DOCSLIB.ORG

Sperm Banking

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sperm Banking 17 Sperm Banking Rakesh Sharma, Alyssa M. Giroski, and Ashok Agarwal What Is Sperm Banking Autologous and Donor Sperm or Fertility Preservation? Banking for Infertility History of Sperm Banking—50 Years Later Users of sperm banking can be divided into two categories: autologous or autoconservation and donor groups. The autocon- Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa is critical when it comes servation group includes patients who preserve their sperm or to preserving male fertility. While sperm cryopreservation, more testicular tissue for purposes of their own future fertility treat- commonly referred to as sperm freezing or sperm banking, has ment. The donor group includes men who are recruited to serve been prevalent in the scientic community in the treatment of as surrogate fathers to partners of couples suffering from refrac- infertile couples since the 1970s, the origins of sperm cryopreser- tory male infertility problems or for single women planning for vation dates back to as far as the 1660s when Lazzaro Spallanzani a child with donor sperm. These donors elect sperm banking for found that sperm could maintain motility under cold conditions potential use in assisted reproductive techniques (ART). using the invention of Leeuwenhoek’s microscope [1]. Sperm cryopreservation came to be a forerunner in scientic studies after the development of articial insemination and the grow- ing need for longer-term storage of bull sperm in the US dairy Sperm Banking in Patients with Cancer industry in the late 1950s to early 1960s. This period of time saw signicant growth in the studies on sperm biology, morphology, In the United States, up to 9.2% of patients diagnosed with cancer and cryobiology [2]. are younger than 45 years of age, and 1.1% of males are younger The advancement in sperm cryopreservation began in 1949 with than 20 years [3]. Patients with cancer of the reproductive age the use of glycerol, a permeant that could protect spermatozoa group are most commonly referred to sperm banks in the United at low temperatures. In 1953, the rst reported live human birth States and comprise about 44% of all referrals [4]. Testicular can- using thawed sperm was reported. The spermatozoa were stored cer—both seminoma and non-seminoma—is the most common temporarily in dry ice before being thawed and used for arti- oncologic diagnosis in the reproductive age group. Other can- cial insemination. However, the introduction of liquid nitrogen cers include Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and soft-tissue tumors such as sarcomas. A high incidence of poor (LN2) in 1964 paved way for the opening of the rst therapeutic sperm bank located in Iowa. Although modern storage methods semen quality, most commonly asthenozoospermia, is reported in men with cancer (64.2%–86.3%) [5,6]. Other semen abnor- use liquid nitrogen vapors, the development of LN2 allowed for long-term storage that can be carried out for decades and can still malities among patients with cancer who are referred to sperm result in successful fertility outcomes. banking include oligozoospermia (49.8%–53%) [7–9], severe oli- gozoospermia (22.6%) [8], and azoospermia (9.7%–21%) [7–9], and teratozoospermia is the most common abnormality (93.2%) among pretreatment cancer patients [6]. Indications for Sperm Banking Testicular cancers have local and systemic inuences on sper- There are many medical conditions where sperm banking is matogenesis because of their relationship to local paracrine fac- indicated to preserve fertility. Patients with cancer are the tors such as β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) [10] and most common group of men who are referred for sperm cryo - cytokines [11]. Malignancy may disrupt the blood-testis barrier preservation. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are highly toxic resulting in antisperm antibodies [12]. Reports suggest that tes- to the reproductive system, leading to temporary or perma - ticular cancer and male infertility is a result of testicular insults nent azoospermia or oligozoospermia. Patients with medical culminating into testicular dysgenesis syndrome [13]. This the- conditions such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, urological dis - ory is supported by a high incidence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) eases such as varicocele, testicular torsion, spinal cord injury, that is common in testicular biopsies from infertile men. CIS can and ejaculatory dysfunction can also benet from sperm transform into invasive cancer in 50% of cases [14,15]. Some of cryopreservation. the systemic effects of cancer include fever, malignancy-related 167 168 Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine malnutrition, abnormal immune response, altered hormonal In a retrospective study of 4,345 adults and young adoles- milieu, and a generalized stress and inammatory response. cents from 23 French regional sperm banks afliated with the This results in increased production of cytokines such as inter- CECOS network, Daudin et al. (2015) reported that 93% of the leukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), all of which subjects successfully provided a semen sample by masturba- can have devastating consequences on testicular and sperm tion, and sperm from 3,616 patients (83%) were frozen [28]. function [16,17]. This may also result in chromosomal aneu- These numbers were similar to smaller patient series; 84% ploidy in the germ cells and sperm damage even prior to cancer (n = 25) from Muller et al. (2000) [38], 83.7% (n = 80) from Van treatment [18]. There is no relationship between the severity of Casteren et al. (2008) [39] and 86.1% (n = 238) from Bahadur male infertility and the stage of the malignancy. Therefore, it is et al. (2002) [40]. Daudin et al. also reported an increase in the important that oncologists address each cancer patient’s risk of number of young adolescents (<15 years) who opted for sperm fertility irrespective of the clinical diagnosis or the stage of the cryopreservation [28]. They attributed this increase largely to disease [19,20]. improved life expectancy owing to effective treatment, greater Therapeutic agents used to treat cancer have varying degrees awareness of sperm banking options before cancer treatment of impact on spermatogenesis. The effect on spermatogenesis and also to greater awareness among the different medical is dependent on sperm quality before treatment, type of malig- teams including oncologists and reproductive medicine and nancy, drug characteristics, treatment regimen, and patient sus- infertility specialists. ceptibility. Therefore, it is not possible to predict whether an individual patient will become permanently azoospermic, or whether they will regain partial to complete spermatogenesis after treatment [4,21–23]. For this reason, the Ethics Committee Challenges in Sperm Banking in of American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM; 2013) Adolescents Diagnosed with Cancer and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) [24] recognizes the importance of addressing the issue of fertility Signicant challenges were observed in various surveys con- preservation and course of treatment in men diagnosed with can- ducted in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. cer. Both these societies recommend that clinicians discuss the A Canadian survey showed that only 17.8% of male adolescents potential gonadotoxic impact of cancer treatment and fertility and young adults used fertility preservation options between preservation options with their patients. 1995 and 2000. This was largely attributed to inadequate infor- Currently, sperm banking is the most effective way to preserve mation on sperm banking options [41]. Similarly, a survey from reproductive potential in adult or postpubertal adolescent male a North American center showed that only 28.1% of patients ages patients with cancer for its subsequent use with assisted repro- 13 years and older banked sperm [42]. Some of the barriers pre- ductive procedures [25,26]. It is a simple and effective way of venting young adolescents from sperm banking were urgency of preserving fertility potential even in patients with cancer and treating cancer, oncologist’s anxiety about discussing fertility poor sperm characteristics [27]. and sexuality with young adolescents, poor prognosis, cost, and difculty in nding sperm banking facilities [43]. Sperm Banking in Adolescents with Cancer Ethical and Legal Challenges The incidence of cancer in adolescents has increased in the last three decades; however, the survival rates have also signicantly The intersection of cancer and fertility raises many ethical issues improved [28]. Sperm banking is a viable reproductive option for oncologists and fertility specialists. Cancer management is a available to young adolescents who wish to establish biological stressful period for young patients and their parents. The option paternity in the future. The ASRM and the ASCO support the of a more conservative oncologic treatment and the chance to practice of sperm banking in these patients. However, sperm preserve fertility is a difcult choice that carries its own risks banking is not available in all pediatric oncology centers and and uncertainties. The oncologist therefore has an integral role very few adolescent-friendly facilities are available [29,30]. in not only providing the best treatment options, but he must also Adolescents 12 years or older should be offered an opportunity to be aware of current fertility preservation options available to freeze their sperm prior to the start of their treatment [31]. In cases younger adolescents who may
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cryopreservation of Equine Semen with a Mechanical Control Rate Freezer
    CRYOPRESERVATION OF EQUINE SEMEN WITH A MECHANICAL CONTROL RATE FREEZER By Sossi Marianne Iacovides, B.S. A THESIS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE ApProved Dr. Samuel Prien CHairPerson Dr. Samuel Jackson Dr. Leslie Thompson Dr. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School December, 2014 Copyright 2014, Sossi Marianne Iacovides, B.S. Texas TecH University, Sossi M. Iacovides, December 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘It’s hard to soar with eagles, if you won’t jump off the cliff.’ At the beginning of my graduate school process, I had the choice to start somewhere fresh and new. While it may have been the right move for some, it was not for me; I knew that I wasn’t finished with here. The Department of Animal & Food Sciences has become home, from the abundance of moral, ethical and personal support; it has been a blessing and privilege to spend the past 4 years here. Dr. Glenn Blodgett, you believed in my research, and that means the world to me. Without the access to the 6666 Ranch, and your indisPensible personnel, this project would have never gained flight. Mallory Canaday, the true “Swimmie Specialist,” you were an indispensable resource for me and I have learned more from you then I could have ever imagined. The lab personnel: my countless questions never went unanswered. I hope that you’ll walk the hallways and hear my snaughles forever more. The minions, my fellow graduate students, from the countless nights of studying, to the late night research – I could not have hoped for a better group to have survived these last two years with! Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Genes in His Jeans] [Molly Kane] James Madison University Lexia Ÿ Volume V Ÿ 2
    Lexia: Undergraduate Journal in Writing, Rhetoric & Technical Communication Volume V 2016–2017 [Genes in his Jeans] [Molly Kane] James Madison University Lexia Volume V 2 If you asked women who were considering sperm donation what their ideal donor was like, you would probably receive answers like “smart,” “kind,” “tall,” and “healthy” (“What Women Want”). They would want their donor to be the perfect man, so that they would have the perfect child. Now imagine someone who you would see going to a clinic to donate their sperm. Is that man a fit and handsome stock broker, right off Wall Street, or is he a poor college student with bad acne looking to make some extra cash? To say the least, sperm donors span all walks of life. Women flip through hundreds of applications when trying to choose which donor will be the father of her child, and only general information is given to her about each donor. It is hard to imagine how one of the biggest decisions of her life will be based off which self-proclaimed personality traits she likes best. One of the greatest concerns when selecting a sperm sample is the state of health of the donor. Every mother wants a healthy baby, and in order for this to happen with donor-conceived children, both the mother and father need to be healthy individuals. You would assume that sperm banks only accept donors with a thorough health history and health risk evaluation, and you would probably also assume that they require tests for life-threatening diseases, such as cystic fibrosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Sperm Vitrification: the State of the Art Yong Tao*, Erika Sanger, Arpornrad Saewu and Marie-Claude Leveille
    Tao et al. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology (2020) 18:17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-020-00580-5 REVIEW Open Access Human sperm vitrification: the state of the art Yong Tao*, Erika Sanger, Arpornrad Saewu and Marie-Claude Leveille Abstract Sperm cryopreservation has been widely used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and has resulted in millions of live births. Two principal approaches have been adopted: conventional (slow) freezing and vitrification. As a traditional technique, slow freezing has been successfully employed and widely used at ART clinics whereas the latter, a process to solidify liquid into an amorphous or glassy state, may become a faster alternative method of sperm cryopreservation with significant benefits in regard to simple equipment and applicability to fertility centers. Sperm vitrification has its own limitations. Firstly, small volume of load is usually plunged to liquid nitrogen to achieve high cooling rate, which makes large volume sample cryopreservation less feasible. Secondly, direct contact with liquid nitrogen increases the potential risk of contamination. Recently, new carriers have been developed to facilitate improved control over the volume and speed, and new strategies have been implemented to minimize the contamination risk. In summary, although sperm vitrification has not yet been applied in routine sperm cryopreservation, its potential as a standard procedure is growing. Keywords: Cryopreservation, Vitrification, Contamination, Liquid nitrogen, Spermatozoa, Semen Background births from frozen sperm after 4 decades storage in LN2 Over 8 decades ago, in 1938, Luyet and Hoddap per- had been reported [6]. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa formed the first vitrification of frog sperm in liquid air has been the most valuable and used way to preserve the [1].
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Bioethical Qualifiers in the Donation of Human Sperm
    Intersect, Vol 14, No 2 (2021) Creating Boundaries in the Sperm Donation Industry: A Study of Bioethical Qualifiers in the Donation of Human Sperm Tanvee Sinha1 1 The University of Alabama at Birmingham While sperm donation has become a common and effective practice amongst many who suffer from the inability to conceive naturally, the practice's bioethical implications may reveal a necessity to place qualifying constrictions on the practice. Some examples of related ethical issues range from psychological impacts on offspring as a result of partial genetic dissociation from parents, and discriminatory practices, such as “shopping” for traits or narrow descriptions of optimal sperm donors. Regulations for eligible donors vary in different regions, while keeping some sort of uniformity through criteria, including height, weight, education, and lifestyle choices. This piece highlights some of the major cultural differences between China and the USA in regard to the regulation of sperm donation. Recently in China, after the “one- child only” policy was lifted, there is an increasing demand for sperm donors now than ever, but with new policies, it is even more difficult to donate and purchase sperm. Due to donors not being able to qualify for the “amount of patriotism” needed, there is an increased use of underground operations, such as the black market. These operations are often unsafe and have no regulation, encouraged by donors and middlemen solely seeking monetary value. Sinha, Boundaries in Sperm Donation Background In the twentieth century, there has been a rapid advancement in technology, causing numerous innovative ways for one to now have a child.
    [Show full text]
  • Male Infertility
    www.livestrong.org.livestrong.org Male Infertility Some male cancer survivors find that they are not able to have children due to the effects of cancer treatment. By identifying your risk for infertility, you can take steps before treatment to preserve your fertility. For survivors who have already completed treatment, there are other options for having children. Male Infertility: Detailed Information This infinformationormation is meant to be a general introduction to this topic. The purpose is to provide a starting point for you to become more informed about important matters that may be affecting your life as a survivor and to provide ideas about steps you can take to learn more. This information is not intended nor should it be interpreted as providing professional medical, legal and financial advice. You should consult a trained professional for more information. Please read the Suggestions (http://www.livestrong.org/Get-Help/Learn-About-Cancer/Cancer-Support-Topics/Physical-Effects-of- Cancer/Male-Infertility#a#a) and Additional Resources (http://www.livestrong.org/Get-Help/Learn- About-Cancer/Cancer-Support-Topics/Physical-Effects-of-Cancer/Male-Infertility#a#a) sections for questions to ask and for more resources. Cancer and treatment may put survivors at risk for infertility. Male infertility generally means an inability to produce healthy sperm or to ejaculate sperm. There are many different causes of infertility in cancer survivors including physical and emotional. Certain treatments can cause or contribute to this condition. It is best to discuss the risks of infertility with your doctor before cancer treatment begins. However, there are options for survivors who experience infertility as a result of cancer or treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Member Guide
    MEMBER GUIDE Understanding Your Progyny Benefit 2019 PLAN YEAR YOUR GUIDE TO PROGYNY’S FERTILITY AND FAMILY BUILDING BENEFIT At Progyny, we know the road to parenthood can be challenging — we were founded by people who’ve faced obstacles to fertility first-hand. That’s why we partner with the nation’s leading fertility specialists to bring you a smarter approach with better care and more successful outcomes. Our benefit is designed so that more options are available to anyone who wants to have a child, no matter their path to parenthood. The Progyny benefit is designed to assist covered employees and their partners who want to have a child, including LGBTQ+ individuals and couples, and single parents by choice. Your benefit also provides coverage for fertility preservation (egg or sperm freezing), which allows you to build a family when you’re ready. We created this guide to provide you with all the information you’ll need to get the most out of your benefit. We understand the journey to become a parent can be physically, emotionally, and financially challenging. With this in mind, we’ve designed your benefit to include comprehensive treatment coverage, access to the highest level of care, and personalized emotional support. We’re here to ensure you have a healthy, timely, and supported family building journey. Personalized Guidance Unlimited guidance and dedicated support from Comprehensive Coverage a patient care advocate throughout your fertility Bundled fertility treatment coverage journey. for every unique path to parenthood. Premier Specialists Convenient access to the largest national network of fertility experts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Acrosomal Status of Density Purified Spermatozoa Differentiates
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Article The Acrosomal Status of Density Purified Spermatozoa Differentiates Men from Couples in IVF and ICSI Treatment and Is Associated with Fecundity 1,2, 3, 4 Pernille Badsberg Norup y, Dorte L. Egeberg Palme y, Morten R. Petersen , Katharina M. Main 1,2 and Kristian Almstrup 1,2,* 1 Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] (P.B.N.); [email protected] (K.M.M.) 2 International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 3 European Sperm Bank ApS, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] 4 The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +45-35-45-66-39 The authors consider that the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors. y Received: 26 June 2020; Accepted: 20 July 2020; Published: 22 July 2020 Abstract: The acrosome of the spermatozoa is required for fertilization and in the raw ejaculate the percentage of viable acrosome-intact spermatozoa, the acrosomal status, is higher among men with good semen quality. Here we investigated if the acrosomal status of the processed semen preparations used at a fertility clinic can also be informative and whether it is associated with fecundity. The acrosomal status was measured by image cytometry on purified semen samples from couples during in vitro fertilization (IVF) (n = 99) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (n = 107) treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Donor INSEMINATION Insemination
    CLiInSemBrochure_CryoGenicInSemBrochure 12/14/10 12:28 PM Page 1 DONOR Donor INSEMINATION Insemination Donor insemination (DI) is a simple procedure that uses a syringe to place sperm into a woman’s vagina or uterus to assist her in becoming pregnant. The sperm is obtained from someone other than a woman’s husband or partner. Sperm banks (also known as cryobanks) offer a selection of screened and tested sperm donors for those interested in using DI. Your physician will discuss which DI procedure is right for you. There are basically two types of insemination options: intrauterine or intracervical. • INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION: Semen is inserted directly into the uterus, by way of the cervical opening, using a small catheter. The sperm specimen is labeled as IUI (intrauterine) and is pre-washed, meaning that seminal plasma is removed prior to freezing. • INTRACERVICAL INSEMINATION: Semen is placed into the cervical opening. Sperm is typically labeled as ICI (intracervical or standard) and is unwashed, i.e. the seminal plasma has not been removed. WHY CHOOSE DI? There are several advantages to using DI over other methods: • Donor selection can be made with the participation of your husband or partner. • The woman can experience pregnancy and all the excite - ment, anticipation and bonding derived from carrying and delivering her child. This brochure is the courtesy of • As a mother, you will know that your child is produced from your own eggs and your own genetic material. Donor Insemination (DI) is widely • By attending the inseminations, the husband or partner can practiced throughout the world with an share in the child’s conception.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Assisted Reproduction: Implications for Population Health
    RACE AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION HEALTH Aziza Ahmed* INTRODUCTION This Article emerges from Fordham Law Review’s Symposium on the fiftieth anniversary of Loving v. Virginia,1 the case that found antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional.2 Inspired by the need to interrogate the regulation of race in the context of family, this Article examines the diffuse regulatory environment around assisted reproductive technology (ART) that shapes procreative decisions and the inequalities that these decisions may engender.3 ART both centers biology and raises questions about how we imagine our racial futures in the context of family, community, and nation.4 Importantly, ART demonstrates how both the state and private * Professor of Law, Northeastern University School of Law. Many thanks to Kimani Paul- Emile, Robin Lenhardt, and Tanya Hernández for inviting me to participate in the Fordham Law Review Symposium entitled Fifty Years of Loving v. Virginia and the Continued Pursuit of Racial Equality held at Fordham University School of Law on November 2–3, 2017. My deep gratitude to Melissa Murray, Jason Jackson, and Libby Adler for their generous comments on an earlier draft of this Article and to Linda McClain and Ashley Shattles for several helpful discussions that helped shape this paper. For an overview of the Symposium, see R.A. Lenhardt, Tanya K. Hernández & Kimani Paul-Emile, Foreword: Fifty Years of Loving v. Virginia and the Continued Pursuit of Racial Equality, 86 FORDHAM L. REV. 2625 (2018). 1. 388 U.S. 1 (1967). 2. Id. at 11–12. 3. Another site of racial regulation in the context of family formation that is not discussed in this Article is adoption.
    [Show full text]
  • Artificial Insemination
    Ch36-A03309.qxd 1/23/07 5:16 PM Page 539 Section 6 Infertility and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Chapter Artificial Insemination 36 Ashok Agarwal and Shyam S. R. Allamaneni INTRODUCTION widely available, the terms homologous artificial insemination and heterologous artificial insemination were used to differentiate Artificial insemination is an assisted conception method that can these two alternative sources. However, the use of these bio- be used to alleviate infertility in selected couples. The rationale medical terms in this manner is at variance with their scientific behind the use of artificial insemination is to increase the gamete meaning, where they denote different species or organisms (as in, density near the site of fertilization.1 The effectiveness of artificial e.g., homologous and heterologous tissue grafts). insemination has been clearly established in specific subsets of In the latter half of the 20th century, the terms artificial infertile patients such as those with idiopathic infertility, infertility insemination, donor (AID) and artificial insemination, husband related to a cervical factor, or a mild male factor infertility (AIH) found common use. However, the widespread use of the (Table 36-1).2,3 An accepted advantage of artificial insemination acronym AIDS for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome resulted is that it is generally less expensive and invasive than other in the replacement of AID with therapeutic donor insemination assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures.4 (TDI). An analogous alternative term for AIH has not evolved, This chapter provides a comprehensive description of probably in part because of the increasingly common situation indications for artificial insemination, issues to consider before where the woman’s partner is not her legal husband.
    [Show full text]
  • 13D. OBGYN and Fertility Care for LGBTQIA+ Persons
    Reproductive Care and Obstetrics for LGBTQIA+ Individuals Rebekah P. Viloria MD, FACOG Fenway Health Obstetrics & Gynecology Advancing Excellence in Sexual and Gender Minority Health Conference March 22,2020 DIsclosures ▪ I have no financial disclosures Objective Incorporate reproductive counseling into routine care Understand the potential effects of Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy on fertility Counsel on reproductive choices for family building Clinical Case #1 ▪ 35 y.o. lesbian desiring pregnancy ▪ PMH: Anxiety, BMI 26 ▪ PGynH: No abnormal pap or STI; monogamous with cis female ▪ FH: No birth defects or intellectual disabilities ▪ SH: No alcohol, tobacco, drugs. No recent travel; employed; married Pregnancy ▪ Reciprocal IVF ▪ -partner’s egg + anonymous donor sperm ▪ Aneuploidy testing of embryo ▪ Pan ethnic testing for both patient and partner Antepartum ▪ Immunizations up to date ▪ EPDS=5 ▪ Low risk aneuploidy testing ▪ Normal fetal survey ▪ Normal testing for gestational diabetes ▪ Working with doula ▪ Attended childbirth classes ▪ Created birthing preference plan Delivery ▪ Gestational hypertension at 40 wks ▪ Intrapartum severe hypertension ▪ Cesarean delivery for 2nd stage arrest ▪ Female bodied baby, 8# 2 oz, Apgars 8,9 ▪ Clear drapes ▪ Partner, Skin to skin in OR ▪ Postpartum breastfeeding Family Equality Council (2019) LGBTQ Family Building Survey. https://www.f amilyequality.o rg/fbs Reproductive Wish ▪ Survey of 50 transmen after GRS ▪ 22% participants already had children ▪ 8 had partners conceived with donor sperm ▪ 3 conceived prior to GRS ▪ 54% were interested in having children at time of study ▪ 37.5% would have considered fertility preservation if available ▪ Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Pennings G, Elaut E, Dedecker D, Van de Peer F, et al. Reproductive wish in transsexual men.
    [Show full text]
  • Siblings Conceived by Donor Sperm Are Finding Each Other
    Siblings conceived by donor sperm are finding each other By Amy Harmon NEW YORK TIMES NEWS SERVICE Like most anonymous sperm donors, Donor 150 of the California Cryobank probably will never meet any offspring he has fathered through the sperm bank. There are at least four children, according to the bank's records, and perhaps many more, since the dozens of women who have bought Donor 150's sperm are not required to report when they have a baby. The half-siblings – twins Erin and Rebecca Baldwin, 17, (right); Justin Senk, 15, (center); and McKenzie Gibson, 12, and her 18-year-old brother,Tyler – found each other in a registry. Even the mothers know only the code number the bank uses for identification and the fragments of personal information provided in his donor profile that drew them to select Donor 150 over other candidates. But two of his genetic daughters, born to different mothers and living in different states, have been e-mailing and talking on the phone regularly since learning of each other's existence this summer. They plan to meet over Thanksgiving. Danielle Pagano, 16, and JoEllen Marsh, 15, connected through the Donor Sibling Registry, a Web site that is helping to open a new chapter in the oldest form of assisted reproductive technology. The three-year-old site allows parents and offspring to enter their contact information and search for others by sperm bank and donor number. Donors who want to shed their anonymity are especially welcome, but the vast majority of the site's 1,001 matches are between half-siblings.
    [Show full text]