Appendix H – Research VOLUME 1 H.1 An Annotated Bibliography of Hän and Kutchin Oral Tradition: Focus on the Yukon River and Other Aspects of Regional Ecology (S. Yamin, 1998) H.2 The Architecture of Tr’ondëk Klondike (ERA Architects Inc., 2016) H.3 A Cultural Cartography of Tr’ondek-Klondike (D. Neufeld, 2015) H.4 Description of Songs sung by Hän Singers (E. Scheffen, n.d.) H.5 Expanded History of the Yukon Placer Mining Industry 1993-2016 (T. Christie, 2016) H.6 Forty Mile Archaeology 2005 (Thomas Heritage Consulting, 2006) H.7 Land Use Legislation Research and Analysis for Tr’ondëk–Klondike (Crocus Bluff Consulting, 2015) VOLUME 2 H.8 Łuk Cho Anay/Big Fish Come: Tr’ondëk Klondike World Heritage Nomination Thematic Research Traditional Harvesting Landscape (A. Winton, 2015) H.9 A Review of Archaeological Evidence of Fishing Practices in the Tr’ondëk -Klondike Region (Stantec Consulting, 2015) VOLUME 3 H.10 Tr’ondëk –Klondike – The Ongoing Tradition of Klondike Placer Mining (M. Gates, 2016) H.11 Excerpt – Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Bibliography (H. Dobrowolsky, 2008) H.12 Yukon Placer Gold Mining: Historical Research Report (Vintage Ventures, 2015) H.1 An Annotated Bibliography of Hän and Kutchin Oral Tradition: Focus on the Yukon River and Other Aspects of Regional Ecology (S. Yamin, 1998) H.2 The Architecture of the Tr’ondëkKlondike (ERA Architects Inc., 2016) THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TR’ONDËK-KLONDIKE ISSUED MARCH 31, 2016 YUKON NORTHWEST TERRITORIES Forty Mile Dawson Moosehide City Bear Creek ALASKA Whitehorse Yukon River Basin Study area Context Map Town sites B.C. graphics by ERA Architects Prepared for: Tr’ondek-Klondike World Heritage Nomination/ Project Management Committee/ Tr’ondek Hwech’in Prepared by: ERA Architects Inc. 10 St. Mary Street, Suite 801 Toronto, Ontario M4Y 1P9 Philip Evans Victoria Angel Jordan Molnar Max Yuristy 2016 cover | Satellite image of mining landscape in and around Dawson NB: If this report is altered, it may no longer reflect City, undated (source: Department of Community Services, Yukon the professional opinions of ERA Architects. Government) CONTENTS i. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 8 2.0 METHODOLOGY 12 3.0 THE HUNTING AND FISHING LANDSCAPE OF THE TR’ONDËK HWËCH’IN 16 3.1 Introduction 18 3.2 The Seasonal Round and Camps 20 3.3 Permanent Settlement: Moosehide 22 3.3.1 Architecture and Urban Form (with examples) 26 3.3.2 Heritage Character 30 3.3.3 Integrity 31 4.0 THE KLONDIKE MINING LANDSCAPE 32 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 The Early Mining Landscape 36 4.2.1 Forty Mile 38 4.2.1.1 Architecture and Urban Form (with examples) 42 4.2.1.2 Heritage Character 50 4.2.1.3 Integrity 52 4.2.2 Dawson City 54 4.2.2.1 Architecture and Urban Form (with examples) 60 4.2.2.2 Heritage Character 86 4.2.2.3 Integrity 89 4.3 The Corporate Mining Landscape: Bear Creek 92 4.3.1 Architecture and Urban Form (with examples) 96 4.3.2 Heritage Character 102 4.3.3 Integrity 104 5.0 HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND CULTURAL RENEWAL 106 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Approaches to the Conservation of Mining Landscapes 109 5.3 Tr’öndek-Klondike Heritage Conservation and Cultural Renewal 114 6.0 CONCLUSION 130 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 134 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TR’ONDËK-KLONDIKE SITE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TR’ONDËK-KLONDIKE SITE 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dawson City, looking south, showing Hospital Buildings, 1898-99 (source: Library and Archives Canada, PA-013390) HIS REPORT WAS PREPARED BY ERA T Architects Inc. for the Tr’ondëk In order to discuss the various approaches Hwëch’in government, on behalf of the to heritage conservation that have been Project Management Committee, to support employed within the four townsites, the report the nomination of the Trondëk-Klondike as identifies conservation and interpretation a World Heritage Site. It is intended to serve practices that have been employed in mining as an appendix to the final World Heritage townsites in North America and elsewhere. nomination package, providing a description and This provides context for considering such analysis of the architecture and urban form of practices as the use of design guidelines and four Tr’ondëk-Klondike townsites: Moosehide, the reconstruction of lost historic buildings. Forty Mile, Dawson City and Bear Creek. The analysis provided in this report is based The report considers the factors that influenced on a review of existing historical reports and the development of each townsite, notably the management documents prepared by Parks Klondike Gold Rush and Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Canada, and the Trondëk Hwëch’in and traditions and their way of life. It identifies Yukon governments, as well as information representative sites, methods of construction in the Yukon Historic Sites Inventory. ERA and materials and proposes a preliminary staff also visited three of the four townsites statement of heritage character for each during the week of May 18, 2015. townsite, based on their association with gold mining and the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Based on the analysis of the four Nation. A brief discussion of the physical townsites, the report finds that: integrity of the architecture and the integrity of the relationship between the architecture • The architecture and urban form of the and the broader setting is also provided. Forty Mile, Dawson City and Bear Creek previous spread | Street scene, Dawson City, 1898 (source: Library and Archives Canada, PA-013390) 6 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TR’ONDËK-KLONDIKE SITE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY townsites exhibit patterns that were cultures and traditions within Dawson typical of mining districts across North and across the nominated site. America. These patterns are expressed in the siting and configuration of the • Within the Tr’ondëk-Klondike site, flooding, townsites, buildings types and methods of fire and permafrost have resulted in the loss construction. In the case of Dawson, the of a number of historic buildings. Many townsite’s very rapid transformation from buildings have also been lost as a result impermanent mining camp to Edwardian of neglect and abandonment. Overall, town was typical of boomtowns within however, each townsite continues to convey mining districts across North America. an extraordinary sense of history and place; and information and management systems • While typical in some respects, the are in place, which enable the condition Tr’ondëk-Klondike townsites provide of built resources to be monitored. rare, if not unique, evidence regarding the history and evolution of gold mining. Based on these conclusions, this report Within mining landscapes, new technologies finds that the architecture and urban form and economic models often resulted in the of the Tr’ondëk-Klondike townsites should erasure of earlier settlement and townsite be considered to be key attributes of the layers. However, within the Tr’ondëk- nominated site, serving to help illustrate the Klondike site, considerable evidence impact of the Gold Rush on the Tr’ondëk remains of each successive era, each Hwëch’in and on newcomers, from 1897-98 townsite providing important evidence up to the present. This is a landscape that about the local economy, culture and society. expresses the idea of the North American frontier as a point of contact between two • Each townsite illustrates ingenuity distinct realities; a landscape that exists both and adaptation in response to extreme physically and in the cultural imagination. climate conditions and the remoteness of the region. These factors influenced building practices, the choice of building materials and wall assemblies. • Tr’ondëk-Klondike architecture and townsites also help to tell the story about the shift from the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in seasonal round and seasonal camps, to permanent, year-round settlements, illustrating the impact of the Klondike Gold Rush on a First Nations culture and way of life. They provide evidence of the resilience of the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation, and the current co-existence of THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TR’ONDËK-KLONDIKE SITE 7 1.0 INTRODUCTION 8 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TR’ONDËK-KLONDIKE SITE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE TR’ONDËK-KLONDIKE SITE 9 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Alaska Commercial Co. building, Front St. (First Street), Dawson, 4 July 1900 (source: Library and Archives Canada, PA-016205) HIS STUDY PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW newcomers, from 1897-98 up to the present, T of the architecture of the Tr’ondëk- and under Criterion vi: as a cultural landscape Klondike site, through an analysis that expresses the idea of the North American of the built form and urban patterns frontier as a point of contact between two of four townsites – Moosehide, Forty distinct realities; a landscape that exists both Mile, Dawson City and Bear Creek. physically and in the cultural imagination. The study has been prepared as a background ‘Cultural landscape’, in this context, is paper to support the nomination of the understood to refer to “the combined works of Tr’ondëk-Klondike area as a World Heritage man and nature” which illustrate the “evolution Site. The project is being managed by the of human society and settlement over time, Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in government on behalf of a under the influence of the physical constraints community-based committee. The rationale for and/or opportunities presented by their the nomination is the site’s potential outstanding natural environment and of successive social, universal value under Criterion iv: as a cultural economic and cultural forces, both external landscape