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ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS in the NORTHERN STATES of NIGERIA: the ROLE of the MEDIA (1987-2012) by Vincent Emmanuel ACHI B.S.T, P

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ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS in the NORTHERN STATES of NIGERIA: the ROLE of the MEDIA (1987-2012) by Vincent Emmanuel ACHI B.S.T, P ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA (1987-2012) BY Vincent Emmanuel ACHI B.S.T, PGDE, M.ED. PHD/EDUC/04542/2010-2011 08034507788 DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA-NIGERIA SEPTEMBER, 2015 ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA (1987-2012) BY Vincent Emmanuel, ACHI, B.S.T (ST. AUGUSTINE’S, JOS, 1999), PGDE (ABU, 2004) M.ED (ABU, 2009) PHD/EDUC/04542/2010-2011 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA - NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA - NIGERIA SEPTEMBER, 2015 2 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation entitled “ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA (1987-2012)” has been carried out by me in the Department of Arts and Social Science Education under the supervision of Dr. J. N. Kwasau, Rev. Fr. Prof. J. H. Mamman and Rev. Fr. Dr. P. B. Tanko. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this dissertation has previously been presented for another degree at any university. Vincent Emmanuel ACHI ………………… …………… Name of Student Signature Date 3 CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled “ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA (1987-2012)” by Vincent Emmanuel, Achi, meets the regulations governing the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Christian Religious Studies of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge. ……………………………. …………… Dr. J. N. Kwasau Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ……………………………. …………… Rev. Fr. Prof. J. H. Mamman Date Member, Supervisory Committee ……………………………. …………… Rev. Fr. Dr. Peter B. Tanko Date Member, Supervisory Committee …………………………….. …………… Prof. F.S.M. Koya Date Head, Department of Education …………………………….. …………… Prof. K. Bala Date Dean, Postgraduate School 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All glory to God for the gift of life and the opportunity to undertake this study. Human words are not enough to express His guidance and protection. Thanks to my supervisors; Dr. J. N. Kwasau, Rev. Fr. Prof. J. H. Mamman and Rev. Fr. Dr. P. B. Tanko for taking their time to read and correct this work. I appreciate their commitment to the work. I take responsibility for whatever errors there may be in the work. I thank the lecturers of Christian Religious Studies; Fr. John Abashiya, Dr. S. E. Mijah, Dr. O. Bongontons, Dr. Mrs. N. Alagbu and Dr. E. Gana. Their contributions to the success of this work cannot be overemphasized. I appreciate Dr. R. B. Bako and Rev. Fr. Dr. Dominic Oliagba. The pain they took to encourage and direct me is worthy of note. In a special way, I thank the Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Zaria, His Lordship, Most Rev. Dr. George Jonathan Dodo. Granting me the permission to carry out this study marked the genesis of its success. Also, I thank the Provost of Federal College of Education, Zaria, in the person of Dr. M.I. Maccido for granting me the permission to undertake this postgraduate study. I appreciate the support of my colleagues in the Department of CRS, F.C.E, Zaria. Furthermore, I thank Mr. John Obemeata and his colleagues from the Institute for Agricultural Research, Dr./Mrs Gefu, Mrs. Ruth Bakura, Peter Ophir and Yusuf Dabo for their contribution to the success my studies. Also, I am grateful to all my friends for their moral support. Above all, I thank Associate Professor Sylvester Ngu for his fatherly guidance in the course of my studies. 5 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Emmanuel Nkom Achi and my late sisters-Agnes and Paschalina Nkom. 6 ABSTRACT The study is an investigation into “Ethno-Religious Conflicts in the Northern States of Nigeria: The Role of the Media (1987-2012)”. Worrying enough is that, the ethno- religious conflicts are persistent and the attempt here is to examine what role the media is playing. The main objective of the study is to find out the role of the media in ethno- religious conflicts in the northern states of Nigeria. In doing so, five specific objectives were stated. They seek information on the role of the media in aggravating ethno- religious conflicts, factors that influence the media to aggravate ethno-religious conflicts, effects of such conflicts, impact of media in curbing ethno-religious conflicts and the role of the media in building peace. In the study a sample survey design was used. A set of questionnaire and interview techniques were employed to collect research data. The researcher himself, with the help of nine research assistants conducted the study. A total number of 1,620 copies of the questionnaire were administered to ethno-religious groups in the three states that represented the nineteen northern states of Nigeria for the study. One thousand two hundred and four (1,204) copies of the questionnaire were returned. The data collected with the questionnaire was presented and analyzed using tables and the interview served as complementary data in the discussion. In the analysis of the data; age, religion, position in religion and status in the society were the demographic variables analyzed with frequencies and percentages. Also, the items raised in the study to answer the five research questions were analyzed with frequencies and percentages. The five hypotheses were tested with means, standard deviations, two-tailed t-test, and analysis of variance. The findings of the study were quite revealing. In the test of hypotheses one, three and five, the groups involved differed in opinion on the role of the media in 7 aggravating ethno-religious conflicts, the effects of such conflicts and the role of the media in peace-building. Hypotheses two and four showed no significant difference in opinion on the influences that make the role of the media to aggravate ethno-religious conflicts as well as the impact of the media in curbing them in the northern states of Nigeria. Conclusions from the study indicate that the media is a double-edged sword that can aggravate conflicts when used wrongly and can curb them and build peace when channeled to that course. Second, the effects of the conflicts aggravated by the role of the media are biting in different communities of the northern states of Nigeria. Finally, even though capable of building peace in the nation, the media has not done much in respect of the ethno-religious conflicts in the northern states of Nigeria. The recommendations from the study suggest educational campaign on peace, dialogue, truth and reconciliation commission, incentives to media houses or journalists that are peace-oriented in their reportage, license for practicing journalists and courses on peace in the institutions of learning. These require the joint effort of traditional/religious leaders, media parishioners and the government. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE…………………………...………………………………………………..i TITLE PAGE………………………...……………………………………………………ii DECLARATION……………………..…………………………………………………..iii CERTIFICATION…………………….………………………………………………….iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………...v DEDICATION………………………….………………………………………………...vi ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study…………………………………………………..………1 1.2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………….....7 1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………...…………………………...11 1.4 Research Questions………………………………………………...…………….12 1.5 Research Hypotheses…………………………………………...………………..12 1.6 Basic Assumptions………………………………………….……..………….….13 1.7 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………...14 1.8 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………...…………..15 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITARATURE 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………16 2.2 Ethno-Religious Conflicts………………………………………………………..16 2.3 Causes of Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Nigeria…………………………………19 2.4 The Media………………………………………………………………………..27 9 2.5 The Media and Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Nigeria...…………………..……..29 2.5.1 The media reportage of ethno-religious conflicts……………....……………….30 2.5.2 Maitatsine onslaught in the early 1980s……………………………….………...34 2.5.3 Kafanchan crises of 1987…………………………………..……………………34 2.5.4 Media war of 1987………………………………………………………………36 2.5.5 Kano ethno-religious crisis of 1991……………………………..………...……..36 2.5.6 Tafawa Balewa civil disturbances of 1991………………………………………37 2.5.7 Zangon-Kataf civil disturbances of 1992…...……………………………………38 2.5.8 Kuteb/Chamba/Jukun crises of 1996…………………………………….………39 2.5.9 Conflicts on the introduction of the Sharia Legal System in 2000..……………..39 2.5.10 Kaduna Sharia violent conflicts of 2000………………………………………...43 2.5.11 Jos crises of 2001...……………………………………………………………...46 2.5.12 Tiv/Jukun conflict of 2001………………………………………………………49 2.5.13 Kaduna Miss World conflict of 2002……………………………………………50 2.5.14 Yelwa Shendam conflict of 2004……….……………………………………….53 2.5.15 Boko Haram attacks and resultant reprisals from 2009-2012……………….......54 2.6 The Media and Peace-Building………..………………………………………..56 2.7 Empirical Studies………………………………………………………..……….65 2.8 Summary..………………………………………………………………….…….73 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………75 3.2 Research Design…………………………………………………………….…....75 3.3 Population…………………………………………………………………..……76
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