary Medicine Metilda Joseph Sindhu K.Rajan P. C. Alex Theriogenology, diagnosis andtreatment. A reviewofanatomy, pathology, 27 testes ofthebeagledog. related changesintheprostate and and Muggenburg,B. A. 1990. Age- the dog.Waltham Focus, 307-310. diseases. dogs andinwithprostatic prostatic acidphosphatase inhealthy Serum total prostatic andnon Tognetti, R.andBuonaccorsi, A. 1994. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., abscesses andcysts indogs. primary treatmentforprostatic guided percutaneous drainageasthe and Lamb,C.R.2003.Ultrasound 3 :347-353. , K.M.Jayakumar 5 1 J. Small. Anim. Prac., , UshaNarayanaPillai SHORT COMMUNICATION

70 :375-383.

39 4 and :151-159. Vet. Pathol., 13 :4-10. J. Am.

35 2 , : Accepted -24.03.10 Received -29.06.09 A CASESTUDY PARATUBERCULOSIS IN A COW: revealed abundantacidfastorganism. A piece corrugated ileumandmesenteric lymph node other grosslesionswerevisible. Smearsfrom oedema. There wasgelatinizationoffat.No normal insizewithoutany enlargement or mineralization. Mesentericlymphnodeswere corrugation ofileumandendocardial the animaldiedonsameday. and dehydratedwithpersistentdiarrhoea was onlateralrecumbency, tooweaktorise ml) (Sulphadiazine 200mg,Trimethoprim 40mg/ 10mcg andcalcium10mg/ml) pantothenol 1mg,D-biotin 10mcg,Vit B 10mg, Pyridoxine5mg,Riboflavin1D 2000 iu,E4mg,Niacinamide10mg,Thiamine gluconate(25%), Inj.Hivit Dextrose saline,Inj.Calciumboro worse andwasonsupportivetherapywithInj. Day bydayconditionoftheanimalhadgone staining, butnoorganismcouldbedetected. paratuberculosis presence of Dung smearwasmadeandexaminedforthe reading after 72hoursgaveanegativeresult. intradermal Johnintestwascarriedoutand parasitological examination.Single Endoparasitism wasruledoutby and bloodsampleswerecollected. membranes werefoundtobepale). The dung respiration 25/minuteandmucous range. (Temp 101.8°F, pulse72/minute, the clinicaldata remainedwithinthenormal provided. Ondetailed clinicalexaminationall was noresponsetotheantidiarrhealtreatment Appetite oftheanimalwasnormalandthere reduction inmilkyieldsincefewweeks. diarrhoea, weakness,emaciationand Mannuthy waspresentedwithhistoryofwatery belonging totheUniversityLivestockfarm, rise (ManningandCollins,2001). become cachetic,anaemicandtooweakto adult. Intheterminalstage ofdisease,animals signs ofillnessdonotappearuntilthehostis infection beginsinveryyounganimalsbutthe diarrhoea andprogressiveemaciation.Incattle (MAP) andmanifestedclinicallybychronic Mycobacterium avium enteritis ofruminants iscausedby intravenously. Onthethirddayanimal Post mortemexaminationrevealed One BrownSwisscrossbredcow Johne’s disease,agranulomatous Mycobacterium avium by Ziehl-Neelsenacidfast subsp. (Vit A 2000iu,D paratuberculosis andInj.Biotrim subsp. 12 3 as 10 staining hadlimitedsensitivity andasmany not detectable bylightmicroscopy. Acid fast absent orpresentinfaecalsampleatalevel and Maclay(1959).Theorganismmaybe diagnosing paratuberculosis asopinedbyHole microscopy hasnosignificantvaluein negative faecalsampleresultbylight faecal samples. This findingindicatesthata cases couldbediagnosedbyexaminationof was oftheopinionthatonly25to30percent negative onacidfaststaining. Doyle(1956) organism onacidfaststaining (Fig.1) various tissuesalsogavepositiveforthe lesions weredetectedandthesmearfrom observation oftheseworkers. Johnin testinthiscaseagreeswiththe al., wanes withadvancingdisease(Austerman immune responsepredominatesandthen stages ofparatuberculosis thecellmediated may notevokeenoughresponse.Intheearly disease, butinlaterclinicalstages theanimal test ishelpful inidentifyingtheearlystages of of lymphnodewassubjectedtoIS also gaveanegativeresult. staining andthesingleintradermalJohnintest The faecalsamplewasnegativeonacidfast respond tothestandard antidiarrhoealtherapy. bovine paratuberculosis. The animaldidnot Veterinary College,Chennai. the Animal Biotechnologyunit,Madras PCR andparatuberculosis wasconfirmedat showed avariablythickened, rough,rugose and proximalcolon. Affected segments chronic segmentalthickening of ileum,caecum The grosslesioninJohne’s diseaseisa smoothed outbystretching(Jubb developed, themucosalfoldscannotbe is foldedintotransverserugae.Whenwell change isdiffuse thickeningofmucosa,which The classicalintestinal observed inthiscase. et al., for detectionbylightmicroscopy(Thoresen 2006).Negativeresultbysingleintradermal 1994). 6 bacteriapergrammaybenecessary Faecal sampleexaminationwasalso On postmortemexaminationtypical Roy The clinicalsignsweresuggestiveof Typical postmortemlesionswere et al. (2004) opinedthatJohnin SHORT COMMUNICATION M. R.Saseendranath etal., 900 tissue 1993). etal. et 71 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 71-72 72 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 71-72 detect thedisease. and singleintradermalJohnintestfailedto faecal smearexaminationbylightmicroscopy tissue PCR.Ziehl-Neelsenacidfaststained impression smearfromintestineandIS demonstration ofacidfastorganismin findings andsubsequentlyconfirmedby the basisofsymptomsandpostmortem presented whichwastentatively diagnosedon Austerman, S.R.,Stabel, J.R.andPalmer, References Summary amplicons specificforMAP(Moss IS was obtained. The diseasewasconfirmedby impression smearandhencepositiveresult light microscopyofacidfaststained organism waspresentataleveldetectable by a diagnosisofJohne’s disease.Herethe of gutarecandidatesitesforculturetoconfirm ileocaecal lymphnodeandaffected segments disease incattle(McGavinandZachary, 2007). of paratuberculosis,isspecificforJohne’s association withtheclinicalsignsandlesions Aortic mineralization,whenitoccursin and aorticmineralization(Kreeger, 1991). include hepatic granulomasandendocardial (Fig.2). Secondarylesionsinparatuberculosis mucosa, often withmultiplefociofulceration Fig 1. 5 3 &4 2 1 Doyle, T. M.1956.Johne’s disease. Hole, N.H.andMaclay, M.H.1959. The

Paratuberculosis in acow... 900 Professor andHead, Animal BiotechnologyUnit,MVC,Chennai-7 Veterinary Surgeons, AHD, Kerala Ph.D Scholar, VCRI,Namakkal,TANUVAS Professor andHead tissuePCRbyamplificationof279bp

smear ofintestine Clumps ofacidfastbacilliinimpression A caseofbovineparatuberculosis is 18 derivative. sonicate oraJohninpurifiedprotein paratuberculosis Mycobacterium avium in sheepsubclinicallyinfectedwith M.V. 2006.Evaluation ofIFN-ãELISA Jubb diagnosis ofJohne’s diseaseincattle 68:869-878. :189-194. et al. J. Vet. Diagn.Invest., (1993)reportedthat usingawholecell etal., Vet .Rec 1991). subsp 900 ., Roy, P., Edwin, P. G., Jayakumar, V., Manning, E.J.B.andCollins,M. T. 2001. Kreeger, J.M.1991.Ruminantparatuber Mannuthy -680651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Dept. ofVeterinary EpidemiologyandPreventiveMedicine, and K.Kumanan K. N.Nimisha M. R.Saseendranath Moss, M. T., Green,E. P., Tizard, M.L.,Malik, Thoresen, O. F., McGavin, M.D.andZachary, J.F. 2007. Jubb, K.V. F., Kennedy, P. C.andPalmer, N. Fig 2. haemorrhagic spots Thickened corrugatedileumwith Indian J. Anim. Sci., among sheepinanorganizedfarm. 2004. An outbreakofJohne’s disease Hemaletha, S.andPurushothaman,V. basis ofveterinarydisease, paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium Tech. Off.Int.Epiz., pathogenesis anddiagnosis. 3 frustration. culosis acenturyofprogressand ed. Academic Press,USA,pp.247-251. Rec Mycobacterium johnei and theidentificationof Invest., Specific detectionof Z. P. andHermon Taylor, J.1991. paratuberculosis element IS with afragmentoftheinsertion paratuberculosis Inc., Missouri.pp.372-374 detection of acid faststaining andcultivationfor Comparison ofimmunohistochemistry, 1993. :373-383. ., Pathology ofdomesticanimals. 71: 6 Falk, K.andEvensen,O.1994. 3 , , Archana. S.Nair : 195-199 1145-1148. 900 5 J. Vet. Diagn.Invest. . SHORT COMMUNICATION in goats. Gut., 1 by DNA hybridization , S.Sulficar

74 Mycobacterium 20:

Mycobacterium 32 infection. :1118-1119 4 J.Vet. Diagn. 133-150 :395-398 th pathogen, ed.,Mosby subsp Pathologic Rev. Sci. 4 2 , Vet. ‰ 4 th NEMATODES INGOATS* RESISTANCE OFGASTROINTESTINAL IN VITRO tubes 2. Sievedandpouredthefiltrate intocentrifuge were broken. cylinder with200mlwater, untilallthepellets stirrer byplacingthefaecesinameasuring 1. Homogenizedthefaecalsampleswitha Preparation ofeggs: Accepted -14.09.11 Received -05.04.11 Peter, 1970) identify thenematodelarvae(Sathianesanand selected goats werepooledandculturedto Test (EHT)wasaccordingtoColes goat farm. gastrointestinal nematodesinanorganized resistance to albendazoleamong The presentpaper confirmsthelevelof compounds couldalsobedetectedbyEHT. nded thatresistance tootherbenzimidazole workers, Coles resistance thatwasdetectedbytheabove resistance. Although itwasthiabendazole a morequantitative estimateofbenzimidazole others . The EHT iswellvalidated andprovides Hunt (1988),Swarnkar by CawthorneandCheong(1984), Taylor and benzimidazole resistance. This wasfollowed (EHT) asawidespreadapplicationtodetect control. LeJambre(1976)usedEggHatch Test individuals untilthereisamajorfailureof anthelmintic groupincreasesthefrequencyof diagnosed andcontinueduseofthesame response totreatment.Often resistance isnot suspected whenaflockexhibitpoorclinical brought tothelaboratorywithinthreehours. Goat FarmMannuthywerecollectedand maintained intheKerala Agricultural University 10 randomlyselectedkidsagedsixmonths, with somemodification.Fecalsamplesfrom The procedureadoptedforEggHatch Anthelmintic resistance isinitially

Copro culture:Fecalsamplesofthe et al. DETECTIONOFBENZIMIDAZOLE (1992)haverecomme et al .(1999) andseveral et al. (1992) water control)x100 concentration)÷ (Mean%hatch (respective %hatch (respective albendazole per theformulagivenbelow. of therespectivealbendazoleconcentrationas was calculatedfromthemeanpercenthatch concentration. milliliter anddilutedtotherequired in water, estimatedthenumberofeggsper 6. Removedthewater, resuspendedtheeggs centrifuged fortwominagainat3000rpm. centrifuge tube.Filledwithwaterand tubes andwashedoff theeggsintoaconical 5. Carefullyremovedthecoverslips fromthe for twominat3000rpm tube. Applied acoverslipandrecentrifuged solution untilameniscusformedabovethe and thenaddedsaturatedsodiumchloride 4. Agitated thetubestoloosensediment and gentlypouredoff thesupernatant. 3. Centrifugedfortwominutesat3000rpm Calculation: Test Procedure: Lugol’s iodinetostopfurtherhatching. microscopically, after addingtwodrops of anthelmintic concentrationofeachsample the eggsandhatchedoutlarvaeateach Incubated at27ºCfor48hoursandcounted (ED50). Controlwellsreceivedonlysolvent. prevent 50percentofthevisibleeggshatching find outtheoptimumdilutionrequiredto in aqueoushydrochloricacidtoeachwell as 0.05µg,0.1µg,0.15µg,0.18µgand0.20µg of serialconcentrationsalbendazolesuch plate (Medoxagencies,Chennai). Added 10µl the 10samplesineachwellofa24multiwell containing about25eggspermlfromeachof The percentofeggsfailing to hatch Mean %hatchinhibition=100-(Mean The meanpercenthatchinhibition Placedtwomloffreshmedium C. K.Deepa andK.Devada SHORT COMMUNICATION 73 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 73-75 74 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 73-75 Strongyloides spp. Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum and coproculture werethoseof strains ofnematodes. The larvaeidentifiedby considered tocarrybenzimidazoleresistant in excessof0.1µgalbendazolewere Interpretation: (Bauer, 2005). obtained using“Trend” inastatistical analysis 1971) fromwhichtheED transferred toobtain probitvalues(Finney, at eachconcentrationofalbendazolewere Table 1. Table 2. Benzimidazole resistance inGInematodes.... Anthelmintic resistance byEggHatch Test CalculationforED50valueofalbendazole. Animals inwhichtheED The results ofEHT arefurnishedin 50 valueswere Haemonchus, 50 valuewas the groundlevel,byuseof correcttypeof Anthelmintic resistance isbestcontrolledin profile resortingtosuitable detectionmethods. closely monitoredandmaintained in alow level ofanthelminticresistance shouldbe continuous useofthedruginfarm. The resistance mustbeduetoprolongedand Swarnkar Cheong (1984), Taylor andHunt(1988) findings concurwiththoseofCawthorneand resistance isherebyconfirmedbyEHT. These thiabendazole. Hencethealbendazole exceeded theprescribedvalueof0.1ìg/ml (ìg/ml) wasfoundtobe0.211556 which the tables 1&2. The ED et al . (1999). This albendazole 50 SHORT COMMUNICATION valueofalbendazole Summary anthelmintic resistance. are theprospectivecontrolmeasuresagainst biological controlusingnematophagousfungi resistance, developmentofvaccinesand nematodes ingoats. Breedingforworm drugs atthecorrectdoseagainstGI 2. ProfessorandHead 1. Assistant Professor, Dept.ofVeterinary Parasitology, CVAS, Pookode * PartofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedby thefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Coles, G. C.,Bauer, C.,Borgsteede,F. H.M., Cawthorne, R.J.G. andCheong,F. H.1984. Bauer, C.2005.InstituteofParasitology. References value ( was thedrugusedandtestrevealedED50 was carriedoutbyEgghatchtest. Albendazole group ingastrointestinalnematodesofgoats development ofanthelminticresistance. field surveysalongwithFECRT tomonitorthe benzimidazole resistance andmaybeusedin EHT givesaquantitative estimateof higher thantheprescribedvalue(0.1 µ g/ml) tobe0.211556 whichwasmuch and Walle, P. J.1992.World Geerts, S.,Klei, T. R., Taylor, M. A. England. nematodes insheepSouth-East Prevalence ofanthelminticresistant communication). Giessen, Germany(Personal Rudolf-Buchheim –Strasse 2,35392 Jestus LiebigUniversity, Giessen, Specific resistance tobenzimidazole Vet. Rec.,

114 :562-564. µ g/ml). Taylor, M. A. andHant,K.R.1988.Field Swarnkar, C.P., Khan,F. A., Singh,D.and LeJambre,L.F. 1976.Egghatchasan Finny, D.J.1971. Mannuthy-680 651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary Parasitology C. K.Deepa Parasitol., resistance innematodes. vitro Parasitol., of veterinaryimportance. anthelmintic resistance innematodes methods forthedetectionof Veterinary Parasitology(W.A.A.V.P.) Association forthe Advancement of England parasitic gastroenteritisinSouthEast observations onthecontrolofovine region ofRajasthan. sheep atanorganizedfarminarid studies onanthelminticresistance in Bhagwan, P. S.K.1999.Further Cambridge UniversityPress,333p. 82: 81-84. 1 andK.Devada assay ofthiabendazole . Vet. Rec.,

2: 44: Probit Analysis 385-391. C. K.Deepa andK.Devada 35-44. SHORT COMMUNICATION

123: Vet. Parasitol., 241-24. 2 . 3 rd ed. Vet. Vet. ‰ in 75 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 73-75 76 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 76 On examinationanimalwas having salivation before andwasofffeedforthepastthreedays. was showingattackingtendencysincetheday Mannuthy duringJanuary,2004.Theanimal admitted totheUniversityVeterinaryHospital, Cherumkuzhy, Thrissurdistrict,Keralawas two monthspregnant‘(58days)from both damandfoetuswasfoundpositiveforrabies. day andonbrainimpressionexaminationbyFAT unresponsive tolight.Animaldiedonthethird of headandofffeed.Pupilwasdilated animal becameparalytic,therewaslateralkinking was bittenbyanunknowndog.Thenextday It was:reportedthat20daysback,theanimal frequent urination animalwashaving during October,2003.The of offfeedandstaggeringgaitfromTriprayar, months pregnantwaspresentedwiththehistory (CDC-2003). foetus weredetectedpositiveforrabiesbyFAT The brainimpressionsfrombothdamand The animaldiedonfifthdayofpresentation. paralytic andshowedsymptomsofabortion. be detected.Onfourthdayanimalbecame subjected toFATbutnofluorescencecould salivary smearandcornealimpressionwere and showedanattackingtendency.The animal washavingatemperatureof104.6°F History ofdogbitewasnottraceable.The active andalert.Therewasfrequenturination. hyperesthesia, unprovokedattackingbut examination theanimalwashaving and frequentbellowingsincethreedays.On Anthikad, wasreportedofhavingsalivation heifer atsixmonthsofpregnancyfrom transmission ofrabiesarereported. 1996). Inthispaperafewcasesofintrauterine are transmittedbydogbite(Saseendranath, In Indiamorethan95percentofrabiescases Accepted -24.08.11 Received -30.06.09 OF RABIES TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION 3&4 2 1 Veterinary Surgeon, AHD (Onleave) Transplacental Transmission OfRabies Veterinary Surgeons, AHD, Kerala Professor andHead One three-year-oldcrossbredheifer, One two-year-oldMalabariGoat,three One crossbredHolsteinFriesian Rabies isanacuteviralencephalitis. and swaying ofhindquarters. negative findinginearlypregnancy. the onlyreasonwhichcanbeattributedto hematogenous spreadofrabiesviruscouldbe fully developednervoussystemandlackof embryo duringearlypregnancyis:nothaving foetus exceptduringearlypregnancy.Asthe can alsobetransmittedtransplacentallyto.the animals, thepresentstudyindicatesthatrabies transmission ofrabiesisbiteinfected while damwaspositiveforrabies. The fetalbrainwasnegativeforrabiesinFAT weeks back.Thegoatdiedonthesameday. presence ofawoundonitscheekabouttwo available buttheownerrecollected February,2004. Nohistoryofdogbitewas of rabies,salivationandsneezingduring Hospital, aftershowingsymptomssuggestive Peechi, ThrissurtotheUniversityVeterinary 45 dayspregnant,wasbroughtfromKoottala, was positive was foundnegativeforrabieswhilethatofdam on thenextdayafteradmission.Thefetalbrain frequent lyingdownandgettingup.Animaldied and frequenturinationhyperaesthetic CVAS, Mannuthy-680651, Thrissur, Kerala Dept. ofVeterinary EpidemiologyandPreventiveMedicine K. Asha M. R.Saseendranath Saseendranath, M.R.,Epidemiologyof Testing-A MinimumStandard forRabies References Summary crosses themidgestation. rabies ispossibleespeciallyifthefqetus observed thattransplacentaltransmissionof heifers andtwogoatsaredescribed.Itwas Though themainrouteof A crossbredgoatagedfouryears, Rabies, Diagnosis, CDC(2003). 3 andK.N.Nimisha by FAT. Four casesofrabiesintwo JIVA (1996) SHORT COMMUNICATION 1 , S.Raju 1 :15-17. 4 2 , ‰ Accepted -04.11.11 Received -16.04.11 A CLINICALCASEREPORT CANINE FEMALEHERMAPHRODITE- Fig.1. anaesthesia wasinducedwithintramuscular Surgical removalofthemasswasresortedto. mammary glandswerehardtopalpate. for acongestedmucousmembrane. All the parameters werewithinnormalrangeexcept months back.Clinicallyallthephysiological dog whileurinatingandwhelpedonce,six the animalusedtoexhibitpostureofamale the lasttwomonths. The ownerreportedthat abdomen whichwasprogressivelygrowingfor a hardmassofabout5cmsizeontheventral College hospital, Mannuthy, withahistoryof weighing 10kgwasbroughttotheVeterinary communication. noted inadogisreportedthis A caseoffemalepseudohermaphroditism development occurinallspeciesofmammals. Mowat, 2004).Disordersofgenital of boththesexesarepresent(Passelloand genitalia withapart orallofthegenital organs condition whenthesubjecthasambiguous Bjorling, 1989).Hermaphroditismisa depending ontheirgonads(Howardand pseudohermaphrodites orhermaphrodites Intersex animalsarealsocalled possessing charectersticsofbothsexes. Testis removedfromthefemaledog After overnight fasting,general A tenyearoldfemaleSpitz dog The intersexanimalisan the eighthpostoperativedayandanimal next fourdays. The sutureswere removed on and theantibiotictreatmentwascontinuedfor administered 500mgofceftriaxone sodium mattress pattern usingnylon. 1/0 andtheskinwasapposedinhorizontal Subcuticular suturewasappliedusingcatgut ligating thespermaticcord(Fig.1). Both thesetesticleswereremovedafter the tumourmassandexternalinguinalring. proper vascularbundleinapouchformedby testicles couldbenoticedattachedtowith mammary gland,apair ofwelldeveloped dissecting themassinvolvinginguinal dissected after properligation.While 6 cmwasmadeandthemassbluntly recumbency. A midlineskinincisionofabout the animalwascontrolledondorsal site wasprepared foranasepticsurgeryand hydrochloride anddiazepam “toeffect”. The volume ofxylazinehydrochlorideandketamine intravenous injectionofacombinationequal General anaesthesiawasmaintained with atropine [email protected]/kgbodyweight. intramuscularly after premedicationwith hydrochloride @5mg/kgbodyweight body weightfollowedbyketamine injection ofxylazinehydrochloride@2mg/kg and interstitialspaces. H&EX100 Fig. 2. Testis showingseminiferoustubules Post operativelytheanimalwas SHORT COMMUNICATION S. Anoop et al. 77 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 77-78 78 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 77-78 providing facilitiestocarryoutandpublishthiswork. College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciencesfor is discussed. mammary tumourandits surgicalcorrection hermaphroditism inaSpitz doghaving Acknowledgement Summary by Alam is indisagreementwiththeobservationmade (Kennedy andMiller, 1993). The presentcase male orfemalepseudohermaphrodite germinal tissue,accordingtowhichtheyare these individualshaveasingletypeof between phenotypicandgonadalsex pseudohermaphrodite showsdisagreement exposure (PasselloandMowat,2004). A origin orinappropriatehormonalchemical abnormalities ofgeneticorchromosomal genital tractareusuallycausedby for afemaledog. was estimatedanditwithinnormalrange was anactivetestis(Fig.2). Testostestone level the testisremovedsurgicallyrevealedthatit had anuneventful recovery. Histopathology of finding. testis andtheconditionwasanaccidental was phenotypicalyfemalewithpronounced external genitalia. Inthepresentcasedog pseudohermaphrodite hadovariesbutmale 3 2 1 Canine femalehermaphrodite... Professor (Retd.) Associate ProfessorandHead Professor Assistant The authorsarethankfultotheDean, A caseoffemalepseudo The developmental disorders ofthe et al. (2007),thatafemale Mannuthy-680 651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofVeterinary SurgeryandRadiology S. Anoop T. Sarada Amma Howard, P. EandBjorling,D.E.1989. The Alam, M. References Passello, L andMowat,V. 2004. Two cases of Kennedy, P andMiller, R.B.1993. The female Probm. Vet. Med intersex animalassociatedproblems. Vet. Med., phroditism indogs:threecasereports. N. S.2007.Malepseudoherma Lee, H.B., Tae, H.J.,Kim,I.SandKim, 384-357. Academic PressInc,California,pp 347. fascicularis in cyanomolgusmonkeys( spontaneous pseudohermaphroditism Pathology ofdomesticanimals Kennedy. P .Cand Palmer, N(Eds.) genital system.In:Jubb,K.V. F., R., Choe,Y. G., Cho,S.J.,Lee,J.I., 1 , SyamK.Venugopal 3 52: ). J. Vet. Med 74-78. SHORT COMMUNICATION ., 1: 74-84. ., 2 and 51 Macaca . 4 : 344- th ed. ‰ DURING SUMMERINRUMINANTS CONCURRENT PARASITIC INFECTIONS INCIDENCE OFCOCCIDIOSIS AND Accepted -08.06.11 Received -13.09.10 cestode eggsandoocysts ofcoccidia(Sloss solution inordertoconcentrate nematodeand by floatation usingsaturatedsodiumchloride direct smearexamination. This wasfollowed to thelaboratoryandprocessed. plastic containers orpolythenecovers,brought samples wereimmediatelytransferredto made intheafternoon and evening.Collected Union Territory ofPuducherry. Collectionswere locations lieinthePuducherryregionof Fraternity centreandMuthirapalayam. These Gobalan kadai, Auroville farm,S.V. farm, RAGACOVAS Teaching hospital and farm, slaughter house,P.V.Nagar, Thilaspet, stationed attenlocationslikethemunicipal collected from36cattle,18goats and6sheep expected tobelow. June 2009)whentheparasitic loadwas ruminants duringsummermonths(Marchto other concurrententericparasitic infectionsin made tostudytheincidenceofcoccidiosisand Puducherry region.Henceanattemptwas protozoan originamongruminants inthe about theentericparasitic infectionof strategies. information willhelpalotwhiledevisingcontrol geographical areaisknownsincethis parasitism andtheirprevalenceineach important thatthenatureandextentof not totheextentofcausingmortality. Itis farm animalscarryaparasitic load,though parasites. Henceitisalwayspossiblethatthe for themaintenanceandpropagation of infections. Tropical climateismuchfavourable mortality, particularly withregardtoprotozoan apart fromdirectharmresultinginhigh to thedeleteriouseffect ofcrypticparasitism throughout theworld. This hasbeenattributed economic lossesinanimalhusbandrysector All sampleswereinitiallysubjected to A total of60freshdungsampleswere No detailed informationisavailable Parasitic diseasesaccountformajor be positiveforoocysts of was donewith100xobjective. negative verdict.Confirmationoftheoocyst of 250fieldswereexaminedbeforegivinga Olympus –Campusmicroscope. A minimum done underhighdry(40x)objectiveof to drybydraining.Screeningforoocysts was They werewashedandallowed of 2minutes. blue inasimilarfashionwithstaining time acid andcounterstained with1%Methylene out, washedcontinuouslytoremovetracesof jar foroneminute. The smearswerethentaken immersing in5%sulphuricacidaCoplin tap water. They werethendecolourizedby smears weretaken outandwashedinrunning jar andallowedtostain for3minutes. The fuchsin –ZNstrong(HIMEDIA)keptinaCoplin temperature, theywereimmersedincarbol over aflame. After coolingtoambient of theslidewereair-driedandfixedbypassing this purposethinsmearsprepared atonehalf (RAGACOVAS protocol) wasemployed.For College ofVeterinary & Animal Sciences Department ofParasitology, RajivGandhi The coldtypeofapproachperfectedinthe Neelsen staining method(Kumar Cryptosporidium screened forthepresenceofoocysts was preferredforthispurpose. They were sample. The mucoidpart ofthefaeces,ifany, diameter wereprepared separately fromeach et.al., the studywascarriedoutin peaksummer cattle, sheepandgoats intheregion. Though infection witheimeriidcoccidia iscommonin (Mandal, 1987;Bhatia,2000). was donebasedonvariousparameters subsequent recordingofthedata. Identification monitored at24hrintervalforsporulationwith potassium dichromatesolution.Theywere processed forsporulationusing2.5% 1994). Thin faecalsmearsof2-3cm Those sampleswhichwerefoundto Results (Table 1) indicate that sp.usingamodifiedZiehl– SHORT COMMUNICATION Samantha R.Joseph Eimeria werefurther et.al ., 2004). etal.

in 79 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 79-80 80 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 79-80 ledged. Parasitology andLPMaregratefullyacknow rendered bytheheadsofdepartments of sciences forthefacilitiesprovided.Help Rajiv GandhiCollegeofVeterinary and Animal well. animals hadconcurrentparasitic infectionsas species infectingthem. Almost alltheaffected species of infect cattle.Goats wereinfectedwitheight 2009. Sixspeciesof of Puducherryduringthesummermonths the PuducherryregionofUnion Territory infections inruminants incertain locationsof study theoccurrenceofeimeridcoccidian ² Assistant Professor(SG) Acknowledgment Summary eimerian faunaofruminants intheregion. seems tobethefirstrecordofdifferent morphology ofsporulatingoocysts. This also resultedindeleteriouseffects onthe low onaccountofthehightemperaturewhich were observed. The severityofinfectionwas different speciesof 1 Coccidiosis andconcurrent parasiticinfections Veterinary Graduates The authorswishtothanktheDean, A preliminaryattemptwasmadeto Eimeria Table 1. Eimeria whilesheephadseven Eimeria Results ofexaminationdungsamplesruminants and otherparasites werefoundto Mandal, A.K. 1987. Mandal, A.K. R. Sreekrishnan Swetha RaniSathigari Kurumbapet, Puducherry–605009 Rajiv GandhiCollegeofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Department ofParasitology, Surya KumarMaurya Samantha R.Joseph Kumar, D.,Sreekrishnan, R.andDas,S.S. Bhatia, B.B.2000. References Sloss, M.W., Kemp,R.L.andZajac, A.M. Eucoccidiida Eimeriidae. adjacent countriesProtozoaSporozoa Co., Lucknow. pp.5–8. Sci animals inPondicherry. 2004. Cryptosporidiosisinmanand 100-149. of Agricultural Research,NewDelhi. 6 1994. pp. 219–341. Zoological SurveyofIndia,Calcutta. Protozoology th ed. InternationalBookDistributing ., 74 Veterinary ClinicalParasitology :261–263. ² Textbook ofVeterinary . 1 Fauna ofIndiaand ¹ SHORT COMMUNICATION ¹ , SangayRinchen st and ¹ ed.IndianCouncil , SusannahB.Philip Indian J. Anim. 1 st ed. ‰ ¹ . , ¹ , GERMAN SHEPHERDDOG* INFLAMMATIONPSEUDOCYST AND IN A FIBROADENOMA WITH PARAPROSTATIC HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIESOF CLINICOBIOCHEMICAL AND Accepted -05.04.11 Received -08.10.10 study agreewiththeobservations madeby using standard procedure. prostatic acidphosphatase wereestimated testosterone, total acidphosphatase and blood ureanitrogen(BUN),calcium,glucose, globulin, albuminglobulinratio,creatinine, leucocyte count(DLC). Total protein,albumin, leucocyte count(TLC)anddifferential (ESR), total erythrocytecount(TEC),total ( VPRC),erythrocytesedimentation rate haemoglobin, volumeofpacked redcells of admissionwasusedforanalysis cytology. Bloodsamplecollectedontheday prostate examination, transrectal digital palpation of animal wassubjectedtodetailed clinical days wasutilisedforthepresentstudy. The urination, haematuriaanddyscheziafor10 the historyofpyrexia,anorexia,intermittent Veterinary CollegeHospital, Mannuthy, with aged threeandahalfyearspresentedtothe and subsequentinflammationinadog. fibroadenoma withparaprostatic pseudocyst present notecommunicatesacaseof usually seeninmiddleandoldageddogs. The (1992) reportedthatparaprostatic cystIs determine its origin.KrawiecandHeflin epithelium andthereforeimpossibleto since theinnerliningisseldomlinedby (Hoffer, 1977). The termpseudocyst isused submitted wastheparaprostatic pseudocyst is scarce. The mostcommoncyst biopsied and fibroadenoma withparaprostatic pseudocyst Data fromtheliterature regarding prostatic diseasesindogs(Krawiec,1994). , Clinical signsobservedinthe present A Germanshepherdmaleintact dog Paraprostatic cystisoneoftherarest ultrasonography andprostatic fluid study. Davidson(2003)reported increased (50 mg/dl)couldbeobserved inthepresent hypocalcaemia (7mg/dl)and hypoglycaemia (1.9 g/dland5.3g/dl),azotaemia (5.4mg/dl), Hypoalbuminaemia withhyperglobulinaemia ultrasonographic findingsandautopsy. changes couldbecorrelatedwith infection andhyperspleenism.Theabove which isseeninoverwhelmingbacterial because ofexcessivedestructionorutilisation or duetoreducedmaturegranulocytesurvival to initialstage ofanacutebacterialinfection (2003). The severeneutropeniamightbedue neutropenia asreportedearlierbyDavidson mild anaemiawithsevereleucocytosisand originated fromtheprostate gland. the pathogenisolatedfromprostatic fluid also. Hence,itcouldnotbeestablished that same pathogen couldbeculturedfromurine cultural examinationofprostaticfluid. The Pseudomonas prostatic cellswithanisocytosis(Fig.2) damaged cellsresemblingneutrophilsand cytological evaluationrevealeddistorted, serosanguinous tobrowncolouredand paraprostatic cystonnecropsy (Fig.1). prostate, whichwasdiagnosedas thickened boardersdorsolateraltothe mixed echogenicsubstances withirregular revealed twoanechoiccavitiescontaining and Barsanti(1995).Ultrasonography prarprostatic cystasreportedbyDorfman of urineflowduringmicturitionbythe prostate whichdevelopedduetoprevention might beduetosecondaryinfectionofthe and elevatedtemperatureinthepresentcase Davidson (2003).Purulenturethraldischarge Clinico pathological studiesrevealed Prostatic fluidaspiratedwas organismwasidentifiedon SHORT COMMUNICATION Sindhu K.Rajan etal. . 81 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 81-83 82 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 81-83 be duetoacuteinflammatory process. prostatic neoplasia.Hyperglobulinaemiamight calcium, hypoalbuminaemiaand azotaemia in alkaline phosphatase, varyinglevelsofserum Fig.2. echogenic substances Fig.1. Fig.4. Fig.3. Fibroadenoma with paraprostatic pseudocyst Anechoic cavitiescontaining mixed Prostatic cellswithanisocytosis Infiltration oflymphocytesandplasma Fibrous tissueproliferation cells opined byKustritzandKlausner(2000). indicating concurrentchronicinflammationas lymphocytes andplasmacells(Fig.4) paraprostatic cysthadinfiltrationof method (Fig.3).Boththeprostate and confirmed byGomori’s trichromeonestep presence offibroustissueproliferationwas as pseudocyst (Hoffer be foundoutandhencethecystwastermed of continuousepithelium,its origincouldnot plasma cells.Sincetheinnerwallwasdevoid and diffuse infiltrationoflymphocytesand adenomatous andfibroustissueproliferation step trichromemethod. histopathological studies withGomori’s one paraprostatic pseudocyst after case wasconfirmedasfibroadenoma with biochemical parameters werestudied. The prostate, prostaticfluidcytologyandclinico ultrasonography, perrectal digital palpation of dyschezia. Detailedclinicalexamination, intermittent urination,haematuriaand which hadthehistoryofpyrexia,anorexia, male intact dogagedthreeandahalfyears pseudocyst diagnosedinaGermanshepherd was afibroadenomawithparaprostatic prostatic diseasesindogs. The presentcase incontinence prostatic surgeryoften resultedinurinary usually diagnosedatanearlystage,and recommended, becausethediseasewasnot Surgical resectionusuallyisnot prostate cancerwasgenerallyunrewarding. to advancedrenalfailure. Treatment ofcanine did notrespondtothetreatmentadopteddue based oncultureandsensitivitytesttheanimal testosterone levelwasobserved. (Corazza criteria fordifferentiating thetumorfromBPH prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)couldbetheuseful adenocarcinoma compared tobenigin elevated concentrationsinprostatic out prostatic adenocarcinomainthedog,but and prostatic acidphosphatase didnotrule serum concentrationsoftotal acidphoshatase U/L) wasfoundinthepresentstudy. The low phosphatase (1U/L)withprostatic fraction(0.4 Summary Histopathology ofprostate revealed Paraprostatic cystisoneoftherarest Eventhough theanimalwastreated Normal levelofserumtotal acid et al.,

(Johnston 1994). Normalserum et al., SHORT COMMUNICATION et al., 2000). 1977). The Hoffer, R.E.,Dykes,N.L.andGreiner, T. P. Dorfman, M.andBarsanti,J. A. 1995. Davidson, J.R.2003.Prostatic diseasesof Corazza, M.,Guidi,G., Romagnoli,S., References Acknowledgement 6 5 4 3 2 1 * carry outthisresearchwork. Mannuthy forprovidingnecessaryfacilitiesto College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Associate Professor, Dept.ofGynaecology, Obstetricsand Animal Reproduction Associate Professor, Dept. ofVeterinary SurgeryandRadiology ProfessorandHead,UniversityVeterinary Hospital,Kokkalai DirectorofClinics,KVASU Professor Associate Veterinary Surgeon, AHD, Kerala Part ofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedbythefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Hosp. Assoc., for prostatic disease. 1977. Marsupializationasatreatment Philadelphia, pp.1029-1032. Therapy XII Kirk, R.W.( Eds.). prostatitis. In:BonaguraJ.D.and Treatment ofcaninebacterial the dog. 307-310. diseases. dogs andinwithprostatic prostatic acidphosphatase inhealthy Serum total prostatic andnon- Tognetti, R.andBuonaccorsi, A. 1994. The authorsarethankfultotheDean, Waltham Focus J. Small. Anim. Pract., .WBSaunders, 13 :98-104. Current Veterinary J. Am. Anim. Am. J. , 13 :4-10. Syam K.Venugopal P. C. Alex 35 : Johnston, S.D.,Kamolpatana, K.,Kustritz,M. Mannuthy -680651,Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences Department ofClinicalVeterinary Medicine Sindhu K.Rajan Krawiec, D.R.andHeflin,1992.Study of Kustritz, M.V. R.andKlausner, J.S.2000. 1698. Company, Philadelphia, pp.1687- Reprod. Sci., Prostatic disordersinthedog. V. R.andJohnston,G. R.2000. 200 (1981-1986). prostatic diseasesindogs:177cases of DogandCat. Veterinary Internal MedicineDiseases and Feldman(Eds.) T Prostatic diseases.In:Ettinger, S.J. 3 , K.M.Jayakumar :1119. 1 , UshaNarayanaPillai 6

J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc,. Vet. J. Am. 60 SHORT COMMUNICATION 5 :405- 415. th

ed. W. B.Saunders 4 , MetildaJoseph Sindhu K.Rajan extbook of 2 , etal. Ani. 5 , 83 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 81-83 84 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 84 Fig. examination, theprolapsed masswasseen with recurrenceofvaginalprolapse. On centimetre betweenthevulvallips. applied usingbraidedsilkleavingagapofone suturewas reposition ofthevagina.Buhner’s pressure usingasyringeforcomplete introduced intothevaginalcavityunder A volumeof5mlsterilenormalsalinewas mass wasreducedbackintothepelviccavity. pressure fromthesides,prolapsed vaginal hind quartersandbyapplyinggentledigital percent lignocainesolution. After lifting the anaesthesia wasgivenusing0.5mloftwo lotion andlubricatedwithK–Y Jelly. Epidural using onepercentpotassium permanganate lacerated massofabout3cmdiameter(Fig.). was notedasawhiteroundprotruding prolapse oftheventralfloorvaginalwall straining andondetailed examination, live bunniestwodaysback. The animalwas of vaginasincetwodays.Ithadkindledfive Hospital, Mannuthywithahistoryofprolapse years waspresentedtoUniversityVeterinary its surgicalmanagementbyreefingoperation. postpartum vaginalprolapse inarabbitdoeand present paper reports acaseofchronic doe wasreportedbyGeorge treatment ofcervicovaginalprolapse inrabbit reported (Islam rabbits, dystociaandits managementare Though postpartum complications are rarein encountered inotherspeciesofanimals. common incowsandewes,isseldom Accepted -15.12.11 Received -14.11.11 PROLAPSE IN A RABBITDOE CHRONIC POSTPARTUM VAGINAL 1,2&3. Assistant Professors Chronic postpartum vaginalprolapse inarabbitdoe Chronicvaginalprolapse inarabbit The casewaspresentedthenextday The prolapsed masswascleaned A nondescriptrabbitdoeagedtwo Cervico vaginalprolapse, though et al ., 2006).Successful et al. (1993). The Islam, prolapse wasreducedautomatically. shortened byreefingoperationsothatthe irritation. The lengthofvaginawasgreatly completely devitalised tissuescausing by theanimalduetopresenceof recurrence occurredduetoseverestraining aggravated thecondition.Inthiscase on thefloorwhilesittingwouldhave further damagesduetorubbingofthemass prolapse. Soilingoftheprolapsed massand due tothisinjurymighthaveresultedinvaginal present case.Subsequentstrainingbythedoe have beendamagedduringkindlinginthe was anuneventful recoveryofthecase. was administeredforfivedaysorally. There using catgut. Amoxicillin- clavulanicacidsyrup were apposedbysimplecontinuoussutures urinary meatus. The edgesofthevaginalwall dissected carefullywithoutdisruptingthe prolapsed vaginalmucousmembrane was was appliedandthenecrosedportionof percent lignocainesolution.Gentletraction anaesthesia wasgivenusing0.5mloftwo potassium permanganatelotion.Epidural cleaned thoroughlywithonepercent suture wasremovedandthemass highly mutilatedandnecrotic. The Buhner’s Mannuthy –680651, Thrissur, Kerala College ofVeterinary & Animal Sciences, Dept. and HironM. B. BibinBecha George, P.O., Rajankutty, K.andBalagopalan, References Summary is reported. a rabbitandits correctionbyreefingoperation

of Animal Reproduction,Gynaecology&Obstetrics, R., Sarkar, T.K., Nadroo,G.A. andGanai, Indian J. Anim. Reprod. T.A.S. 2006.Uterineinertiainarabbitdoe. The vaginalmucousmembranemight Anim. Sci. in arabbit– A casereport. T.P. 1993.Cervicovaginalprolapse A caseofchronicvaginalprolapse in

Harshan 1 , , M.P. 24 : 84–85. SHORT COMMUNICATION

Unnikrishnan 3 , 27 : 126–127. J. Vet. 2 ‰ of 4mmorabovefrominitial readingwas measured andanincreasein skinthickness site ofinjection. After 72hskinthicknesswas mally. A peasizedbubblewasformed atthe and 0.1mlofJohninPPDwas injectedintrader was measuredusingaslidingverniercalipers medispirit. Skinthicknesspriortoinjection of eachgoatwasshavedandmoppedwith for thetest.Onesquareinchareainmidneck (PPD) procuredfromIVRI,Izatnagarwasused management conditions. maintained understandard feedingandgood selected forthestudy. All theanimalswere above sixmonthsofageeithersexwere University SheepandGoatfarm,Mannuthy pathological lesions. goats were slaughteredtoevaluatethe present studythreeoftheeightSIDpositive under fieldconditions(Julian,1975).Inthe disease develops andhadbeenwidelyused to identifypositiveanimalsbeforeclinical intradermal Johninwassaidtobethebesttest (Kalis hypersensitivity tomycobacterialantigens test whichmeasuresdelayedtypeof mycobacterial infectionistheintradermalskin 1984) andawellknownCMItestfor POSITIVE GOATS INTRADERMAL (SID)JOHNINTEST PATHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS INSINGLE Accepted -24.08.11 Received -29.06.09 mediated immuneresponse(Chiodini Early infectionsaremanifestedbyacell especially thoseinearlystages ofinfection. of thediseasemakesdiagnosischallenging, lack ofefficient diagnostictests andthebiology (2004) reportedthatthelongincubationperiod, and generalizedunthriftiness. Kataria in goats andsheepmaybechronicweightloss caused by associated lymphnodesofruminants, is matous inflammationofintestinesand of paratuberculosis Mycobacterium paratuberculosis et al., Johnin purifiedproteinderivative One hundredandfifty goats of Paratuberculosis, achronicgranulo Mycobacterium avium 2003). The skintestusing (MAP). Clinicallytheonlysign subspecies infection etal et al. ., to behundredpercent. the sensitivityofsingleintradermalJohnintest of lymphnodebylightmicroscopyconfirming abundant acidfastbacilliinimpressionsmears post mortemandthethirdanimalhadshown and edematousmesentericlymphnodeson of Johne’sdiseaselikecorrugatedintestine test, twogoats showedpathognomonic lesions paratuberculosis bysingleintradermalJohnin which wereidentifiedaspositivefor mortem. slaughtered andlesionswerenotedonpost SID positivegoats wereselectedatrandom, taken aspositive(Kalis in paucibacillary formofdiseaseacidfast could bedetected.Reddacliff (2002) foundthat characteristic intwooftheslaughtered cases. edematous mesentericlymph nodewerevery also, corrugationofileumandenlarged (Chiodini velvety thickeningoftheintestinalmucosa change ingoats andsheepwerefleshyor The mostcommonearliestrecognisablegross corrugation oftheilealmucosa(NRC,2003). enlargement ofmesentericlymphnodeand thickening ofterminalsmallintestine, nodes. The mostcommongrosslesionswere confined tointestineandregionallymph of Johne’sdiseaseingoats wereremained et al. identifying theearlystage ofthedisease. the opinionthatJohnintestwashelpful in well developed.Roy SID toslaughterbywhichtimethelesionswere the gapof237and161daysfromdate Johnin testinpresentstudymightbedueto disease. Thereasonforhighsensitivityof per cent)caseshadgrosslesionsofJohne’s 54 cattlereactorstoJohnin,only11 (20.37 (1998)observedthatmostofthelesions Paliwal Of thethreeanimalsslaughtered In oneanimalnoacidfastorganism Paliwal andRajya(1982)Sharma et al., 1984).Inthepresentstudy et al . (1987)foundthatoutof et al SHORT COMMUNICATION M.R. Saseendranath etal . (2004)werealsoof ., 2003).Three etal. 85 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 85-86 86 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 85-86 Mannuthy forthefacilitiesprovidedwork. College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, impression smear. bacteria couldbedetectedfromlymphnode disease andfromthethirdgoatacidfast had grosslesionscharacteristicofJohne’s confirmed thattwoofthethreeslaughtered slaughtered andpostmortemexamination positive. Three SIDpositivegoats were intradermal Johnintestandeightwerefound screened forparatuberculosis bysingle Julian, R.J.1975. A shortreviewandsome References Acknowledgement Summary actually start faecalshedding. helps toeliminateinfectedanimalsbeforethey diagnosis ofparatuberculosis ingoats which a specificandlowcostfieldtestfortheearly that positivesingleintradermalJohnintest,is demonstrated exceptbyculture. and goats, theorganismmaybetoofewto node impressionsmears.Intuberclesinsheep did notshowanyacidfastbacteriainlymph an increaseinskinthicknessof10mm,but intradermal test.Oneofthethreeanimalshad increase inskinthicknessafter 72hof stronger DTHreactionsasevidencedbythe found thatmostpaucibacillary goats showed MAP wasprevented. Tripathi response anduncontrolledmultiplicationof lesions hadwelldevelopedTh1immune lymph node. Animals withpaucibacillary bacteria wererarelydetectedfrommesenteric Kalis, 5 4 3 2 1 Associate Professor, Dept.ofClinicalVeterinary Medicine Ph.DScholar, VCRI,Namakkal,TANUVAS Associate Professor Professor(Retd.), Dept.ofVet.Microbiology ProfessorandHead Pathology ofSIDJohnin testpositivegoat... C.H.J, Collins,M.T., Hesselink,J.W. and The authorsacknowledgetheDean, One hundredandfifty goats were Vet. J., recommendations forcontrol. observations onJohne’s diseasewith Hence fromtheresults, itisconcluded IFN-ã assay. mediated immunity:theJohninskintest paratuberculosis basedoncell tests fortheearlydiagnosisofbovine Barkema, H.W. 2003.Specificity oftwo

16: 33-43. Vet. Microbiol et al ., 97 . (2006) :73-86. Can. Reddacliff, L.A.2002. Aspects ofthe Paliwal, O.P., Parai, T.P., Sharma, A.K., Sharma, A.K., Parihar, N.S.and Tripathi, B.N. Tripathi, B.N.,Sivakumar, P., Paliwal,O.P. and Paliwal, O.P. andRajya,B.S.1982.Evaluation National ResearchCouncil,2003. Kataria, A.K., Kataria, N.,Harsh,S.K., Mannuthy-680 651, Thrissur ,Kerala College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Department ofVeterinary EpidemiologyandPreventiveMedicine Usha NarayanaPillai G. KrishnanNair M.R.Saseendranath Roy,P., Edwin,P.G., Jayakumar, V., Hemaletha, disease. pathogenesis ofovineJohne’s 88-90. among cattle. 1987. Johninreactorsandlesions Vanamayya, P.R. andParihar, N.S. Indian J.Vet. Path., 1998. Enteritisingoats andsheep. Microbiol., paratuberculosis ingoats. diagnosis ofnaturallyoccurring Johnin andserologicaltestfor IS Nemsingh. 2006.Comparison of Vet. Path., pathomorphological studies. of paratuberculosis ingoats: Med. J., schistosomosis insheep. paratuberculosis complicatedwith A.K. 2004. An outbreakof Dadhich, H.,LalsinghandGahlot, Washington, D.C,pp45-65. Press, National Academies and controlofJohne’s disease. Anim. Sci. sheep inanorganizedfarm. outbreak ofJohne’s diseaseamong S. andPurushothaman,V. 2004. An Sydney 900 tissuePCR,bacterialculture, . pp14-27. 8 Ph.D thesis ,

:140-143. 116 3 74 6 , P.V.Tresamol :29-34. :1118-1119. Indian Vet. Med.J., 1 :129-137. , S.Sulficar SHORT COMMUNICATION 5 22 ,

:165-167. University of Indian Vet. Diagnosis Indian J. Indian J. 4 2 and , The Vet. 11 ‰ : Accepted -08.02.11 Received -28.07.10 MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY IN A DOG* SECOND DEGREEHEARTBLOCKWITH Fig. 2. Fig. 1. exaggerated breathsounds. abnormalities uponauscultation exceptfor pale roseate. The dogrevealedno and theconjunctivalmucousmembranewas temperature wereallwithinthenormalrange noted. The respiration, pulseandrectal three yearsforthesame. A pulsedeficitwas undergoing phenobarbitonetherapysince to epilepticseizures.Thedoghadbeen (syncope), circlingandlegstiffeningsimilar while running,lossofconsciousness complaint ofoccasionalcough,fallingdown to theVeterinary CollegeHospital, withthe is mostcommoninmalesofsmallbreeds. geriatric animalpatients abovetenyearsand Around 75percentofthecasesareseenin 70 to80percentofthecardiacdiseases. common heartdiseaseindogsaccountingfor 4.Associate Professor, Dept.ofSurgery andRadiology, 5.DirectorofClinics,KVASU 1. Veterinary Surgeon, AHD, Kerala,2. Associate Professor, 3.ProfessorandHead *. PartoftheM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedbythefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur ECGfindingseconddegreeheartblock Hyperdynamicsystolicfunction A sevenyearoldSpitz waspresented Mitral valveinsufficiency isthemost Fig. 3. important sinceitwasindicative ofinsufficient insufficiency, syncopewasparticularly signs exhibitedbydogswithvalvular competencies indogs. Among theclinical around 62percentofthevalvularin mitral insufficiency. diagnosed asseconddegreeheartblockwith echocardiographic findings,thecaseswere electrocardiographic, radiographicand 8 mmand10respectively. Basedonthe mode) were22mm,263225 ventricular septumthicknessinsystole(M- thickness indiastole(M-mode)andinter dimension (M-mode),interventricularseptum mode), left ventricularinternalsystolic left ventricularinternaldiastolicdimension(M- values ofrightatrium(2D),left atrium(2D), turbulence andmosaicpattern(Fig.3). The Doppler Echocardiographyrevealedincreased was appreciableintheM–mode(Fig.2).Color hypokinesia, hyperdynamicsystolicfunction revealed adeformedmitralvalveandits generalised cardiomegaly. Echocardiography block.(Fig.1) Radiographrevealeda complexes, suggestiveofseconddegreeheart (0.16 s)andisolatedP–waveswithoutQRS Mitralregurgitation Mitral insufficiency accounts for ECG revealedprolongedPR–interval SHORT COMMUNICATION Anju ElizBen et al. 87 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 87-88 88 J. Vet. Anim.Sci. 2011. 42 : 87-88 condition. echocardiography inthediagnosisof is detailed,stressingontheimportance of insufficiency andseconddegreeheartblock Summary considered asaconfirmatorydiagnosticaid. Color DopplerEchocardiographycanbe mitral valve,similartothefindingsinstudy. hyperdynamic systolicfunctionanddeformed ventricular eccentrichypertrophy, left atrialandleft ventriculardilatation, left chronic degenerativevalvulardiseaseincluded stated thatechocardiographicchangesin myocardial infarcts. Kienleand Thomas (2002) arteriosclerosis andmultipleintramural stages, theaffected animalsmayexhibit as arrhythmia(Rush,2002).Inadvanced forward flow, pulmonaryhypertensionaswell 5 4 3 2 1 * DirectorofClinics,KVASU Associate Professor, Dept.ofVet. SurgeryandRadiology PartofM.V.Sc. thesissubmittedbythefirstauthortoKerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Heart blockwithmitral insufficiency inadog... Associate Professor Veterinary Surgeon, AHD, Kerala ProfessorandHead A caseofadogwithmitral Rush, J.E.2002.Chronicvalvularheart Kienle, R.D.and Thomas, W.P. 2002. References Mannuthy-680651, Thrissur College ofVeterinary and Animal Sciences, Department ofClinicalVeterinary Medicine, and P.C. Alex S. Ajithkumar Anju ElizBen disease indogs. Saunders co.,pp.354-424. Diagnostic Ultrasound and Mattoon,J.S.(Eds). Echocardiography. In:Nyland, T.G. pp.1 –7. Waltham diets /OSUsymposium. 5 3 1 , K.D.JohnMartin , UshaN.Pillai SHORT COMMUNICATION Proc. 26 .2 Small Animal nd 2 ed.W.B. th , annual 4 ‰