DOCSLIB.ORG

COMMUNITY and COMMITMENT in NEW ENGLAND, 1630-1689 By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COMMUNITY and COMMITMENT in NEW ENGLAND, 1630-1689 By “WITH A PUBLICK SPIRIT”: COMMUNITY AND COMMITMENT IN NEW ENGLAND, 1630-1689 By SARAH AUGUSTA MORGAN SMITH A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Political Science Written under the direction of Andrew R. Murphy And approved by _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2016 Copyright © 2016 Sarah Augusta Morgan Smith All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “With a Publick Spirit”: Community and Commitment in New England, 1630-1689 by SARAH AUGUSTA MORGAN SMITH Dissertation Director: Andrew R. Murphy “With a Publick Spirit”: Community and Commitment in New England, 1630- 1689 engages in a critical analysis of the core principles of New England’s civic identity from its founding through roughly the first two and a half generations of political development. It explores the complex relationship between the problem of sustaining revolutionary founding commitments and the concept of civic education as character formation in seventeenth century New England. The subject presents the opportunity to study the critical intersection of theory and practice and argues that these early decades were crucial for the establishment of a particularly American concept of civic formation, and thus, for the development of American political thought on the nature of citizenship. At the heart of the project is a reflection on the civic virtues necessary for founding and maintaining a political society, the ways that they can be encouraged through civic institutions such as schools and legal systems, and the potential dangers when such virtues are either deficient or carried to excess by the citizenry. I argue that the April Revolution in Boston of 1689 demonstrates that the Puritans were successful in transferring their founding commitments to subsequent generations, and that this success ii stemmed from their utilization of an approach to civic formation that emphasized the importance of civic knowledge and virtue as prerequisite to civic engagement. The problem of Puritan New England is very much an American problem, and in the conclusion, I argue that the Puritan approach to civic formation recurs in the history of American political thought in ways that have proven particularly useful when the nation’s founding principles seemed most threatened. In contrast, I point to the inadequacies of two major strains of the thought within the American tradition that diverge from the Puritan model of civic formation to successfully perpetuate the commitments of the national founding. Finally, I suggest some of the ways in which an adaptation of the Puritan mode of civic education may be useful for shaping present-day debates about civic education. iii Table of Contents Abstract of the Dissertation ................................................................................................ ii Introduction: Citizens on a Hill........................................................................................... 1 The Americanization of the Puritan Experience ............................................................. 9 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 15 Puritanism .................................................................................................................. 15 Citizen ........................................................................................................................ 16 Civic Formation ......................................................................................................... 17 Political Theory and the Problem of Foundings ........................................................... 19 Civic Education as a Political Problem ..................................................................... 25 Political Theorists and Civic Education .................................................................... 29 Chapter Outline and Plan of the Dissertation ................................................................ 32 A Note on Sources, Dating, and Transcription ............................................................. 38 Chapter 2: Founding Aspirations and First Fashionings .................................................. 42 The Political Context of Stuart England ....................................................................... 44 A Promise and a Model as Statements of Civic Identity ............................................... 50 Moral Equality ........................................................................................................... 57 Industry and Calling .................................................................................................. 61 Christian Love and Civil Communion....................................................................... 68 New England’s Anti-Type: The Mission to the Indians and the Symbolism of Founding ....................................................................................................................................... 74 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 3: Tending the Plantation—Institutions of Civic Cultivation ............................. 93 Making Moral Equality Politically Safe: Education as a Public Good ......................... 95 Creating a Broad Foundation: Public Education ....................................................... 96 Harvard College and the Preparation of Civic Leaders ........................................... 105 The Bramble and the Trees: Law, Liberty, and Civic Formation in Massachusetts Bay ..................................................................................................................................... 118 Liberty and Arbitrary Government: Negotiating Representation, 1634-1644 ........ 120 Thomas Shepard’s 1641 Lectures Series: Consent and Dissent in Massachusetts .. 135 From Liberties to Laws: 1641-1648 ........................................................................ 139 Embodied Equality, Consent Constituted: The Laws and Liberties as the People’s Law .......................................................................................................................... 144 iv Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 152 Chapter 4: Shoring up the Foundation—The Crisis of the Rising Generation ............... 154 A Defect of Industry: Idleness, Sloth, Drunkenness, Sexual Misconduct, etc. ........... 157 An Excess of Industry: Distraction, Covetousness, Pride, and Economic Oppression165 An Immoderate Attachment to Equality: The Quaker ‘Threat’ .................................. 174 “Then called Puritans, now called Quakers” ........................................................... 177 The Half-Way Covenant: The Problem of Purity and the Failure of Communion ..... 190 “Our Crowns and Jewels”: New English Liberties and the Politics of the Restoration ..................................................................................................................................... 196 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 206 Chapter 5: Increase Mather, Revivalist and Reformer .................................................... 209 “Qualifications for Soldiers and Christians”: The Civic Value of Martial Virtue ...... 212 The Necessity of Reformation: Responding to God’s Judgement on New England ... 218 Harvard and the Hope for the Future ....................................................................... 224 Redeeming Failed Citizens: The Reforming Synod and Civic Restoration ............ 227 New England in Crisis: The Royal Attack on the 1629 Charter ................................. 234 The Dominion of New England ............................................................................... 243 Increase Mather Goes to London ............................................................................. 245 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 249 Chapter 6: A “Happy” Revolution .................................................................................. 250 Civic Education, Part 1: Cotton Mather’s Pre-Revolutionary Sermon Series ............ 251 18 April 1689: A Revolution in Boston ...................................................................... 256 Speaking to an Audience Abroad, Part 1: The Boston Declaration of April 18, 1689 264 Speaking to an Audience Abroad, Part 2: The General Court Petitions the King ...... 279 Civic Education, Part 2: Cotton Mather’s Post-Revolutionary ‘Texts’ ...................... 281 Speaking to an Audience Abroad, Part 3: Law and the April Revolution .................. 294 Increase Mather and The New Charter ....................................................................... 304 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 305 Chapter 7: The Puritan Legacy in American Civic Formation ....................................... 306 What
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Establishment Or Tolerance?
    Historical Perspectives Establishment or Tolerance? Establishment or Tolerance? Summary: Many American colonies were founded by dissenting or establishment English religious sects that sought to practice their own traditions freely but were, in some cases, less lenient toward other sects. Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, founded by Roger Williams and William Penn, respectively, more readily affirmed free practice of religion. Although the framers of the Constitution repudiated the idea of an official established state religion, most considered the United States a Christian nation. The newcomers who settled the colonies along the east coast of America were European Christians, mostly Protestants. Some came for profit and adventure, but many came explicitly to seek the freedom to practice their religion. They hoped to establish enclaves of faith in the new world. These Christians in the new America encountered the challenge of religious difference first, and most sharply, amongst themselves. The question of whether there should be one “established” religion or whether there should be tolerance for religious “dissenters” was one of the first major issues each new colony faced. The Pilgrims, a separatist reform group that had broken with the Church of England, landed in 1620 and established the Plymouth colony. A few years later, the Puritans—so named because of their intention not to separate from but to purify the Church of England—established what would become the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, on board the Arabella, the ship that brought the Puritans to the new world, John Winthrop gave a sermon on the new biblical society they wanted to create. The society would be based on a covenant of the common moral and religious understandings that bind people to God and one another.
    [Show full text]
  • A City Upon a Hill: Spirituality and Exceptionalism in The
    85 NEW MODES OF SELF-FASHIONING A CITY UPON A HILL: SPIRITUALITY AND EXCEPTIONALISM IN THE FOUNDING OF AMERICA MAULANA MUALIM State Islamic Institute of Purwokerto Abstract: This article presents the concepts of puritan spirituality found in one of the most famous speeches of the founding fathers of America, entitled A Model of Christian Charity. A religious speech delivered by John Winthrop on board of Arbella during the great migration to America in 1630, to be perceived by his fellows as their modes of survival in the harsh wilderness of America. A qualitative technique combined with a socio-historical approach is applied to investigate the Puritans’ values in the sermon grounding the foundation of America as a new exceptional nation of the world. The values of kindness, charity, love, and communalism are encouraged for the pilgrims to survive in the New Land and to make it a “City upon a Hill”. Keywords: America, city upon a hill, exceptionalism, puritan, spirituality 1. Introduction America and almost all products of human civilization evolved in this geographical area are brought together by groups of people moving to this newly founded land. People living in America, apart from the small numbers of Indian tribal communities, were transported from Europe, Africa, and the rest of the world (Johnson 1997: 11-12; Kaus 2017: 2). The English language as the national and official means of communication was brought by the British colonists. The hamburger, an American type of fast food, was inspired by the steak recipe brought by Jewish immigrants from Hamburg, Germany (Rubel 2018: 5 Kaus 2017: 20; Smith 2012: 322).
    [Show full text]
  • MASSACHUSETTS: Or the First Planters of New-England, the End and Manner of Their Coming Thither, and Abode There: in Several EPISTLES (1696)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Joshua Scottow Papers Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 1696 MASSACHUSETTS: or The first Planters of New-England, The End and Manner of their coming thither, and Abode there: In several EPISTLES (1696) John Winthrop Governor, Massachusetts Bay Colony Thomas Dudley Deputy Governor, Massachusetts Bay Colony John Allin Minister, Dedham, Massachusetts Thomas Shepard Minister, Cambridge, Massachusetts John Cotton Teaching Elder, Church of Boston, Massachusetts See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/scottow Part of the American Studies Commons Winthrop, John; Dudley, Thomas; Allin, John; Shepard, Thomas; Cotton, John; Scottow, Joshua; and Royster,, Paul Editor of the Online Electronic Edition, "MASSACHUSETTS: or The first Planters of New- England, The End and Manner of their coming thither, and Abode there: In several EPISTLES (1696)" (1696). Joshua Scottow Papers. 7. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/scottow/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Joshua Scottow Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors John Winthrop; Thomas Dudley; John Allin; Thomas Shepard; John Cotton; Joshua Scottow; and Paul Royster, Editor of the Online Electronic Edition This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ scottow/7 ABSTRACT CONTENTS In 1696 there appeared in Boston an anonymous 16mo volume of 56 pages containing four “epistles,” written from 66 to 50 years earlier, illustrating the early history of the colony of Massachusetts Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Bostonians and Their Neighbors As Pack Rats
    Bostonians and Their Neighbors as Pack Rats Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/24/2/141/2744123/aarc_24_2_t041107403161g77.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 By L. H. BUTTERFIELD* Massachusetts Historical Society HE two-legged pack rat has been a common species in Boston and its neighborhood since the seventeenth century. Thanks Tto his activity the archival and manuscript resources concen- trated in the Boston area, if we extend it slightly north to include Salem and slightly west to include Worcester, are so rich and diverse as to be almost beyond the dreams of avarice. Not quite, of course, because Boston institutions and the super—pack rats who direct them are still eager to add to their resources of this kind, and constantly do. The admirable and long-awaited Guide to Archives and Manu- scripts in the United States, compiled by the National Historical Publications Commission and now in press, contains entries for be- tween 50 and 60 institutions holding archival and manuscript ma- terials in the Greater Boston area, with the immense complex of the Harvard University libraries in Cambridge counting only as one.1 The merest skimming of these entries indicates that all the activities of man may be studied from abundant accumulations of written records held by these institutions, some of them vast, some small, some general in their scope, others highly specialized. Among the fields in which there are distinguished holdings—one may say that specialists will neglect them only at their peril—are, first of all, American history and American literature, most of the sciences and the history of science, law and medicine, theology and church his- tory, the fine arts, finance and industry, maritime life, education, and reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Jvilliam Hubbard and the Providential Interpretation of History
    JVilliam Hubbard and the Providential Interpretation of History BY KENNETH B. MURDOCK ILLIAM HUBBARD (c. 1621-1704), a member of W the first class to graduate from Harvard, has long been recognized for his work as a colonial historian.* His Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England, published in 1677, was probably the best history of King Philip's War to be written by a New Englander who lived through it, and, according to Moses Coit Tyler, this book, "for its almost universal diffusion among the people, deserves the name of an American classic."^ Larger in scope, but less praised, is his General History of New- England from the Discovery to MDCLXXX, finished by 1682 but not published (and then imperfectly) until 1815.^ In ' See the Dictionary of American Biography, and J. L. Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University (Cambridge, 1873-), vol. i, pp. 54-62. 'M. C. Tyler, A History of American Literature, 1607-1676 (New York, 1878), vol. 2, p. 135. Hubbard'8 Narrative was reprinted by Samuel G. Drake, as The History of the Indian Wars in New England (Roxbury, 1865). All my references are to this edition. 'The work was printed in 2 Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, vols. 5, 6, 1815, and separately Cambridge, 1815. My references, except as otherwise noted, are to the Cambridge edition. Another and better edition, with revisions and notes, was printed in Boston, 1848. This, like the earlier editions, followed the Massachusetts Historical Soci- ety's manuscript, which was incomplete. It lacked the preface, and some pages at the beginning and end of the text were so mutilated that only a fragmentary reading could be printed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Strongs of Strongsville John Stou,Ghton Strong
    The Strongs of Strongsville DESCENDANTS OF John Stou,ghton Strong .,, - - and Eliphalet Strong Supplementary to the History of the Strong Family, by Benjamin W. Dwight By Albert Strong Fort Dodge, Iowa, 1931 JOHN STOUGHTON STRONG Died February 23, 1863, aged 91 years. FOREWORD. The Strongs generally hold to the sensible American opinion that while family descent is of itself no reason for personal conceit, yet a worthy ancestry is to be prized as an example and incentive. Interest in genealogy is rapidly increasing, and it was chiefly the thought that so many facts and dates, readily available now, would be utterly lost a generation hence, that led to this attempt to bridge for future searchers of our branch of the family the sixty-year gulf between the completion of Dwight's History in 1870 and the present. Family research, even on a limited scale, cannot succeed without assistance and encouragement, credit for which is particularly due in this case to Sy<l.ney Strong, of Seattle, Wash.; Edward A. Strong, of Minneapolis, Minn.; Gilbert W. Amidon, of Stafford Springs, Conn.; Mrs. Helen Strong Aylard, of Medina, Ohio; Mrs. Harriet Strong Clark, of Cleveland, Ohio; Mrs. Mabel Strong Wilkins, of Sylvania, Ohio, and Mrs. Nellie Strong Reid, of Genoa, Ill. Acknowledgment is made to the History of Strongsville ( edition 1901) for many facts and dates, and Dwight's History of the Strong Family is of course the main dependence for the earlier generations. In spite of some errors which, as was to have been expected, have developed during the sixty years since he wrote, the fact remains that without his work we would have no connected history of the family as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • The Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society, Volume 11, 1916
    The Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society, Volume 11, 1916 Table of Contents OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES .......................................................................................5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-SEVENTH TO THIRTY-NINTH MEETINGS .............................................................................................7 PAPERS EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF THE REVEREND JOSEPH WILLARD, PRESIDENT OF HARVARD COLLEGE, AND OF SOME OF HIS CHILDREN, 1794-1830 . ..........................................................11 ​ By his Grand-daughter, SUSANNA WILLARD EXCERPTS FROM THE DIARY OF TIMOTHY FULLER, JR., AN UNDERGRADUATE IN HARVARD COLLEGE, 1798- 1801 ..............................................................................................................33 ​ By his Grand-daughter, EDITH DAVENPORT FULLER BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF MRS. RICHARD HENRY DANA ....................................................................................................................53 ​ By MRS. MARY ISABELLA GOZZALDI EARLY CAMBRIDGE DIARIES…....................................................................................57 ​ By MRS. HARRIETTE M. FORBES ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER ........................................................................84 NECROLOGY ..............................................................................................................86 MEMBERSHIP .............................................................................................................89 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY
    [Show full text]
  • Jesus and His Teachings
    Jesus and His Teachings Jesus and His Teachings Subject Area: World History Time Required: 1 class session General Topics: Origins of Christianity in the Roman world, ancient Judaism, important individuals in Classical Mediterranean societies, religious views in Classical Mediterranean societies Average Grade Level from Readable.io: 10.3 SUMMARY This lesson on Jesus and his teachings focuses on two biblical texts, the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew and the Sermon on the Plain in the Gospel of Luke. It asks students to consider the historical context of the two sermons, the influence of Hellenistic Judaism on the authors of the two Gospels, and the challenges of using such literature to reconstruct history. To get the students started engaging with the texts, the lesson asks students to compare two artistic depictions of the sermons. It then moves to a close reading of both sermons using a guided reading graphic organizer and a resource developed by Advanced Placement called a SOAPStone graphic organizer. Using these tools to engage with the sermons will sharpen students’ critical reading skills as well as give them methods they can use when they read other demanding texts. Coming from two of the earliest accounts of Jesus’ teachings, these passages stem from a time when Hellenistic Judaism and nascent Christianity were both shaping portrayals of Jesus. Hence, the lesson includes resources to help students analyze how each sermon reflects its ancient cultural context and to consider the larger question of how scholars arrive at interpretive and historical conclusions when they have limited sources from which to draw.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latitudinarian Influence on Early English Liberalism Amanda Oh Southern Methodist University, [email protected]
    Southern Methodist University SMU Scholar The Larrie and Bobbi Weil Undergraduate Research Central University Libraries Award Documents 2019 The Latitudinarian Influence on Early English Liberalism Amanda Oh Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/weil_ura Part of the European History Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Oh, Amanda, "The Latitudinarian Influence on Early English Liberalism" (2019). The Larrie and Bobbi Weil Undergraduate Research Award Documents. 10. https://scholar.smu.edu/weil_ura/10 This document is brought to you for free and open access by the Central University Libraries at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Larrie and Bobbi Weil Undergraduate Research Award Documents by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. The Latitudinarian Influence on Early English Liberalism Amanda Oh Professor Wellman HIST 4300: Junior Seminar 30 April 2018 Part I: Introduction The end of the seventeenth century in England saw the flowering of liberal ideals that turned on new beliefs about the individual, government, and religion. At that time the relationship between these cornerstones of society fundamentally shifted. The result was the preeminence of the individual over government and religion, whereas most of Western history since antiquity had seen the manipulation of the individual by the latter two institutions. Liberalism built on the idea that both religion and government were tied to the individual. Respect for the individual entailed respect for religious diversity and governing authority came from the assent of the individual.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legacies of King Philip's War in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1987 The legacies of King Philip's War in the Massachusetts Bay Colony Michael J. Puglisi College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Puglisi, Michael J., "The legacies of King Philip's War in the Massachusetts Bay Colony" (1987). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623769. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-f5eh-p644 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol
    i m a BULLETIN OF THE ESSEX IlsTSTITUTE]. Vol. 18. Salem: Jan., Feb., Mar., 1886. Kos. 1-3. MR. TOPPAN'S NEW PROCESS FOR SCOURING WOOL. JOHN RITCHIE, JR. Read before the Essex Institute, March 15, 1886, Ladies and Gentlemen^ — Two years ago, almost to a day, I had the pleasure of discussing before you what was at that time a new process of bleaching cotton and cotton fabrics, — process which, since that day, has been developed with steadily increasing value by a company doing business under Mr. Top- pan's inventions. This evening [March 15] I desire your attention to a consideration of the effects of the same solvent principle upon that other great textile material, wool. The lecture of two years ago was illustrated by the pro- cesses themselves, practically performed before your eyes. It is our intention this evening to follow out the same plan and to illustrate and, so far as may be, prove by experiment the statements which shall be made. It is our intention to scour upon the platform various speci- mens of wool, and as well, to dye before you such colors as can be fixed within a time which shall not demand, upon your part, too much of that virtue, patient waiting. Mr. Toppan, who needs no introduction to this audience, will undertake, later in the evening, the scouring of wool, and Mr. Frank Sherry, of Franklin, has kindly offered to assist in the work of dyeing. To those of you who are not familiar with the authorities in this country, in the work of dyeing, I need only say, that Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Providence in the Life of John Hull: Puritanism and Commerce in Massachusetts Bay^ 16^0-1680
    Providence in the Life of John Hull: Puritanism and Commerce in Massachusetts Bay^ 16^0-1680 MARK VALERI n March 1680 Boston merchant John Hull wrote a scathing letter to the Ipswich preacher William Hubbard. Hubbard I owed him £347, which was long overdue. Hull recounted how he had accepted a bill of exchange (a promissory note) ftom him as a matter of personal kindness. Sympathetic to his needs, Hull had offered to abate much of the interest due on the bill, yet Hubbard still had sent nothing. 'I have patiently and a long time waited,' Hull reminded him, 'in hopes that you would have sent me some part of the money which I, in such a ftiendly manner, parted with to supply your necessities.' Hull then turned to his accounts. He had lost some £100 in potential profits from the money that Hubbard owed. The debt rose with each passing week.' A prominent citizen, militia officer, deputy to the General Court, and affluent merchant, Hull often cajoled and lectured his debtors (who were many), moralized at and shamed them, but never had he done what he now threatened to do to Hubbard: take him to court. 'If you make no great matter of it,' he warned I. John Hull to William Hubbard, March 5, 1680, in 'The Diaries of John Hull,' with appendices and letters, annotated by Samuel Jennison, Transactions of the American Anti- quarian Society, II vols. (1857; repn. New York, 1971), 3: 137. MARK \i\LERi is E. T. Thompson Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Virginia.
    [Show full text]