Charcoal Analysis in the A750-A75 Motorway (Clermont L’Hérault / Saint André De Sangonis - Béziers, Southern France): a Case-Study in Preventive Archaeology

SAGVNTVM-Extra 1, C. Aranegui (ed.), Los Íberos, principes de Occidente. Las estructuras de poder en la sociedad ibérica, Barcelona 1998 (Agotado). SAGVNTVM SAGVNTVM-Extra 2, J. Bernabeu, T. Orozco (eds.), II PAPELES DEL LABORATORIO DE ARQUEOLOGÍA Congrés del Neolític a la Península Ibèrica, València DE VALENCIA 1999. EXTRA-13 SAGVNTVM-Extra 3, C. Mata, G. Pérez Jordà (eds.), Íbers. Agricultors, artesans i ramaders. III Reunió sobre Economia en el mon ibèric, València 2000.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 4, C. Aranegui (ed.), Lixus. Colonia WOOD AND CHARCOAL fenicia y ciudad púnico-mauritana. Apuntes sobre la EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY ocupación medieval, València 2001. SAGVNTVM-Exra 5, E. Badal, J. Bernabeu, B. Martí (eds.), El paisaje en el Neolítico Mediterráneo. Neolithic ERNESTINA BADAL – YOLANDA CARRIÓN – MIGUEL MACÍAS – MARÍA NTINOU Landscapes of the Mediterranean, València 2002.

SAGVNTVM-EXTRA-13 (COORDINATORS) SAGVNTVM-Extra 6, C. Aranegui (ed.), Lixus-2. Ladera Sur. Excavaciones arqueológicas marroco- españolas en la colonia fenicia. Campañas 2000-2003, València 2005.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 7, M. Kbiri Alaoui, Revisando Kuass (Assilah, Marruecos). Taller cerámico y enclave fenicio, púnico y mauritano, València 2007.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 8, C. Aranegui, H. Hassini (eds.), Lixus-3. Área suroeste del sector monumental [Cámaras Montalbán] 2005-2009, València 2010.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 9, C. Mata, G. Pérez Jordà, J. Vives (eds.), De la cuina a la taula. IV Reunió d’Economia en el primer mil·leni a.C., València 2010.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 10, C. Gómez Bellard, E. Díes Cusí, V. Marí. Tres paisajes ibicencos: un estudio arqueológico, València 2011.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 11, E. Badal, Y. Carrión, E. Grau, M. Macías, M. Ntinou (eds.), 5th International Meeting of Charcoal Analysis. The Charcoal as Cultural and Biological Heritage, València 2011.

WOOD AND CHARCOAL WOOD SAGVNTVM-Extra 12, J. Bernabeu, M.A. Rojo, LL. Molina (coords.), Las Primeras Producciones FACULTAT DE GEOGRAFIA I HISTÒRIA Cerámicas: el VI Milenio cal AC en la Península Ibérica, València 2011. Departament de Prehistòria i d’Arqueologia SAGVNTVM-Extra 13, E. Badal, Y. Carrión, M. 2012 Macías, M. Ntinou (eds.), Wood and charcoal. Evidences 2012 for human and natural history, València 2012.

SAGVNTVM PAPELES DEL LABORATORIO DE ARQUEOLOGÍA DE VALENCIA

EXTRA – 13

2012

Wood and charcoal Evidence for human and natural History

Ernestina Badal, Yolanda Carrión, Miguel Macías, María Ntinou (Coordinators)

Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia Title: Wood and charcoal. Evidence for human and natural History Series: SAGVNTVM Extra

Coordinators: Ernestina Badal Yolanda Carrión Miguel Macías María Ntinou

Information and exchanges: Departament de Prehistòria i d’Arqueologia Facultat de Geografia i Història Blasco Ibáñez 28 – Valencia 46010 (España) Fax 963983887 [email protected]

All titles of this series are available from: Sevei de Publicacions Universitat de València (PUV) C/ Arts Gràfiques, 13, 46010 València [email protected]

Published by: UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia de la Facultad de Geografía i Història. Funded by MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA E INNOVACIÓN.

Book with international referee system

Design and layout by Coordinators. Printed by La Imprenta.

Print I.S.B.N.: 978-84-370-9062-7 Online I.S.B.N: 978-84-370-9061-0

Print Legal deposit: Online Legal deposit: CONTENTS

List of authors...... 7

Ernestina Badal, Yolanda Carrión, Miguel Macías, María Ntinou Introduction ...... 1 1

Ernestina Badal, Valentín Villaverde, João Zilhão Middle Paleolithic wood charcoal from three southern Iberian sites: biogeographic implications ...... 13

Patricia Diogo Monteiro, Lydia Zapata, Nuno Bicho Wood charcoal analyses from the Muge shell middens: results from samples of the 2010/2011 excavations at Cabeço da Amoreira (Santarém, Portugal)...... 25

Eleni Asouti Rethinking human impact on prehistoric vegetation in Southwest Asia: long-term fuel/timber acquisition strategies at Neolithic Çatalhöyük...... 33

Maria Ntinou, Georgia Stratouli Charcoal analysis at Drakaina Cave, Kephalonia, Ionian islands, Greece. A case study of a specialized Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic site...... 43

Tim M. Schroedter, Robert Hofmann, Nils Müller-Scheessel, Johannes Müller, Oliver Nelle Late Neolithic vegetation around three sites in the Visoko basin, Bosnia, based on archaeo-anthracology – spatial variation versus selective wood use...... 53

Alexa Dufraisse Firewood and woodland management in their social, economic and ecological dimensions. New perspectives...... 65

Ernestina Badal, Bernat Martí Oliver, Manuel Pérez-Ripoll From agricultural to pastoral use: changes in neolithic landscape at Cova de l’Or (Alicante, Spain)...... 75

Raquel Piqué, Sílvia Vila Moreiras, Natàlia Alonso Changes in vegetation and fuel use from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages in the western Catalan plain...... 85

Mª Oliva Rodriguez-Ariza Palaeovegetation and plant-resource management in the district of La Loma (Jaén, Spain) during recent Prehistory...... 97

Isabel Figueiral, Laurent Fabre, Christophe Tardy Charcoal analysis in the A750-A75 motorway (Clermont l’Hérault / Saint André de Sangonis - Béziers, southern France): a case-study in Preventive Archaeology...... 105

Lucie Chabal, Isabel Figueiral, Christophe Pellecuer, Iouri Bermond Evidence of paleogeographic constraints on woodlands on the shores of a coastal lagoon during Antiquity: charcoal analysis of the Prés-Bas villa and Le Bourbou (Loupian, Hérault)...... 115

Ernestina Badal, Yolanda Carrión Marco, Jesús F. Jordá Charcoal analysis at the San Chuis hill fort (Allande, Asturias, Spain)...... 125

Maria Martin-Seijo, Yolanda Carrion Marco Shaping wood: woodworking during the Iron Age and Roman period in the northwest of the Iberian peninsula...... 135

Yolanda Carrion Marco, Jaime Vives-Ferrandiz Sanchez, Guillermo Tortajada Comeche, Helena Bonet Rosado The role of wood and fire in a ritual context in an iberianoppidum : La Bastida de les Alcusses (Moixent, Valencia, Spain)...... 145 Sonia De Haro Pozo, Amparo Barrachina Charcoal analysis of a burnt building at the Iron Age site of Los Morrones I, Cortes de Arenoso, Castellon, Spain...... 153

Andrés Teira Brión, María Martín Seijo, Arturo de Lombera-Hermida, Ramón Fábregas Valcarce, Xosé Pedro Rodríguez-Álvarez Forest resource management during Roman and Medieval cave occupations in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula: Cova do Xato and Cova Eirós (Galicia, Spain)...... 159

Maria Lityńska-Zając Forest plant remains from the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age in Poland...... 167

Charlène Bouchaud, Romain Thomas, Margareta Tengberg Optimal use of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) during Antiquity: anatomical identification of plant remains from Madâ’in Sâlih (Saudi Arabia)...... 173

Giampiero Colaianni, Francesco Scelza, Girolamo Fiorentino, Angela Pontrandolfo, Alfonso Santoriello, Daniela Orrico The use of wooden linings in the archaic wells of Fratte (Salerno-Italy)...... 187

Angela Stellati, Girolamo Fiorentino, Raffaella Cassano, Custode Silvio Fioriello The last firewood of a late ancient limekiln in Egnatia (SE Italy)...... 193

Valentina Caracuta, Girolamo Fiorentino Wood for fuel in Roman hypocaust baths: new data from the Late-Roman villa of Faragola (SE Italy)...... 199

Anna Maria Grasso, Girolamo Fiorentino, Giovanni Stranieri Brick in the wall: an archaeobotanical approach to the analysis of dry stone structures (Puglia – Italy)...... 209

Michelle Elliott An anthracological approach to understanding Late Classic period cultural collapse in Mesoamerica’s northwestern frontier...... 217

Mónica Ruiz-Alonso, Agustín Azkarate, José Luis Solaun, Lydia Zapata Exploitation of fuelwood in Gasteiz (Basque Country, northern Iberia) during the Middle Ages (700-1200 AD)...... 227

Carme Cubero i Corpas Shrubs and trees from medieval l’Esquerda (7th-13th centuries AD)...... 237

Thomas Ludemann Airborne laser scanning of historical wood charcoal production sites – A new tool of kiln site anthracology at the landscape level...... 247

Gina Faraco Bianchini, Rita Scheel-Ybert Plants in a funerary context at the Jabuticabeira-II shellmound (Santa Catarina, Brazil) – easting or ritual offerings?...... 253

Werner H. Schoch Information content of Anthracology...... 259

Arne Paysen Charcoal research before modern Anthracology...... 269

Ellen O’Carroll, Fraser J.G. Mitchell Charcoal sample guidelines: new methodological approaches towards the quantification and identification of charcoal samples retrieved from archaeological sites...... 275

Maria Soledad Garcia Martinez, Alexa Dufraisse Correction factors on archaeological wood diameter estimation...... 283

Ingelise Stuijts, Lorna O’Donnell, Susan Lyons Cloud-computing in Anthracology – Experiences with the WODAN online database in Ireland...... 291 LIST OF AUTHORS

Natàlia ALONSO Valentina CARACUTA Dpt. de Història. Universitat de Lleida. 25003. Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology Lleida, Spain. (L.A.P.). University of Salento-Lecce. Via Birago [email protected] 64, 73100, Lecce. Italy. Department of Human Science. University of Foggia. Via Arpi, 71100, Eleni ASOUTI Foggia. Italy. Department of Archaeology, Classics and [email protected] Egyptology, University of Liverpool. Brownlow Street, L69 3GS Liverpool, UK. Yolanda CARRIÓN MARCO [email protected] Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, Agustín AZKARATE 46010 Valencia, Spain. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). [email protected] Tomás y Valiente s/n. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. [email protected] Raffaella CASSANO Department of Antiquity, University of Bari, Italy. Ernestina BADAL [email protected] Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, Lucie CHABAL 46010 Valencia, Spain. CBAE UMR 5059 CNRS Univ. Montpellier 2 EPHE. [email protected] Institut de Botanique. 163 rue A. Broussonnet. 34090 Montpellier, France. Amparo BARRACHINA [email protected] Servicio de Arqueología de la Diputación de Castellón. Av. Hermanos Bou, 28 12003 Castellón, Giampiero COLAIANNI Spain. Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology. [email protected] University of Salento. Via Dalmazio Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Iouri BERMOND [email protected] UMR 5140 Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes. DRAC Languedoc-Roussillon. Carme CUBERO I CORPAS Service Régional de l’Archéologie. 5 rue de la Salle- Museu Arqueològic de l’Esquerda. 08510 Roda de L’Évêque. CS 49020. 34967 Montpellier cedex 2, Ter, Spain. France. [email protected] [email protected] Sonia DE HARO POZO Nuno BICHO Cl. Enseñanza, 11, 12001 Castellón, Spain. Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências [email protected] Humanas e Sociais, Campus de Gambelas, 8005- 139 Faro, Portugal. Arturo DE LOMBERA-HERMIDA [email protected] Grupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do NW Ibérico (GEPN). Departamento de Historia I. USC. 15782 Helena BONET ROSADO Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Servicio de Investigación Prehistórica, Museo de Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Prehistoria, Diputación de Valencia, C/Corona 36, Social (IPHES), C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Campus 46003, Valencia, Spain. Sescelades URV (Edifici W3) 43007, Tarragona, [email protected] Spain. Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Charlène BOUCHAUD Catalunya 35, Tarragona 43002, Spain. UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique. [email protected] Sociétés, Pratiques, Environnements (Muséum national d’histoire naturelle). 55, rue Buffon 75005 Patrícia DIOGO MONTEIRO Paris, France. Núcleo de Arqueologia e Paleoecologia da Universidade [email protected] do Algarve. Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da

7 Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 [email protected] Faro, Portugal. Anna Maria GRASSO [email protected] Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy. Alexa DUFRAISSE [email protected] CNRS, UMR 7209 “Archéozoologie, archéobotanique”, 55 rue buffon 75005 Paris, Robert HOFMANN France. Graduate School “Human Development in [email protected] Landscapes”, Christian-Albrecht-University (CAU) D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Michelle ELLIOTT Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology UMR 8096 “Archéologies des Amériques”, CNRS. CAU, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Maison René Ginouvès. 21, allée de l’Université. [email protected] F-92023 Nanterre Cedex, France. [email protected] Jesús F. JORDÁ Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología. UNED. 28040 Laurent FABRE Madrid, Spain. INRAP Méditerranée, 561 Rue Etienne Lenoir, Km [email protected] Delta, 30900 Nîmes, France Thau agglo, Jardin antique Méditerranéen, Rue des Maria LITYŃSKA-ZAJĄC Pioch, 34540 Balaruc les Bains, France Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish CBAE, CNRS /Univ. Montpellier 2/EPHE, Academy of Sciences, Krakow Branch, Sławkowska Montpellier, France 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland. [email protected] [email protected]

Ramón FÁBREGAS VALCARCE Thomas LUDEMANN Grupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do NW Ibérico University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Dept. of (GEPN). Departamento de Historia I. USC. 15782 Geobotany. Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Germany. [email protected] [email protected]

Gina FARACO BIANCHINI Susan LYONS Departamento de Antropologia, Museu Nacional, Department of Archaeology, University College Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta da Cork, Cork, Ireland. Boa Vista, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [email protected] [email protected] Bernat MARTÍ OLIVER Isabel FIGUEIRAL Museu de Prehistòria de València-SIP. C. de la INRAP Méditerranée, 561 rue Etienne Lenoir, km Corona 32, 46003 València, Spain. Delta, 30900 Nîmes, France. [email protected] CBAE UMR 5059 CNRS Univ. Montpellier 2 EPHE. Institut de Botanique. 163 rue A. Broussonnet. María MARTÍN-SEIJO 34090 Montpellier, France. GEPN-Grupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria [email protected] do Noroeste Ibérico. Dpto. Historia I. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Custode Silvio FIORIELLO Praza da Universidade s/n. 15782, Santiago de Department of Antiquity, University of Bari, Italy. Compostela, Spain. [email protected] [email protected]

Girolamo FIORENTINO Fraser J.G. MITCHELL Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, (L.A.P.). University of Salento-Lecce. Via Birago Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. 64, 73100, Lecce. Italy. [email protected] [email protected] Johannes MÜLLER María Soledad GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ Graduate School “Human Development in Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Landscapes”, Christian-Albrecht-University (CAU) Antigua, Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Historiográficas, Facultad de Letras, Universidad de Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology Murcia. C/ Santo Cristo, 1. 30001-Murcia, Spain. CAU, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.

8 [email protected] Xosé Pedro RODRÍGUEZ-ÁLVAREZ Nils MÜLLER-SCHEESSEL Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Roman-Germanic Commission, Plamgartenstr. 10- Social (IPHES), C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Campus 12, 60325 Frankfurt a.M., Germany. Sescelades URV (Edifici W3) 43007,Tarragona, Spain. [email protected] Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, Tarragona 43002, Spain. Oliver NELLE [email protected] Institute for Ecosystem Research CAU, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. Mª Oliva RODRÍGUEZ-ARIZA [email protected] Instituto Universitario de Arqueología Ibérica. Universidad de Jaén. Edif. C-6, 23071 Jaén, Spain. Maria NTINOU [email protected] Hellenic Open University, Aggelou Sikelianou 2, GR – 452 21 Ioannina, Greece. Mónica RUIZ-ALONSO [email protected] Grupo de Investigación Arqueobiología (CCHS, CSIC). Albasanz, 26-28. 28037 Madrid, Spain.. Ellen OCARROLL [email protected] Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Alfonso SANTORIELLO [email protected] Laboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano Lorna O’DONNELL (Salerno), Italy. 14 Rockstown Park, Tooban, Burnfoot, County [email protected] Donegal, Ireland. [email protected] Francesco SCELZA Laboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University Daniela ORRICO of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano Laboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University (Salerno), Italy. of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano [email protected] (Salerno), Italy. [email protected] Rita SCHEEL-YBERT Departamento de Antropologia, Museu Nacional, Arne PAYSEN Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Quinta da Institut für Ökosystemforschung der CAU Kiel, Boa Vista, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany. [email protected] [email protected] Werner H. SCHOCH Christophe PELLECUER Labor für quartäre Hölzer, Unterrütistrasse 17, UMR 5140 Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes. 8135 Langnau a. A. Schweiz. DRAC Languedoc-Roussillon. Service Régional de [email protected] l’Archéologie. 5 rue de la Salle-L’Évêque. CS 49020. www.woodanatomy.eu 34967 Montpellier cedex 2, France. [email protected] Tim M. SCHROEDTER Graduate School “Human Development in Manuel PÉREZ-RIPOLL Landscapes”, Christian-Albrecht-University (CAU) Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. D-24098 Kiel, Germany. University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, Institute for Ecosystem Research CAU, D-24098 46010 Valencia, Spain. Kiel, Germany. [email protected] [email protected]

Raquel PIQUÉ José Luis SOLAUN Dpt. de Prehistòria. Universitat Autònoma de University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Barcelona. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Tomás y Valiente s/n. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.. [email protected] [email protected]

Angela PONTRANDOLFO Angela STELLATI Laboratory of Archaeology “M. Napoli”, University Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, of Salerno. Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano Department of Cultural Heritage, University of (Salerno), Italy. Salento, via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce. [email protected] Department of Antiquity, University of Bari, Italy.

9 [email protected] Dynamiques des Systèmes Anthropisés – 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens cedex, France. Giovanni STRANIERI [email protected] Centre d’histoire et d’archéologie médiévales - Université Lumière Lyon 2, 69365 Lyon, France. Guillermo TORTAJADA COMECHE [email protected] Servicio de Investigación Prehistórica, Museo de Prehistoria, Diputación de Valencia, C/Corona 36, Georgia STRATOULI 46003, Valencia, Spain. IZ΄ Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, [email protected] Aristotelous 16, GR – 582 00 Edessa, Greece. [email protected] Sílvia VILA MOREIRAS Dpt. de Història. Universitat de Lleida. 25003 Ingelise STUIJTS Lleida, Spain. Discovery Programme, 63 Merrion Square, Dublin [email protected] 2, Ireland. [email protected] Valentín VILLAVERDE Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. Christophe TARDY University of Valencia. Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 28, INRAP Méditerranée, 561 Rue Etienne Lenoir, Km 46010 Valencia, Spain. Delta, 30900 Nîmes, France. [email protected] [email protected] Jaime VIVES-FERRÁNDIZ SÁNCHEZ Andrés TEIRA BRIÓN Servicio de Investigación Prehistórica, Museo de Grupo de Estudos para a Prehistoria do NW Ibérico Prehistoria, Diputación de Valencia, C/Corona 36, (GEPN). Departamento de Historia I. USC. 15782 46003, Valencia, Spain. Santiago de Compostela, Spain. [email protected] [email protected] Lydia ZAPATA Margareta TENGBERG University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). University of Paris 1, UMR 7209, Archéozoologie, Tomás y Valiente s/n. 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Archéobotanique. Sociétés, Pratiques, Spain. Environnements (Muséum national d’histoire [email protected] naturelle). 55, rue Buffon 75005 Paris, France. [email protected] João ZILHÃO ICREA Research Professor at the University of Romain THOMAS Barcelona, Spain. Université de Picardie Jules Verne. Ecologie et [email protected]

10 ISABEL FIGUEIRAL1,2, LAURENT FABRE 2,3,4, CHRISTOPHE TARDY3

Charcoal analysis in the A750-A75 motorway (Clermont l’Hérault / Saint André de Sangonis - Béziers, Southern France): a case-study in Preventive Archaeology

1 INRAP Méditerranée, rue de l’Acropole - Lotissement Actipolis - 34420 Villeneuve-les-Béziers, France. [email protected] 2 CBAE, CNRS/ Univ. Montpellier 2/EPHE, Montpellier, France. 3 INRAP Méditerranée, 561 Rue Etienne Lenoir, Km Delta, 30900 Nîmes, France. [email protected]; [email protected] 4 Thau agglo, Jardin antique Méditerranéen, Rue des Pioch, 34540 Balaruc les Bains, France.

Summary: The drawbacks and advantages of preventive archaeology and the implications for archaeobotanical studies are assessed based on the example of work carried out prior to the construction of the A 750 / A 75 motorway in southern France. Emphasis is given to the most significant charcoal analysis results obtained in sites destined to be rapidly destroyed. They provide a large scale insight on human settlement and land exploitation from the Middle Neolithic to the height of the Roman Empire.

Key words: Preventive archaeology, Southern France, Charcoal analysis, Human settlement, Vegetation.

INTRODUCTION best of the unpleasant job of rapidly destroying our history; in Preventive archaeology “archaeologists Rescue Archaeology or Public Archaeology is a precede the bulldozers” (Demoule and Landes 2009) British generic expression applied to the work carried safeguarding our history via the excavation, study and out on sites prior to their destruction by modern devel- publication of uncovered remains. opments (Bahn 1992). This expression is synonymous This is the aim of INRAP (Institut National de with the north-American Salvage Archaeology or Recherches Archéologiques Préventives), which pos- Cultural Resource Management and with the French sesses both the infrastructures required for large scale “Fouilles de sauvetage”, which was replaced in 2001 survey / excavation and the will to promote high qual- by “Fouilles préventives” (preventive archaeology), ity research. in an attempt to overturn the drawbacks of traditional During field work an effort is made to recover as rescue archaeology. In Rescue archaeology ‘archae- much material as possible to investigate past human ologists run behind the bulldozers’ trying to make the communities and their environment. However, our

WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012: 105–114. 105 Isabel Figueiral, Laurent Fabre , Christophe Tardy

ability to study all the remains recovered from the BIO-GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING sediment samples is limited by time and financial resources as work is funded by the developer’s budget. Sites studied are located in an area where the dif- Clear research priorities and sampling strategies ferent ecological and cultural influences from the must therefore be established in order to obtain reli- Hérault and the Orb valleys converge (Fig. 1). able datasets. This negative aspect is compensated by In terms of geology, this area of low relief is the opportunities opened by the work in linear projects largely formed by sandy and loamy marls deposited such as motorways, railway lines, gas works, which during the Miocene sea transgression (Ambert 1994); allow us to visualise patterns of human settlement and In terms of bioclimatology this area is included in the subsistence adaptation through time and on a regional mesomediterranean level which stretches from the scale, crossing a large range of ecological habitats. coast up to 400m high. Summers are hot and winters However, it would be a mistake to restrict the use- are mild with an average annual mean temperature fulness of linear projects to the actual excavation and of 14-16°C. Annual rainfall averages 500-600 mm, recovery of archaeological material. The survey phase with heavy rainfall in the autumn. Quercus ilex, Pi- is as important, as it opens a large research window to nus halepensis, Pinus pinea are the major tree species a space devoid of landmarks, allowing us to perceive adapted to the drier soils, while Quercus pubescens sites which otherwise would have been overlooked or elects more mesophilous conditions. The understorey received much less attention. vegetation comprises shrubby species such as Pis- The work carried out in 2001 - 2010, prior to the tacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Viburnum tinus, construction of the A 75 - A 750 motorway between Phillyrea media, Rhamnus alaternus. The riverside Clermont-l’Hérault / Saint André de Sangonis and vegetation is dominated by Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus Béziers (Hérault, Southern France) is a good example angustifolia, Populus alba and different species of Sa- of this (Fig. 1). lix (Gaussen et al. 1963). Today, this natural vegeta- Based on the assessed importance of remains un- tion is greatly reduced as a result of human influence covered during the survey phase (‘diagnostique’ in and arable land is largely occupied by vineyards. French), 26 locations were selected for subsequent major excavation and study, covering the period Neo- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION lithic - Middle Ages. Earth sciences and biological studies undertaken The most significant information obtained con- include geoarchaeology, analysis of terrestrial mol- cerns two chronological periods, the Late Neolithic luscs, zooarchaeology, palynology, analysis of macro and the Gallo-Roman period: remains (wood, charcoal, seeds / fruits), phytoliths, palaeoanthropology. THE LATE NEOLITHIC PERIOD Concerning charcoal analysis, particular attention was paid to sites / structures where wood charcoal was Despite the great interest this period has long most likely to occur and thus provide information on aroused in the Languedoc region, very few palaeoen- ecological, social and economic issues. vironmental data were available prior to the A 75 – A A brief summary of the most significant charcoal 750. A first synthesis of these data was presented by analysis data from this project are presented here. They Chabal (2003). The discovery of several locations dur- provide direct evidence on the composition and exploi- ing the survey phase (Puech Haut, Roquessols, Cresses tation of local woodlands at different periods, thus of- Basses, Barreau de la Deveze Cabrials, Champ Redon, fering a glimpse of the history of our landscapes. Lagarel, Pirou-Labournas) offered thus a unique op-

106 WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. Charcoal analysis in the A750-A75 motorway (Clermont l’Hérault / Saint André de Sangonis - Béziers, Southern France): a case- study in Preventive Archaeology

Figure 1. The A 750 - A 75 motorway: Location of study area between Saint André de Sangonis-Pézenas-Béziers (Graphic design: L. Paradis, CBAE). portunity to enlarge the charcoal data set, despite the sedentary way of life. The small amounts of charred fact that habitat layers had disappeared due to erosion plants (charcoal + seeds / fruits) consistently recov- leaving only excavated structures (pits) with different ered, despite the large scale sampling carried out, morphologies and infills. seem to support this interpretation. In fact, it is often The site of Puech Haut stands apart due to the difficult to assemble a statistically meaningful number surface of its enclosed space, length of occupation (3 of structures and charcoal fragments. In our case, rela- different phases) and the complexity of structures un- tively abundant charcoal fragments were recovered covered (Carroza dir. 2005). only at Puech Haut (Fabre 2005a) and Lagarel (Chabal The pit concentrations which were particularly and Figueiral 2007). dense for the Middle Neolithic (Chasséen), as testified This mobility seems to have entailed significant at the site of Le Pirou, tend to occupy smaller surfac- changes in the landscape. In fact, data assembled so es during the Late Neolithic and seem to form small far point to the overall abundance of heliophilous habitation units occupied during short time periods plants (Fig. 2), colonisers of empty spaces, which sug- (Loison et al. 2008) gests a long lasting exploitation of the area. This is the Archaeological remains argue for the great level case of heathers (Erica sp.), Fabaceae and the mastic of mobility of these communities rather than a more shrub (Pistacia lentiscus). The recurrent presence of

WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. 107 Isabel Figueiral, Laurent Fabre , Christophe Tardy

this last species, which usually grows on the dry and at some point in the beginning of the 3rd century AD. stony areas of the mediterranean garrigue, is particu- The reasons for the disappearance of this practice are larly striking. Its presence is not restricted to the A still unclear (Blaizot 2009). 75-A 750 sites but is also recorded in contemporane- Charcoal recovered from incinerations (primary ous occupations from nearby areas such as Lespignan cremations and secondary deposits) provide informa- (Figueiral 2010). Earlier potential occurrences (Pista- tion on the wood used as fuel to cremate the bodies. cia sp.) include the Middle Neolithic sites of Encom- The presence of wooden objects is more difficult to bres and Les Hermes (Chabal 1999). identify unless recognizable shapes are preserved. In This early anthropogenic impact may be linked the case of inhumations, the presence of associated with the presence and confrontation of “Ferrières” or fireplaces may offer data on the symbolic aspects of “Vérazien” populations in this buffer zone. plant use. While a clear pattern seems to be discerned from In the case of primary deposits the exhaustive the Late Neolithic occupations studied, the same can sampling of sediments, using a grid to divide the sur- not be said of the Iron Age which must be considered face into squares, ensures the recovery and precise as a key period for the understanding of the Gallo- positioning of a whole range of evidence. In this way, Roman developments. Data are scarce, limited to sites recording of the spatial distribution of plant species is such as Mas de Pascal (Fabre 2002), and l’Arnoux assured, offering us the possibility of reconstructing (Figueiral 2008) including a restricted number of the layout and functioning of the funerary pyre. structures. However, they are not without interest as In our case, data have been gathered from rural they provide guidelines for future linear projects. (Cresses Basses, Renaussas, Soumaltre, Vigne de Bio- aux) and peri-urban settings (Peyre Plantade) (Fabre THE GALLO-ROMAN PERIOD 2004, 2005b; Figueiral et al. 2010a). The diversity of woody plants exploited (mini- When dealing with this period, linear projects al- mum of 27 species) suggests the absence, in general, low a global approach of the rural habitat (including of both particular selection and restrictive rules. Plants the small and large villae, the farms, the “co-opera- identified include arboreal Abies( sp., Acer cf. mon- tives”, the vicus) and the natural landscape. The oc- spessulanum, Cupressus sp., Fagus sylvatica, Juglans cupation of the sites studied in the A 75 project covers regia, Larix decidua / Picea abies, Olea europaea, Pi- different aspects of day to day life (and death) during nus type halepensis, Pinus type sylvestris, Prunus type the period from the 1st century BC to the 3rd century dulcis / persica, Quercus –deciduous and evergreen–, AD. Ulmus cf. minor) and shrubby-lianescent taxa (Acer The different ensembles excavated offer different campestre, Buxus sempervirens, Cistus sp., Clematis perspectives of how people made use of the land and sp., Cornus sp. Erica sp., Juniperus sp., Pistacia len- the plant resources. tiscus, Rosaceae type Crataegus, Rosaceae type Pru- The first perspective is offered by the different nus spinosa, Viburnum tinus, Vitis vinifera) (Fig. 3). funerary ensembles - incinerations and inhumations - However, certain activities linked with the buri- uncovered. Both burial practices have been practiced al ritual may eventually have favoured the sporadic in the Languedoc region since the Neolithic, but inhu- choice of specific species; this seems to be the case of mation seems to have been abandoned for the dura- Cupressus identified in a fireplace associated with -in tion of the Iron Age (Dedet 2004). From the end of humation tombs at Vigne de Bioaux and at Soumaltre. the 1st century to the 2nd century AD. cremation and This species is also identified at Rec de Ligno associ- inhumation coexist, until the first practice disappears ated with the inhumation of a small child.

108 WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. Charcoal analysis in the A750-A75 motorway (Clermont l’Hérault / Saint André de Sangonis - Béziers, Southern France): a case- study in Preventive Archaeology

Figure 2. The Late Neolithic is characterized by the abundance of taxa affiliated with open spaces: the example of Puech Haut and Roquessols (relative frequencies).

The use of branches of small calibre may be ex- plantation pits which covered large surfaces (Labour- plained by the technical requirements of the crema- nas, Champ Redon, Renaussas, Rec de Ligno). Three tion process. The efficiency of the pyre depends on main types are distinguished: pits (alvei) and trenches its structure, conceived to maintain the oxygen flow, (sulci) are linked with the cultivation of grapevines and on the feeding of the fire to ensure a constant tem- while square-shaped pits are associated with orchard perature. areas and fruit trees. While the first type of pits, linked The exploitation of the charcoal record from the with grapevine cultivation, has been uncovered on a individual graves, combined with the evidence from regular basis in this region (Pomarèdes 2005) the same fruit / seeds, anthropology and artefacts may still re- can not be said of the square-shaped orchard pits. As a veal hidden patterns, which are for the moment impos- result, ten on these pits (Champ Redon) were selected sible to recognize. to test the type of the information obtained from this The second perspective is provided by the study of kind of structure, and its eventual reliability in terms

WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. 109 Isabel Figueiral, Laurent Fabre , Christophe Tardy

Figure 3. Gallo-roman woody plant resources: three perspectives (Wells, Plantation pits and Funerary ensembles). of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. ciduous and evergreen) Rhamnus alaternus / Phillyrea The excavation of these pits revealed a stratig- sp., Rosaceae Maloideae, Ulmus cf. minor and Vitis raphy composed of (1) a lowermost soil level, (2) a vinifera. These qualitative results (Fig. 3) are very “sooty” layer and (3) the root clump surrounded by similar to those usually found when analysing char- sediment. coal from domestic contexts. Quantitative results may The analysis of the charcoal fragments included also be considered as consistent with long-term depos- in the ‘sooty’ layer provided unexpected results: the its. taxonomic diversity recorded, in the whole of the pits, This suggests that the waste from household wood- can be considered as remarkable, including sixteen fuel may have been ‘recycled’ and used as a fertiliser species at least. They include: Abies sp., Arbutus un- in agriculture in association with other biological ma- edo, Cistus sp., Erica sp., Fraxinus sp., Juniperus sp., terial and pottery fragments. This impression seems to Larix decidua / Picea abies, Monocotyledon, Pinus be confirmed by the study of the terrestrial molluscs type sylvestris, Pinus pinea / halepensis, Quercus (de- from three pits (S. Martin in Figueiral et al. 2010a)

110 WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. Charcoal analysis in the A750-A75 motorway (Clermont l’Hérault / Saint André de Sangonis - Béziers, Southern France): a case- study in Preventive Archaeology which show that the information obtained from the rally or been lost accidentally, most of them should ‘sooty’ layers is clearly different from that of the other result from the use of wells as a rubbish dump. The levels. The higher frequencies of Cernuella virgata most relevant wood and charcoal data were obtained and Monacha cantiana may result from intentional in the first well and provide a clear image of the ma- anthropogenic input. jor biotopes exploited by the local population. The A 75 project has provided crucial evidence The exploitation of wood resources (woodfuel, of the role played by arboriculture in the local agrar- light and heavy building material, raw material for ian economy. However, the recovery of plant mate- handcraft activities) targeted several biotopes which rial from the interior of these pits does not imply that are perceived in the wells (Fig. 3): data obtained will provide information on the actual - The mixed oak woodland and its fringes are species planted. Only in the unlikely event of an in represented by Quercus (deciduous and evergreen), situ charring would this information be available. It is Arbutus unedo and Rosaceae/ Maloideae. therefore necessary to get this data in a different way. - Heliophilous plants such as Erica sp., Fabace- In our case we can argue that the charcoal recovered ae, Juniperus sp., Lamiaceae and Rubus fruticosus in the pits actually suggests two possibilities, Olea eu- would thrive in open, sunny areas such as abandoned ropaeae and Juglans regia, species which were also agricultural plots. identified in the funerary ensembles; Prunus dulcis or - Trees / shrubs which usually grow along stream Prunus persica, identified in the tombs is also a strong / river banks include Arundo / Phragmites, Fraxinus candidate. sp., Salix sp. and Ulmus cf. minor. The abundance of The availability and use of plant resources can be Arundo donax / Phragmites australis at Mont Fer- approached via a third perspective, which is offered rier is difficult to explain in terms of local ecology by the study of lined wells, such as those uncovered at alone and may result from specific activities carried Mont Ferrier, Rec de Ligno and Mazeran. Their exca- out in the vicinity. Similar results have been obtained vation, which obeys strict safety procedures, was car- in other agrarian sites (Figueiral et al 2010a and b). ried out by Jean-Marc Féménias (ARCHEOPUITS) - Species interpreted as being cultivated locally and rewarded us with a great wealth of material and comprise Ficus carica, Juglans regia, Olea europaea information. and Vitis vinifera. The trilogy already recorded in the The first well is located in the courtyard of a plantation pits and in the funerary contexts is once small villa which includes areas dedicated to wine again identified. The status of Ficus is more difficult making (Compan 2011) while the second is associ- to assert as, it can grow wild in different habitats. ated with a funerary and ‘ritual’ complex in the vicin- The same problem is felt when dealing with the ity of a wine producing establishment (Jung and Bel remaining trees identified, which do not grow at 2010); the last structure, away from any identifiable present in the mesomediterranean level. The pres- buildings, was part of a more complex subterranean ence of Fagus sylvatica, Abies sp., Larix decidua / hydraulic structure interpreted as a underground ir- Picea abies, already identified in the other contexts, rigation system for the recovery of infiltration water may result both from exchange / trade and from the (Haurillon 2011). survival of isolated specimens in favourable and The quantity and diversity of plant material vary protected lowland locations. This second hypothesis from one well to the other, comprising fruit / seeds, (applied to Fagus and Abies alone) is supported by waterlogged wood and charcoal. the regular identification of these species in sites In what concerns wood / charcoal, we consider from the lowlands, all chronologies considered (Cha- that while some of the debris might have fallen natu- bal 1997; Durand 1998; among others).

WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. 111 Isabel Figueiral, Laurent Fabre , Christophe Tardy

CONCLUSIONS Montpellier) is also gratefully acknowledged. We thank L. Chabal for her helpful comments. The wealth of information obtained clearly vindi- cates the central role of preventive archaeology and line- REFERENCES ar projects in the development of archaeological research in general. AMBERT, P. (1994): L’évolution géomorphologique du The cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural/ chronolog- Languedoc central depuis le Néogène (Grands ical framework outlined by data from the different pal- causses méridionaux - piémont languedocien). aeoenvironmental disciplines clearly draws a complex BRGM, Orléans. picture of human occupation and activities. It also al- BAHN, P. (ed.) (1992): Dictionary of Archaeology. Harper lowed us to show the importance of recognizing chrono- Collins Publishers, Glasgow. cultural disparities in order to understand their influence BLAIZOT, F. (dir.) (2009): Pratiques et espaces funéraires in the establishment and evolution of vegetal landscapes. de la Gaule durant l’Antiquité. Gallia 66-1, CNRS, The very open environments documented already Paris. during the Late Neolithic invite us to reconsider the CARROZA, L. (dir) (2005): La fin du Néolithique et les impact of anthropogenic disturbance this early in time. débuts de la métallurgie en Languedoc central. Les While some untouched woodland must have lingered habitats de la colline du Puech Haut à Paulhan, further away from settlements and adjacent exploited ar- Hérault. Archives d’Ecologie Préhistorique, eas, it seems possible that intensive land exploitation by Recherches en Archéologie Préventive 3, Toulouse. middle Neolithic populations may have resulted in the CHABAL, L. (1997): Forêts et sociétés en Languedoc disappearance of large areas of primary arboreal vegeta- (Néolithique final, Antiquité tardive). tion. This could eventually explain the results obtained L’anthracologie, méthode et paléoécologie. for the subsequent cultural period. In southern France, Documents Archéologie Française 63, Paris, MSH. Chasséen populations have been previously identified CHABAL, L. (1999): Etude anthracologique de 13 sites du as agents of important ecological changes (Heinz et al. Biterrois et de la Vallée de l’Hérault, du Néolithique 1993; Heinz and Thiébault 1998; among others). moyen au Moyen Age central. Document Final de Data from the Gallo-Roman period helped us clarify Synthèse (mai 1999) des opérations d’archéologie the role of small and medium sized agrarian establish- préventive du tracé du Gazoduc (AFAN), vol. 14. ments and to identify the diversity of the surrounding CHABAL L. (2003): L’environnement forestier au IIIe environment and of its exploitation. millénaire en Languedoc oriental. In: J. Guilaine, The “A 75 experience” has also highlighted the im- G. Escallon, eds. Les Vautes (St-Gély-du-Fesc, portance of a scientific coordination for the paleoenvi- Hérault) et la fin du Néolithique en Languedoc ronmental studies, to provide rapid guidance during field oriental. Recherches en Archéologie Préventive, II, work, to deal with strategic choices in terms of sampling, Ed. Centre d’Anthropologie and Institut National de to assess the potential of remains in terms of research Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, Toulouse, projects, and to ensure that specialists are kept informed 293-305. of developments. CHABAL, L.; FIGUEIRAL, I. (2007): Approche paléoécologique du site de Lagarel d’après l’étude anthracologique : Néolithique ancien - haut Moyen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Âge. In: Ginouvez et al. Le Lagarel, La moyenne vallée de l’Hérault durant la Préhistoire récente The authors thank all the excavation directors from the A 750- et les premiers siècles de notre ère. Autoroute A A 75 project. The help from L. Paradis and S. Ivorra (CBAE, 750, Contournement de Saint-André-de-Sangonis

112 WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. Charcoal analysis in the A750-A75 motorway (Clermont l’Hérault / Saint André de Sangonis - Béziers, Southern France): a case- study in Preventive Archaeology

(Hérault). RFO, INRAP. l’Antiquité. RFO, INRAP Méditerranée, 78-81. COMPAN, M. (dir.) (2011): D’une ferme à l’autre. Les FIGUEIRAL, I. (2010): La contribution de l’anthracologie. établissements agricoles de Mont Ferrier durant In: G. Escallon, dir. Lespignan, Hérault - Camp le Haut Empire à Tourbes. Hérault, Tourbes, Mont Redoun, Occupations du Néolithique final Vérazien Ferrier. Autoroute A 75 Section Béziers-Pézenas, et du Bronze ancien / moyen - Synthèses, RFO Secteur 1. RFO fouille archéologique, INRAP INRAP Méditerranée, 169-172. Méditerranée. FIGUEIRAL, I.; JUNG, C.; MARTIN, S.; TARDY, C.; DEDET, B. (2004): Variabilité des pratiques funéraires COMPAN M.; PALLIER C.; POMAREDES H.; protohistoriques dans le sud de la France : défunts FABRE, L. (2010a): La perception des paysages incinérés, défunts non brûlés. Gallia 61, 193-222. et des agro-systèmes antiques de la moyenne DEMOULE, J.-P.; LANDES, C. (eds) (2009): La fabrique vallée de l’Hérault. Apports des biomarqueurs à de l’archéologie en France. Paris l’archéologie préventive. In: C. Delhon, I. Théry- DURAND, A. (1998): Les paysages médiévaux du Parisot, S. Thiebault dirs. Des Hommes et des Languedoc (Xe-XIIe siècles). Presses Universitaires Plantes. Exploitation du milieu et gestion des du Mirail, Toulouse. ressources végétales de la Préhistoire à nos jours, FABRE, L. (2002): Analyse anthracologique de Mas de XXXe Rencontres intern. d’Archéologie et d’Histoire Pascal. Unpublished report . d’Antibes, 413-428 FABRE L. (2004): Les restes de bois. In: R. Thernot., FIGUEIRAL, I.; BOUBY, L.; BUFFAT, L.; PETITOT, V. Bel, S. Mauné, dirs. L’établissement rural H.; TERRAL, J.-F. (2010b): Archaeobotany, vine antique de Soumaltre à Aspiran (Hérault), Ferme, growing and wine producing in Roman Southern auberge, nécropole en bordure de la voie Cessero- France: The site of Gasquinoy (Béziers, Hérault). Condatomagus (Ier-IIe s. ap. J.-C.). Archéologie et Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 139-149. Histoire Romaine 13, Montagnac, 262-265. GAUSSEN, H.; CABAUSSEL, G.; DUPIAS, G.; MESTRE, FABRE, L. (2005a): Charbons de bois et chrono-écologie L. (1963): Carte de végétation de la France, feuille des occupations du Puech Haut. In: L. Carozza, 72, Carcassonne, CNRS, Toulouse. dir. La fin du Néolithique et les débutsde la HAURILLON, R. (dir) (2011): L’ouvrage hydraulique métallurgie en Languedoc central. Les habitats souterrain de Mazeran: aqueduc, qanàt ou de la colline du Puech Haut à Paulhan, Hérault. qanàtqueduc? Béziers (34), Autoroute A 75 – Archives d’Ecologie Préhistorique. Recherches en Section Béziers-Pézenas. RFO de fouille, INRAP Archéologie Préventive 3, Toulouse, 533-543. Méditerranée. FABRE L. (2005b): Premières approches paléo-écologiques. HEINZ, C.; THIEBAULT, S.; VERNET, J.-L. (1993): In: H. Pomarèdes, S. Barberan, L. Fabre, Y. Rigoir Gestion et dégradation de la forêt préhistorique eds. La Quintarié (Clermont-l’Hérault, 34). méditerranéenne. In: J.-C. Blanchet, A. Bulard, Etablissement agricole et viticulture, atelier de C. Constantin, D. Mordant, J. Tarrête, dirs. Le céramiques paléochrétiennes (D.S.P) (Ier-VIe s. Néolithique au quotidien. Actes XVIe colloque ap. J-C.). Archéologie et Histoire Romaine 14, interrégional sur le Néolithique, 1989, DAF n° 39, Montagnac, 19-22. Ed. Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris. FIGUEIRAL, I. (2008): Etudes anthracologique et HEINZ, C.; THIEBAULT, S. (1998): Characterization and carpologique. In: P. Rascalou dir. L’Arnoux, Saint- palaeoecological significance of archaeological Félix-de-Lodez-Hérault. Un habitat rural du second charcoal assemblages during Late and Post-Glacial âge du Fer (IIIe s. av. J.-C.) en moyenne vallée phases in southern France. Quaternary Research 50, de l’Hérault, Une structure isolée de la fin de 56-68.

WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012. 113 Isabel Figueiral, Laurent Fabre , Christophe Tardy

JUNG, C.; BEL, V. (2010): Occupations d’un espace rural Pézenas-Béziers. Actes 8e Rencontres Méridionales antique dans le territoire de la cité de Béziers, de Préhistoire Récente, Marseille 2008, 317-344. Rapport Final d’Opération, Inrap Méditerranée, 4 vol. POMAREDES, H. (2005): Etude de traces de plantation LOISON, G.; GANDELIN, M.; VERGELY, H.; GLEIZE, et contribution à la connaissance de la viticulture Y.; TCHEREMISSINOFF, Y.; HAURILLON, R.; antique en Lodévois. In: H. Pomarèdes et al. La MARSAC, R.; REMICOURT, M.; TORCHY, L.; Quintarié (Clermont-L-Hérault, 34) Etablissement VINOLAS, F. (2008): Dynamiques d’occupation agricole et viticulture, atelier de céramiques des sols à la Préhistoire récente dans la basse paléochrétiennes (DS.P) (Ier-VIe s. ap. J.-C.), vallée de l’Hérault : les apports de l’A’75, tronçon Archéologie et Histoire Romaine 14, 61-96.

114 WOOD AND CHARCOAL. EVIDENCE FOR HUMAN AND NATURAL HISTORY. SAGVNTVM EXTRA-13, 2012.

SAGVNTVM-EXTRA-13 (EDITORS) SAGVNTVM-Extra 6, C. Aranegui (ed.), Lixus-2. Ladera Sur. Excavaciones arqueológicas marroco- españolas en la colonia fenicia. Campañas 2000-2003, València 2005.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 7, M. Kbiri Alaoui, Revisando Kuass (Assilah, Marruecos). Taller cerámico y enclave fenicio, púnico y mauritano, València 2007.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 8, C. Aranegui, H. Hassini (eds.), Lixus-3. Área suroeste del sector monumental [Cámaras Montalbán] 2005-2009, València 2010.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 9, C. Mata, G. Pérez Jordà, J. Vives (eds.), De la cuina a la taula. IV Reunió d’Economia en el primer mil·leni a.C., València 2010.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 10, C. Gómez Bellard, E. Díes Cusí, V. Marí. Tres paisajes ibicencos: un estudio arqueológico, València 2011.

SAGVNTVM-Extra 11, E. Badal, Y. Carrión, E. Grau, M. Macías, M. Ntinou (eds.), 5th International Meeting of Charcoal Analysis. The Charcoal as Cultural and Biological Heritage, València 2011.