BULLETIN OF TI-IE

MASSACI-IUSETTS ARCI-IAEOLOGICAL

SOCIETY

VOL. XVIII NO.2

JANUARY, 1957

CONTENTS PRESIDENTS MESSAGE 25

RADIOCARBON DATING: A BRIEF APPRAISAL • F1uaD:BIe:r; JOHNSON 26

AN OSSEUS FIND AT FOLLINS POND BDNAIID W. POWELL. 82

MEMBERSHIP lJS1' tr1

PUBUSHED BY THE MASSACHUSmS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOClnY, INC. I.RAMAN F. 1IAI..um', Editor, 81 West Street, Maosfle1d, Mass. MABEL A. ROBBDIS, Secref4ry, Bronson Museum, 8. No. Main St., Attleboro. Mass.

11\, CUM"NT C. MAXWElL LIBRARY' . 51ATE COLLEGE !'RIDGEWATEll, MASSACI11.!S~! SOCIETY OFFICERS President Walter A. Vossberg 1st Vice President Theodore L. Stoddard 2nd Vice President Eugene C. Winter, Jr. Secretary Mrs. Mabel A. Robbins ~ill:~~..::·.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::..~: ~: ~~: TRUSTEES Society Officers and Past Presidents Ex-Officio J. A. Mansfield 1954-1957 Waldo W. Home 1954-1957 Adrian P. Whiting 1955-1958 William A. Nerney 1956-1958 Guy Mellgren, Jr. 1956-1959 Robert D. Barnes 1956-1959 COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN Research Council .. Theodore L. Stoddard Council Chairmen-Site Survey, W. A. Vossberg; Historical Research, L. F. Hallett; at Large, G. Mellgren and M. Robbins; Consultants, J. O. Brew and D. S. Byers. Committee on Education Maurice Robbins Museum Director, Maurice Robbins Museum Curator, William S. Fowler Committee on Publications Leaman F. Hallett Chapter Expansion Willard C. Whiting Program Committee Eugene C. Winter, Jr. Nominating Committee Maurice Robbins Committee on Resolutions John English Auditing Committee Mrs. Doris Lord librarian Edward Piotroski CHAPTER CHAIRMEN Cohannet Chapter-Arthur C. Lord W. K. Moorehead Chapter- Connecticut Valley Chapter- A. I. Studley W. R. Young Northeastern Chapter-E. C. Winter W. Elmer Ekblaw Chapter- Sippican Chapter-L. P. Leonard Ie. B. Wetherbee South Shore Chapter-R. D. Barnes Massasoit Chapter-A. P. Whiting C. C. Willoughby Chapter- Shawkemo Chapter-No O. Dunham J. AHred Mansfield CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP Active, $3.00; Family, $1.00; Junior, $.50; Institutional, $3.00; Contributing, $5.00; Sustaining, $10.00; Patron, $25.00; Benefactor, $100.; Life, $200 NOTICES Requests for membership application blanks and general inquiries concerning the Society should be addressed to Mrs. Mabel Robbins, Secretary, Bronson Museum, 8 North Main Street, Attleboro, Mass. Society dues should be for- warded to Arthur C. Staples, Treasurer, Segreganset, Mass. . The Society maintains a modem, well-equipped museum-THE BRONSON MUSEUM - in the Bronson Building, 8 North Main Street, Attleboro, Mass. Museum hours are from 9 to 5, Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays. Special arrangements to accomodate group visitors may be made by contacting the Museum Director, Maurice Robbins, at the Museum address. All material submitted for publication in the Society Bulletin and the News Letter should be forwarded to Leaman F. Hallett, Editor, 31 West Street, Mansfield, Mass. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling,loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society.

A MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT ....

As we enter our eighteenth year as a state archaeological society it seems worthwhile to pause a moment to survey our past accomplishments, and to analyze our goals for the future.

In the middle of an atomic era it is somewhat remarkable to discover such a widespread interest in the study of the past as evidenced by our membership growth. From 38 Charter Members in 1939, our membership had reached close to 300 in 1949. We are now over the 600 mark on a fairly constant rate of increase. We have thus more than doubled our membership in seven years. We now have nine Chapters, an increase of three since 1949, and two additional Chapters are being formed.

Each year people bemoan the advance of building and predict the arrival of the day when no further sites will be available for archaeological investiga­ tion. Paradoxically perhaps, the last few years have seen active field work done on several new and important sites. Of perhaps most widespread interest are the efforts at the Ipswich fluted point site and the Taunton River and Assa­ wompsett Lake sites. Many of the local Chapters have sites available, and reports on some have been published in our Bulletin.

Three major factors are responsible for the continued and increasing interest in our Society; our publications, our Museum and our organized field efforts. Under the able direction of Maurice Robbins, and the artistic and energetic efforts of Curator William Fowler, our Museum is one of the finest in New England. Our Bulletin has always served as a stimulant to archaeological interest and, with the revival this year of the News Letter, and, it is hoped, the Hand­ book, more news of local activity will be available.

The coming year promises a great deal of interest for all members. We expect to add the unusual hafted celt to our Museum exhibits, several local Chapters will have organized field work, 9ur capable and hard working program committee promises a stimulating meeting next April, and our own publications will be supplemented by those of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation, in which we have renewed our membership.

WALTER A. VOSSBERG.

25 This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling,loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society.

RADIOCARBON DATING: A BRIEF APPRAISAL

By FREDERICK JOHNSON

The nine years since the announcement of the panying this, there is some description of the im­ possibility of dating archaeological remains by portant qualifications concerning its use. means of carbon-14 have been eventful ones. The In discussing the character of the method and method has become a firmly established and ex­ what it can do it is wise to re-emphasize a funda­ tremely useful research tool. It is employed in all mental point of view. It is important to remember branches of science investigating organic and other that archaeology is based upon an assemblage of remains containing carbon 40,000 years old or less. basic data and theory, the integrity of which is It is especially important in fields in which the unassailable. The same is true of nuclear physics chronological order of phenomena is of significance. and any other scientific field. It is equally important The effect of imposing a consistent chronology to recognize that these scientific fields are not upon American Archaeology has been profound, descrete compartments and data in one field may possibly because this occurred at a time when the compliment information in another. Given such science was in the process of taking account of stock circumstances, mutual progress can only be gained and looking to the future. The chronology assisted by honest collaboration. This often results in the in the organization of material and the formulation improvement of basic hypotheses or theory in the of new problems. Nevertheless, the character of the fields involved. It is just as important for physicists method and the nature of the resulting dates has to realize that data from a clear-cut stratigraphic been the source of some confusion. The method sequence indicates its order in time as it is for an itself has no relation to archaeological thinking for archaeologist to recognize that a carbon-14 date is it involves basic assumptions and data included well actually a number representing the recording of within the realms of nuclear physics, geochemistry random radiations of an unstable isotope of carbon. and geophysics. The results of the method, that is, In 1948 Dr. W. F. Libby, then at the University the numbers, are not at all dates such as one finds of Chicago, discussed the promising results of his in history books. The number of years given is brilliant research with a group of archaeologists. based upon the rate of radioactive decay of carbon­ He and his associates had discovered that carbon­ 14, one of the isotopes of carbon. The element 14 an isotope of carbon which they named radio­ carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes: carbon, had properties which could be used in carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. The latter is dating samples composed of organic materials. The unstable and disintegrates to form nitrogen. The primary knowfedge of these properties made pos­ disintegration is by emission of electrons and these sible postulation of a curve on a graph on which occur as random events which can be recorded in a measured quantities of radiocarbon in samples were very sensitive type of Geiger counter. The sensi­ plotted in relation to the number of years elapsed tivity of the apparatus, including the counter, is since their death. In order to calibrate the ex­ exemplified by the quantity of carbon-14 with which it works. In living wood, for example, carbon-14 tremely delicate apparatus and to test the accuracy consists of but .000,000,000,017% of the isotopic of the curve, archaeologists were requested to sup­ ply for age determination samples of known age, composition of the carbon in that wood. preferably 4000 to 5000 years old. The method and the interpretation of its results have been the source of many scientific and popular The task undertaken by a committee appointed papers, some of which leave much to be desired. to advise Libby was a most exciting one. At the time Largely because it is new and also because it is not there was some question whether or not the method yet developed to its final stage, there has been con­ could actually be made to function in the way it siderable misunderstanding by those who have not was assumed that it should. Also, archaeology, thorougWy investigated the way in which the and geology which was soon represented, had to method works and what the results mean. These consider chronology in a new light. In effect, the misunderstandings have led sometimes to confusion work of the committee was to set the stage for a and occasionally to outright error. At the risk of collaboration among scientific fields. The nature of adding to this, tp.e following is a review of some of this particular endeavor was practically without the salient points in the present situation. It is precedent. This collaboration has been furthered hoped that some measure of the breadth and utility by conferences in Copenhagen, Denmark; Cam­ of the method is outlined or implied here. Accom- bridge, England; and two meetings in Andover,

26 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Massachusetts. These and numerous publications as to age which may vary as much as 10,000 years have outlined the basic nature of the research and or, as some have put it, plus or minus 30 percent. its expansion into a number of scientific fields. It is The need for precision in archaeological chron­ now clear that archaeology, geology, oceanography ology has been much greater largely because and biology, to name a few of the fields involved, sequent features in the development of human have been provided with an extremely useful tool. culture usually merge into one another so that often Research into the nature of radiocarbon and all it chronological determination is the only real way of involves continues; as yet the method is not sta­ distinguishing them. Some accurate methods of bilized. For example, originally 20,000 to 25,000 counting time have been developed. For example, years was the limit of the age which could be deter­ the tree ring method serves some sections of North mined by the "solid carbon" method. A short while America. This and other precise methods are ago, by converting to "gas counting", the limit was limited in their usefulness both geographically and raised to 30,000 to 35,000 years. Rather recently a in terms of years. In regions where precise methods laboratory in Holland has refined the technique so could not be applied, archaeologists have had to to date samples more than 40,000 years old. Paral­ rely for their chronology on educated guesses. lelling this progress has been general improvement These vary in accuracy with the properties of the of the instrumentation in order to increase the pre­ measure of time applied. By systems of comparison cision of measurement and to add to the speed and and with assumptions as to the speed of culture reduce the cost of the operation. It is true also that processes, the rate of growth of deposits, and so on, we are becoming wiser in the manner of applying estimates of the relative timing of archaeological the results. In learning to appreciate clearly what events have been made. Although chronologies of the dates mean, we have acquired a much better this sort have some validity, especially in regard to understanding of the chronology of many geologic the sequence of materials which is demonstrated, events in the northern hemisphere during the the dates postulated cannot be substantiated. Be­ Pleistocene and of episodes in the development of cause of this, different ways of interpreting cul­ human culture throughout the world during the tural phenomena have produced different and un­ past 40,000 years. provable estimates of time. In this way has devel­ Since the beginning of modern science much oped the confusion existing especially in the research has been devoted to the development of archaeology of eastern North America. ways of counting time. The character and precision Although the results of the radiocarbon method of these methods has varied widely, especially in the are not yet perfect, the difficulties are of an entirely earth sciences, including archaeology. Precision is different order than those mentioned above. A not as crucial for the older epochs of geologic time properly determined date is consistent with other as it is for the Pleistocene. This "ice age", as it is similarly derived numbers and is not dependent sometimes called, saw repeated advances and re­ upon complicated comparisons and estimates. In treats of glacial ice in northern North America and other words, the radiocarbon chronology consisting in the Rocky Mountain region. These movements presently of nearly 3,000 dates, is worldwide in its of ice were ~ccompanied by periodic fluctuations of scope and application. All the dates are directly climate over the whole of the continent. All these comparable. Dates on layers in New England sites factors, especially during the recent past are re­ can be compared with dates from New York State, sponsible for the character of the deposits com­ the Middle West or California without interpola­ prising the present surface of the earth. Until the tions dictated by specialized local conditions. This radiocarbon method came on the scene, estimates of relative age of points in the climatic fluctuations property alone has figured significantly in some of the important recent progress in American and glacial regimen have varied greatly because they have been based on different opinions con­ Archaeology. cer~ing the age of specific phenomena. The count­ There are a number of descriptions of the ing of varves, that is, the succession of coarse and method by scientists who have been doing the fine materials deposited in lakes during summers difficult and precise laboratory work. The latest of and winters, or the interpolations of rates of ice these was written especially for archaeologists by advance and retreat, erosional cycles, and other W. S. Broecker and J. L. Kulpl and is one of the processes have all been used to substantiate guesses principle sources for the general description in this

27 RADIOCARBON DATING: A BRIEF APPRAISAL discussion. Very briefly, the nuclei of carbon-14, Geiger counter with an iron shield at least eight in the process of disintegrating emit electrons at a inches thick and to arrange a complicated elec­ constant rate. This rate of disintegration is ex­ tronic counting mechanism in order to cancel other pressed in terms of the "half life" which has been radiations which come through. measured as 5568±30 years. This means that at the This very brief and barely adequate description end of this length of time only half of a given emphasizes the delicate nature of the measurement. number of carbon-14 atoms will be present. At the In view of this it is hardly necessary to point out end of 11,136 years only one-quarter of the original that the sample must be carefully and properly col­ number of atoms will be left, and so on. The con­ lected and that all the characteristics of the sur­ fusing thing about this is that carbon-14 is continu­ rounding environment must be meticulously re­ ously being formed in the upper atmosphere, above corded. It is impossible, as some have found, to 30,000 feet. The rate of formation is equal to the secure a satisfactory date on samples which have rate of decay and so the actual amount of radio­ not been properly collected. In the event that the carbon in the universe (atmosphere, biosphere, record of collection may be found to be unsatisfac­ hydrosphere) remains constant. tory, it is impossible to apply any kind of correction The newly formed carbon-14 rapidly becomes to the date determined. The date depends upon mixed with all other carbon and it enters the carbon the detection of the quantity of carbon-14 in the cycle quickly combining with oxygen to form car­ sample and after this has been done it cannot be bon dioxide. Because carbon dioxide is absorbed modified by interpolation of observations concern­ by plants and because animals feed on plants, or on ing the location of the sample. The only way to other animals which have eaten plants, carbon-14 is correct errors due to mistakes in collecting is to found in all living matter. The amount to be found return to a site and collect a new sample more in living plants and animals is the same, propor­ carefully. tionately, as that in the atmosphere and the sea. One important feature of the radiocarbon When an organism dies, ingestion of carbon dioxide method which must be thoroughly understood is the stops and the quantity of carbon-14 becomes re­ sources of error. The largest of these is the error duced by radioactive decay at the rate of one-half in measurement. However, equally important are every 5568 years. Therefore, if the amount of carbon­ errors in the assumptions on which the method is 14 in a dead organism is found to be one-half of that based. It is difficult to prove that the production of living matter, the time of death of the organism of carbon-14 by cosmic ray flux has been constant can be estimated to be about 5568 years ago. for the past 40,000 years or more. A study of the The measurement of the amount of carbon-14 dates on samples of known age indicates that this in a sample is done by counting the radioactive flux has changed very little during the past 5,000 emissions in a specially built and very sensitive years and that no drastic modification has taken Geiger counter. Originally, Libby reduced the place during the past 25,000 years. It does not sample to pure carbon and deposited this on the appear to be likely, but calculations have shown inside of walls of a steel cylinder which was placed that even if the intensity of cosmic ray flux had in the counter. This is called the "solid carbon" increased by as much as 50%, this would have method. "Gas counting" has been recently de­ relatively little effect on the radiocarbon age of veloped and found to be more sensitive. The samples more than 20,000 years old. sample is converted to a carbon-bearing gas such as carbon dioxide, acetylene, or methane and inserted It has been found that carbon-14, wherever it in the counter in this form. It is important to exists, in the air, ocean, plants, shells, animals, and remember that the electron carbon-14 emits, when so on, is constant in quantity, varying only about 3%. it decays to become nitrogen, is extremely weak The most important exception to this is the content and that it lacks penetrating power. This emission of organisms which grow in environments such as takes place in the presence of extraneous radiation such as that caused by cosmic ray flux, and uranium l.iroecker, W. S. and J. L. Kulp, "The Radiocarbon which is present in minute quantities in all rocks Method of Age Determination," American Antiquity, and minerals. In order to separate carbon-14 radia­ Vol. 22, pp. 1-11, July, 1956. d. Also Libby, W. F. tions from the other, frequently stronger "back­ Radiocarbon Dating, 2nd ed. Chicago University Press, ground" emissions, it is necessary to cover the 1955.

28 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY hard-water lakes or on limestone where they can the true value is between 2,200 and 2,600 years. If absorb carbonates which are so old that the carbon­ we consider the range covered as double the error, 14 has decayed to a point where it is virtually or 2 sigma, that is, 2,000 to 2,800 years, the chance absent. This situation can be responsible for an of the true value being beyond the limits is only error in the dates as high as 20%. For example, a 4.5% ... " sample 500 years old might have a carbon-14 age of It should be emphasized that quoting a radio­ 2300 years. Fortunately, conditions producing such carbon date as a number of years with a plus or errors are not common and, furthermore, they are minus value there is involved a well tested and easily detectable provided the collector includes securely established principle of statistics which adequate description of the location of the sample. cannot be tampered with. It is not at all correct to There are other sources of error such as alteration attempt to convert a given date to a single number of the concentration of carbon-14 in a sample by representing the average, the extreme, or any inter­ replacement, exchange, or the intrusion of "dead" mediate point in the range of error. Arnold con­ or modern carbonates, and by means of fractiona­ tinues, "If we have two sites dated at 3400±300 tion. The latter can take place, for example, dur­ and 38oo±300 years, the difference of their dates ing bacterial decay where an organism selectively is 400±400 years, and we are justified in saying eats more of one carbon isotope such as carbon-14, that they are 'roughly contemporary,' and that the than another, such as carbon-12 or carbon-13. How­ second is 'perhaps some hundreds of years older.' If ever, the possible effect of fractionation can be the second is shifted to 4400±300 years, the differ­ determined readily. These processes resulting in ence is 600±400 years and we can say that the possible errors have been the subject of much second is 'probably older,' in the absence of other laboratory investigation and their possible effect evidence. If it is 46oo±300 years, the difference upon the dates is either known to be negligible or being 800±400 years, we can say 'almost certainly it can be corrected. A few of the erroneous dates older,' with 19 chances out of 20 of being right. are, however, rather important and interesting ex­ From this point the certainty of the conclusion ceptions requiring further study. The existence of rapidly increases." 2The figures used in these the latter and some uncertainty concerning the basic examples were based upon the solid carbon method. assumptions give rise to questions which cannot yet The statistical principle involved is not changed by be completely answered. This is usual in any the gas counting method but the size of the count­ scientific endeavor where hypotheses and postulates ing error is reduced by a factor of four. Also, as serve as the basis for investigation which gradually said at the beginning, this method can now be establishes the validity or alters the original ideas. applied to samples which are more than 40,000 So often, in science, a brilliant discovery such as years old. this dating method, is the result of stubborn deter­ As we gain experience there is a parallel in­ mination accompanying patient analysis and logical crease in knowledge concerning the desired or correction of mistakes during a long period of necessary characteristics of the sample. In order to research. summarize some of this information Broecker and The source of the error in measurement is Kulp have compiled· their Table 7 "Sources of Error_ found in the fact that the emissions of electrons as a Function of Sample Material." This cannot be which take place when carbon-14 decays to become reproduced here. The best materials now known nitrogen are random events which are subject to are fresh wood, charcoal and coarse marine shell. known errors in counting. These errors can be Peat and decomposed wood are reliable but rootlets expressed statistically. The cbssic statistical ex­ and organic intrusives must be eliminated. Frac­ ample is picking marbles of different colors out of a tionation might account for ± 100 years but barrel. As more marbles are taken, there is an carbon-12/carbon-13 measurements might reduce increase in the certainty of predicting the relative this error. The exchange of carbon atoms indige­ number of different colored marbles there are in nous to the sample with modern or "dead" carbon the barrel. Dr. James Arnold has described the atoms from the surrounding deposits can be statistics involved in the recording of radiocarbon checked. Similarly, the intrusion of extraneous dates for archaeologists. "If a date is given as, say, 2,400±2oo years this means that from the evidence 2. Johnson, F., 1951, "Radiocarbon Dating," pp. 58-59, of the measurements alone, the chance is 68% that Memoir No.8, Society for American Archaeology.

29 RADIOCARBON DATING: A BRIEF APPRAISAL carbon atoms can be detected. Other materials such Since the publication of the initial group of as charred bone, both organic and inorganic, marine about 180 dates3 hundreds have been added by the shell and lacustrine shell and recrystalized car­ ten or more active laboratories. These permit cor­ bonates present various kinds of problems in dating. relations of the times of events in numerous regions Some of these can be solved but the resulting dates no matter how widely separated. However, when have varying degrees of reliability. Dates on other problems are limited to the chronology of specific samples are difficult or even impossible to deter­ details of localized sequences, controversies inevit­ mine, at least at present. Samples which are diffi­ ably arise. One question which has been upper­ cult to process must be collected with great care most in most of these debates has been the accuracy and given special treatment in the laboratory. They of the dates. Characteristic of most of the criticisms should probably not be submitted unless the pos­ are those leveled at the method by Hunt. 4In gen­ sible result has particular significance and certainly eral his arguments did not consider well known not unless the laboratory is fully informed concern­ physical opinion and in any case they have been ing the conditions under which the sa~ples were refuted by studies of the distribution of radiocarbon found and collected. Sample sizes of the materials in the universe. Physicists have also called atten­ necessary for carbon-14 measurements are given tion (unpublished ?) to the fact that the difference as follows: in age between samples of wet and dry environ­ ments, which Hunt claims, requires the exchange Sample Type Optimum Amount Minimum Amount or intrusion into the sample of actual atoms of Calcium Carbonate.... 120 gm. or ~ lb. 5 gm. carbon in a manner believed to be practically impossible, especially on the large scale required. 0.4 gm. Carbon . 10 gm. Furthermore, it would require exchange of some­ Wood 50 gm. 1 gm. thing in excess of 40% to 50% of the carbon atoms Charcoal 40 gm. 1 gm. in samples to produce the alleged discrepancies between dates of dry and wet environments. Hunt Peat...... 100 gm. 2 gm. has apparently made an error which is becoming Shell 180 gm. 8 gm. less common as experience is gained. It is possible Bone (Charred) 100 gm. 2 gm. that the geological identification of the provenience of the samples may be in error and furthermore, the Bone (Uncharred) 1200 gm. or 2.5 lb. 50 gm. chronology which Hunt claims shows radiocarbon dates in wet environments to be in error is based Early in 1949 the method had been developed upon unprovable opinions concerning the rates of to a point where dates on samples of unknown age development of geologic processes. In view of these could be determined with 'Some confidence. Al­ observations, and for other reasons, we choose to though the major purpose was to develop the i nore Hunt's arguments. However, it has been method, ten chronological problems in archaeology estimated that about 80% of the 378 dates deter­ and geology were outlined. With the assistance of mined by the Chicago laboratory are essentially many collaborators, groups of samples from critical correct. Some 10% of these dates may be in error locations were assembled. The dates determined because of laboratory troubles and the remaining comprised the initial framework for a geological 10% may be wrong because of improper collection, chronology of the northern hemisphere. Dates on cataloguing and other "curatorial" mistakes. Suites earlier archaeological materials were tied into this of samples from other laboratories are probably of in so far as possible. In addition, attempts were similar nature with the probability that as experi­ made to answer specific questicns such as the age ence has been gained in the field and laboratory of the Hopewell and Adena cultures. A number of during the past five or more years, the proportion other samples were secured in order to determine of erroneous dates due to technical or collection the age of European archaeological and geological failures has been reduced. events and to confirm some estimated dates in the chronology of dynastics in ancient Egypt and the 3. ohnson, 1951, op. cit. Middle East. In retrospect, the results of this initial effort are of particular interest for the research 4. Hunt, Charles B., "Radiocarbon Dating in the Light of initiated a revision and consolidation of opinion Stratigraphy and Weathering Processes." The Scientific concerning chronology, especially in North America. Monthly, Vol. 81, November, 1955, pp. 240-247.

30 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Identification of the dates which may be North America will be given added impetus. The erroneous is a major problem. That is, some of the age "greater than 37,500 years" for the log pre­ dates we now consider to be correct may actually be sumably associated with Clovis Fluted projectile wrong and, to a lesser degree perhaps, vice versa. points at the Lewisville site in Texas confounds all The major readjustments have already been made present estimates and hypotheses concerning the but it is likely that some more of this will eventually origin in either the eastern or western hemisphere be done. The checking of all dates can only be of the stone industry which is responsible for this done by meticluous review of laboratory procedure kind of material. It is interesting to observe that and reconsideration of the stratigraphy and se­ archaeologists have matured, at least in their point quence in which the samples were located. This is of view toward radiocarbon dating, so that this date one reason why it is not advisable to determine a has not brought forth a peevish wail and forthright date on a sample from a single location; it cannot be denunciation. More properly we simply look for­ checked. Unless the stratigraphic situation is very ward with some impatience perhaps either to con­ clear, which is very rare in archaeology, dates on a firmation or correction. It is recognized that this sequence of samples should be secured before a can appear either in the dating itself or in the single number is to be fully trusted. Even if the archaeological attribution of the sample. date on a sample can be proved to be correct, it will In the age range of about B.C. 2000 to A.D. 500 inevitably be the subject of controversy, especially there has been great progress and a general clari­ if it is a critical one. This is due to questions re­ fication of ideas since the release of the original garding interpretation. The significance of dated series of dates. This has not come about easily for events is continually modified by discovery of new many adjustments in our thinking have been neces­ facts and the expansion of ideas. sary. These latter involve not only direct deductions To add to the foregoing brief description and and inferences, but theoretical considerations of consideration of the character of radiocarbon dating rates of culture change, diffusion, and the like. In a discussion of what its development has accom­ the Southwest, radiocarbon dates successfully over­ plished would lengthen this article unduly. Even lap and support those determined by tree ring at its present status the method has opened up new analysis. The robab.k..confirmation of the Spin­ problems for research in such fields as geochemistry den correlation of the Maya calendar with the and oceanography. The development of a chro"n­ Julian calendar of the present day is yet to be fully ology has permitted correlations of Pleistocene substantiated. This was seriously questioned until events in Europe and North America. In the latter ~s found that the archaeological data could be continent especially, the timing of fluctuations in fitted into the radiocarbon chronology without climate and the glacial regimen promises to provide doing violence to either. Analogous adjustments a more comprehensive understandi~g of the last have been made in the ideas concerning chronology ice age and the periods which followed. The of cultures in Peru. In the middle western United radiocarbon chronology has freed archaeology from States dates are showing that Adena is older than a number of restrictions. The former gap believed Hopewell but that there is an overlap in time. The to exist between the so-called Palaeo-Indian and later group of dates is only just beginning to be­ the "Archaic," or whatever the succeeding stage of come useful largely because the number requirea culture may be called, has been proved to be no gap to outline the chronology is relatively greater than at all. The extension backward in time of Archaic­ needed for the older material. One reason for this like material and the discovery that the Palaeo­ is that the relatively large error reduces the pre­ Indian material can be much later than originally cision of the dates and a proportionately. greater thought suggests that these stages of culture may number of dates is needed in order to provide an have overlapped each other for a period lasting average age of a cultural level and the span of perhaps several thousand years. It is possible, also, time it occupied. Such precision is necessary be­ to see further into problems involving the origin of cause by B.C. 2000 culture development was rapid human culture in the New World. A date on char­ and diverse and its various phases are difficult to coal at Tule Springs, Nevada, of "greater than B.C. identify precisely by available archaeological tech­ 21,800" is provocative. If it can be proved that niques. As the problems with the later dates and, humans built the fire producing the charcoal, cur­ as a matter of fact, older ones too, become more rent speculations concerning "interstadial man" in fully defined, one factor stands out prominently.

31 This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling,loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society.

RADIOCARBON DATING: A BRIEF APPRAISAL

The usefulness of a date is in direct proportion to the validity of a properly determined radiocarbon the data which accompanies it. It is difficult some­ date. Disagreements then become a matter for times to realize that the cultural attribution of a careful analysis involving both the physics and the sample is, more often than not, a very transitory archaeology. opinion supported only by evidence which is cir­ cumstantial, often in the extreme. Such evidence has R. S. Peabody Foundation very little chronological validity and only in the broadest sense can it be used alone to determine Andover, Massachusetts

AN OSSEOUS FIND AT FOLLINS POND

By BERNARD W. POWELL

During the summer of 1955, while revisting Pohl.4 Mr. Heideman's land is generally within the Frederick J. Pohl's "Follins Pond Site"l on Cape area that is suspect, by developers of the Norse Cod, I acquired a bone purportedly unearthed here. occupancy theory, as being the site of "Leif's shel­ Certain speculations were then extant relating the ters" and/or grazing and pasturage grounds for bone to supposed Norse times on the Cape. Sub­ domesticated livestock - namely cows and horses. sequently the bone was examined by several archae­ These are well established as present in the Green­ ologists at the Eastern States Archaeological Feder­ land settlements,5 and may have possibly been ation meeting in New Haven in the Fall. Readers brought on to Vinland during one of the voyages.6 who attended that meeting may recall the bone and Mr. Heideman recovered the bone during exca­ opinions then voiced relative to it. It now seems vation on his land. I believe this was during actual advisable to set forth as many facts concerning this construction of his house there. No exact pro­ bone as I have been able to ascertain, and attempt venience was recorded for the bone. It may have to draw some meaningful conclusion as to the actually been anywhere from on the surface to some "validity" of the bone and its relative import as a distance beneath. No further skeletal remains or find. other associated material seems to have been noted. The bone is the cannon bone of the domestic Mr. Heideman showed the bone to a neighbor, Mr. horse Equus, or osteologically, the enlarged third Melvin B. Summerfield. Mr. Summerfield is a former digit metacarpal. In 'life this bone supports the leg student of the late Ernest Albert Hooton, Professor from the knee or hock joint to the fetlock and is of Anthropology at Harvard. When he saw the present in most hoofed quadrupeds. As seen in the bone, Mr. Summerfield suspected it to be the cannon accompanying illustration, a portion of the so-called bone of a horse. He knew generally of speculation 2 splint is present on this specimen yet. This is the relating this region of Cape Cod to the Vinland of elongated piece visible along the upper edge. It the Norse. He sent the bone to Dr. Hooton and technically is termed an exostosis or bony enlarge­ received a reply to this effect "... confirmed the ment and is common in the horse and allied animals.. fact that this bone was the canon (sic) bone of a It is an aid to identification of such bones. As an small horse and agreed with me that its condition aside, it is interesting to note the splint has a sig­ indicated an age of 900-1000 years."7 Mr. Summer­ nificant role in the theory of organic evolution as field further informs me that Dr. Hooton agreed proof that the ancestors of Equus at one time pos­ with him that " the Norsemen brought small 3 sessed more than one toe. In the horse today the horses with them ".8 splint is only vestigal and has no function. The correspondence from Dr. Hooton in regard This specimen was originally in the keeping of to this specimen is no longer extant. It is my belief Mr. Bert Heideman, a homeowner on the western side of Follins Pond. His land is situated on a bluff 1. Pahl, F. J., 1952, p. 68. overlooking the entrance of the Mill Pond creek into the upper portion of Follins Pond. This is 2. Romer, A. S., 1947, p. 385. somewhat less than a mile north of the gulley where 3. Romer, A. S., 1941, p. 143. the MAS unearthed the ship's shoring reported by 4. Pahl, F. J.

32 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

that both Mr. Heideman and Mr. Summerfield towards dating it if possible. Some time later Dr. relate truthf~lly their recollections of this communi­ Deevey replied to Mr. Pohl as follows: cation with Dr. Hooton. Both gentlemen are of the "As to the horse bone that you describe] it is highest caliber and I know of no reason to dis­ very hard for me to understand the chronological believe them. However] it is indeed unfortunate problem, since I cannot imagine what basis Profes­ that the original letters pertaining to this have been sor Hooton could have had for his estimate of age misplaced or destroyed, for all of us would like to from the bone itself. If the horse was a native know how Dr. Hooton arrived at (his supposed) American horse it clearly could not have been dating for the age of the bone .... older than 1521 A.D.-that is, unless you think the Mr. Heideman gave the bone to me to see if Norsemen brought horses to America with them. I could develop anything further in regard to it. If the horse was native, no date younger than about The bone at once struck me as well preserved, was 8000 B.C. would be guessed by a paleontologist] rather hard, and apparently quite heavy. These but in any case no 'test' of the bone itself could latter two factors suggested at least partial per­ give the age correctly. Some bones have been mineralization of the bone to me, and-barring dated in a relative sense by the fluorine method, other circumstances-might mean that the bone but this tells us only whether one fossil in a deposit was indeed rather old. is of the same age as the others or is perhaps Subsequently I contacted Mr. Pohl in New intrusive. Bv this method Swanscombe man was York and informed him of what I had been told shown to b~ contemporary with the other verte­ about the bone. He was of the opinion that the brates in the same deposit, whereas Piltdown man Vikings brought at least a few horses out from Greenland with them.9 He in turn contacted Dr. 5. Degerbol, M., 1936, p. 13. Edward S. Deevey of the Geochronometric Labora­ 6. Personal communication with Mr. PohI. tory at Yale as to the likelihood of a C-14 dating 7. Personal communication with Mr. Summerfield; quoted for the bone. Dr. Deevey] incidentally] is testing material is from his letter. some of the ship's shoring with an ultimate view 8. Ibid.

33 AN OSSEUS FIND AT FOLLINS POND was first suspected to be a forgery because the for skeletal remains interred in glacial and beach Huorine analyses did not agree with those of the sands of the Northeast Atlantic Coast and in con­ other fossils. tiguous deposits of till and other soil types. As will "Radio-carbon dating of bone is simply not shortly be apparent, we ultimately do not need such practical unless the bone was charred before burial. information to answer some of the questions about There is very little organic carbon in bone, and this bone, but at the time we thought it would be what there is is far too easily replaced by carbon helpful to have such data. I mention this in pass­ from the ground water after burial. Any bones that ing as an incident typical in scientific investigation have been 'dated' by radio carbon were either char­ of phenomena: one invariably raises more ques­ coal when dated, as in the case of the Folsom site, tions than answers and the real need for increased or else they were dated indirectly by association knowledge in many fields impresses itself ever­ with charcoal or plant remains. lastingly. I should imagine that those doing work "In view of all this I fear your friend, Mr. in coastwise aboriginal sites of this general area Powell, is stuck with a curio and that no one will might sometime use such data themselves in inter­ want to take on the horse bone for scientific tests."10 preting partially mineralized finds. In January of this year I received a reply from Mr. Pohl also suggested that I contact Dr. Dr. Degerbol. He very kindly sent me reprints of Johannes Bronsted of The Danish National Museum his several works on the bone material from the in Copenhagen. It was felt that he would be Greenland settlement,12 He says, in part, in his familiar with osseous finds from the Norse settle­ letter: ments in Greenland and might possibly have some­ thing to suggest. At the same time I elected to get (Dated 25 January 1956) in touch with Dr. George Gaylord Simpson of The American Museum of Natural History in New York. "The horse has been rare on the farms; all in all He is Chairman of the Department of Geology and about a dozen horse bones are known of the excava­ Paleontology; and is perhaps our country's leading tions in (the) West and East settlements, although paleontologist and an avowed authority on horses.11 thousands of other bones are known. These bones Certainly his opinion regarding this bone is most have been those of a small horse, in size resembling valuable. an Iron Age horse from Nydam bogl3, 3 or 4 Cent. A.D., set up in the Zoological Museum. The shoulder A reply from Dr. Bronsted referred me to Dr. height from the uppermost spinal process on this Magnus Degerbol of the Zoologisk Museum in animal is 127 cm. The length, from the foremost Copenhagen. He has published several items per­ part of the head hanging obliquely downwards is taining to osseous material from the settlements in about 2 m. The length of the whole metatarsal Greenland. I therefore wrote him explaining our bone is 260 mm, on the Nydam horse 255; the problem and asking for his assistance. medial breadth is 28 and 29 mm respectively." Meanwhile at the Eastern States Archaeological I should like now to quote at some length Federation annual meeting in New Haven in the from the correspondence with Dr. Simpson. Fall, the bone was examined by several archaeolo­ (Dated 7 November 1955) gists on the spot. Some were of the opinion that the bone "was quite old" and deduced this mainly from ­ "We will be glad to look at your horse bone the heaviness of the bone mentioned previously. and to give an opinion on it, but frankly I am These opinions were, I realize, only "off-the-cuff" extremely doubtful as to whether our opinion will but it is interesting that comments were passed be of any real use to you. It is not likely that we before the group was told speculations relating to could do any more than confirm what is apparently the age of the bone. Several present, familiar with already well established, that the bone belonged the usual condition of dated osseous material from to a domesticated horse. Running a single bone aboriginal times on Cape Cod .and peripheral areas down to its exact race or breed would require a in Massachusetts, said they had never encountered 9. Personal communication with Mr. Pohl. a bone so apparently fossilized. Their consensus 10. Personal communication with Mr. Pohl; quoted from was to follow-up whatever might develop and see original letter in his possession. what we could find. Incidentally, I was unable to 11. See his Horses (Oxford University Press, New York, secure data on possible rates of permineralization 1951 ).

34 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY great deal more comparative material and com­ Mr. Pohl passed on a suggestion to me early piled information than we have available here. As in December based on information obtained to the age of the bone, I very much doubt whether through an associate of his. This person said, the bone itself would cast any real light on the mat­ " ... the semi-starvation diet in Nordic grazing ter. It would almost certainly be a matter of with the little sunshine, tends to kill off the large arguing the question the other way around, of horses and let the small ones survive. The horses of dating the bone from its archeological association Iceland and Norway are small. He suggests ... and stratigraphy rather than dating the archeologi­ exact measurements, and also exact weight (of the cal occurrence by means of the bone. bone) and send these data to museums in Iceland and Norway. Perhaps ... weight in relation to "I am completely at a loss to understand how size ... scholars ... form some estimate ... the late Professor Hooton can possibly have reached amount of fossilization ... thus estimate age."14 a date so precise as 900-1000 years ago on the The factor of weight per volume occurred to me objective evidence of the specimen itself. He must and seemed well taken as a possible indicator of certainly have been taking for granted an archeo­ permineralization. The overall length (proximal logical date determination rather than supplying a to distal ends) might be indicative of the horse's date from the bone itself. The heaviness or size. Accordingly, I determined the following in mineralization of the bone would not on the basis regard to the bone: of present knowledge permit one to provide such a dating. Apart from the morphology, which is 1) Weight wet) _ 389.81 g almost certain to be inconclusive as to age, the only 2) Volume (in H 20) 252 cc promising approach would seem to be a fluorine Dividing 1) by 2) we get analysis. Such an analysis would be suggestive 3) 1.54 glcc in deciding whether the bone was quite recent or 4) Length (overall proximal to had been buried for an appreciable length of time, distal ends..... 266 mm but it still would not make it possible to say how great a length of time in any very close way unless The heaviness of the bone and the 'accepted' many further data are available for buried bones in fossilization thereof prompted my curiosity. I there­ Greenland. Unfortunately also we do not ourselves fore sectioned the bone on a diamond saw. A cut have the means for making fluorine analyses." was made on an angle of about 30° in about 25 mm from the distal end. Subsequent grinding, lapping (Dated 27 January 1956) and polishing operations revealed a significant fact: the bone is not fossilized! The soaking it had under­ "Now my scientific assistant Mrs. Patsuris and gone in the water while taking the weight and I have looked over the specimen with some care and volume readings had perceptibly softened this made such comparisons as are possible to us here. otherwise quite hard bone and the interior cells Unfortunately the skepticism expressed in my letter did not show filling or replacement with a hard, of 7 November 1955 proves to be quite justified. heavy mineral of any kind. We had expected at The bone is certainly that of a horse of the genus least some fossilization but I would state now that Equus and almost certainly ·from a rather light the bone is not fossilized at all. I then thought the domesticated horse. We see no characters that marked heaviness of the bone might be mud, silt or would differentiate it from any common horse of other material which had possibly been carried approximately this size. It is just possible, but still through minute cracks into the interior of the bone not probable, that a closer identification could be and there deposited in the cellular interstices. This made if we had good biometric or statistical data is not the case, either. If the bone is unduly heavy on dated samples of horse populations, but we sim­ (and significantly Dr. Simpson does not mark this), ply do not have such data and I do not know where then it is not from replacement with heavy mineral. they might be available. As a follow-up I once again contacted Dr. "As far as I can see it is absolutely impossible Simpson in regard to the value of determining the at present to date this specimen on the basis of the bone itself. In the geological sense of the word it is 12. See appended bibliography. doubtless recent or Holocene, but that covers a lot 13. I believe this refers to a site somewhere in northern of time and is of no particular value to you." Europe. 35 AN OSSEUS FIND AT FOLLINS POND g/cc factor for the bone. I received a reply as 3) horses may have been brought on to follows: Vinland (I know of no direct reference) (Dated 12 March 1956) 4) a prominent scientist is reputed to have said the bone in question was 900-1000 "I am afraid that I must fail you once more. I years old (no documentation for this­ do not have any data on the specific gravity of horse only secondary' recollection) cannon bones and I think that any fairly significant data would involve very elaborate research. The It is at once apparent that this is no really sub­ bone is of course not a homogenous substance with stantial ground on which to postulate that the bone a fixed and determinable specific gravity. The outer represents remains of an animal brought to North layers of the cannon bone are very dense whereas America by Vikings in the 11th century. On the the inner layers are quite porous and open. The basis'of present knowledge we can no longer enter­ overall specific gravity of the cannon bone would tain this find as evidence for the presence of Norse­ depend in a very elaborate way on the proportions men on Cape Cod. and intergradation of these two parts and any figure 14. Personal communication with Mr. Poh!. would be meaningless for comparison unless it ap­ plied to bones of exactly the size and proportions LITERATURE CITED of your bone and also took into consideration the undoubtedly great variation involved. I am fairly DEGERBOL, MAGNUS sure that no one has ever gathered such data and I 1929. Animal Bones From The Norse Ruins at Gardar Greenland (Meddelelser Om Gronland, pp. 183~ am not at all sure that the materials necessary for 192, Copenhagen). working out the relationships are available." 1934. Animal Bones From The Norse Ruins at Bratta­ In summation, then, it appears established that hlid (Meddelelser Om Gronland, Bd. 88, No.1, pp. 149-155, Copenhagen). the bone per se is: 1936. Animal Remains From The West Settlement in 1) not objectively datable from itself Greenland, With a Special Reference to Livestock 2) is not fossilized (Meddelelser Om Gronland, Bd. 88, No.3, pp. 1-54, Copenhagen). 3) has no recorded associated remains of either skeletal or artifact-like nature Po , FREDERICK ]. 4) has no recorded provenience 1952. The Lost Discovery (W. W. Norton & Co., New /, York) Such serious defects remove the bone from 1956. The Ship's Shoring at Follins Pond (M.A.S. Bul­ further consideration as a "dated" Norse Age find. letin, Vol. 16, No.3). Some might argue that: ROMER, ALFRED SHERWOOD 1) Nordic horses were light-boned; speci­ 1941. Man and the Vertebrates (University of Chicago men is from a light animal Press, Chicago). 2) horses were present in Greenland 1947. Vertebrate Paleontology (University of Chicago (though rare) Press, Chicago)

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Hammond, Ralph Howe, Bruce Kosinski, Frederick A. 8 Derrymore Road Peabody Museum 1341 F. Street Nantucket, Mass. Box 885 Cambridge 38, Mass. Lincoln 8, Nebraska Hancock, Herbert R Howerton, William D. Kumph, J. Wilbur Chilmark, Mass. Reservoir Street 22 Doty Avenue Harrington, Miss Frances J. Mansfield, Mass. Danvers, Mass. 12V2 Lafayette Street Hudson, John B. La France, Joseph E. Attleboro, Mass. 50 Mumford Street 63 Main Street Hatch, Richard W. West Warwick, R I. Saugus, Mass. 16 Glen Road Hunt, Mrs. Fred Lake, Harry C. Wellesley Hills, Mass. 2 Alice Walk 80 Division Street Haynes, Mrs. Jessie M. Hingham, Mass. So. Braintree 85, Mass. 52 Westland Avenue Huntington, E. G. Lally, Edward F. Boston 15, Mass. Vineyard Haven, Mass. 51 Carmel Circle Bridgewater, Mass. Hazard, Thomas P., Jr. Hutchins, Harry 517 West 113th Street, (Apt. 85) 177 George Hill Road Lally, Leo G. New York 25, N.Y. Grafton, Mass. 22 Speedwell Street Dorchester 22, Mass. Heath, Dr. W. B. James, Miss Laura L. 288 Union Street 250 King Street Landon, Melvin V. New Bedford, Mass. Cohasset, Mass. No. Kennebunkport, Maine Laurie, Mark A. Hennessey, Mrs. Barbara B. Johnson, George K. 68 Smith Road RF.D. Pierce Avenue 20 Grant Street Milton 86, Mass. E. Taunton, Mass. North Attleboro, Mass. Lavallee, Maurice L. Herrick, Malcolm P. Jones, Frank H. 410 Riverside Dr. Apt. 63 RF.D.l Satucket Road New York 25, N. Y. Pittsford, N.Y. Brewster, Mass. Lawrence, Lincoln Hewitt, Charles C. Jones, Russell P. 293 A-Huntington Avenue Careswell Street 131 Conway Street Hyde Park, Mass. Marshfield, Mass. Greenfield, Mass. Leach, Miss Edith R Higgins, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Kendall, Charles H. 12 Cottage Street 49 South Street 41 Appleton Street Holbrook, Mass. Bridgewater, Mass. Atlantic 71, Mass. Leach, Robert S. Hoffman, Bernard G. Kidder, Dr. A. V. 12 Cottage Street 3132 16th Street, N.W. Apt. 205 41 Holden Street Holbrook, Mass. Washington 10, D. C. Cambridge, Mass. Lee, Miss Mary Holmes, Henry W. Kiefer, Clifford E. 408 Hammond Street Long Point Road Francis Street, RF.D. 1 Chestnut Hill 67, Mass. Middleboro, Mass. Norton, Mass. Lefavour, Mrs. Margaret C. Holmes, Walter C. Kingsbury, Dr. Isaac Montrose Avenue 524 Conant Street 26 Northmoor Road Wakefield, Mass. Bridgewater, Mass. Hartford 5, Conn. Lehman, Rev. Thomas H. Honey, William M. Kirkendall, Miss Anne E. Episcopal Rectory P.O. Box 713 138 Union Street Woodlawn Avenue Vineyard Haven, Mass. Hingham, Mass. Vineyard Haven, Mass. Hornblower, Ralph, Jr. Kirkendall, George B. Lemaire, Mrs. Fred Fairfield Road 138 Union Street Bay Road Greenwich, Conn. Hingham, Mass. Norton, Mass. Horne, Waldo W. Klebes, Miss Louise A. Leonard, Lloyd P. 36 Maple Street 19 Bank Street 32 Puritan Road Millbury, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Buzzards Bay, Mass. Hosmer, Herbert B. Knudsen, Miss Ann K. Liffers, Henry F. 22 Elm Street 277 Marlborough Street Crooked River Road Concord, Mass. Boston 16, Mass. Wareham, Mass. 41 ACTIVE MEMBERS

Lincoln, Frederic L. Mellgren, Guy McMahon, Paul B. 18 Archer Street 387 East Street 171 Melton Street Middleboro, Mass. Hnigham, Mass. Dorchester 24, Mass. Lodi, Mrs. Mary Metcalf, Ralph A. McNary, William F., Jr. Parkwood Beach 67 High Street 39 Holden Street Wareham, Mass. So. Dartmouth, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Longworth, Leslie L. Middleton, K. Glen Nerney, George E. 152 Danforth Street P.O. Box 491 204 No. Main Street Saxonville, Mass. St. Clair, Mo. Attleboro, Mass. Lopez, Julius Miglioratti, J. J. F. Nerney, William A. 67-39 182 Street c/o American Embassy 50 Tanager Road Flushing 65, L.1., N.Y. Caracas, Venezuela Attleboro, Mass. Lord, Arthur C. Miller, P, Schuyler Neyland, Wayne B. 38 Worcester Street 4805 Centre Avenue 4621 Keystone Street Bridgewater, Mass. Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Houston, Texas Lord, Arthur C., Jr. Mitchell, Morris T. Nickerson, Albert H. 3316 Hagam Drive 9 Hooker Street Tarawa Terrace, N.C. RF.D. No.3, Bishop Street Providence, R 1. Attleboro, Mass. Lord, William W. 1416 Easton Street Moffett, Ross Nickerson, Ralph O. Lakeland, Fla. Provincetown, Mass. P.O. Box 221, Pearl Street Middleboro, Mass. Loungway, Rev. F. J. Mohrman, Harold W. 164 Maple Avenue 92 Longview Drive Nichols, A. Boylston, Jr. Swansea, Mass. Longmeadow, Mass. 80 Dean Street Lundstrom, Miss Edna O. Moller, Maj. J.A.L. Taunton, Mass. 661 Grove Street 21 West Street, Room 2401 Nichols, Mrs. A. B., Jr. Worcester 5, Mass. New York 6, New York 80 Dean Street Lynch, Timothy T. Morris, Harry C. Taunton, Mass. 8 Prescott Street, Suite No.6 RF.D. Northey, John T. Cambridge, Mass. West Wareham, Mass. 32 High Street Mann, Clifford Morse, Roy E. Topsfield, Mass. 458 Columbia Road 50 Avon Street Nowell, George L., Jr. Dorchester, Mass. Mansfield, Mass. Allen Street Manwaring, Winthrop R Moulton, J. Burleigh Marion, Mass. 9 Reland Street 77 Lincoln Avenue Nye, Harold F. Middleboro, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Marion, Mass. Marin, Raymond Movius, Dr. Hallam L., Jr. Oatley, Harry J. RF.D. No.1, Box 260 32 Bates Street 120 Wyndham Avenue Stafford Springs, Conn. Cambridge 40, Mass. Providence 8, R 1. Martin, Armand J. Muller, Alexis, Jr. Orsini, Antonio 60 Rodney Street 161 Washington Street 10 Wilson Avenue New Bedford, Mass. Lockport, N. Y. Wakefield, Mass. Martin, Mrs. Doak Munson, E. Malcolm Orsini, Frank Merriam Road 87 Elm Street Wiley Street Grafton, Mass. So. Dartmouth, Mass. Wakefield, Mass. Martin, Mrs. Riga M. McCaig, Bruce W. Osborn, Francis B. 65 Taunton Avenue RF.D. 1, Box 320, County Street 19 Ship Street Norton, Mass. E. Taunton, Mass. Hingham, Mass. Martin, Walter J. McCarthy, Edward Otis, Leo D. Newbury Street 58-C Paul Bunker Drive Museum of Natural History West Peabody, Mass. Taunton, Mass. Springfield, Mass. Mark, W. William McGuire, Miss Priscilla Paradis, Philip M. P.O. Box 325 33 Samoset Avenue 21 Cherry Street Pembroke, Mass. Quincy 69, Mass. Millbury, Mass. 42 ACTIVE MEMBERS

Parks, Carl S. Pohl, Frederick J. Roy, Edward S. 7 Harrington Way 141 Columbia Heights 5 Quaker Road Worcester, Mass. Brooklyn 1, N.Y. Nantucket, Mass. Parks, Edward W. Pomeroy, J. Anthony Rudolph, Gerard Miller Street 146 W. lOth Street 152 Cedar Street Middleboro, Mass. New York 14, N.Y. E. Weymouth 89, Mass. Parsons, Dana G. Pope, G. D., Jr. Runge, Edward F. 4 Highland Avenue Box 302 234 Allen Street Ipswich, Mass. Lakeville, Conn. Randolph, Mass. Patterson, E. D. Popowitz, Matthew Russell, Howard S. 187 Franklin Avenue 34 Lane Avenue 155 Lexington Street Sea Cliff, L.I., N.Y. E. Weymouth 89, Mass. Waltham 54, Mass. Pearson, Edward L. Powell, Bernard W. Russell, Lyent W. 12 Boylston Street 341 Glenbrook Road 15 Orpington Street Brockton, Mass. Glenbrook, Conn. Hamden 17, Conn. Peckham, Fred G. Pratt, Franklin N. Sanderson, Charles T. 22 Brookside Avenue 1396 Pleasant Street P.O. Box 44 Brockton, Mass. East Weymouth 89, Mass. Plymouth, Mass. Peebles, Mrs. Mary C. Prindle, Col. George L. Sayle, Charles F. RF.D. No.1 Great Bay Road 63 Union Street Buzzards Bay, Mass. Greenland, N.H. Nantucket, Mass. Prinzo, Joseph L. Petersen, Miss Alice B. Sayle, Edwin J. 36 Fairview Street 85 West Street P.O. Box 225 Middleboro, Mass. Winchester, Mass. Milford, Mass. Raddin, Dr. Reginald F. Schafer, John Phillip Peterson, Donald C. P.O. Box 62 U.S. Geological Survey 80 Spring Hill Avenue Orleans, Mass. Bridgewater, Mass. Eng. Geol. Brch. Raposa, Mrs. Eleanor G. 270 Dartmouth Street Pflaumer, John H., Jr. RF.D.l Boston 16, Mass. 9 Biscayne Avenue Westport, Mass. Weymouth 88, Mass. Redfield, Mrs. Walton S. Schreiner, Martin Range View 2812-119th Street Phelon, Miss Marjorie R College Pt. 54, L.I., N.Y. 15 Niles Road Bridgton, Maine Newton Highlands, Mass. Robbins, Mrs. C. M. Scorgie, Miss Elvira Harvard, Mass. Phillips, Alan R Westport Point, Mass. Colton Hollow Road Robbins, Maurice Seamans, Raymond J. Monson, Mass. 23 Steere Street 176 Cross Street Halifax, Mass. Phillips, Dr. Philip Attleboro, Mass. Peabody Museum Robbins, Roland W. Sedgwick, Miss Florence Cambridge 38, Mass. RF.D. No.1 P.O. Box 1009 Concord, Mass. Providence 1, RI. Phillips, Holiday Coatesville, Indiana Robinson, Paul F. Sherman, Charles F. 332 So. Main Street RF.D. Box 256 Pierce, Byron O. Bel Air, Md. Plymouth, Mass. 152 King Street Raynham, Mass. Rockwell, S. Forbes, Jr. Sleeper, Myron O. 370 Summer Street Hanson, Mass. Pike, George W. No. Andover, Mass. 308 Worcester Street Rodiman, Walter S. Small, Donald No. Grafton, Mass. Granville, Mass. Sagamore, Mass. Piotrowski, Edmund T. Rogers, Herbert S. Smith, Arthur G. 69 Saning Road 61 Main Street 65 North Foster Street No. Weymouth 91, Mass. Byfield, Mass. Norwalk, Ohio Plough, Dr. Harold H. Root, Dwight C. Smith, Mrs. Benjamin L. 53 Dana Street Oakland Street 64 Sudbury Road Amherst, Mass. Mattapoisett, Mass. Concord, Mass. 43 ACTIVE MEMBERS

Smith, Eric P. Sweet, William O. Tufts, Elmer E. 5 Academy Lane 175 Park Street 41 Payson Street Concord, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Smith, Nicholas N. Taft, Norman M. Tufts, Elmer E. 3rd Anderson School 17 Leland Street 41 Payson Street Staatsburg, N.Y. Grafton, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Smith, William E. S. Tainter, Mrs. Doris W. Turner, Clyde H. 127 Thacher Street 9 Gates Lane Keith Avenue Attleboro, Mass. Worcester 3, Mass. Lakeville, Mass. Soday, Frank J. Taylor, James E. Turner, Richard E. 411 E. Walnut Street 26-A Water Street 6 Coffin Avenue Ct. Decatur, Ala. Woburn, Mass. New Bedford, Mass. Somers, John H. Taylor, Norman Tyzzer, Dr. Ernest E. Converse Road 19 Orne Street 175 Water Street Marion, Mass. Marblehead, Mass. Wakefield, Mass. Sprague, F. C. Taylor, William B. Vaccaro, Frank RF.D. 3 Chartley 1 Vernon Street 23 Charnok Street Attleboro, Mass. No. Middleboro, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Staples, Arnold F. Taylor, William H. Vaccaro, Joseph Segreganset, Mass. 1 Vernon Street 3 Lothrop Street Staples, Arthur C. No. Middleboro, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Segreganset, Mass. Teger, John A. Vaccaro, Nicola Steere, Kenneth W., M.D. Old Sudbury Road 35 Front Street 687 Boylston Street Wayland, Mass. Beverly, Mass. Boston, Mass. Tetreault, Henry Vaccaro, Tony Stefanov, Anthony B. 37 Fales Street 23 Charnock Street 23705 Susana Avenue Central Falls, R I. Beverly, Mass. Torrance, Calif. Thomas, James D. Valente, Francis J. Stockdale, Charles E. P.O. Box 387 4 Bristol Street 31 Burbank Street Calais, Maine Mansfield, Mass. Millbury, Mass. Thomas, Walter, Jr. Vaughan, Robert M. Stockley, Bernard H. 15 Oxford Street 264 Dowell Avenue Bryants Lane Fairhaven, Mass. Newtonville, Mass. East Wareham, Mass. Thomson, Francis L. Venn, Miss Alice M. Stoddard, Theodore L. 34 Wilbur Avenue 33 Baker Street Essex Street No. Dartmouth, Mass. Foxboro, Mass. Middleton, Mass. Tibbetts, Mark A. Vickery, Joseph J. Stone, Peter 393 Spring Street W. Bridgewater, Mass. 76 Sandwich Street 78 Bishopsgate Road Plymouth, Mass. Newton Center 59, Mass. Tilton, Wilfred Cuttyhunk Island, Mass. Viera, Donald J. Stoner, Edward J. 283 Standish Avenue 117 Wilson Avenue Tobin, Franklin D. Plymouth, Mass. Weym6uth, Mass. 674 Washington Street Stott, Mrs. C. H. Quincy 69, Mass. Von Zumbusch, Robert L. 65 Bent Road Todd, Ruthven 110 Gordonhurst Avenue Rumford, R I. No. Tisbury RF.D. Upper Montclair, N.J. Straight, David M. Vineyard Haven, Mass. Walport, William F. 478 Love Lane Tolman, Mrs. Ruth D. 743 Thacher Street East Greenwich, R I. North Scituate, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Studley, A. Irvin Treat, Robert Waring, Ellis A. 26 West Street 16 A Forest Street 132 Bay Point Attleboro, Mass. Cambridge 40, Mass. So. Swansea, Mass. Swanson, Walter B. Tripp, Mrs. Louis H. Waring, Oscar J. 29 Poquanticut Avenue Drift Road RF.D. 1 3313 Riverside Avenue Easton, Mass. Westport, Mass. Somerset, Mass. 44 ACTIVE MEMBERS

Warwick, Paul A. Whiting, Francis G. Wood, Elmer R 189 Melton Street P.O. Box 127 East Main Street Dorchester 24, Mass. Eastham, Mass. Norton, Mass. Waters, Dr. Everett T. Whiting, Willard C. Wood, Miss V. T. 35 Arnold Street Blodgett Avenue Eastham, Mass. New Bedford, Mass. Duxbury, Mass. Woodbury, Dr. Richard B. Welt, Jess W. Whitman, Arthur H. Dept. of Anthro'y 181 Second Street 23 Hillside Avenue Columbia University East Providence 14, R 1. Melrose 76, Mass. New York 27, New York Wentworth, Miss Norma G. Whittaker, James Wray, Charles F. 157 Brookline Street 323 County Street West Rush, N.Y. Worcester 3, Mass. New Bedford, Mass. Wilder, Donald C. Wright, Ernest M. Wetherbee, Kenneth B. 86 Brewster Avenue Oliver Street 11 Dallas Street So. Braintree 85, Mass. Middleboro, Mass. Worcester, Mass. Williams, Eugene Wynn, Mrs. Charles Wetherbee, Mrs. Kenneth B. 2457 Riverside Avenue 437 West Street 11 Dallas Street Somerset, Mass. Mansfield, Mass. Worcester, Mass. Williams, William T. Yavis, Dr. Constantine G. 27 Green Street 35 Winifred Avenue White, Asa Wollaston 70, Mass. Worcester, Mass. 90 Mechanic Street Attleboro, Mass. Wing, Henry C., Jr. York, Frederick W. 62 Pierce Street 39 Fosdyke Street White, Edwin T. Greenfield, Mass. Providence 6, R 1. RF.D. No.2 Winter, Eugene C., Jr. Young, William R Auburn Road 1 Erickson Street Millbury, Mass. 82 Pineywoods Avenue Stoneham, Mass. Springfield 8, Mass. Whiting, Adrian Wisniewski, Stanley 163 Sandwich Street 5609-137th Street Plymouth, Mass. Flushing 55, L.1., N.Y.

FAMILY MEMBERS

Baker, Mrs. C. B. Bowman, John M. Carroll, Mrs. Marshall E. 2548 G.A.R Highway Hollow Road Chilmark, Mass. Swansea, Mass. Clinton Corners, N.Y. Chase, Mrs. A. P. Barnes, Mrs. R D. Brewer, Mrs. Jesse RF.D. 1 County Street 9 Leclede Avenue Cliff Street East Taunton, Mass. Saxonville, Mass. Plymouth, Mass. Clancy, Mrs. J. M. Bates, Mrs. Ralph S. Bruso, Thomas M., Jr. 15 Cambria Road 38 Clarence Street 72 Allen Street Newton 65, Mass. Bridgewater, Mass. Randolph, Mass. Clarke, Arthur L. Bellamy, Mrs. W. A. Buker, Mrs. K. L. R.F.D.-Parkwood Beach 50 Hall Street 43 Francis Avenue Box 83 Mansfield, Mass. W. Bridgewater, Mass. Wareham, Mass. Berry, Mrs. F.D. Burton, Mrs. A. E. Cote, Mrs. W. C. 21 Franklin Street 5 Mason Street 166 Union Street So. Dartmouth, Mass. No. Swansea, Mass. Holbrook, Mass. Bielski, Mrs. E. G. Butler, Mrs. H. T. Curtis, Mrs. H. M. 110 Main Street 21 Maple Street 108 Ash Street Bridgewater, Mass. Taunton, Mass. Stoughton, Mass.

45 FAMILY MEMBERS

Dodge, Mrs. E. S. Horne, Mrs. W. W. Osborn, Mrs. F. B. 260 Maple Street 36 Maple Street 19 Ship Street Danvers, Mass. Millbury, Mass. Hingham, Mass. Dodge, Mrs. K. S. Hosmer, Mrs. H. B. Peckham, Mrs. F. G. 15 Hanson Street 22 Elm Street 22 Brookside Avenue Centerdale 11, R I. Concord, Mass. Brockton, Mass. Dodge, Charles A. Hutchins, Mrs. Harry Petersen, Mrs. V. C. 15 Hanson Street 177 George Hill Road 4 Cottage Street Centerdale 11, R. I. Grafton, Mass. Marion, Mass. Dorr, Mrs. H. A. Hutchins, Miss Sandra A. Marion, Mass. 177 George Hill Road Phelon, Raymond J. Grafton, Mass. 15 Niles Road Dryden, Mrs. W. H. Newton Highlands 61, Mass. 3 Budreau Avenue Johnson, Mrs. G. A. Millbury, Mass. 20 Grant Street Phelon, Mrs. R J. No. Attleboro, Mass. 15 Niles Road Engstrom, Neil E. Newton Highlands 61, Mass. 546 No. Central Street Kendall, Mrs. C. H. E. Bridgewater, Mass. 41 Appleton Street Pierce, Mrs. B. O. Atlantic 71, Mass. 152 King Street Flanders, Mrs. D. M. Raynham, Mass. Chilmark, Mass. Kiefer, Mrs. C. E. Fowler, Mrs. W. S. RF.D. I-Francis Street Plough, Mrs. H. H. 42 Huntington Drive Norton, Mass. 53 Dana Street Rumford 16, R I. Amherst, Mass. Kumph, Mrs. J. W. French, Mrs. G. W. 22 Doty Avenue Popowitz, Mrs. Matthew 123 Shore Road Danvers, Mass. 34 Lane Avenue Waltham, Mass. E. Weymouth, Mass. Lally, Mrs. E. F. Gammons, Mrs. D. F. 51 Carmel Circle Prinzo, Mrs. J. L. 79 School Street Bridgewater, Mass. 36 Fairview Street Middleboro, Mass. Middleboro, Mass. Laurie, Mrs. M. A. Gibson, Mrs. R L. Robbins, Mrs. Maurice P. O. Box 15 68 Smith Road Milton 86, Mass. 23 Steere Street Warwick, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Lord, Mrs. A. C. Glass, Mrs. R. W. Robinson, Mrs. P. F. Ellisville, P.O. 38 Worcester Street Bridgewater, Mass. 332 So. Main Street Buzzards Bay, Mass. Bel Air, Md. Goff, Mrs. Warren Lord, Mrs. A. C. Jr. 336 Old Colony Avenue 3316 Hagam Drive Seamans, Mrs. R J. Somerset, Mass. Tarawa Terrace, N.C. 176 Cross Street Halifax, Mass. Hallett, Mrs. L. F. Martin, Mrs. A. J. 31 West Street 60 Rodney Street Sherman, Mrs. C. F. Mansfield, Mass. New Bedford, Mass. RF.D. Box 256 Plymouth, Mass. Hancock, Mrs. H. R Miglioratti, Mrs. J. J. F. Chilmark, Mass. c/o American Embassy Sleeper, Myron S. Caracas, Venezuela Hanson, Mass. Heath, Mrs. W. B. 288 Union Street Morse, Mrs. R E. Somers, Mrs. J. H. New Bedford, Mass. 50 Avon Street Converse Road Mansfield, Mass. Marion, Mass. Hewitt, Mrs. C. C. Careswell Street McCaig, Mrs. B. W. Sprague, Mrs. F. C. Marshfield, Mass. RF.D. 1, Box 320, County Street R.F.D. 3, Chartley E. Taunton, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Holmes, Mrs. H. W. Long Point Road Nerney, Mrs. W. A. Staples, Mrs. A. C. Middleboro, Mass. 50 Tanager Road Segreganset, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Honey, Mrs. W. M. Stockley, Mrs. B. H. P.O. Box 713 Nye, Mrs. Harold F. Bryants Lane Vineyard Haven, Mass. Marion, Mass. East Wareham, Mass. 46 FAMILY MEMBERS

Stoddard, Mrs. T. L. Thomson, Mrs. F. L. Whiting, Mrs. A. P. Essex Street 34 Wilbur Avenue 163 Sandwich Street Middleton, Mass. No. Dartmouth, Mass. Plymouth, Mass. Studley, Mrs. A. 1. Tufts, Mrs. E. E. Whiting, Mrs. W. C. 26 West Street 41 Payson Street Blodgett Avenue Attleboro, Mass. Attleboro, Mass. Duxbury, Mass. Swanson, Mrs. W. B. Turberg, Mrs. P. J. Whittaker, Mrs. James 29 Poquanticut Avenue RF.D. 1 Main Street 323 County Street Easton, Mass. Lakeville, Mass. New Bedford, Mass. Taylor, Mrs. J. E. Turner, Mrs. C. H. Wilder, Mrs. D. C. 26-A Water Street Keith Avenue 86 Brewster Avenue Woburn, Mass. Lakeville, Mass. So. Braintree 85, Mass. Taylor, Mrs. W. H. Vossberg, Mrs. W. A. Wing, Mrs. H. C., Jr. 1 Vernon Street 25 Tomahawk Drive 62 Pierce Street No. Middleboro, Mass. Tewksbury, Mass. Greenfield, Mass. Teger, Mrs. J. A. Waring, Anthony A. Wood, Mrs. E. R Old Sudbury Road 132 Bay Point East Main Street Wayland, Mass. So. Swansea, Mass. Norton, Mass. Tetreault, Mrs. Henry Waring, Mrs. E. A. Wright, Mrs. E. M. 37 Fales Street 132 Bay Point Oliver Street Central Falls, R 1. So. Swansea, Mass. Middleboro, Mass. Thomas, Mrs. Walter, Jr. Waring, Mrs. O. J. Zenker, Mrs. Karol R 15 Oxford Street 3313 Riverside Avenue 47 Halcyon Road Fairhaven, Mass. Somerset, Mass. Newton Centre, Mass.

JUNIOR MEMBERS

Andersen, Harry G. Burtt, J. Frederic, Jr. Goff, Miss Sherry 20 Front Street 97 Hoyt Avenue 336 Old Colony Avenue Walpole, Mass. Lowell, Mass. Somerset, Mass. Andersen, Miss Jean Carroll, M. Emmett Giusti, Paul A. 20 Front Street Chilmark, Mass. Sunset Lane Walpole, Mass. So. Dartmouth, Mass. Clark, Francis Andersen, John 879 Main Street Haskell, Ronald E. 20 Front Street So. Weymouth, Mass. 30 Puritan Road Walpole, Mass. Buzzards Bay, Mass. Chase, H. Curtis Baker, Noel B. 43 White Avenue Hayes, John L. 2548 G.A.R Highway Brockton, Mass. 29 William Street Swansea, Mass. So. Dartmouth, Mass. DeRose, William E. Broman, Donald W. Jr. Hemenway, Alan 131 Meridian Street 1055 Grattan Street 134 Brookside Avenue Greenfield, Mass. Brockton, Mass. Los Angeles 15, Calif. Bruso, Robert D. Dryden, John Hirst, Grant M. 72 Allen Street 3 Budreau Avenue 100 South Main Street Randolph, Mass. Millbury, Mass. Middleboro, Mass. Buker, Miss Christine Engstrom, Peter A. Hunt, David 43 Francis Avenue 546 N. Central Street 2 Alice Walk W. Bridgewater, Mass. East Bridgewater, Mass. Hingham, Mass. Buker, Miss Sally Garland, Miss Susan M. Lally, David 43 Francis Avenue Scorton Neck 51 Carmel Circle W. Bridgewater, Mass. East Sandwich, Mass. Bridgewater, Mass. Buker, Miss Susan Goff, Miss Lynda Lally, Donna 43 Francis Avenue 336 Old Colony Avenue 51 Carmel Circle W. Bridgewater, Mass. Somerset, Mass. Bridgewater, Mass.

47 JUNIOR MEMBERS

Laviolette, Richard Raposa, Miss Bonnie Stewart, John A. 17 Reynolds Street RF.D. No.1 45 Rockland Street New Bedford, Mass. Westport, Mass. So. Dartmouth, Mass. Lemaitre, Charles Robinson, Charles E. Sutton, Peter J. 103 West Street 332 So. Main Street 31 Pershing Avenue Ware, Mass. Bel Air, Md. Seekonk, Mass. Lodi, Edward J., Jr. Robinson, Miss Elizabeth A. Thomson, Miss Donna L. Parkwood Beach 332 So. Main Street 34 Wilbur Avenue Wareham, Mass. Bel Air, Maryland North Dartmouth, Mass. Petersen, Kurt Robinson, Miss Lorna L. Wing, Donald 4 Cottage Street 332 So. Main Street 62 Pierce Street Marion, Mass. Bel Air, Md. Greenfield, Mass. Puchala, Paul Sargent, Lyman T. 1580 Plainville Road 940-6th Avenue S. E. New Bedford, Mass. Rochester, Minnesota

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EDITORIAL COMMENT ....

With this issue/our new and fourth Editor HERE AND THERE assumes the role an the responsibilities entailed, well aware of the high standards attained by his Reproduction of a small Indian village is predecessors. Our B1.llIetins have been of great planned as an added feature in the reconstruction value to the individual members, and have been of "'Plimoth Plantation" as it appeared in the early well-received by our considerable and growing list 17th century at Plymouth, Mass. It will be located of institutional subscribers. near the replica of the Mayflower. Our Historical Research and Excavation committees have fur­ Needless to say, we will bend every effort to nished data for this project. maintain and strengthen the quality of this publica­ tion, but this end can only be attained through the The use of red ochre by the aborigines on active cooperation of all of our members. ceremonial and other occasions has been found to be nearly universal Now the early fluted point or In looking over some of our early issues, when blade is being encountered in widely scattered our membership numbered no more than fifty or areas. These projectile forms have been found not sixty, we note at once the variety of the subject only in the southwest and the plains states, but in matter and the excellence with which it was pre­ Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky sented. This early and enthusiastic group presented and Alabama. This incidence would seem much too no problem in production. We now comprise better widespread to indicate trade goods interrelation­ than six hundred members, the majority of whom ships, and implies a pre-Archaic complex in the have yet to see their names in print. They must various areas. certaiDly have acquired valuable information in our field which shOuld see the light of day. Society members will be able to further their education this fall and winter without leaving their It is not essential to arrive at learned conclus­ living rooms. The first '"live" television classroom ions regarding material encountered. A bare state­ can be seen over WGBH-TV, Channel 2, in a ment of facts can later be compared with other University Extension course at Harvard. The class knowledge and correlated into an accurate observa­ is on arts and crafts of primitive peoples, and is tion for the region. Be assured that material sub­ being taught by Dr. John O. Brew, director of mitted will not lose its individuality through edit­ HarVard's PeabOdy Museum of Archaeology and ing, and do not fear criticism or diJfereDces of Ethnology, Monday evenings at eight. opinion - through such means we arrive at the truth. We need a constant flow of material for A novel restoration technique is being used by publication through the cooperative effort of our Amedeo Maiuri at Pompeii, in Italy. The eruption entire personneL Only in this manner can we of Vesuvius, which occurred in August, 79 A.D., maintain our position in the field. found many of the inhabitants fleeing from the city toward the sea. Petrified ash shells of some of the victims, noted by depressions, have been uncovered since 1860. Formed by the gradual decay of the Funds are now in hand for a resumption of the body inside its ash wrappings, the shells retain a News Letter, and a mimeographed issue will be negative impression of the enclosed figure. Archae­ distributed in the near future. It will include the ologist Maiuri has accurately reconstructed several complete By-Laws of the Society; and will resume victims by drilling a number of holes throulili the its coverage of Trustee and Society meetings, news ash stratum and pouring thinned plaster of paris of the Chapters when available, and our latest into the cavity. After allowing the plaster to harden, statement of condition. Communications from the surrounding ash is carefully chipped away and members will also be printed, space permitting. the eruption victims are reconstructed with such accuracy that even the minutely defined arm and leg muscles are revealed. Our basic active membership fee of three Recently published and worthy of study is a dollars per annum has remained constant through book titled ""From the Tablets of Sumer," by Samuel the years. Over this period we have encountered a Noah Kramer. Descriptive of a civilization which gradual and steady rise in printing and other costs; flourished 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, as trans­ and, at this time, we suggest tluit more members lated from clay tablets, Professor Kramer credits give serious consideration to entering our con­ the Sumerians with the first schools, the first his­ tributing or sustaining groups. This Will help to torian, the first pharmacopoeia, and the first devel­ obviate any ~ible future consideration Of a o~ent of an effective system of writing-in short, higher scale of the basic dues. the earliest picture we have of a major civilization.