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This Thesis Has Been Approved by the Honors This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the Department of Political Science __________________________ Dr. James Mosher Director of Studies, Political Science Thesis Adviser ___________________________ Dr. Cary Frith Dean, Honors Tutorial College GOT SKILLS? IMPROVING U.S. VOCATIONAL TRAINING AMIDST GROWING DEMAND FOR ADVANCED VOCATIONAL SKILLS ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University _______________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from the Honors Tutorial College with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science ______________________________________ by Evan S. Cooper May 2018 i Table of Contents Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................ii Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature Review...............................................................................................5 Chapter 3: Problems with Skills Production......................................................................25 Chapter 4: Germany Case Study........................................................................................36 Chapter 5: United Kingdom Case Study............................................................................54 Chapter 6: United States Case Study.................................................................................67 Chapter 7: Vocational Training Problems in the United States.........................................87 Chapter 8: Alternative Policy Solutions............................................................................99 Chapter 9: Policy Objections and Rebuttal......................................................................122 Chapter 10: Conclusion....................................................................................................128 ii Acknowledgements This work would not have been made possible without the guidance and supervision of Dr. James Mosher, my thesis advisor and the Director of Studies for the Honors Tutorial College Political Science program at Ohio University. Dr. Mosher has been an invaluable resource throughout not only the thesis writing process, but also throughout my entire undergraduate career. I am extremely grateful for your patience, support, and guidance throughout this entire process, as well as your willingness to take me under your wing as my thesis advisor and work with me tirelessly to achieve the final product that has become this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Sarah Poggione, Dr. Nancy Manring, Dr. Barry Tadlock, Dr. Jay Eungha Ryu, and, again, Dr. James Mosher of Ohio University’s Political Science Department for working with me in my various tutorials over the past four years. Through the time spent working and talking with you all, I have come to better understand what it means to be not only a political scientist, but also a scholar and a thinker. Our tutorials together have been invaluable to me and I thank you all for your time and patience over the years. Thank you also to Dr. Geoff Buckley of Ohio University’s Geography Department, who convinced me to spend five weeks of my sophomore summer studying abroad in Edinburgh, Scotland. Our trip was a pivotal moment in my life that taught me how to survive on my own in a faraway land, but, more importantly, what it means to be an adventurous individual, capable of taking on the world. I will always remember our journey together and I thank you for everything you have taught me over the years. iii I would also like to thank Dr. Cary Roberts Frith, Margie Huber, and Kathy White of the Honors Tutorial College for always helping me when I’ve needed assistance navigating my academic career, whether in regards to my thesis, studying abroad, graduate school, or simply just for a second opinion or clarification when necessary. I appreciate you all immensely and I will be forever grateful for your care and support over the years. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for being my rock throughout all of this. All of your unwavering love and support over the past four years is what enabled me to become the scholar and person I needed to be to accomplish writing this thesis. I will be forever grateful for each and every one of you. 1 Chapter 1: Introduction America is in a “crisis,” defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as “an unstable or crucial time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending; especially: one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome” (“Definition of CRISIS” n.d.). In this case, the “unstable or crucial time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending” refers to American unemployment, underemployment, low wages for the less skilled, and lack of effective post-secondary vocational training opportunities. The “highly undesirable outcome” at stake is an American economy incapable of meeting the growing demand for advanced vocational skills due to increased prevalence and integration of new technologies in the American workplace, coupled with a weak post- secondary vocational training system. In this scenario, the American economy is quickly outpaced by other industrialized nations like Germany and the United Kingdom, who have stronger, more effective, better coordinated vocational training schemes with which they equip their citizens with the advanced vocational skills needed to remain competitive in a highly technologically-sophisticated economic context. Unfortunately, the people who stand to suffer the most in this scenario are those without a university degree, as typically non-university graduates have a lower degree of skill than university graduates, making them more easily replaceable in the workplace by new technologies. Without “decisive change” regarding the American vocational training scheme at the post- secondary level—i.e. more training opportunities, better coordination among firms, schools, workers, and the government; more consistent training and certification standards, etc.—America is poised to fall behind the rest of the industrialized world economically and the less-skilled population will suffer the brunt of the blow. In order to 2 remain competitive and equip the greatest number of Americans with the skills necessary for success in today’s economy, significant change to the American post-secondary vocational training scheme is required. To emphasize the importance of improving post-secondary vocational training in the U.S., let us quickly consider a scenario: imagine you are a senior in high school. School is not one of your greatest strengths, so even though you will graduate from high school, you do not think a traditional four-year college education is for you. This creates a major dilemma, however. With only a high school degree your employment options are very limited and you have no desire to be stuck working a minimum wage job for the rest of your life, so you begin to consider your options. Realistically—since a four-year university is off the table—your options are: suffer through working a minimum wage job the rest of your life, join the military, or go to a community or technical college to learn a trade and some useful skills. You know you do not want to work a minimum wage job forever, and you are only 18 years old, so you are hesitant to sign your life away to the military without first considering some alternatives. This leaves you with the option to pursue a vocational education and gain relevant job skills so that you can eventually get a decent-paying job and begin to start your adult life. However, your options for vocational school are pretty limited and not all that impressive. One option would be to attend a community college to pursue an associate’s degree in some subject you are interested in, but you already know that you would rather work with your hands than sit in a classroom again every day. That leaves you with the option to attend a technical school, but the schools in your area are not very reputable and you have heard horror stories about people who attended a “for-profit” technical school only to encounter 3 endless headaches when trying to leave the school for further schooling or the workforce. So what options are you left with? Looks like you will be retiring at that minimum wage job. This scenario, while not necessarily the experience of everyone who decides a traditional university education is not for them, is still an unfortunate scenario for anyone to be in. If there were more consistently-reliable and reputable vocational training institutions, the choice to not go to college and instead pursue a vocational education would not be so difficult. When you consider the fact that America is currently in a position where it desperately needs highly-skilled workers—equipped with skills typically unattainable through a traditional university education—to offset the negative effects of increased automation and integration of new technologies in the American workplace, the necessity for improving American vocational education becomes much clearer. In order to paint a clearer picture of the crisis American currently faces, in the next chapter, I will reference the work of several leading authors on the topics of technological change in the workplace and the necessity for improved vocational training. The literature
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