EDITED BY STEPHEN McGLINCHEY International Relations This e-book is provided without charge via free download by E-International Relations (www.E-IR.info). It is not permitted to be sold in electronic format under any circumstances. If you enjoy our free e-books, please consider leaving a small donation to allow us to continue investing in open access publications: http://www.e-ir.info/about/donate/ i “In today’s volatile and fast moving world, it is important to understand how things really work on the global stage. This book brings together scholars and practitioners from around the world to explain key issues, concepts and dynamics from a variety of perspectives in clear and accessible language. An invaluable and interesting read for anyone who wants to learn the basics of international relations.” - Marta Dyczok. Associate Professor, Departments of History and Political Science, University of Western Ontario. “With the turbulence all around us, everyone is affected by what happens elsewhere and no one can afford not to understand international relations. This is an essential guide to learning how to navigate our interconnected world”. - Mukesh Kapila, CBE. Professor of Global Health & Humanitarian Affairs, University of Manchester. “A thoughtful, well-written, intelligently presented and engaging narrative introduction to international relations.” - Richard Ned Lebow. Professor of International Political Theory, Department of War Studies, King’s College London. “A concise and comprehensive introduction to the study of international affairs. Adopting a student-centred approach and using strong examples, this book is essential for promoting understanding about international relations.” - Yannis Stivachtis. Associate Chair, Department of Political Science, and International Studies Program Director, Virginia Tech. ii iii International Relations EDITED BY STEPHEN McGLINCHEY iv E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England 2017 ISBN 978-1-910814-17-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-910814-18-5 (e-book) This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You are free to: • Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • Non-Commercial – You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission. Please contact [email protected] for any such enquiries, including for licensing and translation requests. Other than the terms noted above, there are no restrictions placed on the use and dissemination of this book for student learning materials/scholarly use. Elements of chapter seven appeared in Globalisation, Multilateralism, Europe: Towards a Better Global Governance? (Ashgate 2014). Used with permission. Production: Michael Tang Copy-editing: Gill Gairdner Cover Image: yuliang11 via Depositphotos A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library v E-IR Foundations Series Editor: Stephen McGlinchey Editorial Assistants: Stacey Links, Max Nurnus, Kanica Rakhra & Rosie Walters. E-IR Foundations is a series of beginner’s textbooks from E-International Relations (E-IR) that are designed to introduce complicated issues in a practical and accessible way. Each book will cover a different area connected to International Relations. This is the first book in the series, with more to follow. You can find the books, and much more, on E-IR’s Student Portal: http://www.e-ir.info/students E-IR is developing our Foundations series as part of our mission to provide the best source of freely available scholarly materials for students of International Relations. Each book is available to buy in bookstores in paperback and, uniquely for textbooks, also freely accessible in web and PDF formats. So, readers can have each book at their fingertips and on all their devices without any restrictions or hassle. Typically, textbook publishing is designed to appeal to professors/lecturers and, consequently, even the introductory books are intended less as an aid to the student and more to assist the instructor in the classroom. Our books are designed to meet the needs of the student, with the focus on moving readers from no prior knowledge to competency. They are intended to accompany, rather than replace, other texts, while offering the student a fresh perspective. About E-International Relations E-International Relations is the world’s leading open access website for students and scholars of international politics, reaching over three million readers per year. E-IR’s daily publications feature expert articles, blogs, reviews and interviews – as well as student learning resources. The website is run by a non-profit organisation based in Bristol, England and staffed by an all-volunteer team of students and scholars. http://www.e-ir.info vi Acknowledgements This book would not have been possible without the assistance of E-IR’s Student Review Panel. Members of the panel gave up their spare time to read drafts of each chapter and offer their thoughts on how they could be improved. The panel was chaired by Christian Scheinpflug and comprised Janja R. Avgustin, Laura Cartner, Tom Cassauwers, Caroline Cottet, Jessica Dam, Scott Edwards, Phoebe Gardner, Daniel Golebiewski, Jane Kirkpatrick, Matthew Koo, Naomi McMillen, Mohamed Osman, Robert Ralston, Bryan Roh, Daniel Rowney, Ana Carolina Sarmento, Loveleena Sharma, Ljupcho Stojkovski, Anthony Szczurek, Jan Tattenberg and Jonathan Webb. I would also like to thank all members of the E-International Relations team, past and present, for their many acts of kindness in feeding back on ideas and providing a supportive climate for the book’s development. Of special note in that respect is E-IR’s co-founder Adam Groves, without whom this project would not have been possible. Countless others have helped me through the year-long process of moving the book from concept to completion – especially Robert Oprisko, who was instrumental in getting the project off the ground during the early stages. I would also like to thank Michael Tang and Ran Xiao for their friendship and expertise. This book has been developed in part due to conversations and experiences in and around the classroom, so I would also like to thank my colleagues, and my students, at the University of the West of England, Bristol. I am very fortunate to be part of such a vibrant and supportive scholarly environment. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank the authors of each of the chapters for working so hard on this project and helping me deliver such an excellent book. Stephen McGlinchey vii viii International Relations Contents CONTRIBUTORS x GETTING STARTED 1 PART ONE - THE BASICS 1. THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD Erik Ringmar 8 2. DIPLOMACY Stephen McGlinchey 20 3. ONE WORLD, MANY ACTORS Carmen Gebhard 32 4. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY Dana Gold & Stephen McGlinchey 46 5. INTERNATIONAL LAW Knut Traisbach 57 6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS Shazelina Z. Abidin 71 7. GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY Raffaele Marchetti 78 8. GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY Günter Walzenbach 87 9. RELIGION AND CULTURE John A. Rees 98 PART TWO - GLOBAL ISSUES 10. GLOBAL POVERTY AND WEALTH James Arvanitakis & David J. Hornsby 113 Contents ix 11. PROTECTING PEOPLE Alex J. Bellamy 123 12. CONNECTIVITY, COMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY Andreas Haggman 135 13. VOICES OF THE PEOPLE Jeffrey Haynes 144 14. TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM Katherine E. Brown 152 15. THE ENVIRONMENT Raul Pacheco-Vega 163 16. FEEDING THE WORLD Ben Richardson 172 17. MANAGING GLOBAL SECURITY BEYOND ‘PAX AMERICANA’ Harvey M. Sapolsky 183 18. CROSSINGS AND CANDLES Peter Vale 194 REFERENCES 210 NOTE ON INDEXING 222 x International Relations Contributors Shazelina Z. Abidin is a Foreign Service officer with the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After postings in Washington, DC, and to the UN in New York, she completed her PhD at the University of Sheffield on the Responsibility to Protect. James Arvanitakis is Dean of the Graduate Research School, and Professor, at Western Sydney University. He is also a Visiting Professor at University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Alex J. Bellamy is Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies and Director of the Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, University of Queensland, Australia. Katherine E. Brown is Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the University of Birmingham. She specialises in religious terrorism, radicalisation and counter- radicalisation with a focus on questions of gender. Carmen Gebhard is Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Edinburgh. She has a particular interest in small states as well as in inter-organisational relationships in security and defence matters. Dana Gold is a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada. Her PhD research explores how mental representations of the ‘Other’ are constructed and reproduced in the Israeli educational system. Andreas Haggman is a Doctoral Candidate in the Centre for Doctoral Training in Cyber Security at Royal Holloway University of London, where he is writing his PhD thesis on wargaming cyber-attacks. Jeffrey Haynes is Professor of Politics at London Metropolitan University and Director