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Home , Empire, Imperator

FROM TO EMPIRE BY ALLY MILTON, FAUZAN ISHTIAQ, PAYTON SAKAMOTO, ZAYNAH KHAN, & KAYLA DEGUZMAN OCTAVIAN ( ) BECOMING SOLE RULER

• Augustus Ceasar was the great nephew of , and, when Julius was assassinated, Augustus was heir to the throne. • Augustus became part of a political alliance and formed the Second , which focused on killing their opposition along with the killers of Augustus's great uncle. • The three allied men eventually couldn't bear to share the spotlight, and a battle emerged. • This battle left one sole , Augustus.

Source: https://www.ancient.eu/augustus/ OCTAVIAN (AUGUSTUS CAESAR) AS SOLE RULER

 While being sole ruler, Augustus ensured his soldiers loyalty by paying them with seized treasure from Cleopatra.  He also worked diligently to make the city of a beautiful place to please his people.  On top of this, Augustus passed laws to return to some traditions of the .

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/emperor-augustus RULE OF AUGUSTUS AS GOLDEN AGE

• Golden Age is a period that encompasses the ideal situation, a time of peace, prosperity, and happiness. • This time in Rome was under the rule of Augustus. The golden rule of Augustus was well known • acknowledged by The Ara Pacis Augustae, an altar built to celebrate the era and Augustan peace.  After Augustus established the he adopted the Imperator upon his ascension. AUGUSTUS AS  The name imperator comes from the stem "imperare" which means to command. IMPERATOR  As Imperator he ushered in a time of peace called the "" after he defeated Anthony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. FURTHER CONQUESTS

 During his rule as the first , Augustus conquered further territories including , Northern , large parts of , and invading Germany  Conquering these areas helped Rome in the future because people across Egypt and Northern Africa were able to and travel under Rome's protection EXPLOITATION OF SUBJECT  The Roman population was split into two groups: Patricians (the wealthy descendants of PEOPLE powerful noble families) and (the artisans/peasants that worked on the Patricians' land). They had very limited to almost no rights.  Your social status was based on heredity, The Emperor property, wealth, citizenship and freedom. For women, they were defined by the social Families stratification of their husbands. They worked in Senators the house and didn't have any rights. Equestrians  The wealthy (Patricians, Senators, etc.) had Plebeians slaves that would work for them. Freed Slaves Slaves PROBLEM OF

Rise of a new religion – Christianity – may have contributed to the fall of the Roman empire. Romans Because Rome owned such as vast amount of land, it were polytheistic, and disagreed with the was harder to govern and control. They were unable monotheistic Christians, so they persecuted them for to communicate quickly and efficiently, and they their beliefs. Later on, Christianity displaced their struggled to gather troops to defend their Roman religion, and the Romans then viewed their borders. As more and more funds poured into the leaders as gods. This led to more focus on these military maintenance of the empire, technological "gods" rather than on the itself. Scholars argue advancement slowed, and Rome’s civil infrastructure that this caused the Roman military to go down in fell. skill, so when the Germans attacked them, it was easy to sack and take over their empire.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/8-reasons-why-rome-fell and http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/order.html FLOURISHING OF TRADE AND ADMINISTRATIVE CITIES

 Extensive trade routes (ex. )  Rome requires immense amount of resources  Diverse array of goods traded  Narbonne --- Roman Administrative Capital  Important that trade routes are secure  Elites ridicule trade, but still profit from it

LUXURY TRADE AND ITS PROFITS  2. I drove the men who slaughtered my father into exile with a legal order, punishing their crime, and afterwards, when they waged war on the state, I conquered them in two battles.

 3. I often waged war, civil and foreign, on the earth and sea, in the whole PRIMARY wide world, and as victor I spared all the citizens who sought pardon. As for foreign nations, those which I was able to safely forgive, I preferred to SOURCE preserve than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman citizens were sworn to me. I led something more than three hundred thousand of them into and I returned them to their cities, after their stipend had been earned, and I assigned all of them fields or gave them money for their military service. I captured six hundred ships in addition to those smaller than triremes.  - Res Gestae Divi Augusti- by Augustus  - Res Gestae Divi Augusti- by Augustus https://psd202- my.sharepoint.com/:p:/r/personal/1130592_psd202_org/_layouts /15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc=%7BACBAEDDA-1FFB-4FDE-93B3- 948683DBC4B6%7D&file=From%20Republic%20to%20Empire% 20Presentation%209182018.pptx&action=edit&mobileredirect=t rue  https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/emperor- augustus  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator  https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/augustus.html  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustus-Roman-emperor BIBLIOGRAPHY  https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/augustus.html  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustus-Roman- emperor  Cartwright, Mark. “Trade in the Roman World.” Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 23 Sept. 2018, www.ancient.eu/article/638/trade-in-the- roman-world/.  Spodek, Howard. The World's History. Third ed., Combined, Pearson Prentice Hall, 1996.