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Motor Selection Dynamics in FEF Explain the Reaction Time Variance of Saccades to Single Targets
RESEARCH ARTICLE Motor selection dynamics in FEF explain the reaction time variance of saccades to single targets Christopher K Hauser, Dantong Zhu, Terrence R Stanford, Emilio Salinas* Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States Abstract In studies of voluntary movement, a most elemental quantity is the reaction time (RT) between the onset of a visual stimulus and a saccade toward it. However, this RT demonstrates extremely high variability which, in spite of extensive research, remains unexplained. It is well established that, when a visual target appears, oculomotor activity gradually builds up until a critical level is reached, at which point a saccade is triggered. Here, based on computational work and single-neuron recordings from monkey frontal eye field (FEF), we show that this rise-to- threshold process starts from a dynamic initial state that already contains other incipient, internally driven motor plans, which compete with the target-driven activity to varying degrees. The ensuing conflict resolution process, which manifests in subtle covariations between baseline activity, build- up rate, and threshold, consists of fundamentally deterministic interactions, and explains the observed RT distributions while invoking only a small amount of intrinsic randomness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.33456.001 Introduction The reaction time (RT) represents the total time taken to perform all of the mental operations that may contribute to a particular action, such as stimulus detection, attention, working memory, or motor preparation. Although the importance of the RT as a fundamental metric for inferring the *For correspondence: mechanisms that mediate cognition cannot be overstated (Welford, 1980; Meyer et al., 1988), [email protected] such reliance is a double-edged sword. -
Timing Accuracy of Web Applications on Touchscreen and Keyboard Devices
Behavior Research Methods https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2 Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices Thomas Pronk1,2 & Reinout W. Wiers1 & Bert Molenkamp1,2 & Jaap Murre1 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Web applications can implement procedures for studying the speed of mental processes (mental chronometry) and can be administered via web browsers on most commodity desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets. This approach to conducting mental chronometry offers various opportunities, such as increased scale, ease of data collection, and access to specific samples. However, validity and reliability may be threatened by less accurate timing than specialized software and hardware can offer. We examined how accurately web applications time stimuli and register response times (RTs) on commodity touchscreen and keyboard devices running a range of popular web browsers. Additionally, we explored the accuracy of a range of technical innovations for timing stimuli, presenting stimuli, and estimating stimulus duration. The results offer some guidelines as to what methods may be most accurate and what mental chronometry paradigms may suitably be administered via web applications. In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT mea- surements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated. In uncontrolled circumstances, such as researchers may encounter online, stimulus presentation may be less accurate, especially when brief durations are requested (of up to 100 ms). Differences in RT overestimation between devices might not substantially affect the reliability with which group differences can be found, but they may affect reliability for individual differences. -
SIC Bibliography 17
Scientific Instrument Commission Bibliography 17 Seventeenth bibliography of books, pamphlets, catalogues, articles on or connected with historical scientific instruments. This bibliography covers the year 2000, but also contains earlier publications which only came to the compiler's notice after publication of the Sixteenth Bibliography in June 2000. The compiler wishes to thank those who sent titles for inclusion in this bibliography. Publications, or notices of publication (please with ISBN) for the forthcoming bibliography, covering the year 2001, may be sent to: Dr. P.R. de Clercq Secretary of the Scientific Instrument Commission 13 Camden Square London NW1 9UY United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] ABGRALL, P., 'La géometrie de l'astrolabe au Xe siècle', Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 10 (March 2000), 7-78 AKPAN, Eloise, The story of William Stanley: a self-made man (London: published by the author, 2000). 128 pages, illustrated. Available from the author at [email protected] Stanley was a scientific instrument-maker, but also engaged in many other activities, described in this book. ALDINGER, Henry and CHAMBERLAIN, Ed, 'Gilson Slide Rules - Part I - The Small Rules' and 'Gilson Slide Rules - Part II - The Large Rules', Journal of the Oughtred Society 9, nr. 1 (Spring 2000), 48-60 and nr. 2 (Fall 2000), 47-58. The Gilson Slide Rule Co. was formed by Claire Gilson in Michigan in 1915. ARIVALDI, Mario, 'Medieval monastic sundials with six sectors: an investigation into their origins and meaning', British Sundial Society Bulletin 12 (2000), 109-115 BAGIOLI, Mario, 'Replication or Monopoly? The Economies of Invention and Discovery in Galileo's Observations of 1610', Science in Context 13, vol. -
Cognitive Psychology
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH 126 Acknowledgements College of the Canyons would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Diane Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office In providing content for this textbook, the following professionals were invaluable: Mehgan Andrade, who was the major contributor and compiler of this work and Neil Walker, without whose help the book could not have been completed. Special Thank You to Trudi Radtke for editing, formatting, readability, and aesthetics. The contents of this textbook were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Table of Contents Psychology .................................................................................................................................................... 1 126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive Psychology ............................................................................................. 7 Definition of Cognitive Psychology -
Sleep's Role on Episodic Memory Consolidation
SLEEP ’S ROLE ON EPISODIC MEMORY CONSOLIDATION IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät und der Medizinischen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Jing-Yi Wang aus Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Volksrepublik China Dezember, 2016 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: February 22 , 2017 Dekan der Math.-Nat. Fakultät: Prof. Dr. W. Rosenstiel Dekan der Medizinischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. I. B. Autenrieth 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Jan Born 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Steffen Gais Prüfungskommission: Prof. Manfred Hallschmid Prof. Dr. Steffen Gais Prof. Christoph Braun Prof. Caterina Gawrilow I Declaration: I hereby declare that I have produced the work entitled “Sleep’s Role on Episodic Memory Consolidation in Adults and Children”, submitted for the award of a doctorate, on my own (without external help), have used only the sources and aids indicated and have marked passages included from other works, whether verbatim or in content, as such. I swear upon oath that these statements are true and that I have not concealed anything. I am aware that making a false declaration under oath is punishable by a term of imprisonment of up to three years or by a fine. Tübingen, the December 5, 2016 ........................................................ Date Signature III To my beloved parents – Hui Jiao and Xuewei Wang, Grandfather – Jin Wang, and Frederik D. Weber 致我的父母:焦惠和王学伟 爷爷王金,以及 爱人王敬德 V Content Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... -
Atkinson- Shiffrin Model of Memory Multi Store Model of Human Memory
Atkinson- Shiffrin Model of Memory Multi Store Model of Human Memory • In 1968 Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory which posited two distinct memory stores: short-term memory, and long-term memory. • Later a third memory store (actually the first in sequence) was added: sensory memory. • Information enters the human information processing system via a variety of channels associated with the different senses. Sensory Memory • Information not immediately attended to is held briefly in a very temporary "buffer" memory, making it possible to attend to some of it a bit later. • This buffer memory is called sensory memory. There is a sensory memory for vision, called iconic memory One for audition (hearing), called echoic memory. • And one for touch- haptic memory Iconic Memory (vision) Echoic Memory (hearing) Capacity: Essentially Capacity: ???? that of the visual Duration: About 3-4 system seconds Duration: About 0.3 Processing: None to 1.0 seconds additional beyond raw Processing: None perceptual processing additional beyond raw perceptual processing • Haptic memory is a form of sensory memory that refers to the recollection of data acquired by touch after a stimulus has been presented. Similar to visual iconic memory, traces of haptically acquired information are short lived and prone to decay after approximately two seconds. Short Term Memory Information that is attended to arrives in another temporary store called short-term or working memory. Some properties of STM: • Capacity: About 7 plus or minus 2 "chunks" of information. • Duration: About 18-20 seconds (average). • Processing: To hold information in STM, it is often encoded verbally, although other strategies may also be used such as visualisation. -
The Role of the Parietal Operculum
Haptic-based object directed behavior: the role of the parietal operculum. Student: Francesca Maule Advisor: Dott. Luigi Cattaneo A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiæ Doctor (PhD) Doctoral school in Cognitive and Brain Sciences XXVI cycle December 2013 II Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide new insights about the role of the left human parietal operculum (OP) in sensory motor transformations in the context of object-directed behavior. This work is divided in two main parts: and introductive part about the theory underlying the sensory motor integration and the existing literature about the parietal operculum, and an experimental part in which the experiments realized during these three years are described. In Chapter 1, the theory underlying the sensory motor transformation in the visual modality and the possible functions of the different front- parietal circuits are described on the basis of the theory proposed in the literature. A specific paragraph is dedicated to ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and its role in visually guided grasping. The Chapter 2, is a review of the literature about the cytoarchitecture, the connectivity and the physiology of humans and non- human primates parietal operculum. In Chapter 3 the literature about the role of OP of primates and humans in sensory motor integration is reviewed together with some literature about studies on lesions. In the experimental part, four transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiments are described. The last two experiments have been grouped in a single major work and results have been discussed together. In Chapter 4 the Experiment I is described. This experiment aimed to characterize the fronto-parietal network involving the connection between left OP and ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1). -
The Psychophysiology of Novelty Processing
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2013 The syP chophysiology of Novelty Processing: Do Brain Responses to Deviance Predict Recall, Recognition and Response Time? Siri-Maria Kamp University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Biological Psychology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Kamp, Siri-Maria, "The sP ychophysiology of Novelty Processing: Do Brain Responses to Deviance Predict Recall, Recognition and Response Time?" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4703 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Psychophysiology of Novelty Processing: Do Brain Responses to Deviance Predict Recall, Recognition, and Response Time? by Siri-Maria Kamp A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Emanuel Donchin, Ph.D. Yael Arbel, Ph.D. Kenneth J. Malmberg, Ph.D. Geoffrey F. Potts, Ph.D. Kristen Salomon, Ph.D Date of Approval: July 11, 2013 Keywords: Event-related potentials, pupillometry, P300, Novelty P3, oddball paradigm Copyright © 2013, Siri-Maria Kamp -
Timing Life Processes
1st International Conference on Advancements of Medicine and Health Care through Technology, MediTech2007, 27-29th September, 2007, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA Timing Life Processes Dana Baran Abstract — Natural clocks such as planet movements and biological timekeeping gears inspired artificial timers including water clocks, sandglasses, mechanical, electric and finally electronic systems. Contemporary medicine and biology reconsiders temporal morphogenetic and functional patterns interpreting life processes as highly sophisticated clockworks, liable to mathematical modelling and quantification. Chronobiology and chronomedicine opened a vast theoretical and applicative field of interest. Keywords: chronobiology, temporal monitoring devices, biological clock, mathematical modelling. 1. INTRODUCTION exogenous synchronizers periodically adjust to the cosmic time. [2] At the very beginning, breathing and heart rate, Throughout the centuries the perspective on biological pulse frequency, menstrual cycles and vital forces were phenomena temporal dimension, i.e. on their dynamic perceived as led by rhythmic vibrations of the stars, the sun structure and function, followed several synchronic and and the moon. Nature exhibited both clocks and calendars! diachronic patterns, possibly defined as astromy Now living beings are usually forced to disrupt their innate thological, cosmobiological, mechanistic, physico- biorhythms and adapt to man-made temporal cues imposed chemical, statistico-mathematical, physiological, psy by shift work, jet travel, abundance of vegetables and chological or philosophical insights. [1] After 1950, animal products, irrespective of time of day or season, in scientists started to elaborate a coherently integrated vitro fertilization, cloning and genetic manipulation which multidisciplinary and even transdisciplinary approach to equally play with biological time and social destinies. biological rhythms. Largely known as chronobiology, it lately generated a medical subdivision: chronomedicine. -
Memory in the Cortex of the Primate
Biol Res 28: 59-72 (1995) 59 Memory in the cortex of the primate JOAQUIN M FUSTER Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Memory is viewed as hierarchical and distributed in primary and association areas of cerebral cortex. Different memory neural networks are interconnected at various levels in this hierarchy, sharing neurons and connections. All memory is essentially associative in its generation, structure and retrieval. External and internal stimuli, to which we attend by virtue of their biological relevance or for other reason, can at any time activate ("turn on ") the neuronal network to which they belong by previous association. This is the basis of knowledge and remembering. The reverberation in recurrent circuits may keep the network in an active state, that is, serving behavior, attention and consciousness. Monkey neuropsychological and electrophysiological data, and human tomographic (brain metabolism) evidence are presented supporting these concepts. Key terms: association cortex, associative memory, prefrontal cortex. INTRODUCTION GENERAL PRINCIPLES In the first place, I will try to present an I will start by stating some general principles overall vision of the role of the cerebral of memory that derive from neuropsycho cortex in memory, a vision which, although logical and neurophysiological work in the somewhat personal and perhaps too am last years. Some of these principles are still bitious, harmonizes with the evidence that in an embryonic stage, reason for which we through many years we have been accu cannot blindly accept them. However, for the mulating in my laboratory. In second place, I sake of brevity, they can be accepted at least will try to suggest a working plan, an agenda as working hypotheses and as premises for for future research, a guide to shed some the experiments that I shall try to summarize light on the still obscure but fascinating and below: complex subject of memory. -
Characterizing the Dynamics of Mental Representations: the Temporal
Opinion Characterizing the dynamics of mental representations: the temporal generalization method 1,2,3 1,2,4,5 J-R. King and S. Dehaene 1 Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Institut National de la Sante´ et de la Recherche Me´ dicale, U992, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France 2 NeuroSpin Center, Institute of BioImaging Commissariat a` l’Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France 3 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle E´ pinie` re Research Center, Institut National de la Sante´ et de la Recherche Me´ dicale, U975 Paris, France 4 Universite´ Paris 11, Orsay, France 5 Colle` ge de France, F-75005 Paris, France Parsing a cognitive task into a sequence of operations is series of steps from those operating as a continuous flow or a central problem in cognitive neuroscience. We argue ‘cascade’ of overlapping stages [5]. that a major advance is now possible owing to the More recently, the advent of brain-imaging techniques application of pattern classifiers to time-resolved record- has provided unprecedented access into the content and ings of brain activity [electroencephalography (EEG), the dynamics of mental representations. EEG, MEG, local magnetoencephalography (MEG), or intracranial record- field potentials, and neuronal recordings can provide a ings]. By testing at which moment a specific mental fine-grained dissection of the sequence of brain activations content becomes decodable in brain activity, we can (e.g., see [6,7]). Here we show how the analysis of these characterize the time course of cognitive codes. Most time-resolved signals can be enhanced through the use of importantly, the manner in which the trained classifiers multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), also known infor- generalize across time, and from one experimental con- mally as ‘decoding’. -
Vibrissae-Evoked Behavior and Conditioning Before Functional Ontogeny of the Somatosensory Vibrissae Cortex
The Journal of Neuroscience, June 15, 1999, 19(12):5131–5137 Vibrissae-Evoked Behavior and Conditioning before Functional Ontogeny of the Somatosensory Vibrissae Cortex Margo S. Landers and Regina M. Sullivan Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 The following experiments determined that the somatosensory ulation than controls. Finally, stimulus-evoked somatosensory whisker system is functional and capable of experience- cortical activity during testing [P8; using 14C 2-deoxyglucose dependent behavioral plasticity in the neonate before functional (2-DG) autoradiography] was assessed after somatosensory maturation of the somatosensory whisker cortex. First, unilat- conditioning from P1–P8. No learning-associated differences in eral whisker stimulation caused increased behavioral activity in stimulus-evoked cortical activity were detected between learn- both postnatal day (P) 3–4 and P8 pups, whereas stimulation- ing and nonlearning control groups. Together, these experi- evoked cortical activity (14C 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography) ments demonstrate that the whisker system is functional in was detectable only in P8 pups. Second, neonatal rat pups are neonates and capable of experience-dependent behavioral capable of forming associations between whisker stimulation plasticity. Furthermore, in contrast to adult somatosensory and a reinforcer. A classical conditioning paradigm (P3–P4) classical conditioning, these data suggest that the cortex is not showed that the learning groups (paired whisker stimulation– required for associative somatosensory learning in neonates. shock or paired whisker stimulation–warm air stream) exhibited Key words: vibrissae; whiskers; development; learning; neural significantly higher behavioral responsiveness to whisker stim- plasticity; barrels; somatosensory cortex; behavioral plasticity The rat mystacial vibrissae somatosensory system processes en- Rats are born with whiskers; fine whiskers in follicles appear vironmental tactile cues from the facial whiskers.