Tribe : Stapelieae

Decne. In DC. Prodr. 8:606.1644; Bruyna L Paul Forster

in Taxon 40(3) :381-391. 1991.

Type Genus : Stape 1 ia L.

= Ceropeg1eae Benth. In Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. PI.

2 ;738. 1676.

BRACHYSTELMA

R. Br. in Bot. Mag. t. 2343.1822; Benth. L Hook.f. Gen.

PI. 2j7Si.l876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:64.1883.

Dwarf, erect or twining herbs with an almost

globose tuber bearing one or very few sterna. Leaves opposite, sessile or almost sessile, glabrous. Flowers

i-3 in penduneled or almost sessile umbel-llke cymes.

Peduncle and pedicels puberulous. Calyx flve-lobed.

Corolla broadly campanulate or rotate, five-lobed, valvate. Corona staminal, double, attached to the

starn1na1 -CO Iumn; outer consisting of five-deeply bifid

segments exceeding the staminal column; inner consisting

of five simple, oblong segments, rounded at apex,

incumbent over stigma. Anthers without membranous

appendage. Pollen masses solitary in each anther

loculus, waxy, ascending, with pellucid margin. Stigma

nearly flat, five-angled. Follicles linear, tapering to

the apex. Seeds comose.

Type species : Brachystelma tube rosum R.Br.

508 A genus consisting of more than 100 species, which are much in need of a revision, distributed from Africa

to New Guinea, mostly in the drier parts of Africa, south of the equator. It is represented by one species

in Ceylon, was recently discovered during the Flora

Projects in Burma, Thailand, Philippines, and New

Guinea. In India it is represented by 13 species.

Map - 24 «. 25

The collection of the species belonging to this genus in our herbaria is very very poor. Hence detailed study has not been done. This genus needs revision after a thorough, fresh collection.

Key to the spec i es

1. S tem twining :

2. Flowers solitary; corolla ca 3,5 cm long,lobes not

connate at tips, white villous within.

. . . ^ volublIe

2. Flowers three; corolla c^ 2.5 cm long, lobes

connate at tips, glabrous.

•.. B.brevitubulatun

1. Stem erect :

3. Corona without any processes, shortly toothed :

4. Flowers solitary; corolla deeply 5 lobed,

lobes lanceolate, subobtuse.

. . . B. pauc i f1orum

4 . Flowers 3~5; corolla lobes linear, acute.

. . . B. g I abruai

509 MAP-24 MAP-25 3, Corona with five subulate processes, undulate or

toothed :

5. Corolla glabrous.

... B.c i1 latum

5. Corolla puberulous within :

6 . Leaves minute, subulate; flowers sessile.

... B.IaevIgatum

6 , Leaves linear to ovate-oblongj flower* not

sessile :

7. Leaves ovate-oblong to ovate-IanceoI ate,

acum1nate.

... B.koIarens i8

7. Leaves filiform or linear to lanceolate,

acute :

8 . Corolla lobes tapering, filiform,

connate or twisted at apex ;

9. Plants up to 15 cm high; leaves

upto 1 cm broad; flowers 1-2 .

... B.eduI Is

9. Plants up to 30 cm high; leaves

upto 2.5 cm broad;f1owers usually

four.

... B.ma1wanengIs

0. Corolla lobes free at apex, lobes not

broad at base :

10. Corolla lobes linear; flowers

sessile or subsesslle :

510 11. Flowers 3-5; Corolla lobes 3

tnm long, with purple hairs

within.

. . . B. niacul atum

11. Flowers 5 or more; Corolla

lobes 9-10 mm long, with

white villous within.

... B.rangachar i 1

10. Corolla lobes not linear; flowers

penduncled ;

12. Corolla lobes narrowly

triangular with ornamenta­

tions, hairs on lobes.

... B.bourneae

12. Corolla lobes lanceolate,

without ornamentations, glabr­

ous .

... B.e 1enaduena i 8

1. B. bourneae Gamble in Kew Bull. 1922.120.1922 et FI.

Pres. Madras 2:599 (5:651.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.)j Henry §1. al. in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75(3)»691.1978; Henry e_t FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:80.1987.

Type ; India ; South India : Madura districts Pulnay

hills, on Kodaikanal Ghat and in Perumal and

vilpatti Valley, east slope, May 1898 and

June 1899, Sir A.G. and Lady Bourne. 1020,

2751, 2752.(Kew.photo !)

511 The fresh collection of this species is not available at MH or CAL, only type photo seen.

Therefore, translation of original description as given by Gamble is given here.

Photoplata - 7

*Herbs erect, tuberous, tubers fusiform, 3-4 mra in diam.

leaves linear, 7-10 cm long, 2 mm wide, opposite.

Flowers in cymes, axillary, sessile, 3-flowered{ pedicels filiform, 5-15 mm long; braoteols minute.

Calyx 5-partite, lobes 5, linear, glabrous, 2 mm long.

Corolla tube short, rotate, white, lobes triangular-

lanceolate, torti apex, c^ 1 cm long, pi Iose-purpIe.

Corona annular, lobes subulate, five, 1 mm long, inflexed. Stamens obtuse, pollinia globose, pellucid.

Style apex pentagonal.*

FI. S< Fr . : May-J une

Distrib. :Tamil Nadu (endemic).

2. B. brevitubulatuB (Bedd.) Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras

(5:852.1923) 2:599.1957 (Rep.Ed.); Henry et al. in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75 ( 3 ) : 6 91. 1978 ; Henry e^ ai_. FI.

Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:80.1987.

Ceropeg ia brev t tubulata Beddome, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t.

174.1839.

B rachys te1ma beddome i Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4 :66.1883.

512 Type ( hyaore, Vellore hills, alt. 1000 ft. Beddow

(Plate 174 of Bedddome, ic. PI. Ind. Or. t.

174.1039!)

There is no specimen In MH and CAL. Therefora, description given by Gamble is is given below.

Plato - 110

•A slender twining herb. Leaves linear, up to lO cm. long, c^ 1 cm broad. Peduncles short, 3-flowered,

Coro I 1 a-1obes greenish-yellow outside, deep purple within, cohering at their tips, very slender, 1.5-2.5 cm

long, glabrous. Corona undulately lobed. Follicles very slender, 10-13 cm long.*

Illus. : Beddome, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 174.1639.

Distrib. : Tamil Nadu (endemic).

3. B. ciliatuTT) Arekal &( Ramakrishna in Curr. Sci.

50:145.1901; Kartikeyan h. Sharma in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 00( 1 ) :70. 1963; Sharma e^FI. Karnataka

164.1964; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka 1:407.1966.

Type : India : Karnataka; Kolar Dlat.,

Sonnipally, alt. 920 m, RamakrIshna.

1311A (Holotype, CAL !).

Vern.Name : Tel. : Potha Jougu Niraatayalu.

513 LATE-n o

BrachysteIma brevitubulatum (Bedd.) Gamble Plate - 111

Erect, 6-40 cm tall. Root tuberous; tuber ovate to discoid, brownish, 2-4 cm in diam., fleshy. Stem unbranched to sparsely branched, puberuloa, aerial part purplish, with pale, opposite, deltoid leaf scales, up to 2 ram long} leaf scars prominent. Latex watery.

Leaves opposite, decussate, sessile or subsessils, lamina 20-60 X 1-2 mm, linear to Iinear-1anceoI ate, acuminate at apex, puberulous along midrib beneath, narrowly grooved above.

Flowers in axillary, sessile umbels, 2-4 flowered, drooping; pedicels filiform, 3.5-20 mm long and c^ 0,4 mm in diam., puberulous; bracts c^ 1.5 mn long; bracteoles c^ 1 mm long, linear, puberulent without.

Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes ca 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acuminate, margin minutely ciliate, pubescent without, glabrous within. Corolla reflexad, lobes five, united up to c^ 1 mm, lobes c^ 2 X 1 mm, ovate-oblong, apex acute, incurved, margin clliate; cilia 1-1.5 mm long, elongate. Corona stamlnal, biseriate, glabrous, adnate to the base of stamlnal column; outer cupular, 0.75 mm high and c^ 2 mm across, with five bifid short orbicular lobes; inner arising from inner side of outer corona, lobes five, broad, ca 0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex subacute, overlapping the anther lobes. Stamens five, ^ 1 um

long; filaments united to form stamlnal column, c^ 0.5

514 I

I K>

I I I

1311 • TMR I

©

BrachyBtelma ciliatum Arekal 6 RamakrlsH

J. Photograph, i

2. Floral V utf : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; I c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

@ 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. mm long; anthers 0.5-0.6 X 0.2 mm, oblong, broad,

Incumbent over thestlgmatic head; polllnia five,

pollen masses solitary In each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 187.2 X 216 with pellucid layer attached by

light-brown caudicles c^ 72 ^m long, c^ 57.2 )Jlm wide to a dark-brown corpuscle 150.4-172.8 long and ca 86.4 ju^m wide. Gynostegium c^ 1 mm long. Carpels two, ovary ca 0.75 X 0.3 mm, obIong-cyIindric, many-ovulad, free, glabrous; style very minute^0 .1-0 .2 mm long; stigma 0 .1-

0.2 mm long, 1 mm across, pentagonal. Follicles single or paired, erect and divergent, 5-9 cm long, glabrous; seeds many, c^ 7 X 2 mm, ovate-oblong, dark brown with light-brown margin; coma white, c^ 1.2 ca

I ong.

FI. 8t Fr. : June-Aug.

Illus. ; Arekal & Raroakrishna in Curr. Sci.

50 : 145. 1981.

Distrlb. : Karnataka (endemic).

Chr. No. s 2n = 22 ( R-1332 ).

Economic Importance ; Tuber is eaten by local people

(Arekal tt Raxnakr ishna, 1981),

Spec 1 men exam i ned

Karnataka t Sonniapally, Kolar, Ramakr ishna, 1311 A.

{Type) .

515 4. B. edul is ; Coll. S< Helens I . in Journ. Linn. Soc.

28:89, t. 14.18905 Yadav ei_ aj_. in J. Bombay nat. Hlat.

Soc. 86(3):480 (1989) 1990.

Type : Plate by Coll. 4< Helmsl. in J. Linn. Soo.

28;89, t. 14.1890 !

Vern.Name : Mar. j Singati galya.

Plate - 112, Photoplate - 7

Erect, perennia IJdwarf herb, 5-12 cm high. Tubers subglobose or depressed, 2-10 cm in diam. Stem terete, branched or unbranched, 2-4 mm in diam., with short downwardly pointed hairs. Leaves opposite, sessile or subsessile, lamina 3-8 X 0.4-1 cm, linear or linear- lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute at apex, oiliata along margin.

Flowers lateral, 1-2, bracteate; bracts subulate,

1-2 mm long; pedicels filiform, 3-9 mm long. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, 1.3-1.5 X 0.5 mn, linear, puberulous. Corolla subrotate, 0.6-1.5 cm long; corolla tube c^ 1.5 mm long; lobes five, 4.5-13-5 X 5-7 mm, apex tapering and filiform, connate and twisted, base broad, glabrous or sparsely hairy within. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer 2-2.5 mm in diam., cupular, ca 5 mm high, five bifid lobed, glabrous without, hairy on margin and within; inner five, dark-pu^rple, procumbent processes, 1-3 mm long, which bent upon stigma, apex usually trlfld with two small lateral lobes

516 PLATE -M.2

1. Flower bud, 2. Corolla, 3. Corona

Brachystelma edulis Coll. 6 Hevnsi.. and one large middle lobe. Stamens five, 1-2 mni long;

filaments united to form atarainal column, £a_ 0.5 mm

long} anthers 0 .5-1.5 mm long; pollinia five, pollen

masses solitary in each anther-cell, yellow, waxy.

Gynostegium 1-2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5

mm, linear, many-ovuled, glabrous; style minute;

stigma c^a 0.5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm across, pentagonal.

Follicles usually in pairs, 5-12 X 0.2-0.3 cm, horn­

like, tapering at apex; seeds 8-12 X 2-3 mm, elongated,

with light-brown margin; coma silky-white, 1- 1.5 on

I ong.

FI. 8< Fr. : May-J une

Illus. : Coll. L He^rasl. in J. Linn.Soc.28x89,

t. 14. 1890; Yadav e_^ a 1 .in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 8 6 (3t :481. 1990.

Dlstrib. ; Maharashtra (endemic).

Spec imen exam i ned

Maharash t ra : Kagal,Appachiwadi, Kolhapur, Yadav. SVK

3601.

5. B. elonaduenals M.B.S.Char in Curr. Sci. 47t965-

966.1978; Arekal St Ramakrishna in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

24:217.1983; Karthikeyan L Sharma in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc, 80(1):70.1983.

Type : India ; Karnataka; Tumkur Dist., Sandy grass

at Elenadu, alt. 780.33 m, M.B.S.Char

1(Ho 1otype ,CAL J ).

517 Plate - 113

■Perennial. Rhlzorae tuber-llke, globose or ovoid,

1.5-4 X 2-3 cm. Stem 5-10 cm tall, erect, branched or

unbranched, slender, puberulous, internodes 1 rom

long. Leaves 1-4 cm X 2-4 mm, fleshy, linear, ciliate,

narrowly acute. Flowers 1-4, usually solitary, 4-8 rom

long, axillary, pedicel slender, all parts puberulous.

Calyx 5-fid, lobes 2-4 mm long, narrowly aoute. Corel la

rotate, purple, deeply 5-fid lobes 4-6 mm long, adaxial

surface glabrous, spreading and reflexed at bloom,

lanceolate, acute but appearing obtuse due to the tip

bending back. Corolline corona cupular, 1-2 X 2-3 mm,

obtusely 5-angled around the staminal corona and as

high, undulate, purplish and with white hairs outside,

teeth 5, subulate, each adnate to the base of corresponding staminal coronal scale. Staminal corona cream coloured, columnar with 5 scales at the upper

half, scales laterally biconcave with marginal and

median ridges, apices flat, converging and meeting

around the stigma in a pent^ular form, basal proceas

isobiI atraI 1y triangular. Follicle 2, rarely I per

flower, 4-8 cm long, slender, seeds 8 mm-1 cm X 3.5 mn,

compressed, with an apical tuft of hairs, 2-3 cm long."

PI. : April-June Fr. : May-Aug.

nius. : M.B.S.Char inCurr.Sci. 47 :965.1978.

Distrib. : Karnataka (endemic).

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22 ( R-1336 ).

518 PLATE -113

aA\CHY3T/g.n^ M. 3- 3- CmS T X ?t

® . Brachystelma elenaduensis M.B.S. Char

1. Photograph,

2. Fig. B 1-6. Fig, I. Leaf wilh ciliale margin. Fig. 2. Flower, adaxiat view; Fig. 3. Slam view or corona showing corolline corona (CO. slaminal corona (STC) and scalcs (SC ); Fig. 4. P c ilin iu m ; Fig. 5. F ru 't showing one and a pair o f rollicles; Fig. 6. Seed w ilh an apical tuft of hair?. CJVno.-^ Note : After type collection, this species has not

bean recollected.

Spec imen exam 1ned

Karnataka ; Sandy grass, elenadu, Tumkur, H.B.S.Char. 1

(Type)

6 . B. glabrum Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:65.1803} Rao,

FI. PI. Travancore 264.1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras

2i590(5:851.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Henry aj_. in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75( 1 ) ;691. 1978j Vajravelu in J.

Bombaynat. Hist. Soc. 84(1:262.1987; Vajravelu in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 12(11:63.1988.

Type : Deccan Peninsula, Beddome.

Plate - 114

Erect, 5-8 cm tall. Root tuberous; tuber ovate, ca

2 X 1.1 cm, fleshy. Stem unbranched, internodes terete,

1-2.5 cm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., minutely pubescent.

Latex watery. Leaves opposite, decussate, subsessile, lamina 10-28 X 1.5-2 mm, linear, acute at apex and base, margin ciliate, minutely pubescent on both sidse, lateral veins invisible; petiolesc^ 0.5 mm long.

Flowers in terminal umbels, few (3-5) flowered; peduncles terete, c^ up to 1.5 mm long, puberulous; bracts c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, linear, apex acute, puberulous;

519 PLAIt

in Ji

I 10

f

n n r I

£ IP ■5 I ®

Brachystelma glabrum Hook.f.

O O

/. Photograph ,

2. F/ora/ CKrt«: i «. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona;] Stamens; e. Carpel.

3 . Camera-tncida of poUinia. pedicels filiform, slender, 3.5-5 mm long and 0.5 nn

In dlam., puberulous. Calyx flve-lobed, divided nearly up to base, lobes 1.5 X 0.5 mm, I 1 near-IanceoI ate, tip pointed, minutely pubescent without, glabrous within, margin dilate. Corolla slightly reflexed, lobes five, 3 X 0.9 ram, united up to linear, apex acute, base broad, glabrous. Corona staminal, uniseriate, cupular, c^ 1 mm high, shortly toothed, without subulate processes, glabrous. Stanena five, c^ 1.5 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, c_a 1 mm long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, with vary small membranous appendage] pollinia flv«, pollan masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, oa

144 X 86.4 with pellucid layer attached by light- brown caudicles ca 43.2 11m long, ca 14.4 Mm wide to a dark-brown corpuscle c^ 57.6 jUm long and c^ 06.4 Mm wide. Gynosteglum c^ 1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary ca 1 X 0.5 mm, linear, many-ovuled, free, glabroua; style very minute; stigma c^ 0.5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm across, pentagonal. Follicles paired, 4.0-4.5 cm long and ca 2.5 mm in dlam., linear, glabrous; seeds many, ca 6 X 3 mm, oblong, dark-brown with light-brown margin, ca 0.5 mm wide, base rounded; coma silky white, ca up to 2 cm long.

FI. : June-Aug. Fr. ; July-Sept.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

520 Spec 1 mens exam 1ned

T. Nadu : Kakkasho1a-Canteen area, Shevaroy Hiila,

Salem, Va1 rave 1u. 77732; Kakkashola Canteen area ,

Shevaroy hill, Salem, Valravelu. 77740.

7. B. kolarensis Arekal & Ramakrishna in Proc. Indian

Acad. Scl. 90(31:203.1961; Karthikeyan & Sharoa In J.

Bombay nat. Hist. See. 80 ( 1 ) : 70. 1983 { Sharma f_L» FI.

Karnataka 164.1984; Nalr in Indian J. Forestry

8(4);254.1985; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka 1:408.1988.

Type : India : Karnataka; Sonniapily, Koiar diat.

on 19th July 1979, Ramakrlahna 1323

(HoiotypejCAL ! 1.

Vern.Name: Tel. ; Petta jougu niroatayatu.

Plato - 115

■Perennial erect tuberous herbs, 8-15 cm longt tubers flattened or ovate, fleshy, brownish, 2.5-5 cm across; stems erect, branched or unbranched with watery sap, sparingly pubescent, hairs 2-3 celled, uniseriate; leaves subsessile, 2-3 paired; lamina 1.8-4.5 X 0.8-1.5 era, ovate-oblong to ovate-1anceo1 ate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous above, puberulous beneath, more so on the midrib. Flowers in axillary, two flowered cymes; peduncles 4 mm long, puberulous; flowers purple spotted outside and purpI Ish-b1ack within; braota

linear, 1-3 mm long, caducous; pedicels 2-4 mm long.

521 PLATE -l:i5

Brachyst0 Ima kolarensis Arekal S Ramakri shna

1. Photography

2. Flgortg A-I. A. Flowering plant (ton). B. Flower (I-7 mm), c bud (2 mm). D. Calyx (1-6 mm). E. Staminal corona (0-3 mm), F. (0-5 mm). O. Stigma top view (0-7 mm). H. Anther with inMT (0-6 mm). I. I*ollinia (0-17 mm). (Scale length in parenthesis). puberulous; calyx 5-partite, divided up to two third way down, pubescent outside, glabrous within; Corolla 5- lobed, lobes 4-5 mm long, narrow, acute, connate at apex, margin recurved at base so as to expoaa tha corona, glabrous outside, puberulous within; corona 2 - aeriate, staminal stipitate; outer coronm lob«s 5, bifid, 0.5 ram long, hairy, hairs uniseriate, multice 11uIar; Inner corona arising on the Inner face of outer corona partially covering the anthers; anther* flattened, Incumbent over the stlgmatlc head, apex truncate, thecae lateral; pollinla erect, 270 |Am long, ovate-oblong, winged on innerfaoe; oorpuaculuro dark- brown, caudlcles tubular; carpels free, oblong; stylar apex penta^ular, flat. Fruit not seen.*

FI. : J une-JuIy.

Illus. : Arekal 8< Ramakrishna In Proc. Indian Acad.

Sci.90(3) :204. 1981.

Dlstrib. : Karnataka (endemic).

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22 ( R-1310 ).

Note t After type collection, this species was not

recoI Iec ted.

Spec imen exam t ned

Karnataka ; Sonnipally, Kolar dlst., Karnataka,

RamakrIshna. 1323.

8 . B.1aavigatum (Uight) Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:65.1883; McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soo.

522 44:495.1944; Duthie, FI. Upper Gang. PI. 1x512

(2:64.1911) 1960 (Rep.Ed.); Rau, FI. Upp. Gang. PI.

Checklist 49.1969; Karthikeyan e_t aj.. in Rec. Bot.

Surv. India 2 1 ( 2 ) : 170 . 198 1 ; Raghavan §_t a 1 . in Rec. Bot.

Surv. India 21(2):50.1981.

Er topetaI urn 1aev i gatum Wight, Contrib. Bot. India

35.1834; Decne. in DC, Prodr. 8:646.1844} Uall. Cat.

8149.1847-49,

Gomphocarpus 1aev t gatua Buch.-Ham. ex Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8 :563. 1844.

Type : Gomphocar pus Iaev i gata. Buch-Han.

In sylvis cossalae, Gorukpur, Hami1 ton

(R.U.). (Kew Photo »)

Photoplate - 0

As there is no specimen, only type photo has been seen.

•Root the size of small potato. Stem 30-45 on high, pubescent upwards. Leaves minute, subulatv.

Flowers in sessile umbels, pendulous, c^ 1 cm in dian,| pedicels minute, hispid. Corolla pale dull-purple, with pale-green filiform segments three tines as long as th« tube, puberulous outside. Corona with five broad, erect, 2-toothed lobes between the anthers and as many narrow oblong ones opposite to them. Follicles 5-8 ca

long, erect, subfalcate, tapering gradually to the apex.

Seeds ca 0.5 cm long, linear, margined, coma twice as

long as the seed,”

523 FI. ; March. Fr. : March-April

IMus. : McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

44 j495. 1944.

Dlstrlb. : Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh.

9. B. rna^culatum Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4i65.1083j

Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:599 (5:851.1923) 1957

(Rep.Ed.); Sharma e^ aj_- FI* Karnataka 164. 1964; Henry et a I. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:80. 1907.

Type : Canara or Mysore, Law.

Plate - 116

Erect, tall, slender herb. Root tuberous; tuber ovate or sub-orbicuIar, 2.5-4.5 X 1.8-2.8 cm, fleshy.

Stem slender, terete, internodes 2.3-6.? cm long and

0.5-2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Latex watery. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 6.2-10.5 X 0.1-0.3 cm, linear, long slender almost filiform, pointed at apex, acute at base, glabrous, lateral veins obscure, midvein prominent; petioIesterete, 3-5 mm long and 0.5 mm In dlam., g 1abrous.

Flowers in axillary umbels, few (3-5) flowered, sessile; pedicels filiform, 1.0-1.5 cm long and c^ 0.5 mm In diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, subulate, apex acute, glabrous. Corolla-tube c^ 1.5 mm long, keeled above the middle, lobes five, c^ 3 X 0.6 mm, linear, apex subacute

524 PLATE-1^6'

f

B B IP

I lO -H

I

(D

Brachystelma maculatum Hook.f.

1. Photograph,

2. Floral IVirts ’ a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamen.s; e. Carpel. (D 3. Cam era-lucida o f pollinia. or acute, lobes with stiff purplish hairs. Corona

staminal, uniseriate, five lobed, 1.5 X 0.2 nn,

subulate, opposite the anther-lobes much higher than

anther, dark-brown glabrous. Stamens five, 1 mm

Jong; filaments united to form staminal column, ca 0.5

mmlong; anthers 0.5 k 0.A mm, without roembranoua

appendage; pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in

each anther cell, yellow, waKy, c^ 302,4 X 172.8 Hm with

pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudiclea ca. 43.2

JU^ra long, c^ 129.6 wide to a dark-brown corpuscle

172.8 /jlm long and ca 66.4 jj.m wide. Gynostaglum cji 1,5

mmlong. Carpel two, ovary ca^ 1 X 0.2 mm, oblong-

cyllndric, many ovuled, free, glabrous; style short, c^

0 .2 mm long, stigma c^ 0.3 mm long, c^ 1 mra across,

Pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. ; J une-J u1y

Distrib. : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Spec imen exam i ned

T. Nadu ; Talamalai hills, Coimbatore, F Ischer. 61.

10. B. malwanensis Yadav, Patil, Dixit & Singh in Kew

Bui I .

Type J India; Maharashtra, Malwan, Y adav, 4670

525 Plate - 117

Erect perennial herbs, 9-30 cm In height) roots

subglobose, tuberous; tubers 2-5 cm in diam. Stems

terete, 0 .2-0 .4 cm in diam., usually unbranched, hispid. Leaves sessile or subsessile, lanceolate or

narrowly elliptic, 4-9 X 0.5-2.5 cm, acute.

Flowering axis with internodes 1-3 om long, bearing flowers in whorls at each node. Flowering nodes with two opposite, subulate, scaly leaves, flowers 2 on either side of each scaly leaf, nodes 3-5 but usually 4 flowered. Flowers small, brown-black, bracteate; pedicels 0.3-0.5 cm long, puberulous; bracts subulate,

1-2 mm long. Calyx 5-partlte, sepals 1-2 mm long, puberulous. Corolla divided almost to base, dark purple and variously vari gated within, greenish-purp1e without, corolla-tube short, c^ 1.5 mm long; corolla- lobes broad at base, tapering at apex, connate or fr««, hairy on inner side, 0 .6-1 cm long, corolla hairs purple, corolla margins recurved. Corona biseriata, staminal; outer corona c^ 2.2 mm in diam., cupular, 5-

1obes hairy; Inner corona of 5 dark purple, procumbent processes bent upon stigma, glabrous entire. Pollinia erect, minute, yellow, attached to brown carriers by short caudicles. Pistil c^ 2 mm long; styles

indistinct; stigma penta^ular. Follicles in pairs, 10-

15 cm long, tapering at apex; seeds comose.

526 ‘ 1.Plant in vegetative state. 2. Plant in flowerine state 3. Flower bud.

4. Opened flower. 5. Corona, front view. 6. Corona, side view. 1 .

' Pollinarium.

Brachystelma malwanensis Yadav. st.al. FI. : March Fr. t April

lllus. : Yadav Kew Bull.

Distrlb. :Maharashtra (endemic).

Spec imen eKam i ned :

Maharaah t ra : Type photos; Malwan, Maharahtra, Yadav.

4678.

11. B. paucif1orum Duthie, FI. Upper Gang. PI (2:6A-

65.1911) 1:512.1960 (Rep.Ed.); Rau. FI. Upper Gangetlo

PI. Checkl l3 t 49. 1969.

There are no specimens of this species.

*Uuite glabrous except the inf1orescsnce. Root globose, ca. 1 cm diam. stem erect, 30-40 cm high.

Leaves 5-10 cm long, Iinear-ianceoI ate, sometimes falcate, tapering below into short thick angular petiole, margin recurved, midrib thick and prominent, underneath; lateral veins slender, ascending. Flowers solitary in the upper axils, c_a 1.5 cm across, pedicels slender, 2.5 cm long, pubescent, bearing three minute bracts near the base. Calyx deeply 5-lobed; lobes

lanceolate, acute, reaching to the rounded sinuses of the corolla, pubescent. Corolla dark purplish-brown, deeply 5-lobed; lobes lanceolate, subobtuse, puberulous, margin recurved. Inner corona of five incumbent oblong emarginate scales. Follicles not seen."

FI. i April

Distrlb. :Uttar Pradesh (endemic).

527 12. B. rangacharli Gamble in Kaw Bull 120.1922| Gambl*,

FI. Pres. Madras 2 :599 (5:051.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.1)

Henry e_t a I . in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

75 (3) :6 9 1. 1978; Henry e_t aj_. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2 :81.1987.

Type : India j Southern India; Coimbatore dist.,

Hasanur, Aug. 26, 191A, Rangachar1

Herb. Madr. 10654 (MH).

Erect, tall, very slender herbs. Root tuberous.

Stem slender, terete, internodes up to 2 mm in diam.,

glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 3-6 X 1-2

mm, linear, acute at apex, glabrous, lateral veins

obscure; petioles terete, 5-7 ram long and 0.5-1 mm in

d iam. , g 1abrous.

Flowers In axillary, sessile umbels, many (5 or

more) flowered; pedicels filiform, ca. 1 cm long and ca

0.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracteoles many, minute,

glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes

ca 3.5 X 0.7 mm, I inear-Ianceo1 ate, apex acute with

pointed tip, glabrous. Corolla- tube campanulate, 2 . 5 —

3 mm long; lobes five, free, 9-10 X 2 mn, linear, apex

acuta, white villous within, glabrous without. Corona

staminal, uniseriate, cupular, c^ 3 mm long, united up

to ca 1 mm; lobes five, ca 2 X 0.3 ram, subulate,

glabrous. Stamens five, ca 1.5 mm Iong;flI ament«

united to form staminal column, 1.9-2 mm longi anth«r«

528 ca 0.5 X 0.5 mm, oblong, incumbent over the stigmatic head; pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 345.6 X 230.4-268 with

pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 72

Wm long, c^ 86.4 ||m wide to a dark brown corpuscle ca^

2 01.6 Ura long and c^ 79.2 Urn wide. Gynostegiura c^ 2.5 mm long. Carpels two; ovary c^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, linear,

free, many ovuled; style short, c^ 0.5 mm long{ stigma ca 0.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm across, pentagonal.

Follicles not seen.

FI. : Aug.

Distrib. : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Spec imen examined

T. Nadu ; Southern India; Coimbatore dist., Hassanur,

Rangachar1. s.n. Herb.Madr. 10654 (MH).

13. B. volubile Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4 t6 5 .l8 8 3 ;

Gamble, FI. Pres, Madras 2:599 ( 5 j852.1923) 1957

(Rep.Ed.); Saldhana L Nlcolson, FI. Hasaan dlat.

440,1976; Henry e_^ a 1 . in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

75 {3 ) ;691. 1978 ; Sharma e_t FI. Karnataka 165.1984.

Type : The Carnatic r On the Cuddapa hills, alt.

2000 ft., Beddome (K).

Plate - 118

Twining perennial , spreading on ground. Root

tuberous. Stem branched, trailing, weak. Interned®*

529 PLATE - n s

I

I in

•co Brxichystelma volubile Hook. f. © t

Bractiystelma volubile Hook.f.

O O 1. Photograph,

2. F loral PkrtB •* a- Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. @ 3. Caniera-tucida of pollinia. terete, 1-25 mm long and 0.5-1.5 mm In diam., villous,

glabrous at age. Leaves opposite, decussate, sessile,

lamina 2 . 2 - 8 X 0.2-1 mm, linear, apiculate, pointed at

apex, acute at base, villous on both side when young,

glabrous at age.

Flowers so 1 i ta r y, ex t r a-ax i I 1 ary ; ped i ce Is f i I i f orm,

ca 2 mm long and c^ 0.5 mm in diam., villous. Calyx

five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes cjl 1 X 0.5 ■■■,

triangular or linear, apex acuta, villous without.

Corolla campanulate, corolla-tube 1 mm long; lobes

five, 2.5 X 1 ram, ovate-obIong, apex acute, margin slightly recurved, with white hairs, sometimes adherent by tips. Corona staminat, uniseriate dark-brown, cupular, c_a 1 mm long, toothed; lobes five c^ 0.5 mm

long, glabrous. Stamens five, c^ 0.5 mm long, filaments united to form staminal column; anthers free, small, with minute membranous appendage; polllnla five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,

172.8-187.2 X 115.2 Mm with pellucid layer attached by

light-brown caudicles c^ 43.2 ^m long, 28.8-36 Jl^m wide to a dark-brown corpuscle £a 115.2 j^m long and £4. 86.4

wide. Gynostegium 0.6 mra long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 0.4 X 0.2 mm, linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style very minute, c_& 0.1 mm long; stigma

0.1 mm long, ca 0.5 mm across, membranous, pentagonal.

Follicles not seen.

530 FI. : Aug.-Sept.

Distrib. ; Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Spec i men exam i ned

T. Nadu : Kadukkamaram to Servarayan Tenple, Yercaud,

Salem, Arock iasany. 2979.

CARALLUMA

R. Br. In Mem. Warn. Soc. 1:25.1609, printed In t811|

Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:782.1876; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:7 6 . 1 8 8 3 ; Grav. L. Mayur. In Bull. Madr.

Govt. Mus. N.H. 4(1):20,1931.

Bouceros ia Uight 8< Am. In Wight, Contrib. 34.1834|

Benth. L Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:782.1876; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4 :77. 1883.

The generic name is derived from the Telugu name

Car-A I Ium.

Strongly succulent, perennial, branched leafless or almost leafless herbs. Stem erect, four-angled, glabrous. Leaves when present minute, lanceolate or subulate scales, deciduous. Flowers single or few or many In umbel-like oymes from tha top of th« st«M.

Calyx five-iobed. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, five-lobed, valvate. Corona ataminal, double; outer five deeply bifid segments; inner of five

linear segments, Incumbent on anthers. Anthers without

531 membranous appendage. Pollen masses solitary In each anther loculus, waxy, ascending, with pellucid margin.

Stigma fiwe-angled. Follicles narrowly fusiforn, slender, smooth. Seeds comose.

Type species : Stape Iia adscendens Roxb.

A xerophytic genus of c^ 100 species, often of a cactus-like appearance, occurs in southern and eastern

Africa, extending to the north into the Mediterranean and to the east through Arabia and India to Burma. In

India it is represented by 13 species and 5 varieties.

Map - 26 «. 27

Gravely and hayurnathan (1931), while doing 'The

Indian species of the genus Cara 1 Iuma (Fam.

Asc1epiadaceae)' mentioned that following Schumann,

Berger divided the genus Cara I Iuma into three sections,

EucaraI 1uma (= Cara 1 Iuma >. La Iacruma and Bouceros ia of which only first and last are Indian, the second being confined so far as is known to East Africa and differing from the first only in having a pedunculate gynosteglum.

The two sections of Indian species can be separated as follows

1. The flowers arise in the axils of the rudimentary

and evanescent leaves all along the distal portion

of the stem; stems more or less tapered distal 1^.

... Section Cara 1 1uma R. Br. =

E uc a railuma Schum.

532 |H4' IKH 192- \ 'J'> ;t,H 180 3'-> ,y '-V V., ./> INDIA i I 3.V \ :t.’ < 0 wo 400 Kill b :— H------d

.'8 \J-, z' c

24 ?a VV

^ ..... CARALLUMA R. Br.

C. adscendena var. carlnata Grav. & Mayur, ^ C. aarkarlae Lavar. & Frand C. adacendena var, qeniculata 9 Grav, & Mayor,

C. adacendens var.' qracll is Grav, & Mayur, 5. C, pauclflora N,B,Br 12

^ C, bhuplnderana Sarkarla

B C. crenulata Wall. X C. procumbens Grav, & Mayur

H C. truncato-coronata (Sedgew.) Grav. & Mayur,

♦ C. tuberculata N,S.Br.

MAP-26 I HO |H.l | ! i l ) 192- 1 yii .y~' V.

.f'I INDIA i I V. .1 > ;r’

< 0 100 400 k.rn / f f i l^ ~ . : r d = 3

\ r i '■VH y - r v • ''c ■*o 0 'N. ■— ___ ^ /.' •-A ■•■■..-■/ f

© C. ad3 cendens Haw. 16' £• adscendens var. attenuata f w i g h t ) Grav. & Mayur.

c . adscendens var. fimbriata «) iWall.) Grav. & Mayur.

▲ c . diffusa N.E.Br. r;. 1 } c . © edulis (Edaew.) Benth.

0 ♦ c . indica N.E.Br.

a 2 * r i s c h a c c . umbellata Haw.

lp ,r 188' l92- ^ MAP-27 1. The flowers are either terminal (usually in compact

umbels, sometimes solitary) or compact umbels; stems

are of approximately uniform thickness throughout.

... Section Bouceros ia Wight 8< Am.

Caralluaa R. Br. section Caralluaa

Type ; Stape 1 ia adscendens Roxb.

This section contains a comparitive1y small number of species. These are usually found mixed with other vegetation in South India.

Key to the spec 1es

1. Outer corona distinct, 10 In number,their fllaMontoua

apices widely spreading.

. . . Cj_ edul is

1. Outer corona fused to form plate, 5 in number,

divided towards apex forming filaments <

2. Corolla always dark-purplish throughouti hairs

strongly spindle or club shaped, confined to

margin of petals.

... stalagwlfera

2. Corolla with transverse striations i

3. Coro1 1 a-1obes glabrous :

4. Flowers pendulous; corolla campanuI ate.ca 8

mm long,folded back along the middle line.

. . . C .adscendens va r.adscendens

533 4. Flowers non-penduIoua; corolla rotate-

campanuI ate, 9 mm in dlam.

... sarkar tae

3. Coro I 1 a-Iobes hairy :

5. Stem rounded towards base :

6. Stem small, 12-20 cm high, and about

equal thickness throughout.

... C.adscendens var.fImbrlata

6. Stem up to 50 cm high, strongly

attenuate and much branched distally.

... C.adscendens var, attenuata

5. Stem acute towards base ;

7. Stem distalty very slender, often

branched; flowers small on long erect

slender pedicels.

... C .adscendens var.graciI is

7. Stem distally not sIender,unbranched

flowers large; pendulous :

8. Pedicels abruptly bent; hairs on

corolla not strongly d«velop«d{

stem not attenuate.

. . .C .adscendens war.gen icut ata

8 . Pedicels never bent, stem

attenuate :

9. Hairs on corolla *tror»gly

developed; corolla purplish,

campanulate.

■ - . C , adacendon^ var. g»r

534 9. Hairs on only distal half on

margin of corolla; corolla pale-

green, rotate 12 mm across.

...C.bhupinderana

Caralluaa R. Br. section Boucerosia Wight & Am.

Type ; Cara [ I uma utnbe 1 I ata Haw.

The species belonging to this section are regarded as common and widely distributed. They are usually growing in rocky places which are fully exposed to the sun.

Key to the epec 1 eg

1. Flowers axillary, in axils of leaves; outer corona of

10 erect, subulate teeth.

•.. C.tub«rcul»t»

1. Flowers terminal; outer corona 5 Iobed t

2. Corolla campanulate; stem dense and extensively

branched :

3. Flowers glabrous; growth continued froa

immediately below the base of umbel.

,.. C.procumbens

3. Flowers hairy; growth normal :

4. Corolla campanulate, 1.5-2 cm long, hairy;

outer corona five lobed.

. .. C.umbe1 Iata

535 4. Corolla campanuI ate, 8-10 mm long, hairy

along margin only; outer corona annular.

. . . C.d i f f usa

2. Corolla rotate; stem loosely branched :

5. Corollawith hairs clubbed, confined to margin

between tips of lobes; stem c^ 6 mm in diara.:

6. Outer corona five-lobed, reduced to broadly

truncate top with minute horns or teeth at

each end; corolla c^ 2 cm across.

... C.truncato-coronata

6. Outer corona 10 lobed, horn like appendage

widely spreading; corolla c^ 1.5 cm across.

... C.crenulata

5. Corolla with simple hairs on the surface; stem

ca 3 mm in diam. :

7. Outer corona cupular; corolla c^ 10-12 mm

across, yellow, transversely striped with

purple, hair confined to apical part; umbeI■

reduced to 1-3 flowers.

... C .pauc i fI ora

7. Outer corona five lobed; corolla c^ 16 mn

across, greenish, with purplish hairs except

towards apex; umbels clustered.

... C. i nd ica

1.C. adscendone var. adscendens (Roxb.) Haw. Syn. PI.

Succ. 47.1012; Grav. S< Mayur. in Bull. Madras Govt. Mu«.

N.H. 4(1);12.1931.

536 C.adscenden3 (Roxb.) R.Br. in Mem. Uern. Soc. 1:25.1809,

printed in 1811; Wight, Contrib. 33.1834; Decne. In DC.

Prodr. 8:647.1844; UaM. Cat. 8146 in par t. 1847-49;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:76.1883; Rao, FI. PI.

Travancore 265.1914; Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hiat.

Soc. 36(3)j537.1933; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2t605

(5:861.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Srinivasan U Subba Rao in

J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 58!409.1961; Thothathri in

Indian Forester 90(8) :544. 1964; Rao in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 61(2) :315. 1964; Ellis in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:335.1967; Vanamala Naidu e_t a I . in Indian

Forester 97(2) :95. 197 1 ; Saldhana & Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist. 441.1976; Sharma e_t aj^. in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 75( 1 ) :29. 1978;Naik, FI. Osraanabad 207.1979;

Suryanarayanan, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

76(2) :251. 1979; Matthew, FI. Tamil. Cam. 1:932.1983}

Henry e^t aj_. FI.Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:81 . 1 9 8 7 ; Hahabale,

Bot. FI. Maharashtra 694.1987; Chandrabose S< Nair, FI.

9 Coimbatore 179.1988; Vajravelu aj_. in J. Bombay nat.

Hist, Soc. 10(2):280.1988; Nipunage In Indian J.

Forestry 11 ( 4 ) : 285. 1988 ; Kulkarni e^ aj_* in Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 13 ( 1 ) : 147 . 1989 ; Dinesh » I . in Gaobloa

New reports 9:6.1990.

Huber In Dassan. Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:122.1983;

StapeIia adscendens Roxb. Cor. PI. 1:28, t. 30.1795.

Type : Plate 30 of Roxb. PI. Corom. 1:28.1795 i.

537 Vern.Names ; Eng. ; Cu1 1ee-moo 1ayan; Ta«. s Muyal kombu chedi; Tel. : Kar allum.

Plate - 119

Erect succulent herbs. Stem fleshy branchedi branches squarish; internodes four-angled, 6-18 mm long and 2-6 mm across, slender above, glabrous. Latex watery. Leaves present on only young branches, reduced

to scale, opposite, decussate, sessile, 1-2 mm long, subulate, tip pointed, glabrous.

Flowers terminal or subterminal, solitary or paired: pedicels terete, 3-5 mm long and c^ 1 na in diam., brown, glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 2.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acuminate, margin

thin, glabrous. Corolla campanulate, c^ 8 mm Iong{ corolla-tube c^ 1.5 mm long; lobes five, 6-7 X 2-2.5 mm, 1anceoI ate-obIong, apex apiculata, glabrous.

Corona staminal, biseriate; outer annular, with two filiform filaments, ca^ 1.5 mm long, alternating with anther-Iobes, glabrous; inner five lobed, flap-like, overlapping anther-Iobes, c^ 1 X 0.A mm, oblong,apex truncate, crenate. Stamens five ca 1.6 mm long; filaments united, c^ 0.6 mm long; anthers c^ 1 X 0.4 mm, with membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c_a 3 3 1 . 2 X

2 5 9 . 2 with pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 72 Mm long, c^ 115.2 Mm wide to a dark-

538 K L A I t

I in c;i

I-’'*

S' h-5 f iJt~B •“I -= 'J—=s e e

nn n ro iln t kwt#, >t h,^ . ^ • ti- .tr t. 1. r. .. lo7 '■■ ■ '^■'l.t. .-,1-jp.-.

• r.:»: , * ' ■ • M^r Mil In • .. * '■ St -V) »,

Hmuh Flon PtoJccI uf S m iikioiii;:: ® @

Caralluma adscendens Haw.

1. Photograph,

2. f-'lorni Pkrt$ t Calyx; b. Corolla; @ c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. brown corpuscle c^ 201.6 M,m long and c^ 72 jJ^ra wide.

Gynostegium c^ 1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X

0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style

short, 0.3 mm long; stigma 0.2 mm long, 1 mm

across, flat, pentagonal. Follicles usually solitary,

5.5 X 12.3 cm long and 3.5- 4 . 5 mm in dlam., cyiindrloal,

beaked with curved tip, base acute, glabrous; seed*

many, c^ 9.5 X 4.5 mm, oblong to obovate, base rounded,

dark-brown with light-brown margin ca 1 mm wide; coma

silky white, 2-3 cm long.

FI. : Mar. -Jan. Fr. ; July-Sept.

I I I us. ; Roxb. PI. Corom.1 :30.1795; Grav. L Mayur.

in Bull. Madr. Govt. hue. Nat. Hist.

4(1»;P1. I, Fig. 1.1931.

Distrib. ; Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala,

Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uest

BengaI.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 { N-18, N-30 ).

Economic Importance : Plant used as vegetable. Leaves

and stems are pickled (Jain, 1961).

Specimens examined

Andhra Pradesh : Itikalakota near Polavara, Rajji, IS*

Valley, Nagarjunkonda, Thothathr t. 9737; Near Itlkal*

Kota on way to M.Konda, Ra 1 u. 432.

Karnataka : MaIava1 I I-koIegaI, Mandya, Manohar k Rapesh,

KFP 7532; In open rock crevices, MaIava11 I-KoIega1,

539 Mandya, Ramesh Manohar. KFP 3808; On moist sandy soil,

Nagpuri, Hassan , Ramamoor thy. KFP 1801.

Or i3sa ; Barkuda, AnnandaIe. 1233.

T.Nadu : Sahanur forest, Chengam R d . , N.Arcot,

Valravelu. 52072; Coimbatore, Fischer, 50; harakkanam,

S.Arcot, Ramamur thy, 60281; Chettinadu, Karaikkudi,

Ramanathapuram, Na i r. 53019; Thaembodi falls.

Periaka1rayans, Attur, Salem, Venugopa1 & Manoharan.

17427; Kummbarum, R.F., S.Arcot, Ramamurthy. 90440}

Marakkanam, S. Arcot, Ramamur thy. 60281; Kuridimalai,

Coimbatore,Subramanyam. 533; Palaraalai,

Coimbatore. Viswanathan. M W 72; Kiranur to Pudukkottai,

Pudukkottai, Ramamur thy. 51359; Tirumayan, Pudukkottai,

Aru1appan, 47; From Kedar Halla to Anaikatty Nilgiri,

Subba Rao. 36200; Avarihalla R.F., Nilgiri,

RathakrIshnan. 38029; Kallingal Parakkadu, Puduppatti,

Ramanathapuram, Na i r. . 61050; Karaikkudi,

Ramanathapuram, Na 1 r. 53019; Kalaiyar koil forest,

Ramnad, Ramamur thy. 21008; Esani forest, Sivaganga,

Ramnad, Ramamur thy. 24694; Poovarasankudi,

Tr i ch i rapa 1 1 y, Ramam'^ur thy. 25903.

W. Bengal : W.Bengal, 20499, Acc. 2 9 6777 (CNH).

2. C. adsoendens var. attenuata (Wight) Grav. tt Mayur.

in Bull, Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H. 4(1)t13.1931J

Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3):537.1933|

540 Santapau S< Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4i22.1962|

Sebastine & Henry in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:60.1962|

Subramanyam & Henry in Indian Forester 93(7):513.1967{

Rao & Raz i, FI. Mysore dist. 493.1961 ; Karthlkeyan o_t

a I. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 21(2) : 170. 1901; Sharma et

a 1. FI. Karnataka 165.1984; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka

1 :409. 1988.

C.attenuata Wight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t.1268.1848; Hook,

f. FI. Brit. India 4:76.1883; Rao, FI. PI. Travanooro

265. 1 9 1 4 ; Gamble, FI.Pres. Madras 2 : 6 0 5 (5i86l.l923)

1957 (Rep.Ed.); Vajravelu & Rathakrishnan in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 9:41.1968; Rao L Kumari in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 9:105.1968; Vanamala Naidu, a 1. In Indian

Forester 97(2 ) : 95. 197 1 ; Matthew in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 12:86.1972; Sastry ti Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

15:100.1976; Mayuranathan, FI. Madras city 176 (1929)

1981 (Rep.Ed.); Matthew, FI. Tamil. Cam. 1:932.1983;

Subbrao Kumari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 23:33. 1983;

Henry ^ aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:8l.l987j

Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 694.1907.

Type : Plate 1268 of Wight, Ic. PI. Ind.

Or.1848 !

Vern.Names : San. : YugmaphaIotthama; Ta«. i

KaI IimuI a iyaan.

Plate- 120

Erect succulent herbs, 10-56 cm tall. Root tap

root with many lateral roots, 2.5-21 cm long and 0.5-1.5

541 PLATE 30

ca

I

SL'KVEY or WO*A T « Cir«lt. Pmm-,

C«.». ..JidllfL. I ■aw if csl Y /~L JU^ ■fcM..-y<..r' . ^ .U >- a**- *" W. . r_

e c4 © (D

Caralluma adscendens var

attenuata (Wlgnt) Grav. a Mayu

o o J CN 1. Photograph,

2. F lo ra l,-V u T f t a. Calyx; b. Corolla: (D c. Corona: rf. Stamens; e. Carpel. 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. mm in diam. Stem fleshy, branched; branches quadrangular, tapering from base to apex; Intarnodes four-angled, 0.2-2.1 cm long and 2.5-12 mm across, glabrous, fleshy. Latex watery. Leaves reduced to scale like structure, 1.5-A.0 X 0.5-1 mm, deltoid-ovate, acute at apex, ciliate on either side at the base, caducous.

Flowers terminal, axillary, solitary at nodes; pedicels terete, 1-5 mm long and 0.5-1 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes

2 - 2 . 5 X 1 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, glandular within, glabrous. Corolla rotate, c^ 9 mra long, lobes five, united up to ca^ 2 ram, lobes c^ 7 X 2 ram, spathulate, apex rounded-apicuI ate, margin fringed; fringes purple on upper half, 2 -2.5 mm long, spindle shaped. Corona staminal, blseriate; outer divided into five deeply cleft lobes; filaments c^ 1 mm long; inner five lobed, adnate to the base of outer corona, ca^ 0.5 mm long, truncate. Incumbent at the tips over anthers. Stamens five, c^ 2 mm long; filaments united, c^ 1.5 nm long; anthers ca 0.5 X 0.5 mm, with membranous appendage, pollinia five, poI Ien-masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 345.6 X 201.6 >|ra with pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudicles cft, 43.2 long, ca 57.6wide to a dark-brown corpuscle c^ 172.8 Mja long and ca 72 wide. Gynostegium ca 2 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary ca 1.5 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free, many

5A2 ovuled, glabrous; style very minute; stigma 0.5 mm

long, 1.5 mm across, flat, pentagonal. Follicles paired, 7-11 X 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 cm, lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, glabrous; seeds many, 6-0 X 2 -3.5 mm, ovate-oblong, base rounded, dark-brown with light-brown margin c_a 0.5 mm wide; coma silky white, 2-3.6 cm long.

Fl.S< Fr. : July-Oct.

Illus. : Wight, Ic. t.l268.10A8{ Matthew, lllua. Pi.

Tamil. Cam. 2:438.1982.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,

Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 ( N-9 ).

Economic Importance : Plant used as vegetable.

Spec imens exam 1ned

Andhra Pradesh : ICRISAT site, Hydrabad, Vander, M a e s e n .

3793; On way to Duggaraakonda, Lankamalai, Cuddapah,

Subramanyam, 6332; Near Palagedda, V 1sakapatnam, Subb*

Rao. 42543; Jangam, Nellore, Ramaswarn 1. 1158; Ralvada

R.F. Srikakulam, Subba Rao. 62398; Ganjana river bed,

Cuddapah, El I is. 14982; Cuddapah, Gamb1e. 15204;

Panapakam, N.E.forest, Chittoor, Subba Rao. 31857;

Satyavedu to Ambakan, Chittoor, Chandrabose. 45226; Near

ChInatakunta, Anantapur, Pul 1 a 1 ah. 462; Thukkulu

Krishna, Venkanna, 5737; On way from Kodaimial,

Karlmnagar, Sjjbba Rao. 20148; Nallore, J acgb, 380;

Circuit house, VIsakapatnam, Subba Rao, 21444.

543 Karnataka : Siva-MadIugiri Rd., Turakur, Stngh, 146920(

Devaragudda S.F., Chitradurg, Singh. 143300J Hullgal

Reserve Forest, Bijapur, S tngh, 142955; Kamatagl R.F.,

Bijapur, S i ngh, 142603; Bellary — Hospet R d ., Mysore,

Pur 1. 41548; Adoni fort, Bellary, Jacob. s.n., Acc.

8 3 126 (MH); Sonnipally, Kolar, Ratnakr Ishna. 1168;

Gundulpet, Mysore, R a o . s.n. Acc. 3321 (CNH).

Maharashtra : Along Dive ghat, 1,1/2 mile, Pune, Rao,

86509; 8 miles from Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Rao. 83629.

Or issa : Ganjam, Gamb I e. 1 3 9 1 5 ; Rukee konda, Ganjatn,

Narayanaswamt. s.n. Acc. 8 2 9 6 8 ( MH ).

T. Nadu : Vandalur R.F., Chingleput, Henry. 4 5 5 5 8 ;

Sltheri Kambalai, Harur, Dharmapuri, Matthew &

Parmas i van. 2 4 3 0 6 ; Edappadi, Sankagiri, Salem, Mat thew.

1 9 8 3 2 ; Sainik School, Amarawathi, Coimbatore, Matthew.

4 7 1 1 8 ; Palni hills, Kodaikanal, Anna, Mat thew Char I es.

4 6 7 0 7 ; Thirumurti Rd., Anamalai, F i scher. 3 6 1 1 ; Salhanur

forest, N. Arcot, V a 1 rave Iu. 52072; Vazhiyur, N. Arcot,

Valravelu. 5 4 5 9 8 ; ’ Uay to Vaniampadi, N. Arcot,

Subramanyam, 7 4 8 4 ; Shanikulam, S.Arcot, Barbe r. 7 8 4 ;

lake bed Hettur, Coimbatore, Naravanaswamv. 1 9 0 4 9 ;

Chinnathadagam Coimbatore, S ebas tine. 2 0 5 ; Bod 1 range,

Madurai, Sebaa tine. 1 2 9 0 7 ; Poomparal to Vllpatti R.F.

Madurai, Chand rabose. 5 1 3 6 2 ; Uay to Thengumarada,

Nllgiri, Valravelu. 3 6 7 3 0 ; Pranmalai, Thiruppathur,

Ramanathapuram, Nat r. 5 2 9 2 5 ; Vlsuvanoor, Ramanathapuram,

54A Bala3ubramanlam, 1946; Pa 1ayampa11i, Rannad, haduram.

21895; Vellamalai, Sivaganga, Ramnad, Ramamur thy. 20263}

Marudhadi, Ramnad, Va i rave Iu. 24707; Hogalnakkal, forest, Salem, Valravelu, 20606; Slkkal to Velankrri,

Thanjavur, Ramamur thy. 51292; Above lower dam,

Papanasam, Tinnevelly, Sabes tine. 8364; Rd. from

Naterlkal, Tinnevelly, J oseph. 15893; Poovarasankudi,

TrichirapaI Iy, Ramamur thy. 25892; Kuridlmalal,

Coimbatore, Subramanvam. 533; Laubtous peak,

Coimbatore, F i sche r. 2671 ; PachaimaI ais, Attur, Salem,

Matthew S. Venugopal . RHT 15628; Kolli hills, Rasipuram,

Salem, PerumaI. RHT 23513; ThavaIaghapperund kuttan,

Periar Dam, Ramanathapuram, Na i r. 60640.

3. C. a d s c e n d e n s var. carinata Grav. L Mayur. in Bull.

Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H. 4( 1> ;16, 1931; Sarkaria In

J. N.C.S.I. 4(1): 1-5. 1984,

Type : India : Madurai dist., on the Naganalai and

A 1 agar Hills.

As there is no harbarium specimen the original description is given here.

Plate - 121

■Plant with a maximum height over 2 feet; angles of stems acute; stem green, distally gradually attenuate

In varying degree but never as strongly a* In the war. attenuata and graci I la_ usual ly unbranched unle.s the tip

545 PLATE -121

©

Caralluma adscendens var. carinata Grav. Q'Mayur,

1. Habit 2. Flower

(D is broken and even then with not more than one or two

branches, rarely much branched as in var. attenuata»

Flowers purplish, hairy, usually pendulous and

campanulate but sometimes semi-erect and rotate;

pedicels not bent at an angle.*

nius. : Grav. &< Mayur. in Bull. Hadr.Govt. Mu*.

Nat. Hist, 4(1): PI. I, Fig. 11 8. PI. 11,

Fig. 6.1931.

Distrib. : Tamil Nadu (endemic).

4. C. adscendens var. fitnbriata (Uall. ) Grav. Mayur.

in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H. 4(1):12.1931;

Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.36(3) :537. 1933j

Santapau &< Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:21.1962}

Janardhanan, FI. Bhimashankar 703.1966 (Ph.D.Thesis);

Karthikeyan, e^ a_l_. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21 (2 ); 170. 1981 J Sharma e_t FI. Karnataka 165.1984}

Lakshminarshimhan, FI. Nasik dist. It264.1966 (Ph.D.

Thesis); Mahabaie, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 694.1987; Singh,

FI. East. Karnataka 1:409.1988; Diwakar, FI. Buidhana

dist. 217.1989 (Ph.D. Thesis).

Huber In Dassan. Rev, Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:122.1983.

Caral Iuma fImbr iata Uai 1. PI. As. Rar. Ii7, t.8. 1830}

Wight, Contrib, 34.1834; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI.

155.1861; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:77.1883; Cooke, FI.

Pres. Bombay 2»244 (2j 179.190S) 1067 (Rep.Ed.).

546 Type : Burma : on mounds along he Irrawaddy

near Yenangeum.

Vern.Names ; Mar. : Makadsing, Vanjaracha Bhajl.

Plate - 122

Dwarf, succulent, perennial, nearly leafless, herb, up to 30 cm tall. Roots much branched, 1-15 cm long, lateral roots 0.7-10 cm long. Stem with usually dichotomous1y branched; branches green with brownish streaks, quadrangular, angles rounded; internodes 2.5-8 mm long and 2-8 mm broad, fleshy, glabrous. Latex watery. Leaves reduced to scale like structure, opposite, decussate, sessile, 1.5-3 X 1-1.5 mm, deltoid- ovate, acute at apex, d i l a t e on either side at the base, caducous leaving upwardly directed protuberance on the stem.

Flowers axillary at upper nodes, solitary; pedicels cylindrical, 2-4 mm long, glabrous; bracts pa

1.2 X 0.4 mm, triangular, apex acute, glabrous. Calyx five— lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 1 X 1.5 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, glandular within, glabrous.

Corolla rotate, yellowish with purplish striations on lower half and dark purple on upper half on inner sid«; lobes five, 7-8 X 1.5-2 mm, lanceolate, spathulate, rounded-aplcuI ate, expanded near base, divided 3/4 of the way down, margin folded back along the middle lln«, fringed; fringes 1-2 mm long, splndl* shaped, purpl*.

547 PLATE -13a

I

I CO

I

(10) I

@

Caralluma adscendens var.

fimbriata (Wall.) Grav. Q Mayu to O O

]. Photograph,

2. F loral V n t i a. CaZyx; b. Corolla; @ c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. 3. Cam era-lucida o f pollinia. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer five lobed, lobes

divided into five deeply cleft with two long filaments

ca 1 mm long divergent teeth; inner five lobed, adnata

to the base of outer corona, c^ 2 mm long and I nm

wide, apex obtuse, incumbent at the tips over anthers.

Stamens five; ca^ 2 mm long; filaments united, 1.5 mn

long; anthers cai 0.5 X 1 mm, with membranous appendage,

pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther

cell, yellow, waxy, 259.2-273.6 X 360 lens shaped,

with pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudioles

100.8 JAm long, 57.6-72 jJl, r a wide to a dark-brown corpuscle

ca 187.2 JLI^ra long and c^ 57.6 wide. Gynostegium 2

mm long. Carpels two, ovary pendulous, c^ 1.5 X 0.5

mm, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style subsessile;

stigma c^ 0.5 mm long and c^ 1.5 mm across,

fI at,pentagonaI. Follicles paired, 7.5-10 X 0.3-0.6 cm,

linear, tapering from base to apex, pointed tip, slightly curved, glabrous; seeds many, 7-8 X 3-4 mm, oblong, base rounded, dark-brown with light brown margin oa 1 mm wide; coma a I Iky white, 2 - 4 cm long.

FI. : March-Sept. Fr. : July-Sept.

Illus. ; As C^ f 1 mb r i a ta by Uall. PI. As. Rar. It7,

t.6.1830; Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay

Bot. Mem. 4:104.1962.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maha-

-rashtra, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 (Sarkaria, K 782>.

Economic Importance ; Plant used as vegetable.

548 Spec linens eKamined

Andhra Pradesh ; Gooty, Anantpur, GambIe. 16485.

Karnataka : Mo 1 aka 1 mura-Be 1 I ary Rd . , Chltradurg, Sj_n£h,

141455.

Maharash t ra : Kuril, Khed, Poona, J anardh»nan, 72296$

East slopes of Bhuthlnath Jungle, Janardhanan. 100393;

Karanj1 ghat, on way to Ahmednagar to Pathardl,

J anardhanan. 9897 1; Khed ghat, Poona, Purl. 2539{

Slndewade kuran area, Malegaon, Naslk Nars1mhan. 165288;

Nayaydongrl, Naslk, Naras1mhan. 166305; Vetal hills,

Poona, Var tak■ 759; Katraj, Poona, Var tak. 783; hutha river side, Var tak. 8255.

T . Nadu : Coimbatore, F 1 scher. 835.

5. C. adscendens var. geniculata Grav. 8< Mayur. in Bull.

Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H. 4( 1 »;16. 1931.

Type ; India ; Tinnevelly district, lower slopes of the

Kalkad hills.

As there Is no herbarium specimen the original description is furnished here.

Plate - 123

■Stem green, usually very slightly attenuate and unbranched distally, sometimes, however, producing a distinctly secondary growth which Is very slender and occasionally much branched, angles of stems acute;

549 KLAIt

B X 6

E ^ 3 0

Drnwing of pinnt ond floral structure of Caralluma adscendens var. genfcQlata Gravely et Myuranathan by Dr. J. S Sarkaria. A. Habitat collected plant of C. odsc. var. geniculata. B. Front view of corolla. C. CORONA front view. D CORONA-?ide view. E. Pollinia.

Caralluma adscendens var. geniculata Grav. a Mayor Flowers hairy but less conspicuously so than in the

other hairy varieties, widely opened, about 15 mn

across, facing upwards, their dark markings chestnut-

brown; Pedicels almost always bent at an angle Ju«t

below the flower except when as occasionally happens, it

is too short to be bent at alI and on slender secondary

growths when it seems normally to be erect."

FI. : Throughout the year.

Illus. : Sarkaria in J. Nat. Cact. Succ. Soc. India

1(1) :A-E 1981.

Distrib. : Tamil Nadu (endemic)).

6. C. adscendens var. gracilis Grav. &< hayur. in Bull.

Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H. 4 ( 1 ) s14.1931.

Type I India : Pudukkottai state; Pudukkottai town

forest.

There is no herbarium specimen available for exam iant ion.

'Plant with maximum height of at least 2 ft. of which the last foot or more is extremely slender, angles of stem acute; stem green as much as c^ 2 cm square near base, distally strongly attenuate very slender and nuch branched; flowers hairy widely opened very small (only about 10 mm across), erect, born in pairs on long slender pedicels, their dark markings chestnut-brown in colour, the pale expanded portion of the coroI I a-Iobes

550 larger in proportion to the dark folded portion than in any of the other varieties and ordinarily with only very faint markings.*

FI. : Throughout the year.

I I I us. : Grav. & Mayur. in Bull. hadr.Govt. Mus.

Nat. Hist. A(i):Pl. I, fig. 8, PI. II,

fig. 5.1931.

Distrib. : Tamil Nadu (endemic).

7.C. bhupinderana Sarkaria in Natl. Cact. Succ. J.

35 ( 3 ) :60-72. 1900 ; Henry e^ aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:81.1987.

Type : India : Peninsula Indica in Collibus

septentrionaIibus, montis vallanadu ad

basim prope viam Pa 1ayamkottai

Tuticorn, propemilliarium 16 kn,

Sarkar ia. J.93-78, Oct.78 (No. 8700, PAN).

Plate - 1 2 4 , Photoplate - 8

Erect succulent herbs, grouping from the base, ca^

32.5 cm tall. Stem fleshy, four-angled; internodea ca

1.5 cm thick, tapering towards apex with acute tips, glabrous. Latex watery. Leaves rudimentary, opposite, decussate, sessile, c^ 3 X 1 mm, lanceolate, broad at base, usually present on young branches, deciduous,

gIabrous.

551 PLATE--124

't'-'V V,

u B

(A| Clonn J93 78 .Tppfoxirnatclv ono quarter actual sizo. (Q) Flowering stem opproximaletv rjiMftffr. tii.'l '•.*7'’: (LI vurf.ic'* o( ,Tpproxiii>.itrlv four times acluol silo; (D) Undcrsurfaco of corolla .H)j*fo«iiii.iiolv foil' (T) T«»|i v »»--.v oI roriMi.i rtil.irgrd approxin'iaiclv lourloeri limes: (F) Sido view of coror^a ( .tl.iro«'fi ,Tppfo»''n.ifftv tiioi*';. (G) PoUifJi.i Drawn- J S Sarkaria

Caralluma bhupinderana Sarkarla Flowers axillary, from thin apical portion of the

stems, paired; bracts three, thin, c^ 0.5 araj

pedicels semierect or sometimes right angles to the

stems, terete, 6-8 (11) mm long, pale-yellow, glabrous.

Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, pale-green, lobes

ca 1.5 X 0 .5 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, glabrous.

Corolla rotate, slightly reflexed; lobes five, ca 6 X 3

mm, ovate-oblong, apex acute, margin densely hairy In distal part, outer surface of coroI I a- 1obes slightly

concave, glabrous, occasionally few cilia on midline on

inner-surface; carolla-tube c^ 0 . 5 mm high, finely

ciliate at the mouth within. Corona staminal,

biseriate, c^ 2 mm in diam.; outer deeply bifid

segments, c^ 3 mm long, transparent, laterally diverging and forming loops; inner arising from the base of outer corona, closely incumbent on the anthers but not exceeding them, apices blunt, recurved. Stamens

five, c^ 2 mm long; filaments united, c^ 1.5 mm . long, anthers c^ 0 . 5 X 0 . 5 mm, with membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 331.2-345.6 X 259.2-244.8 with

pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudioles 43.2

M«n long, c^ 5 7 .2 p,m wide to a dark-brown corpuscle oa.

2 0 1 .6 jXm long and c^ 72 |i,m wide. Gynostegiun qj^ 2 ■ ■

long. Carpels two, ovary c^ I X 0 . 5 mm, oblong, free,

many-ovuled, glabrous; style ca^ 0 . 5 mm long; stigma

0 . 5 mm long, ca 1 mm across, pentagonal. Follicles

552 fusiform , 8.5 cm long, linear, deep brown with

purple markings.

FI. : Sept.-Oct. Fr. i Sept.-Nov.

Illus, : Sarkarla In Nat. Cact. & Suoo. J. 35/3«69,

FIg.A-G.1980.

Distrib. : Tamil Nadu (endemic).

SpecImen exam i ned : Fresh material from Dr. Sarkaria.

8. C. crenulata Uall. PI.As. Rar. 1:6, t.7.1829; Grav. ii

Mayur. in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H.

A ( 1) ) :21. 1931.

Bouceros ia crenu1ata (Uall.) Uight U Arn. in Wight,

Contrib. 34.1834; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8i648.1844; Hook,

f. FI, Brit. India 4:77.1803.

Type : Burma : Segain (opposite Ava) on the

1r rawaddy.

Plato - 125

Erect succulent herbs, 12-15 cm tall. Stem very

stout, fleshy, four-angled with rounded angles, ca 6 am

^ in diam., glabrous. Latex watery. Leaves reduced to

scales, opposite, decussate.

Flowers terminal; in branched umbellat« cymaa,

densely flowered; peduncles terete, c^ 2 cm long, ca_ 2.5

mm in diam., glabrous; bracts thin, 3-4 X 0.5 mm,

linear, apex acute, glabrous; pedicels terete, 1-3 cn

553 I lo K)a

I

I

I

Caralluma crenulata Wall.

1. Photograph .

2. FloraJ. Parts ; a. Calyx; b. Corolla; @ c. CornTmr^^- Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Cam era-lucida o f poUinia. long, ca 1 mm In diam., glabrous. CalyK five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes 3.5 X 1.5 mm, oblong- elliptic, apex acuminate, glandular within, glabrous.

Corolla rotate, c^ 1.5 cm across; corolla-tube ca 1.5 mn long; lobes c^ 5 X 4.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, with long scattered hairs all over the inner surface, glabrou* without. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer five lobed, ca 1.5 X 1 mm, with two horn like appendages widely separated from each other, appendages c^ 0.5 nm long, attached on the back of anther arising from its base; inner five-lobed, very small, usually pointed and often more or less trifid. Incumbent on the anthers. Stamens five, c^ 1.5 mm long; filaments united, c^ I mm long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, ca^ 360 X

331.2 j^m with pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudicles 28.8-43.2 Um long, c^ 57.2 Mm wide to a dark- brown corpuscle c^ 216 ^m long and c^ 115.2 ^m wide.

Gynostegium c^a 2.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary ca 1.5 X

0.5 mm, linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style free connate at apex, c^ 0.5 mm long; stigma ca^ 0.5 mm long, ca 1 mm across, conical, pentagonal. Follicles single, ca 7 X 0.6-0.7 cm, cylindric, apex acute, glabroust seeds many, c^ 9.5-4.5 mm, ovate-ob1ong, base rounded, brown with light-brown margin 1-1.5 mm wide; coma silky- white, 2-3 cm long.

F I . 8< F r . J flay-J une

554 lllus. : Uall. PI. As. Rar. 1:6, t.7.1829; Grav.

Mayur. in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mus. Nat. Hist.

4 ( 1) :Pl. I ! 1, f ig. 12- 13. 1931.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

SpecImens exami ned

Andhra Pradesh : 4000 ft. Hars 1eykonda, F ischer. 4375{

Soampally, Cuddapah, GambIe. 15201; Vepakota, Cuddapah,

Gamble. 15202.

Maharash t ra : Ganeshkind Botanical Garden, Poona,

Paran jape, s .n.

9* C. diffusa (Wight) N.E.Br. in Gard. Chron.

2:369.1692; Breger, Stapelieen und Kleinien 60-69.1910;

Grav. ti Mayur, in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.a.) N.H.

4(11:28.1931; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:606

(5:862.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Subraroanlan in Indian

Forester 92 ( 1 ) : 45. 1966 ; Henry e_t_ in J. Bombay nat.

Hist.Soc. 75(3) : 691. 1978; Henry et a 1. FI. Tamil Nadu

Analysis 2:81.1987.

Bouceros ia d 1f f usa Wight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 1599. 1850;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:78.1883; Rao, FI. PI.

Travancore 266.1914.

Type ; India : Madras Presidency; Coimbatore

dist., arid rocky mountains near

Coimbatore at 2000 ft. elevation.

555 Plate - 126

Erect succulent herbs, diffuse growth. Roots tap­

root with many lateral roots from bottom portion of

stem. Stem fleshy, branched; branches four-angled,

nearly equal thickness throughout the branch; internodes

6-12 mm long and 5-15 mm in thickness, glabrous. Leaves

absent, leaf scars present, appendage like growth at

nodes on angled portion.

Flowers terminal, umbellate cymes, many flowered; bracts cj^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, triangular, apex acuta,

glabrous; pedicels terete, 5-6 ram long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base,lobes ca 3 X 1 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, glabrous. Corolla carapanulate, c^ 8 mm long; corolla- tube c^ 5 mm long; lobes five, c^ 3 X 2 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin ciliate, glabrous. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer annular, arising from the base of stamens, closely intact, five lobes, c^ 2.5 X 1.5 mn, with tw^orn like appendages widely separated from each other; inner variable, ca 1 mm long, linear, arising

from inner side of outer corona, overlapping anther-

lobes. Stamens five, ca 2.5 mm long; filaments united,

ca 2 mm long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, with small

membranous appendage, polllnla five, pollen nassee

solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy.ca 432 X

374.4 Mm with pellucid layer attached by light-brown

caudlcles 57.2-72 A*" long, 150.4-172.8 JAm wide to a

556 K)

lie 7 9 7 '? V l n

I m

Caralluma diffusa N.E.Br.

J. Photograph,

2. Floral Fbrts •* a. Calyx; b. Corolla; ® c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. Camera-lncida of poUinia. dark-brown corpuscle ca 259.2 Hon long and c^ 115.2

wide. Gynostegium 1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary

1 X 0.5 mm, o b 1ong-cy1indric, free, many-ovuled; style

very minute; stigma flat, 0.2-0.3 mn long, 1.5 mn

aoross, pentagonal. Follicles paired or slngla,

slender, c^ 15 cm long, 1 Inear-cyI Indrlo.

FI. : April-Sept. Fr. : May-Sept.

Illus. : As Boucerosla d i f f usa In Wight, lo.

t.1599.1850; Grav. U Mayor, in Bull. Hadr.

Govt. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4(l);Pl. IV, Fig. 10-

12.1931.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 ( N-30 ).

Spec imens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh ; Veligonda hills, Nellore, Ramaawami.

1353.

T . Nadu t Atamalai slopes, Kalpatti, Coimbatore,

FIscher. 2258; Hogainakkal & Vembanoorma1 ai, Dharampuri,

Matthew L Venugopal RHT 23074,

10. C. edulis (Edgew.) Benth. Gen. PI. 2 j782. 1876; Hook,

f. FI. Brit. India 4:76.1883; Bamber, PI. Punjab

156.1916; Grav. L Mayur. in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mus.

(n.s.) N.H. 4(1):8.1931; Blatter in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc.36(3) ;536. 1933; Cooke, FI. Prea. Bombay

557 2:244(2:179.1905) 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Majurodar in Bull.

Botan. Soo. Bengal 23(1) :36. 1969; Bhandari In J. Bombay

nat. Hist. Soc. 68:296.1971; Stewart, Punjab Plants

144.1977 (Rep.Ed.); Bhandari, FI. Indian desert

220. 1976; Edmondson e^ aj_. in Notes R. Dot. Gard.

38( 1 ) : 116. 1980; Pandey in Jain & Rao's An

Assessment of threatened PI. India 57.1983; Sarkarla tt

Dawar in J. Nat. Cat. Succ. India 3(1) : 1-5. 1983.

Rechinger, FI. Iranica L .C .No.73/30. 1 : 17. 1970; All, FI.

Pakistan 150:46.1983.

Bouceros ia edulia Edgew. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 6:205,

t.1.1862.

B_^ stocks iana Boiss. FI.Orient. 4:64.1879.

Type : Mooltan (Multan), Aug. 1852, Edgeworth (K,

Lee to ty pe ).

As only type photo from kew has been studied, the description given here is based on Edgeworth, loo.clt.

translated from Latin.

Plate - 127, Photoplate - 9

•Stem erect, succulent, aubterete, 4-angled|

leaves opposite, wedge-shaped, or elliptical,

perishable; Flowers 2 together, from the axils of the

leaves; pedicels slender, subpanduIous. then erect,

with 2 minute subulate bracts; sepals acute with

pellucid margins; Corolla glabrous on both sides,

558 PLATE -in?

, . ,, -I. a plant. 2. open flower. 3. flower with a ^sn d corolla removed showing corona. 4. corona from above. 5. one of the corona K>«v-lateral view. 6. pollinium. 7. a pair of follicles 8. comose seed.

Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. veined, with purple streaks at the base, tube-Bwo1 Ien,

hemispherical: lobes subulate, attenuate, reflexedj

Outer corona-lobes with 2 scythe-shaped subulate t segments, hollowed on inner face, purplish, nectar-

bearing; Inner corona-lobes longer than the outer

corona-lobes, strap-shaped, incumbent on the anthers.•

FI. ; Feb.-Sept. Fr. : March-May

Illus. i Bhandari in J. Bombay nat. Hiat. Soo.

68( 1 ) :296. 1971 and in FI. Indian Desert

197.1990} As Bouceros ta edulis by Edgew. in

Journ. Linn. Soc. 6:205, t.1.1862.

Distrib. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan.

Chr. No. 2n = 44 ( Lavr. & Coll. 18214 ),

Economic Importance The plant is bitter, sweet,

cool i ng, alterative, anthelmintic;

useful in leprosy and disease of blood,

causes constipation (Kirtikar 8« Baau,

1918). Plant used as vegetable (Anonymous,

1986 ) .

11. C. indica (Wight S< Arn. ) N.E.Br. in Gard. Chron.

2:369.1892; Berger, stapelieen und kleinien 83.1910;

Grav. it Mayur. in Bull. hadr.Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H.

4(11:23.1931; Gamtalu, FI. Pres. Madras (5:862.1923)

2:606.1957 (Rep.Ed.); Mayuranathan, FI. Madras oIty

175.(1929) 1981; Henry e_^ aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:81.1987.

559 H Itchlnla t nd lea Uight & A m . in Wight, Contrlb. Bot.

India 35.1834; Uight, Ic. t.355.1842.

Bouceros i a h 1tch i n i a Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:649. 1644{

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:78.1883.

Type : India ; Madras Presidency, near Madras.

Plate - 128

Erect succulent herbs. Stem fleshy, branched;

branches quadrangular, tapering towards base; internodes

small, 2-6 mm long and 2-4 mm across, glabrous. Latex

watery. Leaves opposite, decussate, small, c^ 1.5 X t

mm, triangular, acute at apex, glabrous.

Flowers terminal, umbellate oymes, few (about 5)

flowered; pedicels terete, 3-4 mm long and c^ 1 mm In diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base,

lobes c^ 2.5 X 1.5 mm, ovate-oblong, apex acute,

glabrous. Corolla rotate, c^ 8 mm long, c^ 1.6 cm

across; corolla-tube c^ 3.5 mm long; lobes five, ca 4.5

X 4.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, with slightly pointed tip,

glabrous without, white fringed within. Corona

staminal, biseriate; outer five lobed, lobes erect, ca 4

mm long, light-yellow, with extrem tip purplish, with

minute yellowish tooth usually present in the deep cleft

between adjacent lobes; inner five lobed, incumbent on

the anthers and not produced beyond them, 0.5-1 nn

long. Stamens five, c^ 4 mra long; filaments united, c^

3 mm long; anthers c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, pollinia five, pollen

560 ’LATE -128 I m cCl

Oo

^ralluma incicn N.E. Br,

e 1 10 ©

Caralluma indica N.E.Br

O O J. Photograph,

2. Floral R irc t J «• Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia.

@ masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 475.2

X 374.4-388.8 with pellucid layer attached by light-

brown caudicles ca 115.2 )4ra long; 115.2-129.6 wide to

a dark-brown corpuscle c^ 360 j4tn long and ca 216 JJlm

wide, Gynostegium c^ 3 mm long. Carpels two, ovary ca

2 X 0.5mm, linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style

ca 0.5 mm long; stigma c_a 0.5 mm long, c^ 1 mm across,

apiculate, pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. ; Nov.-Jan.

Illus. ; As H 1tch i n i a i nd ica in Uight, Ic.

355.1842} Grav. & Mayur, in Bull. Hadr.

Govt. Mus-. Nat. H ist. 4( 1 ) : PI. Ill, Fig.8-11.

1931.

Distrib. i Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 44 ( N-10 ).

2n = 22 I R-1141 ).

Economic Importance : Plant used as vegetable

(Anonymous, 1986).

Spec imens exam i ned

T. Nadu s Nellimalai R.F.Coimbatore, Ramamurthy. 14787;

Sirul, Sadra Chengalpatt, Acc. 32879 (M H )).

12. C. pauciflora (Uight) N.E.Br. in Card. Chron.

2:278.1892; Berger,Stape I ieen und kleinien 112.1910}

Grav. & Mayur. in Bull, fladr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.) N.H.

4(1) :22. 1931; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2(606

561 (5:86 2. 1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Henry e_t a_l_. F i . Tam i I Nadu

Analysis 2:82. 1987; Vajravelu e_^ aj_* in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 10(2) :280. 1983.

Boucerogla pauc if 1 ora Ulght in Madras Journ.Sc. vi.t &

P.473.1837; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:78.1883.

Type r India i Madras Praaldencyj Tlnn«v«lly di«t,,

near Palamcottah.

Plate - 129

Erect succulent, smaI 1^diffuse herbs. Stem fleshy, slender, branched; branches quadrangular; internodes 3-,

12 mm long and 2.5-6 mm across, glabrous. Latex watery. Leaves reduced to scale, opposite, decussate, sessile, present on angled portion, , 1.5-2 X 0.5 nm, triangular, recurved, acute at apex, glabrous.

Flowers terminal, umbels reduced to single flowert bracts c^ 2 X 0.5 mm, linear, apex acute, glabrous; pedicels terete, 3-4 mm long and ca^ 1 mm in dian., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes 3-

4 X 1-1.5 mm, linear to 1inear-1anceoI ate, apex acuta, glandular within, glabrous. Corolla rotate, c^ 1 oa

long; Corolla-tube 5.5-6 mm long, villous within; lobes five, 4-4.5 X 4-5 mm, triangular, apex acute, fringed or villous within, purple streaks or bands within. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer cupular, attached to staminal column, ca 2 mm long, c^ 1 mm broad with two cuspidata

lobes; inner five lobes, attached to inner side of outer

562 PLATE -irj9'

I

I

I

I t *

Caralluma pauciflora N.E.Br.

1. Photograph. j

2. Floral A rtf : a. Calyx; b. Coroij c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Caip

@ 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. corona, ca, 2 X 0.5 mm, linear, triangular, elongate,

infleKed over the anther, glabrous. Stamens five, 4

mm long; filaments united, 2.5 mm long; anthers

1.5 X 1 ram, with membranous appendage, pollinia five,

pollen masses solitary in each anther call, yellow,

waxy, 460.0-489.6 X 547.2-576 with pellucid layer

attachedby light-brown caudicles c^ 115.2 [Imlong, c^

100.8 ^m wide to a dark-brown corpuscle c^ 360 long

and ca 100.8 JJ[.m wide. Gynostegiuoi cj^ 3 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary c^ 2 X 0.5 mm, linear to linaar-

oblong, free^many ovuled, glabrous; style minute, ca^ 0.5 mm long; stigma c^ 0.5 mm long, £a 2 mm across, flat,

pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. 5 Sept.-Dec.

Mlus. : As Bouceros1 a pauc i f1 ora by Uight in Journ.

Sc. 4:473.1837; Grav. & Mayur. in Bull.

Madr. Govt. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4(l):Pl. Ill,

fig. 14- 17. 1931.

Distrib. : Tamil Nadu (endemic).

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 ( N-31 ).

Spec imens exam i ned

T. Nadu : Esani forest Sivaganga, Ramnad, Ramamur thy.

24695; Sivanaperi, Tinnevelly, J oseph, 15299; Kalakkaal,

Sivanepperi forest, Tirunelveli, ValaraveIu. 76467.

13. C.procumbens Grav. S< Mayur. Bull. Madr. Govt. Mu«.

(n.s.)N.H. 4:26.1931; Fischer in Gamble's FI. Pres.

563 Madras 3:1303.1957 (Rep.Ed. I; Henry sd.. FI. T»«ll

Nadu Analysis 2;82.1987; Sarkaria in J. Nat. Cact. Succ.

India 7 : 1-5. 1987.

Type : South Travancore near haruthamaI ai.

As there are no herbarium specimens, description of Gravely & hayurnathan is given here.

Plate - 130

"Stems about 15 rara broad, resembling those of the

'Umbel lata group' in the acuteness of their angles and in not so far as we know, producing any undeground branches; but Instead of forming more or less oompaot clusters of upright branches they remain procumbent, branching little, trailing over rocks and rooting whers opportunity occurs; they may reach a length of over six feet; the protuberances marking the position of the leaf scars are very indistinctly indicated; Flowers terminal in small umbels; but the stem commonly sends out a sids shoot from the axil of a leaf immediately below and this grows so as to push the umbel rather to one side; the result is that the flowers of this species and of the northern species we believe to be Cara I Iuma tuberculata come to occupy very similar positions, though arising in quite differnt ways; the stems and manner of growth of the two plants are ofcourse also quite different;

Corolla slightly smaller than that of Cara I Iuma d i f fuaa and about equally strongly campanulate, but much thiokar

56A D LATE A T P - 1 3 0

a - d

f X 15

I. Staminal column. ii. Outer corona lobes and fiorns ill. Inner corona a A largo terminal umbel of 32 flowers x2. lobes Iv. Pollinia. b A flower bud— x 2 c. Flower— x 2 g. Terminal portion of a stem, actual size, d. Vertical section of flower— x 2. showing a very young umbel and a Corona views, 'e' the entire corona, new shoot growing from the lower ■f a sectioned portion of Corona. Both angle near the tip simultaneously. X 1 5 .

Caralluma procutnbens Grav. Q Mayur and firmer and entirely without hairs; the ground color of the lobes is whitish and the streaks are purple; a

few purple dots are often found on the outer sides of

the lobes in addition to the streaks on the inner side*;

Corona whitish, mottled with a pale purplish color.*

Illus. : Grav. L Mayur. in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mu«.

Nat. Hist. 4(1):PI IV, fig. 13-17.1931.

Distrib. : Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22( R-1258 ).

14. C. sarkariae Lavrnos S< F.randeen in Cact. Succ. J.

(U.S.A.) 50 (5 ) .'211. 1978.

Type : India : Peninsula India, 8 km west of Madurai

on road to village of Usilampatti, at the

base of Nagamalai hills, Sarkar ia. J6A-77, 9

Feb 1977 (E, Holotype).

Photoplate - 9

Erect succulent herbs, c^ up to 30 cm tall. Sten

fleshy, profusely branched; branches four-angled, 15 mm across, tapering towards apex, angles acute. Latex

watery. Leaves rudimentary, reduced to scale, opposits,

decussate, sessile, 2 X 1 mm, lanceolate, acute at

apex, gIab rous.

Flowers axillary, produced in pa irs from thin

apical portion of the stems; pedicels terete, 3-4 mm

long and c_a 1 mm i n diara., with purple markings,

565 glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes ca 2.5 X 1.5 mm, lanceolate, apex acuminata, glabrous.

Corolla rotate-campanuI ate, 6 mm long, 9 mm in diam. ; Coral la-tiibe 2 mm long; lobes five, 4 X

1.5 mm, oblong, apex acute, margin without hairs, yellow-green with darker-purpI iah transverse bands.

Corona ataminal, biseriatej outer five-lobed, »t fir«t ascending then deeply bifid, the segments laterally diverging horizontally, filiform 1 mm long, alternating with stamens; inner five-lobed, incumbent on

the back of the anther lobes, 0.5 mra long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, oblong, emarginate, not exceeding anther-Iobea.

Stamens five,c^ 1.5 mm long; filaments united, c^ 1 an

long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, orbicular, with small membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 345.6-360 X

244.8-259.2 Um with pellucid layer attached by light- brown caudicles c^ 28.8 long, ca_ 86.4 )Jl,m wide to a dark-brown corpuscle c^ 201.6 JH^m long and 57,6 wide. Gynostegium c^ 1.5 mm long. Carpels two^ovules c^

1 X 0.5 mm, obIong-cyIindric, free, many ovulsd,

glabrous; style very short, c^ 0.2 mm long; stigma

0.3 mm long, c^ 1 mm across, pentagonal. Follicles

paired or sometimes solitary, ca 6 cm long, linear,

g 1abrous.

FI,& Fr. : Nov.-Feb.

Illus. : Lavranos L Frandsen in Cact. Succ. J.

(U.S.A) 50:211-213, Fig. 1-8.1978.

566 Distrlb. : Tamil Nadu (endemic).

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 ( N-32 ).

Spec 1 men exam 1ned Fresh material from Dr. Sarkarla.

15. C. s ta I agtnl f era Fischer In Bull. Misc. Inform.

430.1925 and In Gamhlti, FI. Prea. Madras 3:1303.1957

(Rep.Ed.); Grav. & Mayur. in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mus.

(n.s.) N.H. 4(1):16.1931; Saldhana & Nicolson, FI,

Hassan dlst. 4A1.1976; Mayuranathan, FI. Madras city

176.(1929) 1981 (Rep.Ed.); Sharma e^ aj_. FI. Karnataka

165.1984.

Type .* India : South India; Vandalur near Madras,

Mayurnathan. May 1925.

Plate - 131

Erect, succulent herbs, c^ up to 40 cm tall. Staa

fleshy, branched;branches quadrangular; Internodes

small, 8-14 mm long and 2.5-8 mm across, glabrous.

Latex watery. Leaves opposite, decussate, sessile, 3-4

X 0.5-1 mm, triangular, pointed at tip, fleshy,

g 1abrous.

Flowers axillary, solitary; bracts minute,

triangular subulate; pedicels terete, ca^ up to 6 am

long and c^ 1 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx flve-lobed,

divided up to base, lobes c^ 2.5 X 1.5 mm, triangular,

apex acuminate, floahy, glabrous. Corolla rotat* or

567 PLATE -131

in o*

in

I -rH

£

I

©

Caralluma stalagailfera Fischer

1. Photograph,

2. Floral l ^ r u t a. Calyx; b. Corolli c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpe campanu1 ate, 8 mm long,1 cm across; corolta-tuba

ca 2 mm long; lobes five, 6 X 1.5 mm, ovate-

lanceolate, apiculate, with spindle shaped hairs

hanging all along the distal margin and apex, easily

detachable. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer lobes

formed of two erect, 1 1 near-IanceoI ate slightly curved

segments, 1.5 mm long} inner lobes arising from

between the outer corona-lobes at their base,Incumbent

over the anthers, formed of three segments, the middle

one rounded, lateral-one narrow. Stamens five, c^ 2 mm

long; filaments united, ca, 1.2 mm long; anthers ca 0.8 X

0.75 mm, orbicular, with small membranous appendage,

pollinla five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, attached by light-brown caudlcles

43.2 Mtn long, ca 115.2 Am wide to a dark-brown corpuscle ca 230.4 JJlm long and c^ 86.4 Mm wide. Gynostegium

1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary ca 1 X 0.5 mm, oblong-

cyllndric, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style very

minute; stigma 0.3-0.4 mm long, ca 1.5 mm across,

pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI : May-Jan.

Illus. : Fischer in Bull. Misc. Inform. (Kew Bull.)

430, Fig. 1-6.1925; Grav. L Mayur. In Bull,

Madr. Govt. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4(l):Pl. I,

fig. 4-6.1931.

Dlstrlb. : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22 ( N-11, Kiel-1007 ).

568 S pec 1mens exam 1ned

Karnataka ; Hirisave, Hassan, SaIdanha, 15346{

Malaval I i-Kol legal R d . , Mandya, hanohar ^ Ramesh. KFP

7531.

16. C. truncato-coronata ISedgew.) Grav. & Mayur. Bull, hacir. Guvt. Mus. (n.u.) M . II. 4(l)i21.1031| Blattar InJ.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36 ( 3 ) : 537 . 1933 ; Santapau &< Irani,

Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:22. 1962; Sarkarla in J. Nat.

Cact. Succ. India 2 ( 2 ) : 42-47 . 1982 ; Sharma e^ a_L- FI.

Karnataka 165.1984.

Bouceros1 a truncato-coronata Sedgewick in J. Indian.

Bot. Soc. 2:125. 1921; Karthikeyan e_t^ a I . In Rec. Bot.

Surv. India 21 (2) : 170. 1 981; Nair in Indian J. Forestry

8(4) :254. 1985.

Cara I I uma n tIag i r1 ana Kumarl & SubbaRao In J. Bonbay nat. Hist. Soc. 73:194. 1976; Henry e_^ a 1 . in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75( 1 ) :691. 1970; Karthikeyan & Sharma in

J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 80( 1 ) :70. 1983} Nair in Indian

J. Forestry 8(4) :285. 1985; Henry e_t a I . FI. Tamil Nadu

Analysis 2:82. 1987; Bhaskar & Kushalappa in J. Bonbay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3) :480 (1989) 1990.

Type : India : Bombay Presidency; Dharwar dist.,

near Hubll, s.n. Sept. 1919.

N o t e :-As rightly pointed out by Sarkarla *The Cara 1 > uma nI IagIrI ana Kumari & Subba Rao has been sunk into synonymity with this species as the differences from C

569 truncato-coronata cited by the authors corae within the normal range of minor variations which occur In the various clones of the later species. Moreover, thla species was erected from conectlons at a single locality and no distribution is cited. The type locality of nilagiriana is the southern limit of the

Deccan Plateau. These authors have in fact given quite a good description of truncato-coronata alongwith dlagrammes but the name of nI Iag1rlana cannot be upheld, the earlier species having been validly published*. Therefore, the same view has been followed here.

Plate - 132

Erect succulent herbs, c^ up to 9.5 cm tall, spreading by suckers. Stem fleshy, branched; branches rooting, slender, not tape ring, four-angled, c^ 6 mm across, sides deeply farrowed. Latex watery. Leaves reduced to scale, opposite, decussate, sessile, present on angles, minute, deltoid, glabrous.

Flowers terminal, in umbellate cymes, 6-19 flowered, covered with pellucid glands; bracts ca^ 2 no long,linear; bracteoles ca 3 mm long, filiform; pedicels terete, 6-0 mm long and cja 1 mm in dlam., covered with pellucid glands. Calyx flve-lobed, divided up to base, lobes ca_ 4 X 1.5 ram, linear, apex acute, glabrous. Corolla rotate, ca 1 cm long, ca 2 cm across;

570 PLATE'132

F INDIA «mtE

Caralluma truncato-coronata (Sedgew.) Grav. 8 Mayur.

A . Photograph, B. 1. Plant. 2. Part of the plant enlarged. 3. Inflores- ccnce. 4. Flower bud. 5. Calyx. 6. Corolla lobe (upper surface). 7. Calyx split open showing ovary. 8. Corona (side view). 9. Corona. 10. Pollinia. 11. L.S. of ovary. 12. T.S. of ovary. Corolla-tube 5 mm long; lobes five, 5 X 8 mm, deltoid, apex acute, deep purple within with transverse

bands, glabrous. Corona staminal, biseriate( outar

five-lobed, dark-purple, truncate, ca^ 5 mm across,

prominently cuspidate on either side; inner five-lobed, ca 1 X 0.5 mm, ligulate, apex acute, appressed to back­ side of anthers. Stamens five, short, ca. 1 ram I ong {

filaments united, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, with very small membranous appendage pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anthe cell, yellow, waxy,

475.2-504 X 403.2-432 }^m with pellucid layer attached by

light brown caudicles c^ 86.4 ^mlong, c^ 172.8 j^m wide to a dark-brown corpuscle c^ 288 long and ca 151.2 /Im wide. Gynosteglum c^ 1 mm long. Carpels two, ovary oa

0.75 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrousf style very minute; stigma c^ 0.2 mm long, c^ 2 mm across, pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. ; Aug.

Illus. : Sarkarla In J. Nat. Cact. Succ. India

2(2):45, Fig. 1-10.1982; As C^ nilagiriana

by Kumar 1 & Subba^Rao in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 73:194.1976.

Distrib. : Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Spec imen exam i ned

T. Nadu : Coimbatore Subba Rao L Kumar i. 39262. (as ^

n i I ag 1r 1 an a ).

57 1 17. C. tubarculata N.E.Br. in Card. Chron.

12 ( 2 ) : 369. 1892 ; Grav S< Mayur. in Bull, tiadr. Govt. Mus.

(n.s. ) N.H. A ( 1 ) ;20. 1931.

Bouceros ia auche r tana Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8i649.1844|

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:78.1883; Berger, Stapelieen

und Kleinien 83.1910; Bamber, PI. Punjab 646.1916}

Stewart, Punjab PI. 143.1977 (Rap.Ed.).

Type : Beloochlstan (Baluchistan), comnon above

2500-3000 ft. J.E.Stocks. 596 (K,

I GO to ty pe ).

As there is no col lection of this species, the description of Brown is given here.

Plate - 133

•Plant wholly glabrous, 6-15 cm high; Stem 1-1.5 cm thick, 4-angled; angles toothed; Flowers crowded

into small umbels at the apex of the stems, dark purple-

brown or b 1 ack i s h-pur p I e ; Pedicels c^ 2.5 mmlong; Sepals ca 4 mm long, ovate-1anceo1 ate, acute; Corolla c^ 1 cm

in diameter, rotate with a very short campanulate tube}

lobes 0.5-1 cm long, c^ 0.5 cm broad, obIong-IanceoI ate,

subotuse with an inflexed apiculus margins reflexad, the

face covered with small tubercles, the back glabrous and smooth; Outer corona of 10 erect subulate teeth, about

0.S am long, formed by each of the 5 lobes being divided almost to the base into 2 slender teeth; Inner corona of

B linear lobes incumbent on the backs of the anthers and

not produced beyond them."

572 PLATE-133

5.R-C.

1. Corolla X 3. 2. Flowering stern x L Drawn by Afiss S. Ross-Craig from dried material in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.

Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br FI. : Jan.-June

lllua. ; All, FI.Pakistan 150:47, Fig. 11, A-

E . 1983.

Distrib. : Jammu L Kashmir, Punjab.

Chr. No. : 2n =22 ( Sarkaria K 760 ).

Ecology I The plant grows on dry hills.

Economic Importance ; The juicy stems are considered

stomachic, carminative and tonic. They are

also used as vermifuge. Taken as

stimulants, used as febrifuge, plant cure

for rheumatism (Kirtikar & Basu , 1916).

Decoction of stem to relieve heat and

problem of wind in stomach (Jain, 1961),

18. C. utnballata (Roxb. ) Haworth, Syn. PI. Succ.

47.1812; Grav. Mayur. in Bull. Madr. Govt. Mus. (n.s.)

N.H. 4(1):23.1931; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:605

(5:861.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Naidu & Rao in Indian

Forester 93(2) : 130. 1967 ; Naithani in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:258.1967; Vajravelu L Rathakrishnan in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 9:41.1968; Matthew in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 12:86.1972; Ramaswamy S< Razi, FI. Bangalore

460.1973; Saldhana L Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist.

442.1976; Rao 6< Razi, FI. Mysore dist. 493.1961{

Matthew, FI. Tamil. C a m . 1:933.1983; Sharma e^§LL-

Karnataka 165.1984; Henry ^ §_L* Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:82.1987; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka 1:410.1988.

Huber In Dassan. Rev. Handb. F I .CeyI on 4:123.1983.

573 S tape Ii a umbe Ma t a Roxb. PI. Coromandel 3:36,

t.241.1795.

Bouceros 1 a umbe 1 1 a t» (Roxb.) Wight & A m . in Uight

Contrib. 34.1834; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:648.1044; Uall.

Cat. 8147. 1847-49; Hook. f. FI. Brit.India 4:77.1883;

Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 265.1914; Fischer In Reo. Bot.

Surv. India 9 ( 1 ) : 110. 1921 ; Haines, Bot. Bihar 8< Orissa

2:590 (4:563.1922) 1961 (Rep.Ed.).

B . umbeI I a ta var. campanu1 a ta Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4 :77.1883,

Cara l1uma campanu1ata (Uight) N.E.Br. in Card. Chron.

12:369, f.61. 1892; Vanamala Naidu e_t aj_. in Indian

Forester 97 ( 2 ) : 95 . 1 97 1 ; Sharma e_t aj_- FI. Karnataka

165.1984.

Bouceros ia campanu1ata Uight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 4(2)tl, t.1287.1850.

CaralIuma 1 as 1 antha (Uight) N. E. Br. In Card. Chron.

2:369.1892; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:606 (5:862.1923)

1957 (Rep.Ed.); Kammathy e^ aj^. in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 9:221.1968; Vanamala Naidu in Indian Forester

97(2) :95. 1971; Rao & Razi, FI. Mysore 493.1981; Matthew,

FI. Tamil. C a m . 1:933.1983; Henry et^ aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu

Analysis 2:81.1987.

Bouce r031a 1 aslantha Uight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or.

t.1286.1850.

Type : India : 'Coast of (^oromandel* without

precise locality Roxb.

574 Plate - 134

Erect succulent herbs, 15-20 cm tall. Stem fleshy; branches squrish, sharp angled, sides concave; internodes 6-22 mm long and 4-12 mm wide, glabrous.

Latex watery. Leaves reduced to conical teeth, opposite, decussate, sessile, 2-3 X 1.5 mm, on angled portion, keeping a scar behind, glabrous.

Flowers terminal, umbels, many flowered; bracts

2-4 X 0.5-1 mm, linear, apex acute, glabrous; pedicels terete, 2-8 mm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., glabrous.

Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes 2.5-4 X 1-

1.5 ram, linear to 1 inear- 1anceoI ate, apex acute, margin minutely hairy, glandular within, glabrous. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, 1.6-1.9 cm long; corolla- tube 1-1.2 cm long; lobes five, 6-7 X 0-10 ram, triangular, apex acute, glabrous without, velvety within. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer five-lobed, attached to staminal column, divided into two deeply segments, each 3-4 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, glabrous; inner five-lobed, 4-5 mm long, 0.5- 1 mm wide, apex acute, incumbent on the anther-1obes. Stamens five, ca

3.5 mm long; filaments united, c^ 2 mm long; anthers ca

1 X 0.6 mm, with minute membranous appendage pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 417.6-475.2 X 360-403.2 Hm with pellucid layer attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 100.7 |^in

575 PLATE

M I

£

I cO

t c«

s3 s ^ Carallii«a umbellate Haw, a £ I ea

©

Caraliuma umbel lata Haw.

1. Photography

2. Floral l^rtt •* «• Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; ci. Stamens; e. Carppl. @ 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. long, ca, 100.7 Mm wide to a dark-brown corpuscle ca 288

long and 100.6 ||m wide. Gynostegium 2.5 mm

long. Carpels two, ovary 1.5 X 0.5 mm, fre e , many ovuled, glabrous; style 0.5 mm long; stigma 0.5 mm

long, ca^ 1.5 mra across, flat, pentagonal. Follicles paired, 9.3-20 X 0.5-0.6 cm Iinear- IanceoI a18, tapering towards apex with blunt tip, glabrous; seeds many, 8-10

X 3.5-4.5 mm, oblong, base rounded, dark-brown with

light-brown margin 1-1.5 mm wide; coma silky white, 3-4 cm long.

FI. ; May-June Fr. : Sept.-Dec. lllus. : As S tape I ia umbeI Iata by Roxb. in PI.

Corom. 3:36, t.241. 1795; As Bouceros ia

campunulata by Wight, Ic.t. 1287.1850.

Dlstrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala,

Orissa, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. j 2n 44 ( N-17 >.

Spec imens exam i ned

Andh ra Pradesh : Lakshmipuram, Vizagapatnam, Barbar■

1754; on the Way to Jaba I i, from Tirupatl, Chlttoor,

Subba Rao. 32036; Bhatrepalli, R.F., Anantapur, Pull alah

Yesoda. 852; 200 ft., Cuddapah, GambIe. 15202.

Kar nataka : Maddur Rd. Mysore, Barber. 6829; Chamundi hills, Mysore, Sebas tine. 18737; Roadside, Gundlapet,

Mysora, Hal than 1.23942; Channaray»patn»-HoI•nar«I pur

576 Rd. , Hassan, S a 1danha & Ramamoor thy. HFP 1691; foot of

Jotibetta, Mysore, Kammathy. 80403; accumulated rocks,

Mandya, Sreena th & Keshava tlur thy. KFP 5037; dry rocky area, Bangalore, Ramesh. KFP 664.

Kerala : Ualayar forest, Palghat, J oseph. 17052;

Travancore, Lawson. Acc. 32077 (MH).

Or tssa : Ganjam, Ga m b 1e. 13929.

T. Nadu ; Tippukadu R.F., N.Arcot, Ramamur thy. 16603;

Aruna R.F., C h 1nnaka1rayaus, Attur, Salem, Venugopa1.

14390; Tandlkkuddy ghat Rd., Kodalkanal, Madurai,

Matthew. 41035; KudiraimaI ai, Coimbatore, Narayanaswamy.

3937; Curmalam, Coimbatore, J acob. 433; Gingee R.F., S.

Arcot, Sabes tine. 12374; Shanikulam, S. Arcot, Bar ba r.

887; Kothakuppam near Athimangerl pet, Pallipat,

Chenga1 pattu, Narag i mhan. 472; Varapalayam Near Pannuthi ammankoll, Coimbatore, Subramanyam. 22; Purath1maI a1,

Kulasekaram, Kanyakumarl, Henry, 53319; Murugumalal,

Madurai, Sebas tine. 12993; Nartharoalai forest,

Pudukottai, A r u1appan. 19; Towards Ebnad, Nilglrl,

Subba Rao. 40261; Hogainakkal forest, Salem, V 1 rave > u.

20577; Pagoda point Yercaud, Salem, Karthlkeyan. 26826.;

Thekkumalai, Coimbatore, Gan japathy, 9988; Glrm«la«,

Coimbatore, Jacob. 434; Nagari, N. Arcot, ---- 14752; On

Krlshngirl, Gingee S. Arcot, Narayanaswamy, 4089.

577 CEROPEGI A

(After Ansari, 1904)

L. Sp. PI. 211.1753; Benth. &< Hook. f. Gen. PI.

2:779,1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:66.1883} K.

Schum in Engl. & Prantl, Fflanzenfam. 4(2):270.1895j

Huber, Rev. Gatt. Ceropegia in Mem. Soc. Broter.

12:20.1957; Ansari in Fasc. FI. Ind. 16:2.1984.

The generic name is derived from ‘Karos' = Wax and ‘Pega* = Fountain, the flowers are imagined to look like a fountain of wax.

Twining, rarely erect herbs, glabrous, rarely pubescent, with tubers. Leaves membranous or fleshy, at times reduced. Flowers sessile or pedunculate, one- many flowered in subumbel late cymes. Calyx five-lobed.

Corolla straight or curved, tubular, inflated at bass, attenuated above, generally dilated at mouth, rarely fusiform, urceolate or campanulate; lobes connate at apex, sometimes free. Corona staminal, uni or bl- seriate; outer entire, bifid, hairy or glabrous; inner rarely bifid, erect, convergent, divergent or hooked at tips. Anthers mostly without membranous appendage, pollen masses solitary in each anther loculus, waxy, with pellucid margin, horizontal or ascending. Stigma truncate or shortly conical, five-angled. Policies

I inear- IanceoI ate. Seeds comose.

578 Type species : Ceropegia cande1abrum L.

A genus of 170 species, distributed In South-

East Asia, India, Madagascar, Tropical Arabia, Canary

Islands, Africa except Mediterranean region. New Guinea

and Northern Australia. India is represented by c^ 44

species, out of which 28 species are endemic.

The genus Ceropeg i a has evolved a trap mechanism

for pollination by small dipterans. The mouth of the

tubular corolla Is typically equipped with long, often

coloured hairs which move with the slightest breeze and

these combined with the corolla colour (purple, whits and yellow) serve to attract the dipterans to the

flowers. The neck of the corolla has retrorse hairs or

is quite smooth preventing the Insect from easily

escaping the flower after entering. The Insects are

trapped In the Inflated base of the corolla which is

often lighted by translucent areas on the sides

(probably keeping the insect active) and polllnla

become attached tothem to be transferred to othsr

flowers upon escape. Escape is facilitated during the

last stage of anthesls by the corolla turning downward

and the hairs In the neck become flaccid.

As recently In 1984 Ansari has completed the

revision of the genus Ceropegia for flora of India. The

treatment given by him Is taken as It Is, only the

additional observations on polllnla, and distribution

have been updated here.

579 Key to the s pec i es

la. Erect herbs :

2a. Leaves linear or I inear-1anceoI ate, less than 15 mm broad ;

3a. Cymes usually 1-flowered ;

4a. Corolla lobes almost equal to the tube :

5a. Corolla less than 3 cm long; herbs 5-10 cm tall

... C^ lalnil

5b. Corolla more than 3 cm long; herbs 10-15 cm tall :

6a. Stem and leaves glabrous; corolla tube largely Inflated »t base, hairy inside.

. . . C_^ spiral is

6b. Stem and leaves hairy; corolla tube slightly inflated at basa, gIabrous i ns ide.

. . . C_i_ attenuata

4b. Corolla lobes distinctly shorter than the tube :

7a. Corolla more than 4 cm long; 1obsfl elongated, beaked; herbs 30-60 cm tall.

. . . C . mahaba1e i

7b. Corolla less than 4 cm long; lobes short,not beaked; herbs 5-15 cm tall.

. . . C_^ pus ilia

3b. Cymes usually 2-4 flowered (

8a. Corolla 2.0-2.7 cm long; lobes glabrous; outer corona glabrous.

... C. noorlahaniae

580 8b. Corolla 2.5-4.5 cm long; lobes purple- hairy at base; outer corona subcillate.

. . . f i robr i i f e ra

2b. Leaves ovate or ovate-IanceoI ate, more than 15 mm broad :

9a. Cymes usually sessile, at times minutely pedunculate, peduncles 1-2 mm long.

C^ wal I i""chi i

9b. Cymes distinctly pedunculate, peduncles more than 10 mm long :

10a. Corolla tube subcyI 1ndr Ic, slightly enlarging at mouth;inner corona linear, 3-4 times longer than outer j

11a. Corolla lobes linear-oblong.

. . . C^ roI 1ae

lib. Corolla lobes ovate, obovate or elliptic :

12a. Leaves ovate-IanceoI ate, usually rounded at base, not cordate; corolla ca 3.5 cm long, tube narrow, with slightly inflated base.

... Ci. lawl i

12b. Leaves ovate cordate at base; corolla 3.5-5.5 cm long, tube broad with largely inf 1 a ted bas e.

. . . C . sahyadrlea

10b. Corolla tube narrow, cyllndrlo, not enlarging at mouth; inner corona subspathuI ate, ca twice longer than outer :

I3a. Corolla less than 2.4 cm long; lobes 2-3 mm long, tube largely inflated In lower part,

... C. maccann i i

581 13b. Corolla more than 2.5 cm long,lobes 6-7 mm long, tube slightly Inflated In lower part.

... panchganiensis lb. Twining herbs :

14a. Calyx segments longer than the corolla.

. . . C_^ f antag t tea

14b. Calyx segments shorter than the corolla t •

15a. Leaves fleshy ;

16a. Leaves over 2 cm long; corolla less than 3 cm long.

. . . C_i_ bu I bosa

16b. Leaves reduced or absent; corolla more than 3 cm long

C. luncea

15b. Leaves membranous :

17a. Corolla lobes ca equal or longer than tube :

18a. Corolla tube funnel-shaped abovet

19a. Leaves ovate-cordate, ovate oblong or ovate-Ianceo1 ate:

20a. Inflated base of the tube completely hairy within; inner corona oblanceolate-rhomboid, erecto-divergent.

. . . C_j_ V i ncaef o 1 i a

20b. Inflated base of the tube hairy within at the mouth only :

21a. Leaves prominen­ tly hairy above.

. . . C_^ metz iana

2lb. Leaves sparsely hairy or glabrous

582 above; corolla lobes hairy within the narrow parts :

22a. CoroI la lobes ovate at base, 1 inear-acute above{ tube moderate i y i nf 1ated at base { i Iowers minutaly ha i ry outs ide.

. . . C_j_ macrantha

22b. C o r o 1 la 1 obes deltoid at base, spathu1 ate above; tube slightly inflated at base : f 1 owe rs g 1abrous outs ide.

. . . C_^ 1 uc ida

19b. Leaves linear, lanceolate, elongate or elliptic- o b 1ong (

23a. Corolla tube nuch inflated at base;lobes spathulate above; outer corona entire or shortly clefted.

. . . C_^ decaisneana

23b. Corolla tube slightly inflated at base;lobes linear acute above; outer corona distinct­ ly bifid :

24a. Stem hirsute allround: corolla tube hairy at

583 throat; Innar corona oblanoeo- I ate,divergent at apex.

. . . C_i_ beddome 1

24b. Stem hairy in a row; corolla tube glabrous at throat; Inner corona I i near, «r«c t.

C . 1on g 1foI la ss p. s 1nens1s

18b. Corolla tube subcyI 1ndrIc, hardly dilated above :

25a. Corolla less than 1.5 cm long; lobes broadly ovate- cordate.

. . . C^ hube r i

25b. Corolla more than 1.5 on long; lobes linear, oblong or 1anceolate :

26a. Corolla tube glabrous inside :

27a. Peduncles short; coro I I a. 1 obes hairy along marg i ns ; outer corona sub- c i1i at e ; i nner 1i near.

. . . C ^ arnottlana

27b. Peduncles long; corolla Iobes gIabrous; outer corona ha i ry ; i nner c 1 avate.

. . . C_i_ ens i f o I ia

26b. Corolla tube hairy inside :

584 28a. Leaves Iinear- 1anceolate; coroI la tube hairy inside near basal part only; flowers fragrant.

odorata

28b. Leaves ovate; coroI la tube ha I ry 1ns ide except basa 1 par t; fIowers not fragrant :

29a. Corolla over 3.5 cm long, tube hairy within towa rds upper part; lobes ovate at base, 1i near, pubescent above.

C . pubescens

29b. Corot la under 3.5 cm long; tube with a thin ring of hairs about the midd1e within; 1obes Ii near subspathulate, g 1abrous.

. . . C . hooker i

17b. Corolla lobes shorter than tube i

30a. Leaves and peduncles glabrous t

31a. Corolla tube broadly funnel shaped above :

32a. Corolla lobes ciliate; outer corona of 10

585 subulate lobes, ' equal to inner.

• . • C_^ e I egans

32b. Corolla lobas glabrous; outer corona of 5 bifid deltoid lobes, shorter than inner.

C. thwa i tes i 1

31b. Corolla tube subcyIindric, hardly dilated above :

33a. Tube completely glab­ rous inside.

. . . C^ i ntermed ia

33b. Tube hairy inside in the middle or at the mouth of inflatead base :

3Aa. Corolla lobes g 1abrous.

. . . C . om i asa

34b. Corolla Iobas hairy t

35a. Coro 1 I a 3.0- 4.B cm long, head short or long beaked.

. . . C_i_ cande I abr urn

35b. Corolla 1.5- 2.0 cm long head not beaked.

. , . C^ maculata

30b. Leaves or peduncles or both at least sparsely hairy ;

36a. Corolla tube funnel shaped above :

586 37a. Corolla lobes broadly ovate or ovate oblong, ca. as long as broad t

38a. Leaves usually ovate or ovate- o b 1ong; corolla tube glabrous at throat.

... C.barnes11

38b. Leaves usually Ii near, Ianceolate; coro1 la tube hairy at throat.

.. . C . 1ong1f o1 la

37b. Corolla lobes oblong, loger than broad {

39a. Stem hirsute; coro1 la tube hairy inilde; Inner corona hooked at tips.

... C . h 1rsuta

39b. Stem glabrous; coroI la tube glabrous inside; inner corona not hooked at tips :

40a. Peduncles a 1mos t g 1abrous; corolla 1 ess than A ca I ong.

• • • C_j_ kach i nens i«

40b. Peduncles pubescen t; coro1 la mors than 4 cm 1 ong.

... C. o cu1ata

587 36b. Corolla tube subcyIindric, hardly dilated above t

Ala. Corolla lobes broadly ovate or orbicular i

42a. Corolla less than 2 cm long; lobes orbicular, glabrous Inside;

... santapaul

42b. Corolla 2.5-4.0 cm long; lobes broadly ovate, pubescent Inside.

... C . evans11

4 lb. Coro 11 a Iobes IanceoI ate, I 1 near sub- spa'*'thul ate or broadly oblong ;

43a. Leaves usually ovate, ovate- 1anceolate,

44a. St e m and pedunc1es hairy in I or 2 rows.

. . . C . hooker i

44b. Stem and peduncIes ha try a I round.

. . . C.c 1 I lata

43b. Leaves usually I 1 near-IanceoI ate

45a. Stem g 1abrous; coro1 1 a tube gIabrous inside.

. . . C. med 1 a

5 08 45b. Stem hairy in 1 or 2 rows ; co ro 1 la tube with a ring of hairs inside at the mouth of 1nf i ated por t i on.

C. angustifolia

1, C. angustifolia Wight, Contrib. 31.1834} Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:72.1863; Kanjilal e^ a 1. FI. Assam

3:308.1939; Raizada in Indian Forester 76(11>s492.1950j

Deb & Dutta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 70( 1 ) : 75. 1973;

Raizada, Suppl. Duthie's FI. 149.1976; Sikdar in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 78(2) :419. 1981; Balakris^ hnan,

FI. Jowai 2:315.1983; Kuraari & Rao in Jain Rao An

Assessment of threatened PI. India 112.1983; Ansari,

Fasc. FI. India 16:8.1984; Sikdar & Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 81( 1) : 136. 1984; Uniyai & Banerjee in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 82(2) :329, 1985.

Type : Bangladesh : Silhet, Herb. Wight (K).

Photoplate - 10

Twiners. Leaves petiolate, minutely hairy above, glabrous beneath. Cymes few-f1owered; peduncles 2.5-5 era long, hairy in a line; pedicels 5-15 mm long, glabrous. Calyx glabrous. Corolla up to 4 cm long;

tube 15-29 mm long with base inflated in lower 1/2-1/3

part; lobes 8-11 mm long, e 1 1 Iptic-obIong, glabrous.

589 Outer corona of 5 shortly bifid, hairy lobes; inner

I inear-subspathu1 ate, erect. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,

273.6-309.6 X 144-158.4 |lra with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 57.6 Um long, ca 72 JJl,m wide

to dark-brown corpuscle 216-230.4 )J,m long and c«i 86.4 wide.

FI. 1 Ju I y-Sept.

lllus. : Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16 : PI. 11:5, fig*

1.1964.

Distrib. I Arunachai Pradesh, Assam, Megha I aya,Sikkin

Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

SpecImens exam t ned

Assam : Taksum, King's Coll.. Acc. 296693 (CNH).

MeghaIaya : Jarain 1400 m, K & J hills, Balakr ishnan.

46162; 5-7000 ft. Mount Khasia, Hook.J.D. U T .T . Acc.

296676 (CNH); Nangklao, 3000 ft. Khasia, Clarke. 40200.

Sikkim ; Toong, Sikkim, Smith & Cave. 868.

2. C. arnottiana Wight, Contrib. 32.1834; Decne. in DC

Prodr. 8:644.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:74.1883;

Kanjllal e t a I. FI. Assam 3:309.1939; Ansari, Fasc. FI.

I nd ia 16 ;9. 1984.

Type : Burma (lower) : Prome hills, Herb. Wight

{K, Lectotype).

590 Tuberous twiners. Stem glabrous. Leaves narrowly

e 1 Iiptic-IanceoI ate, short-petioIed. Cymes sessile or

shortly peduncled, few to many flowered; peduncle

sparsely hairy. Corolla 2.7-5.4 cm long; tuba 1.2-2.2

cm long, inflated in lower 1/3-1/4 part; lobes 1.5-3.2 cm Iong,narrow 1y linear. Outer corona of 5 bifid lobes;

inner erect.

FI. ; Sept.

Mlus. : Huber in Mem. Soc. Broter. 12<52. t.2,

f.18.1957.

Distrib. :Meghalaya (endemic).

3. C. attenuata Hook. Icon PI. Ser. 2i5, t.667. 1652;

Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 154.1861; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:67.1883; Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

36 ( 3 > ;534.1933; Santapau & Irani in Bull. Botan. Soc.

Bengal 12(1 S. 21:7.1958; Santapau, FI. Khandala

138.1960; Santapau L Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:26.1962; Shah in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 4:236.1962;

Jain in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 34(3) :329. 1964; Vartak,

FI. Gomantak 72.1966; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

16( 1 ) ) : 155. 1967 ; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:239

(2:174.1905) 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Panigrahl 8. Joseph in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 8:149.1967; Kammathy a I. In Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 9:221.1968; Billore, FI. Thane dist.

1:578.1972 ( Ph . D. Thes i s ) ; Kulkarnl 4< Thlte In J. Bombay

nat. Hist. Soc. 74:600.1979; Sharma U Tiagl, FI. North

591 East Rajasthan 237. 1979; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16i9.1984j Rao, FI. Goa, Dlu, Daman, Dadra L Nagarhavell

2j262.1986; Mahable, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 658.1987;

Kulkarni, FI. Sindhudurg 257.1988; Kothari & Moorthy,

FI. Ralgad dist. 1:348.1989.

Type ; India : Maharashtra; Halwan, Da 1zeI I

s . n. ( K ) .

Vern.Names : Mar. ; Tilori, Kapar halda.

Tall tuberous herbs. Stem hairy above. Leaves aubsessile, minutely petiolate. Cymes shortly pedunculate; pedicels and calyx small. Corolla 5-7.5 cm long; tube up to 3.8 cm long, slightly inflated in the lower 1/3 part, narrowed above, enlarging near the mouth; lobes up to 3.7 cm long, mostly linear above, partly pubescent within. Outer corona of 5 bifid ciliate lobes; inner linear, erecto-divergent. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 331.2 X 259.2 Urn with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles 28.8-43.2 ^m long,

86.4-100.8 li.m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 259.2

long and c^ 57.6 jJ^m wide.

FI. : July-Aug. Fr. : Aug.-Oct.

I I I us . : Santapau St Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4 : 105. 1962.

Dlstrlb. : Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Ecology : Mostly grow on exposed rocky slopes among

grasses.

592 S pec 1 mens e x am 1ned

Maharashtra : Kasara, Uashala range, Thana, B 11 > ore.

115319; Khandala, Poona, Ansa r i. 32781; Mumbra hill top,

Thana BJ^J_lore^, 116^84; Kanurl Caves, Borivii, Salsette island, McCann. 4676.

C. barnesii Bruce 6< Chattarjee in Kew Bull.

1940 J02. 1940; Sebastine t* Ramamurthy In Bull. Bot. Surv,

India 8:81.1967; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:10.1984;

Nair in Indian J. Forestry 8 ( 4 ) ; 255. 1985 ; Henry e_t a 1 .

FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:82.1987.

Type : India : South India, Barnes (K, Holotypel.

Twiner with glabrous stem. Leaves petiolate, sparsely hairy above. Cymes few-f1 owered; peduncles 2.5 cm long; pedicels short, sparsely hairy. Corolla 3.6-

4.4 cm long; tube up to 3.2 cm long, glabrous within except a thin ring of hairs at the mouth of the inflated base; lobes 1.2 cm long, hairy inside and along margins near apex only. Outer corona entire, ciliate; inner erect, sub-clavate. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 316.8-345.6

X 172.8-201.6 JUkm, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles ca 57.6 J^m long, 72-86.4 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 216 |^m long and c^ 108 wide.

PI. : May -J une

593 lllus. : Nayar & Sastry, Red data Book of Indian

Plants 52.1967.

Dlstrib. z Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Spec imens examined

Karnataka : S. Kanara, Acc. 32720 IMH); Pykara falls,

Acc. 32832 (MH).

5, C. beddomei Hook, f, FI. Brit. India4;75.1803; Rao,

FI. PI. Travancore 265.1914; Gamble, FI. Prsa. Hadrais

2:604 (5:859,1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Sebastine U

Vivekananthan in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9:176. 1968f

Henry al_. in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

75(3) :691. 1978; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:10.1984;

Pandurangan e_t a_L. in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6 (2) :272. 1985;

Goel St Jain in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9 ( I ) : 74. 1907.

Type : India : Kerala; Peermade (750 m), Beddoma

s . n. ( K » .

Photoplate - 10

Hairy twiners. Leaves linear to narrowly

lanceolate, petiolate. Cymes few-fIowered; peduncles c^

3.5 cm long; pedicels 1 cm long. Calyx c^ 1 cm long.

Corolla up to 7.8 cm long, dark purple; tube 3.5 cm long, glabrous within except throat; lobes 4.3 cm long, elongate-triangular, hairy in tha middle in a line within and along margins. Outer corona of 5 deltoid

594 bifid hairy lobes; inner erecto-d1wergent. Polllnla

five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, c^

345.6 X 288 yellow, waxy, with pellucid layer,

attached by light-brown caudicles 86.4-100.8 long,

ca 72 wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 316.8 long

and 158.4-172.8 Mm wide.

FI. : Nov.

Mlus. : Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16; Fig.33.1984.

Distrib. : Kerala (endemic).

Spec 1 men examined

Kerala : Pachakkanam, Idikkl, V i vekananthan. 46665.

6. C. bulbosa var. bulbosa Roxb. Cor. PI. 1:11, t.7. 1795

& FI. Ind. 2:38.1832; Wight, Contrib. 32.1834 and Ic.

t. 845. 1844-45; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:643.1844; Uall.

Cat. 8141.1847-49; Da 1z . & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 153.1661;

Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 117.1839; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:68.1883; Nairne, FI. PI. Uest. India 187.1894;

Dalgado, FI. Goa & Sawantwadi 124.1898; Rao, FI. PI.

Travancors 264.1914; Bamber, PI. Punjab 585.1916; Saxton it Sedgwick in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6 (7 ) :278. 1918;

Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3) ;535. 1933j

Bakshl In J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 52:502.1954; Huber,

Mem. Soc. Brot. 12:60.1957; Raizada L Vaid in Indian

Forester 83(1 1 ) : 644. 1957 ; Santapau L Irani in Bull.

Botan. Soc. Bengal 12(1 &< 2):9.1958; Gamble, FI. Pres.

Madras 2:602 (5:857.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Duthie, FI.

595 Upper Gang. PI. 1:514 (2:66.1905) 1960 (Rep.Ed.);

Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. hein. 4:28.1962; Shah

in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 4:236.1962; Maheshwari, FI.

Delhi 220.1963; Rajagopal in Proc. Nat. Acad. Scl. India

35:41.1965; Vartak, PI. Gomantak 72.1966; Cooke, FI.

Pres. Bombay 2:240 (2:176.1905) 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Santapau

St Janardhanan, FI. Saurashtra Checklist 31.1967{ hajumdar in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 23(1) :38. 1969; Rau,

FI. Upper Gang. PI. Checklist 49. 1969; Santapau Si Shah

in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 66(3 ) ;436. 1969 ; Shah In

Indian Forester 95(4 ) :274. 196 9 ; Inamdar L Patel in

Indian Forester 97(6) :326 . 197 1 ; Shah in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 11:282.1971; Vanamala Naidu in Indian Forester

97(2) :95. 1971; Billore, FI. Thane dist. 1:579.1972

(Ph.D.Thesis); Pathak aX. in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

41(2> :127. 1972; Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

13:199.1973; Saldhana L Nlcolson.Fl. Hassan dist.

443.1976; Nair, FI. Punjab Plains 161.1978; Bandari, FI.

Indian desert 221.1978; Shah,FI. Gujarat State

1:423.1978; Maheshwari &< Singh in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

18:159.1979; Sharma S< Tiagi, FI. North East Rajasthan

238.1979; Suryanarayanan in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

76(2):252.1979; Mayuranathan, FI. hadras city 178.

I 1929) 1981 (Rep.Ed.); Raghavan ej^ a 1 . in Rec. Bot.

Surv. India 21 ( 2 ) : 5 1. 1981 ; Matthew, FI. Tamil. C a m .

1:935.1983; Sharma in Jain &< Rao's An Assessment of

threatened PI. India 68.1983; Sharma e t a I . FI.

Karnataka 165.1984; Ansari , Fasc. FI. India 16 :10. 1984|

596 Vyas e_t a_l_* in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6 (2 ) : 305. 1965 ; Rao,

FI. Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra & Nagarhavali 2:262.1986;

Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. 1;A85.1987 (Ph.D. Thesis);

Henry e_t a 1 . FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:822.1967;

Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 627.1987; Singh, FI.East

Karnataka 1:410.1908; Anand Kumar L Srivaatava in J.

Econ. TaK. Bot. 12(2) :297. 1988; Daa in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 10( 1 ) : 2 18. 1988 ; Kamble & Pradhan, FI. Akola dist.

130.1988; Koshy L Shah in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

10(1));104.1988; Bhuskute in Indian Bot. Reptr.

8 ( 1 ) : 40 . 1989 ; Kulkarni a_L. in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

13( 1 ): 147. 1989; Kothari & tioorthy FI. Raigad dist.

1:349.1989; Patel in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 14(3)j656.1990.

Ali, FI. Pakistan 150:49.1983.

Ceropeg ia b u 1bosa war. escuIenta (Edgew. ) Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:68.1883.

C . escu1enta Edgew. in J. Linn. Soc. 5:204.1862.

Type : Roxb. PI. Corom. 1:11. t.7. 1795.

Vern.Names : Hindi : Daichandi; Mar. i Kanvel; Tol. i

Cotnmo manda.

Photoplate - 10

Tuberous twiners. Leaves subsessile to petiolate, orbicular, ovate, glabrous. Cymes pedunculate; pedicels short. Corolla greyish purple; tube 1-1.7 cm long,

inflated at base, narrowed in the middle, funnel-shaped

597 above glabrous inside; lobes 5-B mm long, linear above from ovate-deltoid base, hairy inside and along margins in linear parts. Outer corona saucer-shaped, entire or broadly shallow; inner slender, sickle-shaped or divergent. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,284-296 X 196-200 Mm, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudlcles

32-40 Wm long, 28-36 wide to dark-brown corpuscle

92 JL(m long and c^ 32 /|,m wide.

FI. : July-Sept. Fr. : Sept.-Oct. lllus. : Bhandari, FI. Indian desert (221.1978)

198.1990 (Rep.Ed.).

Distrib. : Throughout India.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Economic Importance : Tubers edible. The tubers are

digestive and have tonic. Used in Bchar in

cold and eye disease to cause sneezing.

The bitterness removed by boiling.

Contains Ceropegine, a bitter alkaloid

(Uealth of 1nd la).

Specimens exam 1ned

Andhra Pradesh : Circuit house, Visakapatnam, Subba Rao.

21471; Cuddapah, Beddome, Acc. 32717 (MH); On way to

Janapuram kendal, Visakapatnam, Subba Rao. 42510.

598 Haryana : Gulab Garh (Yamuna Nagar) Sharma. 79357.

Karnataka : Narasimha devara betta,Nandi hilis, Kolar,

Singh, 143185.

Madhya Pradesh : Balaghat forest, Balaghat, Na 1r. 16043.

Maharashtra : Shivneri hills, Junner, Pune, Hemadr1.

104547; Dhoula roa1ki near Varghi, Badlapur, Thana,

BiI 1 ore. 115355; Medshi Rd.,Akola, KambIe. 150083;

Bhlvandl khurd, Junner, Hemadr1. 117930; Ustana near

Hajimalang, Badlapur, Thane, B 1 I tore. 115408; Hillocks near Paahan, Poona, Redd 1 , 101213; AJantha forest,

Aurangabad, Janardhanan. 100228; Near Amboit Hira,

Chandrapur, Uadhwa, 129271; Katraj ghat, Poona, Ansar i &

Reddi. 101201; Katraj Rd., Vartak. 5407.

Pun jab ; Manguwal, Hoshiarpur, M i s ra. 41557.

Ralas than : Parshad Guwalia hill, Udaipur, Kanodla.

82219.

T . Nadu : Kolli hills, Namakkal, Salem, Matthew L

A 1ameIu, 18415; Shanikulam, S. Arcot, Barber. s.n.

7. C. bulbosa var. lushii (Grah.) Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:68.1883; Gamble, Fi. Pres. Madras 2:602

(5:857.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Rajagopal in Proc. Nat.

Acad. Sci. India 35:41.1965; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay

2:241 (2:176.1905) 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Majuradar in Bull.

Botan.Soc. Bengal 23(11:38.1969; Sharma e_t a I . FI.

599 Karnataka lB6.19t»A; Ansarl, Faac. FI. India 16ill,i98Aj

Lauener & Paul in Notes R.B.G.Edinb. 42(3) :571. 1985f

Henry e_t aj_- F*- Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:82.1987; Das in

J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10( 1) :218.1966; Kamble & Pradhan,

FI. Akola dist. 130.1988; Kulkarni in J. Econ.

Tax, Bot. 13 1 1): 147. 1989.

C. 1ush i1 Grab, in Bot. Mag. t.3300. 1834; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:644.1844; Dalz. %, Gibs. Bomb. F\. 154.1661.

C. acum i na ta Roxb. PI. Corom. 1:12, t.8. 1795; Ulghtf

Contrib, 32.1834; Decne. in DC. Prodr.8:643.1844; Hook,

f. FI. Brit. India 4:70.1883.

C. discreta N.E.Br. in Kew Bull, 1909 ;262. 1909.

Type : India : Karnataka; Kanara, Kasersaya

Jungle, Lush s.n. (E).

Leaves linear to lanceolate, subsessile. pollinla

five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell,

yellow, waxy, ca 220 X 148 >ilm, with pellucid layer,

attached by light-brown caud i cl eg ca 220 long, ga 160

Mm wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 40 long and ca 20

wide.

FI- = July-S.pt. Fr. . Sept.-Oct.

‘ Roxb. PI. Corom. 1!12, t.6.1795.

Distrib, : Throughout India.

Chr. No, : 2n = 22.

600 Spec i mens exam 1ned

Karnataka : Chltradurga, Ramak r1s hna. 1347; Melonagudda,

Kolar, Ramakr ishna. 1083.

Maharashtra; Patur Medshi, Akola, Kamb Ie . s.n. Acc.

105774 (BSI); Pashan village out skrit, Poona, Redd 1.

101209; Hillocks near Pashan village, Poona, Redd 1.

101216; Pashan, Poona, Humad r1. 92759; Sltabal Dara

Sinhagad, Poona, Redd i. 101205.

Punjab : Jawar, Hoshiarpur, h 1s ra. 41729.

Ralas than : Rajasthan, Kanod i a. 82219.

T . Nadu ; Pulney hills, Madras, Bourne. 3023.

8. C. candelabrum var. candeIabrum L. Sp. PI. 211.1753;

Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:643.1044; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:70.1883; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 26B.1914;

Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:603 (5x857.1923) 1957

(Rep.Ed.); Santapau & Irani in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal

12 (1 & 2):9.1958; Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot.

Mem. 4:29.1962; Naithani in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

8:258.1967; Bedi e^ aJ_. in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

65(2 ):523.1968; Sebastine & Ellis in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 9:196.1968; Kammathy e_t a_L. in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 9:221.1968; Vajravelu & Joseph in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 13:268.1973; Saldhana &Nlcolson,Fl. Hassan dist.

443.1976; Sharma e_t a±. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

15:61.1976; Shah, FI. Gujarat State 1:424.1978; Rao L

60 1 Razl, FI. Mysore ddist. 494.1981; Karthikeyan e_t aj_. in

Rec. Bot, Surv. India 2 1 ( 2 ) : 170 . 1 96 1 ; Raghavan et. al. in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 21 ( 2 ) : 5 1. 1981 ; Manilal

Slvarajan, FI. Calicut 169.1982; Matthew, FI. Tamil.

Cam. 1:935.1963; Sharma e_t FI. Karnataka i66.i984{

Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:12.1984; Varma e_^ a I . FI.

Raipur, Durg S< Rajnandgaon 223.1985; Henry e^ FI*

Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:82.1987; Nayar Nair, FI.

Courtallum 2:226.1987; Nicolson e_t a_|_. An Interpretation of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus 61.1988; Anand Kumar ti Srivastava in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 12 (2) :297. 1988 {

Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10(2> :280. 1988.

Huber, Mem. Soc. Brot. 12:58.1957; Huber in Dassan. Rev.

Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:120.1983.

C. ellottii Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4:70.1883.

Type : Plate of Rheede, Hort. Malab. 9:27,

t.16.1673.

Vern. Names : Mai. ; Nota-nodhera-vaI Ii,

Photoplate - 10

Glabrous twiners. Leaves variable, linear to orbicular, petiolate. Cymes many-fI owe red, peduncles

longer than pedicels. Corolla 2.9-4.5 cm long; tube

2.7-3 cm long, Inflated in lower half; lobes 5-8 mm long, short or long beaked, base ovate, hairy within.

602 Polllnia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther

cell, yellow, waxy, 172-216 X c^ 150 with pellucid

layer, attached by light-brown caudiclea c^ 20.3 ^ra

long, ca^ 43.2 )Ara wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 115.2

Um long and ca 72 /Jim wide.

FI. : Aug. -Jan. Fr. : Nov.-Mar.

lllus. : Roxb. PI. corotn. 1:12, t.9. 1795; Matthew,

lllus. FI. Tamil. C a m . 2:439.1982.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka,

Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu.

Economic Importance : Tubers edible (Jain, 1901). Tho

plant is bitter, cures dirrhoea and

dysentries, inflammation of the gums

deliriousfevers of partarition. The

starchy tubers used as nutritive tonic

(Kirtikar & Basu, 1918).

Spec i mens exam 1ned

Andhra Pradesh ; Kothuru, BaIak r1shnan. 8865 Addatigala

Yellam , Godavari, Ramaswam i. 1698; Barnagudu, Rampa,

Narayanswam i. 283; Rampa hills, Narayanswami.28;

Nagayimakonda, Gu i ne t. 602; Nagalapuram, Chittoor,

Chandrabose. 45232; On way to Javapuram Konda,

Visakapatnam, Subba Rao. 42512; Forest near Anantgiri,

Visakapatnam, Ba1akr1shnan. 10993.

Assam : Assam, Jenkins. 328.

603 Karnataka : Marbhavi, Tumkur, S a 1danha. KFP 2214;

Sullai, S.Kanara, Barber 2110; Sullia, S.Kanara, Barber.

2128; Way to Gundlupet, Mysore, N a 1 than i. 21308(

Kothapally, kolar, Ramakr ishna. 1072.

Kerala ; Near hekari, Travancore, CaI der ^ Ramaswam1.

604; Travancore, Gamble, 14837; Travancore, Rama Rao.

1999; Qullon, Rama Rao. 2145; Thekkady, Idukkl,

V ivekananthan. 46704; nukkali, Palghat, Va^ravelu.

44871; Kumaramperur, Konni, Qullon, Chand rabose. 49019;

Forest near Bonaccord Estate, Travancore, J oseph. 44535;

Panthanthode, Palghat, Va 1 rave Iu. 33164.

Orissa :Dephria island, Chilkalake, Ganjam, Hooper.

39567.

T. Nadu : Uay to Paichallur, Madurai, Chand rabose.

51395; Near Baihr. Coimbatore, Fischer. 250; Mutikulu ghat, Coimbatore, F 1sche r. 2178; Ayyanar koil,

Ramanathapuram, N a i r, 61406; Pakamalai R.F., S. Arcot,

Ramamur thy. 51150; VaI 1achithodu lower Kodayar,,

Kanyakumari, Henry. 68936; Southupparai-AgamaI aI,

Perlakulam, Madurai, Mat thew. Uaha & R a 1 end ran 43169}

Karappankadu thittu, Pachaimalai, Thuraiyur, Tiruchl,

Matthew. 24424; Asanampattu, N. Arcot, V a 1 rave 1u. 52031|

Mt. Stowert, Coimbatore, Joseph. 13384; Vannathiparai,

Madurai, V i vekananthan. 46709; Gerath forest,

Dharmapuri, Va 1 rave Iu. 57976; PeruchiIambu,

Kanyakkumari, Swam i nathan. 68978; Bokkapuram, Nilgiri,

604 Rathak rpthnan. 38939; Sirur to Kambatti, V a 1 rave 1u.

39484; Sundhraniadh, Ramana thapuram, Ba i aaubraman Ian.

2199; Thulukkamparai, Thirukurungudi, Tirunelveli,

She t ty, 32959; Kalakaadh R .F .TInneva I Iy, J oaeph. 15037.

9. C. candelabrum var. biflora (L.) Ansari, Fasc. FI.

India 16:12.1984; Henry aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2 :82.1987.

C. bifI ora L. Sp. PI. 211.1753.

C . tuberosa Roxb. Cor. PI. 1:12, t.9. 1795; Uight,

Contrlb. 33.1834 and Ic. t.353. 1040; Decne. In DC.

Prodr. 8:644.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:70.1883;

Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 265.1914; Fischer in Rec. Bot.

Surv. India 9( 1) : 117. 1921; Blatter in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 36(3) :535.1933; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras

2:603 (5:857.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Sebastine in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 1:94.1959; Subramanyam L. Henry in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 38(4) :512. 1959; Haines, Bot.

Bihar L Orissa 2:589 (4:562.1922) 1961 (Rep.Ed.); Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 6 1 (2) :315. 196 1 ; Srinivasan

& Subba Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 58:409.1961;

Puri et a 1 . FI. Rajasthan 86.1964; Rao S< Sastry in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 6:163.1964; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay

2:241 (2:176.1905) 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Vanamala Naidu & Rao

in Indian Forester 93(2) : 130. 196 7 ; Matthew in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 12:86. 1972; Saldhana & Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist. 445.1976; Mayuranathan, FI. Madras city 178 (1929)

1981 (Rep.Ed.); Chaudhary & Patnaik in J. Econ. Tax.

605 Bot. 3{3) : 807. 1982 ; Subba Rao & Kumarl in Bull. Dot.

Surv. India 23:33.1983; Sharma a_l_. FI. Karnataka

166.1984; hahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 694.1987.

C. cande1abrurn subsp. tuberosa(Roxb) Huber In Dasaan.

Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:120.1983.

C . cande1abrurn var. tuberosa (Roxb. ) Singh, FI. East.

Karnataka 1:410.1988.

C.1ong i f1 ora Poir in Roem. et Schult. Syat. veg. ed.2,

6 :2.1820.

C. mucronata Roth. Nov. PI. Spec. 179.1821.

Type : Plate of Ceropegia 110, Hermann Herb.

( BM ) . vern.Names : Sinh. : Uel-mottu.

Photoplata - 10

Corolla lobes 10-15 mm long with elongated apices or long beaked (8-10 mm long). Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, c^ 259 X 201 M®» with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles ca 28.8 |Am long, c^ 43.2 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 129.6 long and c^ 86.4 wide.

FI. : Aug.-Dec. Fr. t Sept.-Jan.

lllus. : Wight, Ic. t.353.1840.

Distrib. :Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa,

Tamil N ad u.

606 Spec imens eKam i ned

Andh ra Pradesh : on way to Javapuram Konda,

V IsakapatnaiDi S iihba Rao. 42512; Kendaveda forest,

Guntur, Barber. A662; Stream near, Davaramadugu1 a near

Addatigala, E.Godavari, Subba Rao. 685; on way to

Nettapaukota, polavaram Agency, Ra1u. 369; Adatlgala,

Yeilava, Godavari, Ramaswam i. 1690.

Karnataka : Mysore and Carnatic Thomas. s.n. Acc. 296661

(CNH ) .

Kerala : Qullon, Trauancore, Rama Rao. 2144.

Orissa : Balngaon, Chilka lake, Ganjam, Hooper. 39505.

T. Nadu ; Asanampattu, Alangayam R.F. N. Arcot,

V a 1 rave Iu. 52031; Pachalur ghat, Vdumelpet, Dindlgul,

Matthew. 47300; Kalakkadu, Tinnevelly, J oseph. 15291;

Way to Thu Iukkamparai, Thirukuraragud1, Tirunelvell,

Shetty. 32977; Sea level, Tanjore, Ellis. 11786; foot of

Kodaikanal, Barber. 7590; Tippukadu N.Arcot, Ramamurthy.

17611; Kuridimalai, North slope, Coimbatore,

Subramanyam. 1318; Thekkumalai hills, Coimbatore,

Sebas tine. 1623; Nilgiri, G a m b 1e 16972; Maruthama1 ai,

Coimbatore, Sebas tine. 1205.

10. C. ciliata Uight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t.1262.1848;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:72.1883; Rao, FI. Pi.

Travancore 265. 1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:603

(5:858.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

607 16:13.1984; Henry e_t a_L- Fi. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:83.1987.

Type : India : Tamil Nadu; Nilgiri hills, Wight

1927 (K».

Photoplate - 10

Twiners with tuberous roots. Steen, leaves,

peduncles, pedicels and Calyx hairy. Cymes many- flowered. Corolla c^ 2.8 cm long, green, slightly curved; tube c^ 1.8 cm long, inflated at base, narrowed

in the middle, slightly dilated at mouth; lobes c^ 1 cm

long, falcate when folded on back, glabrous. Outer corona of 5 ciliate lobes; inner spathulate, erecto- divergent or recurved at apex. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther-cell, yellow, waxy, ca

273.6 X 172.8-187.2 Mm, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 28.8 jU^m long, 28.8-43.2 ^.m wide to dark-brown corpuscle 187.2-201.6 ^m long and ca.

72 \X.m wide.

FI. : Aug.-Sept.

lllus. : Uight, Ic. t.1262.1848.

Distrib. : Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Kerala ; S. Malabar, F 1sche r. 2314.

T. Nadu : Ebanad (Koir deak surroundings) Nilgiri, Subba

Rao, 36635; Nilgiri, Lawson. 332816; Nilgiri, 12415;

Nilgiri, GambIe. 12415.

608 11. C. decaisneana Wight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or.

4 : t, 1259. 1848; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4i73.1663j

Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:604 (5:859.1923) 1957

(Rep. Ed.); Sharma e_^ aX- FI. Karnataka 166. 1984 ; Ansar 1,

Faac. FI. India 16:13.1984; Henry e_t aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu

Analysis 2:83.1987; Vajravelu in J. Econ. TaK. Bot.

11(2):269.1988.

Type : India : Tamil Hadu; Sisparah ghats

(Nilgiris), U ight s.n. (K).

Photoplate - 10

Twiners with glabrous stem except hairy nodes.

Leaves lanceolate, elongate or e 1 I iptic-obIong, base acute, sparsely hairy above. Cymes 4-8 flowered; peduncles usually longer than pedicels, both hairy.

Corolla up to 7.5 cm long, outside minutely hairy in

buds; tube 4 cm long, spotted purple, base inflated in

lower half with a ring of hairs at its mouth within;

lobes 3.5 cm long, deltoid in lower half, spathulate,

ciliate within above. Outer corona of 5 hairy lobes;

Inner erect long, ligulate. Pollinia five, pollen

masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,

374.4-417.6 X 216 with pellucid layer, attached by

light-brown c a u d i c l e s ^ 100.8 Mm long, ca 100.8 ;\m wide

to dark-brown corpuscle ca^ 273.6 |^m long and c^ 129.6

wide.

609 FI. : Oct.-Dec. Fr. : Dec.-Jan.

IIIus. : Uight, Ic. t. 1259. 1848; Ansari, Faac. FI.

India 16 :P1. 1 :3, Fig.6. 1984.

Distrlb. ; Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Spec i mens exam 1ned

Kerala : Kumattanthode area, Silent valley, Paighat,

Na i r. 64326; Mukkali forest, Palghat, Va i rave 1u. 26227{

Silent valley, Palghat, Va 1 raveIu. 26071; Othakkal &

Shencotta, Travancore, Barber. 6194; Kattathipara,

Travancore, Narayanaswamv. 1708.

T. Nadu : Nilgiri, 3000 ft. Gamb1e. 15651; Kuzhinayal

R.F.Nllgiri, Va i rave 1u. 43493; Karianshola, Annamalals,

Fischer. 3654, Acc. 296709 (CNH); Deella, Nllgirl,

Gamb 1e . 1560 1.

12. C. elegans Wall, in Curtis, Bot. Mag.t.3015.1830;

Uight, Ic. t.1265.1848 et Contrib. 31.1634; Decne. In

DC. prodr, 8:642.1844; Hook.f. FI. Brit. India

4:68.1883; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 264.1914; Fischer in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9 I 1) : 117. 1921; Gamble, FI. Pres.

Madras 2:602 (5:857,1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Kammathy ^ a I. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9:221.1968; Saldhana L

Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist. 443.1976; VoganarsImhan

a I. FI. Chikmagalur 212.1981; Rao & Razi, FI. Mysore

diet. 494.1981; Matthew,FI. Tamil. Cam. 1:936.1983;

Sharma et al. FI. Karnataka 166.1984; Ansari, Fasc. FI.

6 10 India 16:14.1984; Henry ^ a_L. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:83.1987; Nayar &< Nalr, FI. CourtaUum 2:228.1987; Nalr in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 11(2) :377 . 1988; Ramachandran &

Nalr, FI. Cannanore 282. 1988; Vajravelu e_^ a I . in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 10(2) :281. 1988.

C. sphenantha Uight L Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 31.1634{

Fyson, FI. Nilg. Puln. Hills 1:285.1974 (Rep.Ed.);.

C . mysorens i s Uight, ic. PI. Ind. Or. 3 : t.846.1844-45}

Hook.f. FI. Brit. India 4:69.1883; Rao, FI. PI.

Travancore 264.1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:602

(5:857.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.).

C. walkerae Wight. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 4 : t.1266.1848; Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4:69,1883; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras

2:602 (5:857.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.).

C. eIegans var. w a 1kerae (Uight) Trimen Handb. FI.

Ceylon 3:165.1895.

C.eIegans var. gardner i (Thw. ex Hook. ) Huber in Mem,

Soc. Broter. 12:73.1957.

C. gardner i Thw. ex Hook, in Bot. Mag. t.5306. 1862;

Hook. f. FI, Brit. India 4:69.1883.

Type : Bot. Mag. t.3015. 1830.

Photoplate - 10

Glabrous twiners with fibrous fascicled roots.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petiolate. Cymes few-

flowered. Corolla 2.5-6 cm long; tube 1.8-4.5 cm long,

inflated at base, largely dilated at mouth; lobes 5-12

6 11 mm long,purple clliate, outer corona of 10 subulate

lobes,hairy or glabrous; inner 5, erect. Polllnla five,

pollnen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 374.4 X 240 /4,m, with pellucid layer, attached

by light-brown caudiclesc^ 57.6 M,m long, c^ 43.2 wide

to dark-brown corpuscle 244.8 ^ra long and c^ 115.2 wide.

FI. : June-Dee. Fr. : Dec.-Apr.

lllus. : Wight, Ic. t. 1265. 1848; Ansari, Fasc. FI.

1 nd ia 16 :P 1 . 1 ;2. 1984.

Distrib. ; Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. : 2n = 66 ( N-40 ),

Spec imens exam i ned

Karnataka ; Anethale dimb M.M.hills, Mysore,

Ramakr ishna. 1211.

Kerala ; Chandanathade, Cannanore, Ramachand ran. 57596;

Way to Poochipara, Palghat, N a i r. 69517; Aruvampara

slopes, Palghat, Na i r. 69151; Peernade Trawancore,

Meebo1d. 13902; Quilon, Rama Rao. 2146.

T. Nadu : Puliyaruvi Courtallam, Tirunevelly,

Subramanyam. 5586; Thannipa I 1 am, Slruvani, Henry. ANH

524; Keel sengadu, VaIappurnadu, Naroakkal, Salem,

Matthew. 6070; Kuridimalai, Coimbatore, Subramanyam.

1605; Kwadimalai, Coimbatore, V i swanathan. MVU 839;

Karanthama1 ai, Madurai, Subramanyam. 5322; Shola, near

view point, Kodanad, Nilgiri, V a 1 ravelu. 38286; Above

612 Pykara water fall, Nilgiri, Narayanaawamy. 4293; Road

from Natterikal, Tinnevelly, J oseph. 15892{

Karumandiyamanko1, Grassy sI ope,Tiruneve1 1, Va1 rave 1u.

76461; Nilgiri, Clarke. 10845; Pounachl, F 1 scher. 694;

Nilgiri, Gamble. 12137,

13. C. ansifolia Bedd. in Madras J. Lit. Sci. Ser.

3(11:52.1864 and Ic. PI. Ind. Or. I :t. 173. 1674; Hook,

f. FI. Brit. India 4:75.1883; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore

265.1914; Fischer In Rec. Bot. Surv. India

9(1):117.1921; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:604.

(5:859.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16:14.1984; Henry FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2 :83.1987.

C . c iI lata ssp. ens i f oI ia (Bedd. ) Huber in Mera. Soc.

Broter. 12:69, t.3, f.36b. 1957; Vajravelu in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 1 1 (2) :269. 1988.

•C. a Ib i fI ora Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:75.1883; Rao,

FI. PI. Travancore 265.1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras

2:604 (5:859.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.).

Type : India : Tamil Nadu; Anamallay hills, Beddome

(K ) .

Photoplate - 10

Twiners with subglobose tubers. Stem branching.

Leaves ovate-IanceoI ate to linear, almost glabrous.

Cymes many-fIowered; peduncles hirsute; pedicels

6 13 sparsely hairy or glabrous. Corolla up to 4 cm long;

tub© 2 cm long, base slightly inflated; lobes c^ 2 cm

long, linear-oblong. Outer corona of 5 dilate lobes;

inner erect. Polllnla five, pollen masses solitary In

each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 273.6 X 172.0 with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudlcles

14.4-28.8 JJ(^m long, c^ 72 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 144 ^(m long and 43.22-50.4 |lm wide.

FI. ; Aug.-Sept.

Illus. ; Bedd. Ic. PI. 1:t.173.1874.

Distrib. : Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

5 pec 1mens exam i ned

Kerala : 1100 m Karasurya Malai, Palghat, V a 1 rave Iu.

48769; Uay to v a 1 iyaparthode, S.V.R.F. Palghat, N a 1r.

64385.

T. Nadu : Uay to Muthukzhivaya1, Kanyakumarl, Henry,

48176; Balamore to M.K.Vayal, Kanyakumarl, Henry. 68934;

Uay uphlgh Madurai, Jacob. 17535.

14. C. evansii McCann^J . Bc^ay nat. Hist.Soc. 45:209.1945

and in Mem. Soc. Broter 12:67.1957; Santapau, FI.

Purandhar 80.1958; Santapau L Irani In Bull. Botan. Soc.

Bengal 12 (1 & 2):11.1958; Santapau, FI. Khandala

140.1960; Santapau &< Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:31.1962; Venkata-reddi in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

11:253.1971; Karthikeyan in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

6 lA 21(2):170.1981; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:15.1984;

Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 644.1987.

Type : India : Maharashtra; Khandala, Santapau

919A, 920B (BLAT, Paratype).

Tuberous twiners. Stem glabrous. Leaves ovate to ovate-1anceo1 ate, base rounded, almost glabrous. Cymes few-flowered; peduncles long, hairy; pedicels glabrous. Corolla 4 cm long; tube 28 mm long, base inflated, narrowed in the middIe,expanding upwards; lobes 10-12 X 8-9 mm, folded on back. Outer corona of 5 deI to id-bifid hairy lobes; inner linear, erect.

Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 388.8 X 244.8 |Jl,m, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 43.2

long, ca 43.2 wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 288 long and c^ 57.6 ^m wide.

FI. : July-Sept. Fr, ; Aug.-Oct.

Illus. : Nayar Sastry, Red Data Book of Indian

Plants 55.1987.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic)).

Spec imens exam i ned

Maharashtra : Kate-Parniforest, Ambavane, Mulshi,

Poona, Redd i. 99331; Ravine above, Bushl Iake-LonavaI a,

Poona, Redd 1. 100908; Uagjori Forest on way to Mangaon,

Ambavane, Mulshi, Poona, Redd i, 99128.

6 15 15. C. fantastica Sedgwick in J. Ind. Bot. Soc

2:124.1921; Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soo.

36(3) :536. 1933; Santapau & Irani in Bull. Botan. Soc.

Bengal 12 (1 & 2) :13.1958; Santapau S. Irani, Univ.

Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:35.1962; Kanodia & Reddi in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 6:311.1964; Vartak, PI. Gomantak

72.1966; Karthikeyan in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21 (2) : 171. 1981 ; Sharma e_^aj_. FI. Karnataka 166.1984{

Nair in Indian J. Forestry 8(4) ; 255. 1985; Rao, FI. Goa,

Diu, Daman, Dadra h. Nagahaveli 2:262. 1986{ Goal & Jain in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9(1) :74. 1987 .

Type : India : Karnataka; Sulgeri, N. Kanara, Be I I

4252 (K).

Twiners with subglobose tubers. Stem glabrous.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, glabrous except ciliate margins. Cyme 4-7 flowered; peduncles hairy; pedicels glabrous. Corolla 2.5 cm long, dark purple; tube 2 cm long subcyIindric, somewhat funnel-shaped above, ciliate inside in the upper half; lobes 5 X 3.5 mm, ovate- oblong, ciliate within and on margins. Outer corona of

5 bifid glabrous lobes; inner linear-sub — clavate, erecto-diVergent. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 302.4-316.8 X 216-

230.4 )J,m, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles ca 72 )Am long, ca 43.2 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 216 )iXm long and 115.2-129.6 ^m wide.

6 16 FI. : Aug. Fr. : Sept.

nius. : Kanodia &< Reddi In Bull. Bot. Surw. India

6:311, t. 1 &< f . 1-5. 1964.

Distrib. : Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra.

Ecology ; On laterltic soil in open serai-evergreen

forests, among shrubs.

Spec i men exam i ned

Goa : Ordoford forests, on way to Tudal,Kanod i a. 89489.

16. C. fimbriifera Bedd. in Madras Journ. Lit. Ser.

3(1);53.1864 and Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 1:38, t.172.1874;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:66.1883; Rao, FI. PI.

Travancore 264. 1914; Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

9( 1 ) : 117. 1921 ; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:602

(5:856.1923) 1957

Bot. Surv. India 9:221.1968; Saldhana Nicolson, FI.

Hassan dist. 444.1976; Rao &< Raz i, FI. Mysore dist.

494.1981; Sharma e_t FI. Karnataka 166.1984; Ansari,

Fasc. FI. India 16:16. 1984; Henry gX a I. FI. Tam I I Nadu

Analysis 2:83.1987; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka

1:411.1988.

Type : India : Tamil Nadu; Anaroallay hills,

Beddome (K ).

Photoplate - 10

Erect herbs. Stem pubescent. Leaves linear,

sessile, puberulous above. Cymes few-f I owered. Corolla

6 17 ca 4.5 cm long; tube ca 2.5 cm long, base slightly

inflated, narrowed In the middle, glabrous inside; lobes ca 2 cm long, 1inear-cIavate, glabrous above, from ovate base. Outer corona of 5 bifid-deltoid lobes; inner erect, 1inear-spathuI ate. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 308.6-417.6

X 187.2-259.2 jUm, with pellucid layer, attached by

light-brown caudiclegc^ 86.4 long, 57.6-72 Wm wld« to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 316.8 jJlm long and c^ 158.4 JL(m wide.

FI. : July-Aug. Fr. : Aug.-Sept.

Illus. ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 1:38, t. 172. 1874.

Distrib. : Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Karnataka : Narasimha davarabetta S.F. Nandi hills,

Kolar, Singh. 143185; Uest slopes of Mysore, Barnes.

1875.

Nadu : Kadamparai, Attakatti, Coimbatore,

Chandrabose. 57222; Ebanad, Koil Park, Nilgiri, Subba

Rao. 36637.

17. C. hirsuta Uight S< Am. in Uight, Contrib. 30.1834;

Decne, in DC. Prodr. 8:641.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:71.1883; Uood & Surgeon in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 2( 1> : 117. 1902; Rao, FI. Travancore 265.1914;

Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9(1) ; 117. 1921; Blatter

618 in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3);535.1933; Gamble, FI.

Pres. Madras 2:604 (5:562.1923)) 1957 (Rep.Ed.)|

Santapau & Irani In Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 12 (1 & 2)i

10.1956; Rao & Narayanaswamy in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

39(2):238.1960; Santapau, FI. Khandala 139.1960;

Haines, Bot. Bihar &< Orissa 2:590 (4:562.1922) 1961

(Rep.Ed.); Jain in Indian Forester 86(1):60.1962;

Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. hem. 4:30.1962;

Prain, Bengal PI. 2:520 (2:701.1903) 1963 (Rep.Ed.);

Vartak, PI. Gomantak 72.1966; Janardhanan, FI.

Bhimashankar 706.1966; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:242

(2:177.1905) 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Mallck In Bull. Bot.Soc.

India 8:53.1967; Naithani in Bull.Bot. Soc. India

8:258.1967; Venkata Reddi in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

66(2) : 4 19. 1969 ; Venkata Reddi in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

11:439.1971; Saxena in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

12:52.1972; Saxena & Shukla in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

12:195.1972; Saldhana L Nicolson, FI. Hassan dlst.

444.1976; Sharma e_t aj_. in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

75(1) :29. 1978; Rao & Razi, FI. Mysore dist. 494.1981;

Matthew, FI. Tamil. Cam. 1:936.1983; Saxena & Brahman in Jain & Rao's An Assessment of threatened PI. India

83.1983; Subba Rao & Kumari in Bull, Bot. Surv. India

23:33.1983; Bole & Almeida In J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

81 ( 2 ) : 370 . 1984 ; Sharma e_t FI. Karnataka 166.1984;

Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:16.1984; Mukherjee, FI.

Panchmari & Bor I 183. 1984; Verma, FI. Raipur, Durg

Rajnandgaon223.1985; IJgomuge, FI. Nagpur dlst.

619 234.1986; Deshpande, FI. Satara dlst. 1:406.1987

(Ph.D.Thesis) ; Henry gX sX* FI- Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:83.1987; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 635.1987;

Kamble & Pradhan, FI. Akola dist. 130.1988; Kulkarnl,

FI. Slndhudurg 257.1988; Sanyal & Namhata in Geobios New

reports 9:54.1990.

C. h 1rsuta var. lacquemont iana Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4 :72.1883.

C. lacquemon t iana Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:641.1844.

C. h i rsuta var. oph i ocepha1 a (Dalz. ) Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4 :72.1883.

C. oph i ocephaI a Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. 2:259.1850.

C. h i rsuta var. s tenophy1 I a Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:72.1883; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:604.1957

( Rep. Ed . ) .

C. h i s p i da Blatt. & McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

35:409.1931; Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

36 ( 3 ) j 536. 1 933 ; Karthikeyan aj_. in Rec, Bot. Surv.

India 21(2) : 17 1. 198 1 ; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra

694.1987.

Type : India : Tamil Nadu; Nilgiris (Wight, Cat.

n. 1510), Herb. Wight (K, Holotype).

Vern.Names : Hindi & Urdu : Khalooda; Mar. j

Haamana; Raj. : Khilora.

Photoplate - 10

Coarse tuber twiners. Leaves variable,

peduncles, pedicels and calyx hairy. Cymes few-many

620 flowered. Corolla 2.8-5.8 cm long; tube 2-4 cm long, depressedly inflated at base, funnel-shaped above; lobes

8-18 mm long, broadly oblong or obIong-obovate, hairy inside and along margins. Outer corona of 5 bifid hairy lobes; inner linear, erect. Polllnla five, pollen masses solitary In each anther cell, yellow, waxy,

403.2-417.6 X 302.4-331.2 Urn, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 115.2 Jl(m long, ca^

72 j^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle 403.2-417.6 ^m long and 273.6-268 ^m wide.

FI. : July-Nov. Fr. : Sept. onwards

Illus. ; Santapau & Irani, Univ.Bombay Bot. Mem.

4 : 106. 1962.

Dlstrlb. : Throughout India except Himalayan region.

Economic Importance : The tubers are edible (Maheshwarl

& S ingh, 1965).

S pec i mens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh ; Bornaguden Rampa, Narayanaawaml. 282 1

Top of Palakenda, Godavari, Narayanaswaml. 369.

BIhar ; Bihar, CampbeI I. Acc. 296576 (CNH); Hlmdagarh,

Chota Nagpur, Praln. Acc. 296570 (CNH>.

Karnataka ; Day to Gundlupeta, Mysore, N a 1thanl. 21297;

Sege gudda, Hassan, Ramakr Ishna. 1012; Sefoegudda,

Hassan, Ramakr1shna, 1015.

621 Madhya Pradesh : Bori R.F,, Pachmari Rd., Hoshangabad,

Joseph. 11284; Kanhar, Mandla dt. Kanha Tiger Reserve,

La I & Kumar. 33172; Jalgaon, Balaghat, Nai r. 18465;

Madan Dongri, Tovreng, Verma, 25142; Bhopal, 19564, 9-

1903, Acc.296577 (CNH).

Maharashtra ; Shivneri hills, Junner, Poona, Hemad r1.

104544; Trombay, Abraham. 1132 (A) BA RC ; Unapdes

Jungles, Dhule, Pa tas ka r. 105883; Shivneri hiils,

Junner, Poona, Hemadr t. 99717; Pashan, Poona, Redd 1. s.n. ; Shivneri hills, Poona, Ansar 1. 88780; around vetal hills, Poona, Bh Ida. 793; Pandavgad, Satara, Deshpande.

169037; Mangarulpir, Akola, KambIe. 150357;Palodi,

Akola, Ka m b 1e. 150373; Machi, Shlhagad, Poona, Var tak.

4931; Karnala, Mandavgave, G-328; Vetal hills, Var tak.

384,

Or issa : Kuthadys hills, Ganjam, Narayanaswamv. 5898;

Ganjam, F ischer. s.n,

Ralas than ; Mt. Abu, Acc. 296578 (CNH); Aboo, K tng.

Acc. 296581 (CNH); at Bandra Mt. Abu, McCann. 6595.

T\_ Nadu : Silver cascade top, Shembaganur, Kodaikanal,

Madurai, B r i t to. 42137; Forest Rest house, Thally,

Devarbetta, Denkanikotta, Dharmpuri, Ma t thew & Ran i.

28493; Kurldimalai, Coimbatore, Subramanyam, 1768; Moyar

R.F. Nilglrl, Sharma. 35593; Sirur to Ebnad Subba Rao.

37227; Madras, Montaud. 1536.

622 U . Benga1 : Gopalpur forest, Purulla, Malick, 438.

18. C. hookeri C. B. Clarke ex Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:73.1883; Smith & Cave in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

4(5) :222. 1910; Hara e± Enum. FI. PI. Nepal

3:85.1982; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:17.1984.

Type : India : Sikkim; Lachen (10-11000 ft)

Ceropegia n. 23. J.D.Hooker (K,

Ho Iotype).

Photoplate - 10

Twiners with tuberous rhizomes. Stem hairy in 1 or 2 rows. Leaves ovate, acuminate, hairy above. Cymes few-fI owered; peduncles hairy; pedicels glabrous.

Corolla c^ 2 cm long, dark-purple; tube ca 12 mm long, lower half inflated gently narrowing towards mouth; lobes 8 mm long. Outer corona entire, hairy; inner linear, erect. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 230. 4 X 187. 2 with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudiclss ca 57.6 M,m long, c^ 86.4 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 172.8 ^m long and c^ 136.8 JJLm wide.

FI. ; J une-J uIy.

Illus. : Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:21, fig.8.1984.

Distrib. : Sikkim (endemic).

623 Spec i mens exam i ned

Sikkim : Zemm Valley, 9000 ft, Smith Cave. 2822; Zerom

Valley, 9000 ft. Smith L Cave. 2823.

19. C. huberi Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

10(2);219.1968 (1969)5 Kulkarni & Thite in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 74:600.1979; Karthikeyan in Rec. Bot.

Surv. India 21 (2) : 17 1. 1981; Ansari, Faso. FI. India

16:17.1984; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 546.1987;

Goel & Jain in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9(1) :74. 1987 ; Mistry ti Almeida in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86 (3 ) : 478. ( 1989 )

1990.

Type : India : Maharashtra; Ambaghat in

Ratnagiri Dist., Ansar i 105001 A (CAL,

Ho 1oty pe ! ).

Vern.Names : Mar. : Kharpudi.

Twiners with subglobose tubers. Stem branching, glabrous. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petiolate, mostly glabrous. Cymes many-f1 owered on long hairy peduncles; pedicels hairy. Corolla 1.2 cm long, white; tube 5 mm long, slightly Inflated near base,narrowed towards mouth, glabrous inside; lobes 7 X 10 mm, glabrous, forming circular flattened head. Outer corona entire, 5-lobed, glabrous; Inner conicaI-eIongated, hairy, convergent at apex. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary In each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 374.8-388.8

X 136.8-144 with pellucid layer, attached by llght-

624 (§r -'ayak^rV UBRaj^Y ’ brown caudlcles ca 20.0 long, ca 7 2*^ra wide to dark- brown corpuscle ca 244.8 jJlm long and ca 93.6 ^^l wide.

FI. : Aug.-Sept.Fr. ; Sept.-Oct.

lllus. : Nayar &< Sastry, Red Data Book of Indian

Plants 59.1987.

Distrib. ; Maharashtra (endemic).

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Specimen exam i ned

Maharashtra : Amba ghat, Ratnagirl, Ansar 1. 105001.

20. C. intermedia Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Or.

4 ; t. 1263. 1848, emend. Huber in Mem. Soc. Broter. 12t61, t.2, f.26. 1957; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4J71.1883; Rao,

FI. PI. Travancore 265.1914; Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 9(1);117.1921; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:603

(5:858.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Subramanyara in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 1:132.1959; Naithani in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:258.1967; Fyson, FI. Nilg. Puln. Hills

1 :286.1974 (Rep.Ed.); Sharma et^ a_L. in Bull. Bot. Surv. *

India 15:61.1976; Rao &< Razi, FI. Mysore dist. 494.1981;

Matthew, FI. Tamil. C a m . 1:937.1983; Ansari, Fasc. FI.

India 16:17.1984; Sharma e_t a I . FI. Karnataka 166.1984;

Nair in J. Econ. Tax, Bot. 7(2) :353.1985; Henry e_t a 1 .

FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:83.1907; Nair L Nair,FI.

Courtal lum 2:228.1987; Vajravelu et a 1. in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 10(2) :281. 1908J Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 11(2) :269. 1908,

625 Type : India ; Serramalie (SerrumaI a 1>, near

Dindygul (Tamil Nadu), U 1gh t (K,

Lee totype).

Photoplate - 10

Glabrous twiners. Leaves ovate, lanceolate,

acuminate, petiolate. Cymes few-fI owered, pedunculate.

Corolla 3 cm long, pa Ie-purp1 1s h ; tube c^ 2 cm long,

base largely inflated, narrowed in the middle,

expanding above; lobes 8 mm long, oblong-

subspathuI ate, hairy within and along margins, base

triangular, glabrous. Outer corona entire or

subtruncate, glabrous; inner erect. Polllnla five,

pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow,

waxy, 196-206 X 112-124 Mm, with pellucid layer,

attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 28 long, 24

Mm wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 76 Um long and 48-52

/Im wide.

FI. : June-Dee. Fr. : Aug.-Jan.

nius. ; Wight, Ic. t. 1263.1848} Nair & Nalr FI.

. ..luoLaka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Spec i mens ex am i ned

Karnataka ; Megarvalli, Agumbe, Mysore, Raghavan. 67990}

Kakanara, Mysore, Na i than i■ 21222.

626 Kerala : Meenmuttky, Idukki, Mohanan & Ramanu1am. 71996;

Malbar, 9213, 19-9-13; Kumaramperur, Qullon,

Chandrabose. 49019.

T. Nadu : Akkamalai, Coimbatore, Chandraboge. 65645;

ArappaIeeswarar, Kolli hills, Namakkal, Salem, Mat thew.

25313; Kukkal Rest house, Palni hills, Kodaikanal,

Dindigul, Matthew. 46485; Akkamalai, R.F. Coimbatore,

J oseph. 15527; Andiparaso1 ai , Coimbatore, J oseph. 3203;

Sholaiyur, Coimbatore, Ramamur thy. 16112; Saddle no. 3 of M.K. Vayal, Kanyakumari, Henry. 68821; Mutthukuzhi vayal, Kanyakumari, Henry. 48313; Ebnad to

Bikkapattimund, Nilgiri, Subba Rao. 36643; Sengattheri,

Tirunelveli, Valravelu. 29157; Way to Oothu, Upper

Kodayar, Kanyakumari, Henry. 49667.

21. C. jainii Ansari & Kulkarni in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 22 (1-4);221, Fig. 1-4.1980 (1982); Anari, Fasc.

FI. India 16:18.1984; Kulkarni, FI. Slndhudurg 258.1988.

Type : India : Maharashtra; Ambolighat (Ratnagirl

dist.) Kulkarni 121885 A (CAL, Holotype).

Erect dwarf, tuberous herbs. Stem sparsely hairy above. Leaves elliptic or 1inear-• I I iptio, ahort

petiolate, hairy above. Cymes uniflowered; peduncles

short; pedicels hairy. Corolla 2 cm long, purplish

brown; tube 1 cm long, base inflated, narrowed in the

middle, expanding upwards, glabrous above from ovate-

627 deltoid base which is white hairy within. Outer corona of 5 bidentate, ciliate lobes; inner erect, linear.

Pollinia five, pollen massessolitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 273.6 X172.0 Hm, with pellucid

layer, attached by light-brown caudiclesc^ 28.8 long,

86.4-100.8 JAm wide to dark-brown corpuscle 201.6-208.8 jU.ni long and c^ 115.2 |Jlm wide.

FI. ; Aug.-Sept. Fr. : Sept.

lllus. : Ansari & Kulkarni in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22 (1-41:222, fig. 1-4.(1980) 1982.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Ecology ; On rocky banks of nalas and rivulets.

Spec 1 men exam 1ned

Maharashtra Moose Plateau, Ambolighat, Ratnagiri,

Kulkarni. 131615.

22. C. juncea Roxb. PI. Corom.1:12, t. 10. 1795; Grah.

Cat. Bomb. PI. 117. 1839; Decne. in DC. Prodr.

8:641.1844; Uight, Ic. t. 1260. 1848; Uall. Cat.

8134.1847; Dalz. S< Gibs. Bomb. FI. 153.1861; Hook. f.

FI. Brit. India 4:68. 1883; Rao, FI. PI, Travancore

265.1914; Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

9(1 ) ) : 1 17. 192 1 ; Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc,

36(3):535.1933; Gamble, FI. Pres.Bombay 2:602

(5:856.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Santapau & Irani in Bull.

Botan. Soc. Bengal 12 (1 & 2):8.1958; Santapau & Irani,

Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:27.1982; Cooke, FI. Pres.

628 Bombay 2:240 (2:175.1905) 1967 (Rep.Ed.)* Ellis in Bull.

But. LJurv. ln.Jla O :. 19G 7 ; Vajravulu inUull. Dot.

Surv. India 9:41.1968; Vananiala Naidu a_L. in Indian

Forester 97(2) :95. 197 1 ; Matthew in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 12:86.1972; Saldhana it Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist.

444.1976; Mayurnathan, FI. Madras city 178 (19291 1981

(Rep.Ed.); Rao Razi, FI. M'.-^ore dist. 494.1981;

Matthew, FI. Tamil, earn.1:937.1983; Ansari, Faso. FI.

India 16:18.1984; Sharma e_t FI. Karnataka 166.1984;

Sarkarla in J. Nat. Cact. Succ. Soc. India 5 ( I ) i 1-5. 1985;

Henry a_l_. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:83.1987;

Chandrabose & Nair, FI. Coimbatore 180.1988; Singh, FI.

East. Karnataka 1:411.1988; Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 12(11:64 (1988) 1989; Yadav aj_- in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3) :482 (1989) 1990.

Huber in Datiuan. Ruv. Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:115.1983.

Type : Plate 10 of Roxb. PI. Corom. 1:12.1795.

Vern.Names : Mar. : Kanvel; Tel. : Bella gada.

Photoplate - 10

Fleshy herbs. Leaves scale-like. Cymes many- flowered, pedunculate. Corolla 4-5.5 era long; tube ca 3 cm long, inflated at base, funnel-shaped above the middle, hairy inside near the mouth; lobes c^ 2 om long,

linear, hairy within above, from deltoid base. Outer corona of 5 bidentate-deItoid ciliate lobes; inner

linear, erect, hor!*ed at apex. Pollinia five, pollen

GZ9 masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, ca

561.6 X 331.2 JUm, with pellucid layer, attached by

light-brown Caudicles 86.4-100.8 JUlra long, 100.7-115.2

W.m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 360 jJlm long and

100. 6 wide.

FI. : J u1y-Nov.

I 11 us. Roxb. PI. Corom. 1:10.1795{ Wight, Ic.

t. 1260. 1048.

D i s t r i b. ; Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maha­

rashtra, Tamil Nadu.

C h r. No. 2n = 66 ( N-21 ).

Ecology : Occurs in drier belts.

Specimeng exam t ned

Andhra Pradesh : Near Komati Cheruwe, Chittoor, Subba

Rao. 45843; On way to Balapalle, Cuddapah, El 1 is. 14910.

Karnataka : Kamplanura S.F. Hubiyadurga, Kunigal,

Tumkur, S ingh. 140841; Dharwar, T a 1bot. 1959;

Adichunchangiri, Mandya, Keshavamurthv & Sreenath. KFP

5035.

Kerala « Travancore boundry, Rama Rao. 1915; Travancors,

Rama Rao. 2174, Acc. 296620 (CNH».

T . Nadu : near Rest house, Sobanapuram, Thuraiyur,

Tiruchi, Matthew. 24879; Valasa Rd. , Uthama-PaI ayam,

Madurai, Matthew & Charles. 51236; Karanampoondi

village, TiruvannamaI ai, N. Arcot, Valravelyt 77777|

630 Karanampoodi village, N. Arcot, V a 1 rave 1u. 55993;

Shan 1 Iaku1 am, S, Arcot, Barber. 767; Nellimalal R.F.

Coimbatore, Ramamur thy. 1A782; Thekkumalai, Coimbatora,

Sebas tine. 1378; Perunchl, lambu, Kanyakumari,

Swamlnathan. 68900; Karautha Kudi, Raroanathapuram,

BaIasubramanyam, 2244; Okkur forest, Sivaganga, Ramnad,

Ramamur thy. 20990; Thirukhotyur, Tirupathur, Ramnad,

Ramamur thy. 22604; Woddapatti, Salem, V a 1 rave 1u. 21987;

Akuljoria, Coimbatore, F 1 sche r. 65.

23. C. kachinensis Prain in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bang.

69(2) ;170. 1900; Huber in Mem. Soc. Broter. 12:50. 1957j

Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:19.1984.

Type ; Burma : Kachin hills, Shaikh Hok i m s.n.

(CAL, H oIo ty pe ! ).

Photoplate - 10

Twiners. i.eawes ovate, ova te-1 ancao I ate, petiotate, slightly puberulous above. Cymes many-

flowered, Corolla 3 cm long; tube 2 cm long, base

Inflated, narrowed in the neck, dilated upward; lobes 1 cm long, oblong. Outer corona of 5 bifid villous

lobes; inner erect, clavate. Pollir^ five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^

273.6 X 187.2 ^m, with pellucid layer, attached by

light-brown caudicles c^ 57.6 ^m long, c^ 86.4 JU^m wide

to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 230.4 ^m long and cj^ 86.4 /^m

wide.

631 FI. : Oc t.-N ov.

Distrib. : Sikkim

N o t e ;- As there is only one specimen of King from

Sikkim at CAL (Acc.N o .296644), this species

appears to have become extinct.

SpecImens exam 1ned

Sikkim ; Sikkim, King, s.n. Acc.296644.

Burma ; hyi 1 kyina, upper Burma, Sha i kh Mok a1n. s.n.j

Kachin hills, Shaikh tioka i n s.n.; Kachin hills, P ra i n.

s.n.

24. C. lawii Hook. f. FI. Brit, India 4;67.1883; Blatter

in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3) :534. 1933; Santapau,

FI. Purandhar 80.1950; Santapau & Irani in Bull. Botan.

Soc. Bengal 12 ( 1 &< 2):8.1956; Santapau, FI. Khandala

139.1960; Puri Mahajan in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

2:127.1960; Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:27.1982; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:240 (2:175.1905)

1967 (Rep.Ed.); Venkata Reddi in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

11:253.1971; Vartak in Jain & Rao's An Assessment of

threatened PI. India 175.1983; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16:19.1984; Bole & Almeida in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

81(2):370.1984; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Masharashtra

644.1987.

Type : India : Maharashtra;concan (Konkan),

Ceropeg ia n. 25, Stocks, Law (K,

Ho 1otype).

632 Vern,Names : Mar. Kharpudi, Tilori.

Tall, erect, tuberous herbs. Stem pubescent above. Leaves petiolate, puberulous above. Cymes many-

flowered; peduncles and pedicels hairy. Corolla 3-3.5 cm long; tube 2.8 cm long, inside a ring of hairs at the bottom of inflated base; lobes 6-7 mm long, ovate- cordate, hairy or glabrous within. Outer corona of 10 obtuse lobes, hairy; inner linear, erect, 3-4 times as

f long as outer. Polling five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 525.6 X 216 ^m, with

pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudiclesc^ 57.6

^m long, c^ 72 jj^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 259.2

JJLm long and ca 86.4 wide.

FI. : Aug.-Sept. Fr. : Sept. onwards

lllus. ; Nayar & Sastry, Red Data Book of Indian

P 1 ants 6 1. 1987.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Economic Importance ; tubers are edible (Jain, 1961).

Spec 1 mens exami ned

Maharashtra : Sahyadri, 128048; Karnala, Mandavgane. K-

726; Rairashwar, ><>ar tak. 11084; Bhor hill, Var tak. 9582;

Sinhagad, Poona, Raz i. 5334; Purandhar, Pune, Gubba. s.n. Acc.68870 (MH).

25. C. longifolia Wall. PI.As. Rar. 1:56, t.73,1830;

Wight, Contrib. 31.1834; Decne. in DC. Prodr.

633 8:642.1844; Wall. Cat. 8136.1847; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:69.1883; Raizada in Indian Forester

85(1) :680. 1959; Kapoor in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

59:886.1962; Raizada & Saxena, FI. Mussoori 1:434.1978|

Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:20.1984; Chowdhary & Uadhwa,

FI. Himachal Pradesh 2:461.1984; Naithani, FI. Chamoli

2:417.1985; Haridasan & Rao, Forest FI, Meghalaya

614.1987; Deb & Dutta in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

10(1):44.1988.

C. bor i i Raizada in Indian Forest Rec. (N.S.) Bot.

3:121.1941; Rau, FI. Upp. Gang. PI. Checklist 49.1969}

Raizada, Suppl. Duthie's FI. 150.1976; Babu, Herb. FI.

Dehra Dun 305.1977; Hajara in Jain & Rao*s An

Assessment of threatened PI. India 7.1983.

C. 1anceoIata Wight, Contrib. 31.1834; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:643.1844; Uall. Cat. 8139.1847.

Type : Nepal, U a 11ich ( Lectotype, K. )

Photoplate - 10

Twiners with fascicled roots. Stem with 1 or 2 rows of hairs, prominent about nodes. Leaves linear- lanceolate, at times ovate, puberulous above. Cymes few-fIowered; peduncles hairy in a row; pedicels glabrous. Corolla 2.5-4 cm long; tube 2-2.8 cm long, inflated base with a ring of hairs within at its mouth; lobes 5-12 mm long, broadly ovate-deltoid hairy within and along margins. Outer corona of 5 deeply bifid-

634 deltoid, villous lobes; inner linear ubspathu I ate, uiuul.. ilvw, |iulluii iiiuuuuy uolltwry In wmoIi anther cell, yellow, waxy,37/' 'i-388.8 X 244.0 JLJ^rn, with

pallucide layer, attached by light-brown caudicles

72 J4^m long, 136.4 broad to dark-brown corpuscle ca^

273.6 ju(fii long and 144 wide.

FI. : June-Aug, Fr. ; Aug.-Sept.

Illus. : Uall. PI.As. Rar. 1:56, t.73.1830; Ansari,

Faso. FI. India 16:P1.1I;6, fig.11.1984.

Dibtrib. ; Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, tiizorain,

Sikki..,, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

Spec i mens exam i ned

H t macha 1 P radebh : Bareri IHamlrpur), Vlahwanathan.

61707.

hat? ha 1 ay a : Shillong, 5000 ft. Clarke. 44566.

Sikkim : Kalinpona, Ripley. 126; Sikkim, Himalaya, King.

Acc. 296644 (CNH>; 3000 ft. Sikkim Himalaya, King. 3021.

Uttar Prades h : Sahasradhara, Dehra Dun, M a 1hotra,

33994; 15000 ft. Mussoorie, hack i nnon. s.n. ; U.P.,

Sharma. Acc. 296640 ICNH); 4000 ft. huasoorie,

hac k i n non. Acc. 296641 (CNH).

26. C. longifolia var. sinensis Huber in Mem. Soc.

Broter 12:42.1957; Ansari, Fasc. FI, India 16:20,1984,

Type : China : Szetschwan, U11 son 2313 (K).

635 Corolla tube glabrous at the throat, base not or slightly inflated; lobes oblong. Polllnja five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,273.6-

280 X 151.2-172.8 with pellucid layer, attached by

light-brown caudicles c^ 28.8 JAra long, c^ 115.2 wide

to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 216 long and c^a 86.4 J^ra wide.

FI. : July-Aug.

Illus. ; Huber in Mem. Soc. Broter 12:42.1957.

Distrib. ; Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya.

Spec imen exam 1ned

Arunacha1 Pradesh : Laju to Raho, Tirap F.D. (N.E.F.A. )

Panigrah i. 14748.

27. C. lucida Uall. PI. As. Rar.2:33, t.139.1831 and

Cat. 8133.1847; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:641.1844; Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4 ;73.1883; Kanjilal e^ al. FI. Assam

3:309.1939; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:22.1984.

Type : Bangladesh : Silhet (Sylhet), UaI 1ich. (K,

Ho Iotype).

Photoplate - 10

Twiners, sparsely hairy or glabrous. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate. Cymes few-fIowered; peduncles hairy in line; pedicels glabrous. Corolla ca

5 cm long; ; tube ca 2.5 cm long, inside a ring of hairs

636 at the mouth of Inflated base; lobes 2.5 cm long,

ciliate within the spathulate apex. Outer corona of 5

bifid-deltoid, ciliate lobes; inner erect, linear-

clavate. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each

anther cell, yellow, waxy, c_a 273.6 X 172.0 with

pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles

57.6 long, 100.8 )J,m wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 302.4 |J^m long and c^ 129.6 |Jlra wide.

FI. : Sept.-Nov.

lllus. : Uall. PI. As. Rar. 2:33,t.139.1831.

Dlstrlb. ; Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Sikkim ; 1800 ft, Sikkim, King. 2430, Acc. 296710,

296711, 296712 (CNH).

28. C. inaccannii Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22 (1-

4);227. (1980) 1982; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:22.1984.

C. 1 aw i I auct. pIur. nqn, Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

.^Lur. 12:67.1957, p.p.>

Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:240 (2:174. 1904). 1958

(Rep.Ed.); Santapau & Irani in Bull. Botan. Soc. Beng.

12:8. 1958, p.p. ; VenkataReddi in Dili denowia 5 ( 1 ) :32, t.1 & 2.1968; Hemadri in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

10(2):125, t. 1, f.3 3A.1968; Ansari L Kulkarnl in

Indian Forester 97:669, t.2, f.B3.1971.

637 Type : India : Maharashtra ; Sinhagadh hill

(Pune Dlst. ), Ansar i. 9 7 5 7 ^ (CAL,

Ho 1otype ! ).

Vern.Names : Mar. ; Kharpudi,

Tall, erect, tuberous herbs. Stem pubescent above. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, base mostly acuta, hairy above. Cymes few to many-f1oweredj peduncles and pedicels hirsute. Corolla 1.7-2.3 cm long; tube 1.5-2 cm long, base largely inflated with a ring of hairs at the bottom within, above narrow, cylindrical; lobes 2-3

X 2 mm, obovate, apex acute. Outer corona of 5 shortly bifid, hairy lobes; inner sub-spathu1 ate hairy.

Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 259.2 X 144 Um, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 32 JUm long, ca 60 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 129.6 |Ji,m long and c^ 28.8 JJ^m wide,

FI. : July-Aug. Fr. : Sept.-Oct.

Illus. : Ansari in Bull.Bot. Surv. India 22(1-

4 ) :2:?B. ( 1980 ) 1982.

Distrib : Maharashtra (endemic).

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Spec imens exam i ned

Maharashtra : Sinhagad hill, Poona, Ansari. 87804;

Harishchandra garh, A'Nagar, Uadhwa. s.n.; Purandhar,

Vazirgarh foot, Ansar i. s.n. ; Sinhagad, Poona, Redd 1

101207; Purandhar, Acc. 296606 (CNH).

638 29, C. inacrantha Wight, Contrib. 31.1834; Decna. in DC,

Prodr. 8:642.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:74,1883;

Smith ii Cave in Rec. Bot. Surw. India 4 ( 5 ) :222. 1911}

Raizada in J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 15(2) j 160. 1936; Fischer In

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 12(2) : 111. 1938; Rao &

Narayanaswamy in J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 39(2) :238. 1960;

Prain, Beng. PI. 2:520 (2:701.1903) 1963 (Rep,Ed.); Rau,

FI. Upp. Gang. P». Checklist 49.1969; Raizada, Suppl.

Duthie's FI. 151.1976; Matthew, PI. Kurseong 65.1981;

Das & Ghosh in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3 ( 2 ) :570.1982; Ansarl,

Fasc. FI. India 16:23.1984; Chowdhary Uadhwa, FI.

Himachal Pradesh 2:461.1984.

Hara e^ Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:85.1982; All, FI.

Pakistan 150 :51. 1983.

C. ra i zad iana Babu, Herb. FI. Dehra Dun 305.1977, pro, syn.jMukherlee. FI. Panchmari and Bori 183.1984.

Type : India : Uttar Pradesh; Kumaon, Khurle

Pass (Keyri Pass), Roy Ie (K).

Photoplate - 10

Twiners. Stem hairy in 1 or 2 rows, distinctly at nodes. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, sparsely hairy above. Cymes many-fIowered; peduncles hairy In 1 or 2 rows; pedicels glabrous. Corolla 5-6 cm long, prominently hairy outside in buds; tube 2.5-3.2 cm

long, inside with a ring of hairs at the mouth of

639 Inflated base; lobes 2.4-2.8 cm long, hairy within In the linear part. Outer corona of 5 bIfId-deI to id, villous lobes; inner linear, erect. Polllnia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 273.6-316.8 X 187.2-201.6 Mm, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 86.4 Mm long, ca.

129.6 M"* wide to dark-brown corpuscle 273,6-288 M® long and 115.2-129.6 Wm wide.

FI. : J une-Aug.

Distrib. : Himachal Pradesh, Jammu St Kashmir, Madhya

Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikklmm, Uttar

Pradesh, Uest Bengal.

Spec imens exam i ned

H imachaI P rades h : Uay to Saranl, Kangra, MaI hot ra.

29146; Bharerl (Hamirpur) Vi shwana than. 61703; Bijhari,

(Hamirpur), V 1shwanathan, 61643.

Sikkim : 5000 ft. Slnglam, Gammle. 281; 2-5000 ft.

Sikkim, Hook. Acc. 296692 (CNH); Teesta 500 ft. Gammle.

Acc, 296682 (CNH); Teesta, Sikkim-HIma1aya. King. Acc.

296683 (CNH); Sikkim, T. Thomson. Acc. 296689 (CNH).

U t tar Pradesh : Blndal, Dehra Dun, .Babu. 32215; Darra hilly slopes, Sahranpur, Murty & Goe1. 1793; Dehra Dun,

Mack i nnon. Acc. 296671 (CNH).

30. C. Ttiaculata Beddome in Madras Journ. Lit. Sc i. Ser.

3 ( 1 ) :52.1864; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:23.1984; Henry

640 el a_L- FI. TamllNadu Analysis 2:84.1907.

C. parvlflora Trlmen in J. Bot. (London) 27:16A, t. 63. 1689.

Type : India : TamllNadu; Anai maI a i s

(Anama1 1 ay s ) ; 2500 ft.. Herb. Beddome

(LE, Lee t o ty pe ).

Photoplate - 11

Twiners with fibrous roots. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, petiolate. Cymes few-fIowered, subumbeI I at*( peduncles c^ 2 cm long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long. Corolla ca 2 cm long; tube 1.3-1.5 cm long, base Inflated with a thin ring of hairs at the mouth; lobes 3-5 mm long, oblong or ob1ong-Ianceo1 ate, hairy. Outer corona of 5 lobes, each deeply divided to form 10 subulate lobes, hairy near the base, ca as long as 5 inner erect processes. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 172.8 X 115.2 U.m, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles ca 14.4 JAm long, c^ 43.2 Um wide to dark-brown corpuscle lor\9 ca 144 Hm^and c^ 43.2 Um wide.

FI. : June-Feb. Fr. : Dec.-Feb. lllus. : Ansari, Fasc, FI. India 16:21, fig.21.1984.

Dlstrib. : Kerala, TamilNadu.

Spec 1 men exam i ned

Kerala ; Naduvengad, Travancore, Barber. 7166.

641 31. C. rnahabalei Hemadri & Ansari in Indian Forester

97 ( 2 ) : 105 . 197 1 ; Karthikeyan a I . in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 21(2) : 17 1. 1981; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16:24.1904.

i Type : India : Maharashtra; Ralegaon hills, west

of Junnar, H emad r t. 107266 A (CAL,

Ho 1 otype ! ) .

Vern.Narae ; Mar. : Gauti Kharpudi.

Tall, erect, tuberous herbs. Stem hairy. Leaves

1inear-1anceoI ate, subsessile, hairy above. Cymes uni- flowered; peduncles, pedicels and calyx hairy. Corolla

5.5-10 cm long; tube 3.5-6.5 cm long, base largely

inflated, narrowed in the neck, enlarging towards mouth, glabrous inside; lobes 1.5-3.5 cm long; linear elongated above from ovate deltoid base, hairy within, connate at tips to form a beaked crown. Outer corona of

5 bidentate glabrous lobes; inner linear, erect.

FI. : Aug.-Sept. Fr. : Sept. onwards

Illus. : Hemadri & Ansari in Indian Forester

97(2) ; 106. 1971.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Spec i men exam i ned

Maharashtra : Ralegaon hills, west of Junner, Pune,

Hemadr i. 107266 B ( Isotype, B S 1 ).

642 32. C. m e d i a (Huber) Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv, India

11(1 & 2):199.1969 (1971); Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16;24.1984.

C. evang i i McCann var. med i a Huber in Mem. Soc.- Broter.

12:67.1957; Santapau & Irani in Bull. Botan. Soc. Beng.

12(1 & 2) .'12.1958; Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot.

Mem. 4:32.1962; Janardhanan, FI. Bhimashankar 705.1966j

Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1 ) : 158,1967(

VenkataRedd i in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11 .*253. 1971;

Karthikeyan e_t in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 21(2) ; 170. 1961.

Type : India : Maharashtra; Bhimashankar hills

(Pune Dist.) Irani, 1194 (BLAT,

Ho Iotype).

Photoplate - 10

Slender tuberous twiners. Stem glabrous. Leaves

Iinear- IanceoI ate, puberulous above. Cymes few- flowered; peduncles and pedicels hairy. Corolla 2.8 cm long; tube c^ 2 cm long, base slightly inflated, glabrous inside; lobes 8 X 2.5 ram, oblong, glabrous.

Outer corona of 5 lobes, entire or notched in the middle, glabrous outside,hairy inside; inner linear,

‘L'-shaped. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, ca 316.8 X 216 )|m, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles 43.2-

57.6 Mm long and ca 28.8 wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 144 jJ^m long and c^ 57.6 wide.

643 FI. : July-Sept. Fr. : Sept.-Oct.

lllus. : Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:21, fig.13.1984.

Dlstrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Spec imens exam i ned

Maha ras h t ra : Near dam, 6/2 M.P.from Lonavaia to

Ambavane, (Sakar pathar), Poona, Redd 1. 100934;

Sinhagad, Poona, Ansari. 104821; Sinhagad, Poona,

Ansar 1. 104854; Khandala, below Duke's Nose, Poona,

McCann. 6527.

33. C. metziana Miq, Analecta Bot. Ind. 3ill.l652|

Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:25.1984; Henry e_^ a]_. FI.

TamilNadu Analysis 2:84.1967.

C. brev ico1 1 is Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:74.1883; Rao,

FI. PI. Travancore 265.1914; Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 9( 1 ) : 117, 1921; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:604

(5:859.1923) 1957 (Rep. Ed.); Henry ^ a_L. in J. Bombay

nat. Hist. Soc. 75(3) : 692. 1978; Yoganarsimhan, FI.

Chikmagalur 211.1981; Sharma e_t FI. Karnataka

165.1984.

C. g rac1 Ii s Bedd. in Madras J. Lit. Sci. Ser.

3(1):53,186 4, P r. max.p.

decalsneana Uight var. decaisneana sensu Huber in

Mem. Soc. Broter. 12:62.1957.

Type : India ; TamilNadu; Devala (Nilgirl Dist.),

G a m b 1e 1560 1 (K, Neotype; CAL ! ).

644 Photoplate - 11

Twiners. Stem glabrous except at nodes. Leaves

ovate, ovate-oblong, short appressed hairy above,

sparsely so beneath. cymes few-fIowered. Corolla 4-7,7

cm long} tube 2-3.7 cm long, base largely Inflated, with

a ring of hairs at Its mouth, narrowedabove In th«

neck, funnel shaped further up; lobes 2-4 cm long,

ovate-deltoid towards base, I 1 near-subspathuI ate above, acute at apex. Outer corona of 5 d e 1 to id-b1fId hairy

lobes; Inner Ionger, 11guI ate, glabrous. Polllnla five,

pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 331.2-338.4 X 201.6-216 with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles 57.6-72 long, ca^

86.4 |Ji,m wide to dark-brown corpuscle 187.2-216 long and c_a 100.8 )J^^m wide.

FI. : Sept.-Dec. Fr. : Nov. onwards,

lllus. : Ansarl, Fasc. FI. India 16:21, fig.4.1984.

Dlstrlb. : Karnataka, Kerala, TamilNadu.

Spec 1 mens exam 1ned

Kerala : Vendamettu, Travancore, MeeboId. 706/13099.

T . Nadu : Mu I aikadu-OuchterIong, Valley, Nilgiri, Ellis.

43211; Coimbatore hills, Acc. 32849 {MH) .

34. C. noorjahaniae Ansari in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

69:249.1972; Karthikeyan in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21(2) ; 171. 1981; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:26.1984;

Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. 1:487.1987 (Ph. D. Thesis) .

645 Type : India ; Maharashtra; Uai-Panchgani Ghat

(Satara Dist.», Ansar 1 104880 A (CAL,

Ho 1otype ! ).

Erect, tuberous herbs. Stem weak, pubescent above. Leaves linear narrowly elliptic, hairy above.

Cymes usually 3-tlowered on short peduncles. Corolla shortly curved, glabrousj tube 1.2-1.5 ora long, subcyI indric, base inflated, glabrous inside; lobes 9-13 mm long, linear-oblong above from ovate-deltoid base.

Outer corona of 5 obtusely bifid or emarginate lobes; inner erect Iinear-subcIavate. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^

302,4 X 201.6 Mm. with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles 72 |im long, c^ 57.6 wide to dark-brown corpuscle 230.4-244.8 )|m long and ca 86.4 Jl|m wide.

FI. : July-Aug. Fr. : Sept. onwards.

I 11 us ; Ansari in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soo.

69(1) :250. 1972.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Ecology : On slopes of hill among grasses.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Maharashtra ; Uai-Pachagani ghat, Satara, Ansari.

105098; BS 1 garden, Poona Cultivated, Ansari. 104860.

646 35. C. oculata Hook, in Bot. Mag. t.4093. 1844; Da i z. it

Gibs. Bomb. FI. 151.1861; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:72.1883; Nairne, FI. PI. West. India 186.1894; Blatter

In J. Bombay nat. Hist, Soc. 36(3):535.1933; Santapau,

FI. Purandhar 80.1958; Santapau L Irani in Bull. Botan.

Soc. Bengal 12 (1 L 2):12.1958; Santapau, FI. Khandala

139.1960; Santapau &< Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:33.1962; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:242 (2:177.1905)

1967 (Rep.Ed. ); Karthikeyan ^ a I . in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 21(2) : 171. 1981; Vartak In Jain & Rao's An

Assessment of threatened PI.India 175.1983; Ansari,

Fasc. FI. India 16:26.1984; Deshpande, FI. Satara dist.

1:467.1907 (Ph.D. Thesis); Henry aj_. FI. TamilNadu

Analysis 2:84.1987; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra

658.1987; Kulkarni, FI. Sindhudurg 259.1988; Mistry &

Almeida In J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 86(3) 1478.1989

(1990); Kotharl & Moorthy, FI. Raigad dist. 1:349.1989.

Type : Bot. Mag. t.4093.

Photoplate - 11

Tuberous twiners. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate- oblong, sparsely hairy above. Cymes few-f1owered; peduncles hairy; pedicel glabrous. Corolla ^ 6.5 cm long; tube c^ 5 cm long, base Inflated, narrowed in the neck, mouth funnel-shaped, glabrous inside; lobes c^

1.5 cm Iong, I Inear-obIong above from ovate base. Outer corona of 5 bifid glabrous lobes; Inner erect, linear-

647 clavate. Polllnia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 300- 368.0 X 301.2 JJ,m, with

pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^

129.6 /Am long, c^ 144 JJlm wide to dark-brown corpuscle ga^

331.2 jmm long and c^ 86.4 Mm wide.

FI. ; July-Aug. Fr. ; Sept.-Oct.

lllus. : Nayar L Sastry, Red Data Book of Indian

Plants 63.1987.

Distrib. ; Kerala, Maharashtra, TamilNadu.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Economic Importance ; Tubers edible (Maheshwari &

Singh, 1950).

Spec i mens exam i ned

Kerala ; Pamba Dam, Quilon, Vivekananthan. 48342; Paroba

dam, Quilon, Vivekananthan. 48341.

Maharashtra : Harishchandra garh, Ahroednagar, Wadhwa.

127600; Tapola, Satara, Deshpande. 162517; Bhivade

khurd, Junner, Poona, Hemad r i. , 117939; Hill slopes

adjoining Bhivade khurd, Junner, Poona, Hemad r i. 107574;

Mumbra hills, Thana, B tI lore. 116485; Takmat foot hill,

Dahisar, Thana, B iI lore. 116748; Hanuman ghat, Dukanwad,

Ratnagiri, Kulkarn1. 121145; Sinhagad, Poona, Ghate. CWG

16; Sinhagad, Poona, K u1ka r n i. SG-4; Khandala below Loho

point, McCann. 5557.

T . Nadu : Mutaikadu, Ouchterlay valley, Nilgiri, Ellis.

43211.

648 36. C. odorata Nimmo I in Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 110.1839, notn. nud. ) ex Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:75. 1883; Rao in

J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 46:742.1947; Santapau in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 47:775.1948; Santapau in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 48:613.1949; Santapau tt Irani in

Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 12 (1 & 2) :10.1958; Santapau

8( Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:29.1962; Sabnis Si Bedi

in Kew Bull. 25:57.1971; Shah, FI. Gujarat state

1:424. 1978; Karthlkeyan aJ_* In R«c. Bot. Surv. India

21 (2 ) : 17 1. 196 1 ; Raghavan a 1. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21(2) :51. 1981 ; Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

24:190.1983; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:26.1984.

C. blatter! McCann in J. Bombay pat. Hist. Soc.

45:210.1945; Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

46 :742. 1947.

Type : India : Maharashtra; Concan (Konkan),

Salsette island (Bombay), Stocks in

Stocks & Law. 239 (K, Lectotype).

Photoplate - 11

Slender tuberous twiner. Stem mostly glabrous.

Leaves hairy above. Cymes few to many-fIowarad; peduncles hirsute; pedicels usually glabrous. Corolla

3-4 cm long, bright yellow, fragrant; tube 1.8-2 cm

long, inflated near base; lobes 1.2-2 cm long, linear, glabrous. Outer corona of 5 entire lobes, glabrous;

Inner linear to eI ongate-tr1ang u1 ar, erect, divergent at

649 apex. Poiiinla five, pollen masses solitary In each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 374.4-388.0 X 172.0-187.2

with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudlcles

ca 28.8 Mra long, 43.2 Mm wide to dark-brown corpuscle

ca 158.4 long and ca 86.4 )|m wide.

FI. ; Aug.-Sept.

lllus. ; Sabnls & Bed! In Kew Bull. 25:57-59.1971.

Dlstrlb. : Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan.

Spec 1 mens exam 1ned

Maharashtra ; Tarubanda forest, Amravatl, Ansar 1.

149304; Bombay Presidency, G i bson. s.n., Acc. 296695

(CNH).

Ra 1 as than ; fit. Abu, Rajputana, Pon 1 et t. Acc. 296563

(CNH).

37. C. omissa Huber in Mem. Soc. Broter. 12:67.1957;

Karthikeyan & Sharma in J. Bombay nat. Hist, Soc.

80(1 ):70.1983; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:27.1984; Nair

in Indian J. Forestry 8(4) ; 255. 1965; Henry a I. FI.

TamllNadu Analysis 2:84.1987.

C. i ntermed ia Wight var. w i ght i i Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:71.1883; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:603

(5:858.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.).

Type : India : Travancore, Courtallum, U i ght (K).

650 Glabrous twiners. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acuminate. Cymes few-fI owered. Corolla 2.0-3.5 cm longj

tube c^ 2 cm long, base inflated, mouth slightly dilated; lobes 1 cm long. Outei* corona of 5 blfld- deltoid, ciliate lobes; inner erect linear. pollinia

five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 388.0-417.6 X 23(3.8-244.0 Hm, with

pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 144

Wm long, c^ 57.6 Um wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^

244.8 )4m long -and c^ 72 |^m wide.

FI. : Sept.

Illus. : Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:21, fig.15.1984.

Distrib. : TamilNadu lenderaic).

Spec i men exam i ned

T. Nadu : Sengalferi, Tinnevelly, 13540.

38. C. panchganiensis Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 36:534.1933; Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22(1-4):199, f.l-4. (1980J 1982; Karthikeyan e_t a I . in

Kec. Bot. Surv. India 2 1 (2 ) : 17 1. 1901; Ansari, Fasc. FI.

India 16:27.1984; Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. 1:488.190?

(Ph.D. Thesis).

• India : Maharashtra; Lingmala, near

Mahaba1eshwar (Satara Dist.), Ansar i.

105090 A (CAL, Neotype ! ).

651 Vern.Names : Mar. : Kharpudi, Khartundi.

Tall, erect, tuberous herbs. Stem pubescent above. Leaves ovate, rounded or sub-cordate at base, puberulous above. Cymes few-f1owered{ peduncles and pedicels hairy. Corolla 2.8-3.5 cm long; tube 2.2-2.6 cm long, base inflated, inside a ring of hairs at the bottom, above narrow cylindrical; lobes ca 6 mm long, elliptic-ovate or obovate, glabrous. Outer corona of 5 shortly bifid hairy lobes; inner erect, clavate, hairy.

Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 230.4-244.8 X 129.6-144 Urn, with

pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles

28.8 )Jl,m long, 28.8-57.6 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle

129.6-144 JJlm long and c^ 57.6 fJ^m wide.

FI. ; J uly-Aug.

lllus. : Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22:199-

201.1982.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Spec i men exam i ned

Maharasht ra : Lingmala near Mahaba1eshwar, Satara,

Ansari. 105090 (1soneotypea, BS1).

39. C. pubescens Uall. PI. As. Rar. 2:81, t.187.1831 and

Cat. 8144 B, 1847-49; Decne, in DC. Prodr. 8:644.1844;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:73.1883; Pottinger &< Praln in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 1 ( 1 1 ): 252. 1898; Smith & Cave in

652 Rec. Bot. Surv. India A ( 5 ) : 222. 19 11 ; Kanjllal e_t aj_. FI.

Assam 3:308.1939; Hara, FI. East. Himalaya 260.1966}

Matthew, PI. Kurseong 65.1981; Das & Ghosh in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 3<2) ;570. 1982; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16:28.1984.

Hara e_t aj_. Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:85.1982.

Type ; Nepal, U a 111ch (K, Holotype; U, Isotype).

Photoplata - 11

Twiners. Stem glabrous. Leaves ovate, long acuminate, sparsely hairy above. Cymes few-many-

flowered; peduncles long, hairy in a row; pedicels glabrous. Corolla 4-6.5 cm long; tube 2-3.2 cm long, base slightly inflated, subcylindric above; lobes 2-3.3 cm long, spirally twisted or beaked. Outer corona of 5

entire hairy lobes; inner linear, erect. Pollinia five,'

pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 302.4 X 244.8 with pellucid layer, attached

by light-brown caudicles 28.8 )Am long, c^ 72 JA.ra wide

to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 172.8 |Am long and c^ 86.4 wide.

FI. : J une-Sept.

lllus. : Wall. PI. As. Rar. 2:81, t.187.1831.

Distrib. : Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal.

Chr. No. : 2n = 20 ( S.P.S. L S. 4876 >.

653 Spec imens exam i ned

Megha t ava ; Mawsmai, K J hills, Deb. 28730; Khasia,

Acc. 296719 (CNH); 4-5000 pad, Khasia, J.D.H. & T.T..

Acc, 68872 (M H ).

Sikkim : Sikkim Himalaya, King. Acc. 296697 (CNH);

Sikkim, 3000 ft. s.n. j Choung Tong, Smith 8<. C » V i

923; Sikkim Himalaya, 1800 ft. K ing. 4047; Sikkim,

T.Thomas. Acc. 296696 (CNH).

U. BengaI : Kallnpong, R 1p 1ey. 128; 7000 ft. Darjeeling,

G a m b 1e . 2349, Acc.296728 (CNH); Gopal Dara, E. Himalaya,

B 1swas. 5621; Darjeeling, 3000 ft. Clarke. 9037.

40. C. pus i I I a Uight Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 31.1834J

Wight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 1261. 1846; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8 :643. 1844; Wal I. Cat. 8140.1847-49; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:66.1883; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 264.1914;

Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9(1) : 117. 1921; Gamble,

FI. Pres. Madras 2:601 (5:856.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.);

Sebastlne in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 2:4.1960; Kammathy et a 1. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9:221.1968; Fyson, FI.

Nilg. Puln. Hill 1:285 (2:191.1915) 1974 (Rep.Ed.); Rao

6t Raz i, FI. Mysore dlst. 494.1981; Ansari, Fasc. FI.

India 16:28.1984; Goel & Singh in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 81 ( 1 ) : 233. 1984; Sharma e_t a I . FI. Karnataka

166.1984; Sharma in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(3) :738. 1985;

Henry e^ aj_* FI* TamilNadu Analysis 2:84.1987; Mahaba t e,

Bot. FI. Maharashtra 499.1987.

654 Type : India : TamilNadu; Nllglrl hllla, Harb.

Wight 1932 (CAL, isotype ! ).

Photoplate - 11

Dwarf, erect, tuberous herbs. Stem puberulous

above. Leaves linear, sessile, crowded. Cymes uni-

flowered; peduncles minute; pedicels long, both hairy.

Corolla 2.5-2.8 era long; tube 1.8-2 cm long, flub-

cyllndrlc, base inflated, glabrous inside; lobes 7-8 mm

long, obIong-subspathu1 ate, glabrous except hairy apeK.

Outer corona of 5 bifid, narrowl,y deltoid lobes,

ciliate; inner long, linear, erect. Pollinia five,

pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow,

waxy,345.8-360 X 172.8-187.2 Urn, with pellucid layer,

attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 43.2 Um long, ca

115.2 Um wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 316.6 Um long

and c^ 144 Um wide.

FI. : June-Aug. Fr. : Sept.

Illus. t Wight, Ic. t. 1261. 1848.

Diatrib. : Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab,

Tam i I Nadu.

Chr. No. » 2n = 22 ( Sreedevi 2306 ».

Economic Importance : Tubers are edible (Anonymoua,

1986). They are reported to be a cure for

dysentry and diarrhoea (Wealth of India).

Spec i mens exam i ned

Tj_ tjadu I Pakaswararaalai, Nilgiri, Sebastine. 3933;

Naryanad, Ootakmandu1 am, Nilgiri, Narayanaswamv. 4420|

655 view point Kodanad, Nilglri, Va,1 rave I u. 36855|

Nllgiries, Schm i d t, Acc. 296597 (CNH); Nllgirls, S tahI, s.n. Acc. 296596 (CNH).

Punjab ; Manguwal, Hoshiarpur, h i s ra, A1581.

41. C. rollae Hemadri in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

10(2);123,1968 (1969); Rao in Notes R.B.G.Edinb.

37 ( 1 ) :95. 1978; Karthikeyan e_t in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 21(2) : 171. 1981 ; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16 :29. 1984.

Type : India : Maharashtra; Dhak khilla near

Junnar, H emad r i. 107472 A (CAL,

Ho 1otype ! ).

Vern.Names : Mar. Kharpudi.

Photoplate - 11

Tall, erect, tuberous herbs. Stem pubescent.

Leaves ovate, puberulous above. Cymes subaxillary or

terminal, many-fI owered ; peduncles and pedicels hirsute.

Corolla 2.3-2.5 era long; tube 1.5-2.5 cm long, base

slightly inflated, Inside a ring of hairs at its bottom,

rest glabrous; lobes 8-13 X 2.5 mm, linear-oblong,

glabrous. Outer corona of 5 short, entire or notched

lobes, ciliate; inner erect,sub-cIavate. Pollinia five,

pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow,

waxy, c^ 331.2 X 144 ^ra, with pellucid layer, attached

by light-brown caudicies 20.8-57.6 ^m long, c^ 43.2 ;im

wide to dark-brown corpuscle 216-230.4 Mm long and

86 . 4 /J^m wide.

656 FI. : Aug.-Sept. Fr. : Oct.

Ill us. ; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:P1.1V, fig-

23.1984.

Dlstrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Spec i mens exam i ned

Maharashtra ; Harishchandra garh, Ahmednagar, Uadhwa.

127738; Harishchandra garh, Ahmednagar, Uadhwa. 127731.

42. C. sahyadrica Ansari & Kulkarni in Indian Forester

97:688.1971; Karthikeyan e_^ aj_. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21(2 ) : 17 1. 1981; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16s29.1984;

Lakshminarashimhan, FI. Nasik dlst. 1:264.1906

(Ph.D .Thesis); Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 499.1987;

Mistry & Almeida in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

86(3) :478. 1989 ( 1990 ) .

C . 1 aw i i auc t.non.Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:67.1883;

Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:240 (2:175.1904) 1956

(Rep.Ed.), p.p.; Santapau & Irani in Bull, Botan.

Soc.Bengal 12 (1 & 2):8.1958 p.p.

C . panchgan i ens i s auc t. non Blatter McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36:534.1933; VenkataReddi in Uilldenowia

5(1):32.1968; Hemadri in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

10 ( 2) :125. 1968.

Type : India : Maharashtra; Ambolighat (Ratnagiri

dlst.), Kulkarni. 108643 A (CAL,

H o 1 o t y p e ! ) .

657 Erect, tuberous herbs. Stem pubescent above. Cymes few to many-fIoweredj peduncles and pedicels hairy.

Corona slightly curved; tube up to 4.4 cm long, Inside a ring of hairs at the bottom of the inflated base, rest glabrous; lobes up to 11 X 8 mm, ovate, sub-cordate, glabrous. Outer corona of 5 short, entire or notched lobes, hairy; inner erect, sparsely hairy at base.

Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 446.4-460.8 X 187.2-201.6 jl^m, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^

57.6 long, 57.6 )l,m wide to dark-brown corpuscle

288-302.4 j|m long and c^ 129.6 ||m wide.

FI. : Aug.-Sept. Fr. : Sept.-Oct.

Illus. ; Nayar & Sastry, Red Data Book of Indian

Plants 70.1987.

Distrib. ; Maharashtra (endemic).

Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Maharashtra : hill slopes near Bushi village, LonavI a,

Pune, Reddi. 98660; Ambolighat, Ratnagiri, Kulkarni.

108643; Near Bushi village, Lonavla, Pune, Redd 1. 98660;

Near top of fort Ambavane, Lonavla, Redd i. 99212;

Descend Ambolighat towards Danoli, Sawantwadi,

Ratnagiri, Pa tas ka r. 102141.

658 43. C. sanlupuiil Uadhwa St Ansar 1 In Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 10 ( 1 ) : 95. 1968 (1969); Karthikeyan e_t a_L. in Rec.

Bot. Surv. India 21(2) : 17 1. 1981j Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16:30.1984; Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. It489.1907

(Ph.D.Thes is).

Type : India : Maharashtra; Mahad ghats, near

MahabaIeshwar, Uadhwa, 109640 A. (CAL,

Ho 1 oty pe ! ) .

Vern.Names : Har. ; Khartundi.

Tuberous twiners. Stem usually glabrous. Leaves

ovate, lanceolate, puberulous above. Cymes few to many-

flowered; peduncles and pedicels hairy. Corolla up to

1.5 cm long; tube 1 cm long, base inflated, glabrous

inside; lobes 5 mm long, orbicular. Corona uni-seriate,

of 5 erect, elongated-conical processes, hairy outside,

convergent at apex. Pallinla five, pollen masses

solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 216 X

201-216 lAm, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown

caudicles ca 43.2 JJ^m long, c^ 43.2 )J[m wide to dark-brown

corpuscle c^ 129.6 jj^m long and c^ 57.6 )4,m wide.

FI. : Aug.-Sept. Fr. ; Sept.-Oct.

Illus. : Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16;P1. IV; 25,

Fig. 17. 1984.

Distrib. : Maharashtra(endemic).

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22.

659 SBso^ilSgDS.

Maharashtra ; Kumbarli ghat, Koyna, Kochhar. 158502;

Mahad ghat, near Mahaba1eshwar, Satara, Ansar i. 109651.

44. C. spiralis Wight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 4: t. 1267. 1846;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:66.1883; Gamble, FI. Pres.

Madrass 2:602 (5:856.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Huber, Mem,

Soc. Brot, 12:127.1957; Vanama 1 Idu, aX* in Indian

Forester 97(2 ) : 95. 1971; Saldhana & Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist. 445.1976; Matthew, FI. Tamil. C a m . 1:937. 1983|

Ansari, Fasc. FI. India 16:30.1984; Sharma e^ aj_. FI.

Karnataka 166.1984; Henry ej^ aj_* FI. TamilNadu Analysis

2:84.1987.

Type : India : TamilNadu; Balaghat hills, near

Madras, Wight (K).

Photoplate - 11

Erect tuberous herbs. Stem usually glabrous.

Leaves linear, sessile. Cymes 1-flowered; peduncles and pedicels glabrous. Corolla 4-5 cm long; tube 2-2.5 cm long, subcy1 indric, hairy Inside except inflated base; lobes 2-2.5 cm long, linear, hairy within above from ovate or orbicular base, generally spirally twisted.

Outer corona of 5 bifid-de1toid lobes, glabrous; inner linear, erect. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 273.6-288 Mm, with pellucid layer, attached by light brown caudicles c^ 72

660 P.m long, 129.6-1A4 wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^

244,8 )J.m long and 129.6 wide.

FI* : Aug.-Oct. Fr. : Nov.onward.

Illus. : Wight, Ic. t. 1267. 1848.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradosh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil

Nadu.

Economic Importance ; Plants are used as pot herbs.

The acidic leaves are eaten raw (Reddy,

1989 ) .

Spec imens exami ned

Andhra Pradesh : Cuddapah, Beddome. s.n. Acc. 32707

(MH ) .

Karnataka : Bannerghat, Bangalore, Ramakr ishna. 1327.

Kerala : Malabar, Stocks, Law. Acc. 296602 (CNH)}

Palokonda Parai, Tr'avancore, Naravanaswamv. 991.

T . Nadu ; behind forest Rest house, Devarbetta,

Denkanikotta, Dharmapuri, Hat thew. B r i t to & Ran i. 28518;

3000 ft. Madurai, Jacob. 17526.

45. C. thwaitesii Hook, in Bot. Mag. t.4758.1854; Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4:71.1883; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore

265.1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:603 (5:858.1923)

1957 (Rep.Ed.); Shetty & Vivekananthan in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 13:35.1973; Fyson, FI. Nilg. Puln. Hill

1:286 (3:426.1920) 1974 (Rep.Ed.); Ansari, Fasc. FI.

India 16:30.1984; Henry et aj. FI. TamllNadu Analyil*

66 I 2:04.1987; Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

12( 1) :64. 1989; Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

11(2) :269. 1988.

Type : Bot. Mag. t.4758.

Photoplate - 11

Glabrous twiners. Leaves ovate or ovate—

lanceolate, acuminate. Cymes few-f1owered. Corolla 3-6 cm long; tube 1.2-4.2 cm long, inside a ring of hairs at

the mouth of largely inflated base, cylindrical

elongated neck in the middle, above funnel-shaped; lobes

1.2-1.6 cm long, ovate-oblong. Outer corona of 5 elongated bifid-deltoid hairy lobes; inner longer, erect, 1 inear-spathu1 ate. Pollinia five, pollen masses

solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,374,4-432 X

288-345.6 JH^m, with pellucid layer, attached by light- brown caudicles ca 86.4 long, ca 100.0 wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 280.8 ^m long and c^ 158.4 j4^ra wide.

FI. : Apr i1 -J une.

1 I 1 us . ; Fyson, FI. Nilgirl Pulney hills

3 :426. 1975 (Rep.Ed. ).

Distrib. : Kerala, TamilNadu.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22 ( N-41 ).

Spec i mens examined

Kerala ; Umaiyamalai, Devicolam, Kottayam, She t ty.

27345; Aruvampara slopes, S.V.R.F., Palghat, Na i r.

64452.

662 T. Nadu : Deviar Estate to Nadu 1thottam, Sethur hills,

Ramanathapuram, Sr i n i vasan, 68040; Levinge path,

Kodaikanal, Dlndigul, ha t thew, 53016; Pambarshola,

Mat thew 10195; Kodaikanal, Barber, 7251; Old Courtallam

forest, Tirunelveli, V a 1r a v e1u. 76580; Kodaikanal shola,

Bourne, 83.

46. C. vincaefolia Hook, in Bat. Mag. t.3740. 1039 emend.

Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13 (3 & 4):187.1971

(1974); Srivastava in J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 38(2) : 187. 1959;

Billore, FI. Thane dist. 1:580.1972 (Ph.D.Thesis) ;

Ansari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13:187.1973; Ansari,

Fasc. FI. India 16:31.1984; Bole & Almeida in J. Bombay

nat. Hist. Soc. 81(21:370.1984; Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. 1:490.1987 (Ph.D .Thesis ) .

C . s tocks i i Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:74.1883; Blatter

in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(31:536.1933; Gamble, FI.

Pres. Madras 2:604 (5:859.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Cooke,

FI. Pres. Bombay 2:243 (2:178.1904) 1967 (Rep.Ed.).

C . h i r suta Uight Arn. var. v i ncaef o I la (Hook. ) Hook,

f. FI. Brit. India 4:72.1883; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay

2:242 (2:177.1904) 1967 (Rep.Ed.).

C . poIyantha Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 34:936,1931; Karthikeyan e_^ a_l_- in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 21(2) : 171. 1981.

C . ocuIata Hook. var. subh i rsuta Huber in Mem. Soc.

Broter. 12:65, t.3. f.31b. 1957, p.p.; Santapau S< Irani

663 in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 12:13.1958; Santapau &

[rani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:34.1962.

Type : Bot. Mag. t.3740.

Vern. Names : Mar. ; Khapar khutti.

Tuberous twiners. Stem glabrous. Leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate, puberulous above. Cymes many— flowered; peduncles hirsute; pedicels glabrous. Corolla

3-8 cm long; tube 1.6-4.5 cm long, base inflated, abruptly narrowed above, funnel-shaped at mouth; lobes

1.5-3.5 cm long, 1inear-ob1ong above from ovate-deltoid base, pubescent inside and hairy on margins. Outer corona of 5 lobes, entire, emarginate or shortly bifid, hairy; inner ligulate, o b 1anceo1 ate, glabrous. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 316.8 X 187.2-201.6 ^m, with pellucid

layer, attached by light-brown caudicles A3.2-57.6

long, c^ 187.2 wide to dark-brown corpuscle 288-302.4

JJ,m long and ca 129.6-144 |J[,m wide.

FI. : Aug.-Sept. Fr. : Sept.onwards.

Illus. ; Hook. in Bot. Mag. t.3740.1839; Ansari,

Fasc. FI. India 16: F I . 1 V : 16. 1984.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Spec imens exam i ned

Maharasht ra : Lingamala, Mahaba1eshwar, Satara, Ansari.

67507; Sinhagad forest, Poona, Bh i de . s.n. ; Sinhagad,

664 Kulkarn1. s.n.; Llngmala near Mahaba1eshwar, Satara,

McCann. 3442; Mumbra hills, Thana, McCann. 5482;

Lingmala hills, Mahaba1eshwar, Satara, McCann. 3894.

47. C. wallichii Wight, Contrib. 32.1834; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8s644.1844; Wight, in Bot. Mag. t.3267.1844;

Wall. Cat. 8143.1847-49; Hook.f. FI. Brit. India

4:67.1883; Bamber, PI. Punjab 155.1916; Sahani S< Raizada in Indian Forester 81:313.1955; Raizada in Indian

Forester 85( 1) :680. 1959 ; Gupta, FI. Nainita1ens1s

224.1968; Nair, FI. Bash. Him. 182.1977; Raizada &

Saxena, FI. Mussorie 1:433.1978; Ansari, Fasc. FI. India

16:32.1984; Chowdhary & Wadhwa, FI. Himachal Pradesh

2:462.1984; Naithani, FI. Chamoli 2:417.1985.

Type ; Nepal, W a 1 1 t ch. Herb. Wall. (K).

Photoplate - 11

Tall, robust, erect herbs with fascicled roots,

Stem hairy above. Leaves ovate, sessile or shortly petiolate, puberulous or glabrous above. Cymes few-many flowered. Corolla 4-4.5 cm long; tube 2.8-3 cm long, base inflated, narrowed in the neck, hairy within, funnel-shaped above; lobes 1.2-1.5 cm long, oblong from deltoid base, hairy inside. Outer corona of 5 bifid- deltoid hairy lobes; inner erect, linear. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 388.8-403.2 X 201.6-216 Hm, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 72 |Jl.m long,

665 ca 144 wide to dark-brown corpuscle 316.8-331.2

long and 115.2 Mm wide.

FI. : May-June Fr. : Aug.

lllus. ; Wight in Bot. Mag. t.3267.1844; Ansarl,

Fasc. FI. India 16:P1. 11:8, fig.18.1984.

Dlstrib. : Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh.

Spec i mens exam i ned

H i machaI P radesh ; Barmor (Chamba), Uadhwa. 53156.

Uttar Pradesh : Nainital, Kumaon, Rao. 4842; Bhyundai

Valley, Chamoli, Bhattacharya. 66306; N-U. Himalaya, hack innon. Acc. 296607 (CNH); Nainital towards

Kaladingi, Kumaon, Duth1e. 4196.

DITTOCERAS

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:48.1883.

Twining shrubs. Stems stout, pubescent. Leaves opposite, long petioled, e 11iptic-ovate. Flowers large,

in sessile umbellate cymes. Calyx five-lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla rotate; lobes five, short, valvate, sparsely hairy without. Corona stamlnal, flve-

lobed, large, lobes free, lying flat on corolla, orbicu1ar-spathuI ate. Anthers minute, with very short membranous appendage. Pollen masses solitary in each anther loculus, waxy, horizontal or ascending, with

pellucid margin. Stigma five-angled. Follicles sub-

666 cylindric, recurved, very thick fleshy. Seeds shortly comose.

Type species ; D i t toceras anderson i Hook. f.

A genus with 3 species, distributed from E.

Himalaya to Slam. India is represented by only one species from Himalayan region.

Map - 28

D. andersoni Hook. f. in Hook.Ic. PI, t.1422.1883 et FI.

Brit. India 4:48.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 472.1906.

Type : Plate 1422 of Hook. f. In Hook. Ic. PI.

17.1883 1 .

Plate - 135

Climbing shrubs. Stem branched; branches terete; nodes swollen; internodes 6-13.5 cm long and 1.5-3 mm in dlam., rusty pubescent. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 5.5-12.5 X 2.5-7. 1 cm, eI 1iptic-ovate, acuminate at apex, truncate or shallowly cordate at base, margin ciliate, sparsely hairy above, rusty pubescent beneath, lateral veins 4-6 pairs, opposite or alternate, arched; petioles terete, 2.5-8 cm long and 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, rusty pubescent, numerous glands present at the joint of petiole and lamina.

667 M A P -28 PLATE -^35

IT

EJ

I

(Ti) J K>

YV)

cl

c4 © (D

Dittoceras andersonii Hook.f

1. Photograph . (D 2. Floral Pgrt* ct> Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of polUnia. Flowers axillary, in sessile umbeI 1 1form cymes, 3-

4 flowered; bracts c^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, rusty pubescent; pedicels slender, 2.5-3.8 cm long, ca 1 ram in diam., rusty pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 2.5 X 2 mm, ovate,apex obtuse, margin membranous, rusty pubescent without, glandular within.

Corolla rotate, c^ 1.9 cm long; corolla-tube c^ 7 mm long, sparsely hairy without; lobes five, c^ 12 X 7 mm, triangular, apex acute, sparsely hairy without. Corona staminal, uniseriate, five-lobed, c^ 3 X 1 mm, spathulate, apex acute, lying flat on corolla, arising from the base of anther lobes. Stamens five, c^ 2 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, c^ 1.5 mra long; anthers ca^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, oblong, with very small membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 194.2 X

187.2 p.m attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 43.2 J4.™ long, c^ 28.8 j|m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 158.4

JJ^m long and c^ 115.2 ^^m wide. Gynostegium c^ 2 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, obIong-cyI indric, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style ca 0.5 mm long; stigma ca 0.5 mm high, ca 1 mm across, conical,

pentagonal. Follicles usually single, 10.5-12.2 X 1.2-

1.5 cm, subcy1indric, recurved, apex obtuse, base acute,

glabrous; seeds many, ca 16 X 9 mm, narrowly ovoid-

oblong, base rounded, dark-brown with light-brown

margin c^ 1 mm wide; coma silky-white, 3-4 cm long.

668 FI. : June-Oct. Fr. : Sept.-Oct.

lllus. : Hook.f. in Hook. PI. t. 1422. 1883.

Distrlb. ! Sikkim, UuiiL B«mia I .

Spec i mens exam i ned

S lkl< Im : 4000 ft., Sikkim, King. 911; Sikkim Himalaya,

King. s.n., Acc. 295815 (CNH); 3000 ft., Sikkim, Kurz. s.n., Acc. 295808 (CNH).

W . Bengal : 6000 ft., Darjeeling, Ga mb 1e . 3238 A; Nagri spur, Darjeeling, Bucas tou. s.n. 7-7-03; 4000 ft.

Darjeeling, Gamb1e. 9893.

FREREA

Dalz, in J. Linn. Soc. 8:10, t.3. 1865; Benth. & Hook. f.

Gen, FI. 2:783.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:76.1883.

The generic name commemorates Sir Henry Bartle

Frere, a former Governor of Bombay Presidency, *not only as a mark of esteem and respect, but also because he always has been the enlightened encourager and promoter of scientific researches in India, and is himself a close observer of nature* (Dalzell I.e. ) .

Succulent, erect, herbs or undershrubs. Stem quadrangular, glabrous, green, turning silvery grey with age. Leaves opposite,oblong or elliptic. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Calyx five-lobed, triangular-ovate. Corolla rotate,lobes broad, valvate.

669 fringed on the edges. Corona stamlnal, double; outer

bowl-shaped, five, short, broad lobes; inner five,

linear lobes,incurved at apex. Anthers without

membranous appendage. Pollen masses solitary in each

anther loculua, waxy, ascending or horizontal, with

pellucid margin. Stigma flat, five-angled. Follicles

linear, terete. Seeds comose.

Type species ; F rerea i nd i ca Dalz.

A monotypic genus represented by ^ 1nd tca Dalz.

endemic to Maharashtra in India.

Map - 29

P. indica Dalz. in J. Linn, Soc. Lond. 8:10, t.3.1665;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:76.1883; Blatter in J. Bombay

nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3):536.1933; Bombay in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 41:679.1940; Santapau in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 50:427.1951; Santapau L Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot.

Mem. 4:44.1962; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:243

(2:178.1905).1967 (Rep.Ed.); Raghavan in Curr. Sci.

45(1) :36. 1978; Rao in Notes R.B.G.Edinb. 37(1) :95. 1978;

Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22:19.1982; Bole &

Almeida in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 81(2) :37 1. 1984;

Mukherjee St Garg In J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5 (4) : 968. 1984 ;

Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. 1:492.1987; Mahabale, Bot.

FI. Maharashtra 644.1987.

Cara 1 1uma f re re i Rowley in Nat. Cact. and Succ. J.

30 :78. 1958.

670 MAP-29 Type : Plate by Dalz. inJ. Linn. Soc. Lond.

0 ; 10, t. 3. 1685.

Vern. Name : Mar. : S h indaI-makudi.

Plate - 136

Trailing, succulent herbs or undershrubs, fleshy.

Stem branched 5 branches quadrangular, c^ 6 X 8 ram in cross section, with mark of scars of fallen leaves; nodes slightly swollen; internodes fleshy, 0.4-2 cm

long and 4-6 mm across, shining, glabrous. Latex watery, abundent. Leaves opposite, decussate, at the angles, exstipulate, lamina 3-5 X 1.0-2.5 cm, oblong or elliptic, acute, sub-acute or obtuse mucronate at apex, decurrent on petioles, fleshy, shining, glabrous on both sides, lateral veins 6-0 pairs, opposite or alternate) petioles terete, 4-10 mm long, with flap-like structure, grooved on upper side, glabrous.

Flowers extra-axiI I ary, solitary; bracts 1-1.5 X

0.5 mm, deltoid, glabrous; pedicels arising from between the petioles, stout, curved, terete, c^ 5 mm

long, glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, valvate, c^ 3 X 1.5 mm, ovate-deltoid, divided 2/3 way down, apax aouta, glabrous, glandular within. Corolla rotate, c^ 2.2 cm

across, five-Iobed,d i v 1ded half-way down, ca 11 X 8 mm,

deltoid, apex acute, fringed with fine deep purple hairs

on the edges. Corona staminal, biseriate; outer bowl­

shaped with five short broad truncate lobes, slightly

67 1 PLATE -130

t K»

mI

in

I in ©

Frerea indica Dalz.

1. Photograph,

2. Floral pMtt6 •' «• Calyx; b. Corolla, @ c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. divided at the apex, 1-2 mm high; inner five lobed,

arising from the innerside of outer corona, ca 1.5 mm

long, linear, apex acute, incurved resting on the

anther. Stamens five, c^ 1.5 mm long; filaments united

to form staminal column, short, ^ 0.5 mm long, arising

a little above the base of corolla, anthers c^ 1 X 0.5

mm, triangular, without membranous appendage, pollinia

five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell,

yellow, waxy, 518.4-547.2 X 504-532.8 JJlm with pellucid

layer attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 100.8 ^m

long, c^ 100.8 jj,m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 316.8

J4m long and c^ 172.8 JL|^m wide. Gynostegium c^ 3 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary c^ 2 X 1 mm, oblong, free,many

ovuled, glabrous; style c^ 0.5 mm long; stigma c^ 0.5 mm

high, ca 3 mm across, star-shaped, pentagonal.

Follicles paired or single, 6.3-8.2 X 0 .4 - 0 . 6 cm,

Iinear-1anceoI ate, curved at apex; seeds many, c^ 8 X

3.5 mm, oblong, flat, dark-brown with light-brown margin

ca 0.5 mm wide; coma silky white, 1-3 cm long.

FI. ; Sept.-Dec. Fr. ; Dec.-Jan.

I 1 I us. : Santapau & Irani, Univ.Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:110. 1962.

Distrib. : Maharashtra (endemic).

Chr. No. : 2n = 44 ( Sarkaria K 781 ).

Economic Importance : A very good pollution indicator

(A ga rwa1 , 1986).

672 Spec imens exam i ned

Maharashtra : Purandhar - Top portion of the Vazirgad,

Pune, Rao. 88641; Shivneri, Junnar, on steep rocks,

Pune, Puri. 2619.

HETEROSTEMMA

Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 42.1834; Benth & Hook.f.

Gen. PI. 2:774.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:47.1883;

Swarupanandan, Sasidharan & Mangaiy, in Bot. Journ.

Linn. Soc. 10 1:252.1989.

The generic name is derived from words ‘Heteros*

= variable and 'stemma' = the crown, chaplet, referring to staminal corona.

Twining, shrubs or undershrubs. Stem almost glabrous. Leaves opposite. Flowers in sessile or very short-pedunc1ed umbel-like cymea. Calyx five-lobed, small. Corolla rotate, sparsely puberulous without,

lobes valvate, triangular. Corona staminal, five

lobes, laterally compressed, fleshy, spreading horizontally from the column and lying flat on the corolla. Anthers with membranous appendage. Pollen masses solitary in each anther loculus, waxy, ascending, with pellucid margin. Stigma truncate,

included, five-angled. Follicles slender, cylindrical.

Seed comose.

Type species : Heteros temma tan i orense Wight & Arn. ex

Wight

673 A genua with ^1 apeoies, distributed In tropical Asia ranging from India to China, the

Philippines and Samoa. In India it la represented by

10 species.

Hap - 30

The genus is distinguished into two sections.

1. Flowers rotate.

... Section Heterostemma

2. Flowers depressed globose, urceolate or tubular

urceo1 ate.

... Section 0 ianthus

Heterosteama Wight t Am. section HeteraeteHaa

Type ; tan 1 otense Wight L A m .

The section comprises c^ 36 species. The peninsular india-Sri Lanka region is represented by a single species, H . tan torense. the type species of the genus. The other species are distributed in North East

Continental Asia and the Malayan Archipelago.

Key to the s pec i es

1. Corona-lobes with appendage :

2. Leaves elliptic or ovate-obIong, acuminate at

apex , lateral veins not winged beneath, pubescent

on both sides.

... H. walllchil

674 II,n |IM |88 192 I 06- 36 INDIA

32

0 IjOO 400 kn^ b r _ = t = d

'H A/

".t

c- Jl

VO HKTEROSTEMMA Wight & Arn. a B B H. alatum Wight

- ^ H “ * (Hook, f.) Swarupanandan

□ ii* wallichii Wight.

M A P -30 2. Leaves ovate or e11iptic-ob1ong, acute or with

short cusp at apex, lateral veins winged beneath,

sparingly hairy above, glabrous beneath.

. . . a 1 atum

1. Corona-lobes without appendage :

3. Branches pubescent along two lines; leaves

glabrous, lateral veins winged beneath; corona-

lobes orbicu1ar-oboVate. . . . tan lorense

3. Branches puberulous; leaves pubescent :

4. Leaves elliptic or e 1 Iiptic-1anceoI ate,

acuminate, pubescent on both sides, lateral

veins winged beneath; corona stellately 6-lobed.

... s teI 1atum

4. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-1anceo1 ate,

slightly acuminate, pubescent above, glabrous

beneath, lateral veins not winged beneath;

corona-lobes spathulate.

. . . hL_ da 1 ze 1 1 i 1

Heterostemma Uight & Arn. section Oianthus Swarupanandan

& Sds idha ran.

0 Ian thus Benth. in Hooker's Ic. PI. 12; t. 1191. 1876;

Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:775.1876.

Type : Oianthus beddome i Hook, f, = H.beddomeX

(Hook.f.) Swarupanandan & Sasidharan.

675 Key to the spec ies

1, Corolla discoid or depressed globose :

2. Coronal scales devoid of an inner appendage ;

3. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate; Plants

pubescent.

... H . beddome i

3. Leaves elliptic or ovate-ob1ong, aubacute or

obtuse; Plants glabrous.

... dlsciflorum

2. Coronal scales with an inner appendage.

. . . vasudevani

1. Corolla urceolate or tubular :

4. Coronal scales entire with rounded tips.

. . . de^anense

4. Coronal scales 3-toothed at tips.

. . . urceo1 a turn

1. H. alatum Wight, Contrib. 42.1834; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:630.1044; Wall, Cat. 8180.1847-49; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:47.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 473.1906;

Raizada in J. Indian Hot. Soc. 15(2) : 160. 1936; Fischer

in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 12(2):112.1938; Kanjilal e_t a 1 .

FI. Assam 3:300.1939; Gupta, Forest FI. Chakrata

331,1956 (Rep.Ed,); Raizada in Indian Forester

85(11):680. 1959; Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

6:54.1964; Panigrahi ti Joseph in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

8:149.1967; Gupta, FI. Na i n i ta 1 ens i s 226. 1968; Deb

Dutta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 70( 1 ) : 76. 1973;

Raizada, Suppl. Duthie's FI. 152.1976; Osmaston, Forest

676 FI. Kumaon 357.1978 (Rep.Ed.); Raizada & Saxena, FI.

Mussoori 1:442.1978; Ba1 akrishnan, FI. Jowai 2:319.1983;

Deb, FI. Tripura State 2:32.1983; Chowdhary Uadhwa,

FI. Himachal Pradesh 2:463.1984; Naithanl, FI. Chamoli

2:419.1985; Haridason S< Rao, Forest FI. Meghalaya

618.1987; Malick & Safui in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

10 ( 1) ;7. 1988.

Type : Nepal, Hoya a 1 a ta Uall. Aaclap. n. 136.

Plate - 137

Climbing shrubs, up to 10 feet tall. Stem twining, branched; branches slender, terete; nodes slightly swollen; internodes 1.2-23.5 cm long and 0.5-3 mm in diam., puberulous along two lines. Latex milky- white. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.1-17 X

0.2-9.7 cm, broadly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate, sub-acute apex of lower leaves, acute or slightly acuminate at apex of upper leaves, rounded or cordate with incis ion up to 3.5 mm deep at base, ciliate along margin, sparingly appressedly hairy above, glabrous beneath, lateral veins 4-6 pairs, opposite or alternate, arched, veins winged; petioles terete, 0.8-4 cm long and 1-2 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, pubescent, glands present at the Joint of lamina and pe t i oIe.

677 £

t

I m

in T H ©

Heterostenuna alatum Wight o o

1. Photograph, (3) 2. Floral piartS .* a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; ci. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. Flowers lateral, In umbellate cymes; peduncles terete, arising from in between petioles, 2-5 mm long,

0.5-1.5 mm in diam., pubescent; bracts c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin ciliate, pubescent without; pedicels terete, 0.2-1.1 cm long, c^ 0.5 mm In dlam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes

1-2 X 0.5 mm, ovate-1anceo1 ate or lanceolate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, pubescent without, glandular within. Corolla rotate, ca 9 mm across, lobes united up

to c_a 1.5 mm, lobes five, c^ 2.5 X 2 mm, ovate, apex

acute, thin transparent, glabrous. Corona stamlnal

uniseriate, adnate to base of stamlnal column, f1ve-

lobed, ^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate-Ianceo1 ate, apex

acuminate, with large concave, ovate-acute appendage

^rom inner margin c^ 0.5 mm long. Stamens five, c^ 1 mm

long; filaments united to form stamlnal column, c^ 0.B

mm long; anthers 0.5 X 0.5 mm, with small ovate

membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses

solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 187.2-201.6

X 129.6 JJ.m attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 72 Jl|^m

long, c^ 43.2 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 115.2

JUra long and c^ 57.6 wide. Gynosteglum oa 1.5 mm

long. Carpels two, ovary ca 1 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free,

many ovuled; style very short; stigma c^ 0.5 ram high,

aa. I2i«5 mm across, thin, pentagonal. Follicles paired,

divaricate, 5.8-10.5 X 0.4-0.7 cm, linear, cylindrical,

tapering to acute or slightly blunt point; seeds many,

ca 11 X 5 mm, ovate-ob1ong, dark-brown with light

67B pinkish margin ca 1 mm wide; coma silky-white, 3.5-4 cm long.

FI. : June-Aug. Fr. : July-Feb,

Distrib. : Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Himachal

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya,

Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uest

Bengal.

Spec 1mens eKam i ned

Arunacha 1 Pradesh : Chegum-Uakka T.R.D. , D_e^, 26 491;

Sissini to Khelang 4000 ft., K.F.D., Panigrahi, 6074.

Goa : Ordoford - But pol forest, Kanod ia. 89544;

Porvorim forest area, Kanod i a, 89739.

Maharash t ra : Math forest, 5 miles from Vengurla,

Ratnagiri, Pa tas ka r. 102220.

Megha 1 ava : Chlolangdoh, Jowai, K. Ic J. hills,

Balakr ishnan. 42882; 5-0000 ft, Mont. Khasia, JDH tc TT.

A g o . 68848 (MH); Shangping, K. & J. hills, Kan 1iIal

6491; Shillong peak, Khasia hills, Kan 1iIal. 2311.

S ^ • Bay, North Sikkim, Chak rabor tv. 2643; Sikkim,

K ujlz, Ace. 295676 (CNH); Sikkim, T . T. . 1857, Acc. 295673

(CNH); 2-4000 ft., Sikkim, Hooker. Acc. 295773 (CNH);

4500 ft., Sikkim, King. 2248.

P radesh : Joshimath, Garhwal, Bhattacharva.

679 293L1; Dhaschula, Kumaon, Rao, 11657; Tehrl Garhwal,

Gardenmen 2333; near Nalnltal, Kumaon, Duth1e , 4201.

U. Bengal ; 4000 ft. Darjeeling, Clarke, 12245.

2. H. beddomei (Hook, f.) Swarupanandan 8( Mangaly in

Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 101(2) :254. 1969.

Q 1 an thus beddome i Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4i49.i883j

Hook. f. Ic. PI. Ser. 3.5: t. 1466. 1844; Schum. in Engl.

& Prantl. Die Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4:295.1895; Lushington

Vern. List. Trs. Shs. Cls. Madras 2A:489.1915; Rao, FI.

PI. Travancore 264.1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras

2:595 (5 :817. 1923) . 1957 (Rep.Ed.l; Kammathy e^ aj_. In

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9:221.1968; Henry e_t in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75(3) : 692. 1978; Rao & Razi, FI.

Mysore dist. 495.1981; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22:21.1982; Sharma ^ aj_. FI. Karnataka 168.1984.

Type : Plate 1466 by Hook. f. in Ic. PI. Ser. 3,

51 : t. 1466. 1884.

Plato - 130

Climbing undershrubs. Stem twining, branched; branches terete, internodes 18.6-26 cm long and 2-3.5 mm in diam., sparingly pubescent, densely pubescent along two lines. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 7.9-

14.2 X 5-10.7 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, shallowly cordate with incis^_^ion c^ 2 mm deep at base, ciliate along margin, pubescent above, pubescent only along

680 PLATE'^38

£ e fO

' ' — ------TTLa t*M I T jj# i 4 a i ^ <^1 ,

6 0 a e @

Heterosteniina beddomei (Hook.

o r Swrupanandan 6 Manga o

1. Photograph ,

(D 2. Flora? PkrtB ; a. Calyx; b. Corolla c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. veins beneath, lateral veins 4-6 pairs, lower two

arising from the base of midrib, arched, veins winged

beneath; petioles terete, 1,5-7.3 cm long and 1.5-2 mm

in diam., grooved on upper side, ridged,pubescent,

glands present at the joint of petiole and lamina.

Flowers axillary, in cymes, sessile; pedicels

slender, filiform, c a 4 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam.,

pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes

ca 3 X 1.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, sparingly pubescent

without. Corolla discoid or rotate, c^ 1.2 cm across;

lobes united up to c^ 2.5 mm, lobes five, c^ 3 X 3.5 mm,

ovate, apex acute, glabrous. Corona staminal,

uniseriate, cupular, adnate to the staminaI - tube, c^ 1

mm high, brown. Stamens five, c^ 1 mm long; filaments

united to form staminal column, ca 0.5 mm long; anthers ca 0-5 X 0.5 mm, with membranous appendage, polllnia

five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 201.6-216 X 115. 2-158. 4 ;j,m, with pellucid

layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 57.6

long, c^ 43.2 JJ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle 115.2-

129.6 ^m long and c^ 43.2 j4,m wide. Gynostegium ca 1 mm

long. Carpels two, ovary 0.5 X 0.5 mm, linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style short; stigma 0,5 mm high, c^ 0.5 mm across, flat, pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. : Aug.-Sept.

681 lllus, : Hook. f. Ic. PI. t. 1466. 1884.

Dlstrlb. : Karnataka, Kerala.

Spec i men exam 1ned

Kar nataka : Kalarbetta on way to Doha sampanji, B'-

Rangan hills, Mysore, Rao. 73745.

3. H. dalzsllii Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:48.1883j

Brandis, Indian Trees 473.1906; Talbot, Forest FI.

Bombay & Sind. 2:256.1911; Blatter in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 36 ( 3 ) ; 532. 1933 ; Santapau t* Irani, Univ.

Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:51.1962; Vartak, PI. Gomantak

72.1966; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:232 (2;168. 1905 ). 1967

(Rep.Ed.); Rao, FI. Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra & Nagarhaveli

2:263.1968; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 694.1987;

Kuikarnl, FI. Sindhudurg 261.1988.

H. wal I ichi i Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 152.1861 (not of

U ight) .

Type : Heteros temma, sp. 2, Herb.Ind. Or. H. f. &

T.; The concan; at Vingorla and Malwan

Da Izel 1. Stocks. (K).

As only type photo has been seen^the description

given here is based on the description given by Santapau & Ir a n i.

Perennial climbers, 1-2 m long, with a tuft of adventitious roots at the base of the stems. Stem terete, swollen at the nodes with long internodes near

682 the baae, shorter ones above, sparingly branched, puberulous, green with a purplish tinge. Leaves petlol'ate} petioles of lower leaves stout, up to 7 cm

long; those of higher leaves 1-2.5 cm long, grooved on upper aide, glabrescent, pale green with a pinkish

tinge; lamina of lower leaves 16 X 13 cm, broadly ovate,

subacute at apex, rounded at base, that of lower leaves

9-12 X 4-6 cm, ovate-oblong or ovate-1anceo1 ate, acute

or slightly acuminate at apex, rounded at base, glaucous

and sparingly appressedly hairy above, pale green and

glabrous below, with numerous glands at the base.

Flowers cream to pink, in lateral umbellate cymesj

peduncles stout, pubescent, from between the petioles

of opposite leaves; pedicels 6 mm long, terete,

puberulous. Calyx persistent, puberulous outside;

lobes 1 mm long, divided to the base, ovate, subacute.

Corolla rotate, i-1.5 cm across, glabrous Inside,

puberulous outside; lobes 4 X 3 mm, valvate, divided

1/2 way down, ovate, acute. Gynostegium 1 mm long,

t pink. Pollen masses ascending, ovoid or reniform with

an apical pellucid margin, subsessile or attached to

the po1 Ien-carriers by very short caudlcles. Follicles

In pairs, 9-10 cm long, straight, cylindrical, gradually

tapering at the apex, glabrous, green when young,

purplish or pinkish with age. Seeds 8 mm long,

orbicular or oblong with a promi nent dark brown margin;

coma up to 2 cm long.

(iU3 FI. : Aug.-Sept. Fr. : Sept.-Oct.

Distrib. ; Daman, Diu, Goa, Maharashtra, Nagarhavell.

4. H. deccanenso (Talb. ) Swarupanandan 8< Mangaly in Bot.

J. Linn. Soc. 10 1 (2) : 255. 1989.

Qlanthug deccanens1s Talbot, Forest FI. Bombay & Sind.

2:260.1911; Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Sdc. 31:533.1926; Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

36(3) :533. 1933; Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot.

Mem. 4:64.1962; Cherian L Pataskar in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 11:390.1971; Billore, FI, Thane dist. 1:587.1972

(Ph.D.Thesis); Santapau & Henry, Dicot. FI. PI. India

118.1973; Karthikeyan e_t aX. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21(2) : 171. 1981 ; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22:21.1982; Lakshminarsh1mhan, FI. Nasik dist.

1:266.1986 (Ph.D.Theais); Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra

694. 1987.

Type : India : Maharashtra, Deccan Ghats, 18 Km

west of Poona, Talbot, s.n.

Plate - 139

Climbing undershrubs. Stem slender, twining,

sparingly branched; branches terete, internodes 9.5-15.5

cm long and 0.5-1 mm In diam., sparingly pubescent,

densely pubescent along two lines. Latex milky-white.

Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 7.2-13.8 X 2.7-8.2

cm, narrowly ovate-Ianceo1 ate to broadly ovate, shortly

684 PLATE

10

■r-l

© a

Hoteros tomina dor^janunso (Tplb Swrupanandan H Manga 1;

1. PhoLograph,

2. Floral Piarts : a. Calyx; h. Corolla (D c. Corona; d. Stanwns; e. Carpel

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. acuminate at apex, rounded, truncate or shallowly cordate at base, ciliate with slightly recurved along margins, pubescent above and only along veins beneath, lateral veins A-5 pairs, lower two arising from the base of raid-lib, arched, veins minutely winged beneath; petioles terete, 0.9-1.9 cm long and 0.5-1 mm in diam., grooved on upper aide, pubescent, glands at the joint of petiole and lamina.

Flowers lateral, in subsessile umbellate cymes,

3-4 flowered; peduncles terete, 1-1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm in diam., pubescent; bracts c^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, linear, apex subacute, glabrescent; pedicels terete, 1.5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 2 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin minutely ciliate, sparingly pubescent without, glandular within. Corolla urceolate, c^ 7 mm

long; corolla-tube c^ 5.5 mm long, c^ 4.5 mm across, with adpressed hairs without; lobes five, c^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, glabrous. Corona staminal, unlseriate, campanulate, adnate to the base of staminal column, c a 3 mm long, five-lobed at apex, fleshy.

Stamens five, c^ 1 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, 0.5 mm long; anthers ca 0.5 X 0.5 mm, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 216-230.4 X 158.4 ^m, with pellucid

layer, attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 28.8 ^_m

long, c a 43.2 ll,m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 122.4

6 85 |J(.tn long and 115.2 wide. Gynostegium 1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c_a 1 X 0.5 mm, linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style short; stigma 0.5 mm high, ca 0.5 mm across, pentagonal.

FI. : Aug.-Oct. Fr. ; Dec.-Jan.

Illus. : Swarupanandan e^ a_l_- in Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

101:25A, Fig. 2C-E.1989.

Dlstrib. : Kerala, Maharashtra.

Spec 1 mens exam i ned

Kerala : Karadippara, Peechi, Sasidharan. 4676 (KFRI).

Maharashtra : Deodongra-Dou1 i temple, Nasik, Cher Ian.

112668; Pashan, S a 1d h a n a. 1411 (BLAT).

5. H. disciflorum (Hook, f,) Swarupanandan & Mangaly in

Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 10 1 <2) :256. 1989.

Q i anthus disciflorus Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:49.1883; Schum. in Engl. & Prantl. Die Nat.

Pflanzenfam. 4:295.1895; Talbot, Forest FI. Bombay L

Sind. 2:260.1911; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 264.1914;

Santapau Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:66.1962;

Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2 : 236(2 : 172. 1905). 1967

(Rep.Ed. ); Nair & Ramachandran in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22( 1-4) :234. 1982; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22:21.1982; VenkataRaju &< Pullaiah in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 84 ( 1 ) ; 259. 1987 ; Sharma e_^ a^,. in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 11(1) :52. 1988.

686 Type : India : Karnataka; Concan and Mysore, Law

Stocks s . n . ( K ) .

Plate - 140

Climbing underahruba. Stem twining, sparingly branched; branches terete, internodes 11.2-21 cm long and 1-2 mm in dlam., pubescent, densely pubescent along two lines, slightly ridged. Leaves opposite, decussate,

lamina 3.5-12.5 X 1-4.9 cm, elliptic, ovate-oblong or ovate-1anceo1 ate, subacute at apex, rounded or shallowly cordate with Incls ion c^ 1.5 mm deep at base, ciliate along margin, sparingly pubescent above and along veins beneath, lateral veins 4-6 pairs, opposite

or alternate, arched; petioles terete, 7-15 mm long and

0.5-1 mm In diani., grooved on upper side, pubescent when

young,glands present at the joint of petiole and

1amina.

Flowers axillary, in umbellate cymes, 3-4

fIowered;pedunc1 as stout, terete, c^ 4 mm long, c^ 0.5

mm in diam.,pubescent; pedicels terete, 1.5-2 mm long,

ca 0.5 mm in diam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed,

divided up to base, lobes c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, oblong,apex

obtuse, glabrous, glandular within. Corolla disciform,

^ 10 mm across, lobes united up to ca^ 1.5 mm, lobes

five, ca 3.5 X 3 mm, ovate, apex acute, glabrous.

Corona staminal, uniseriate, five-lobed, adnate to the

base of staminal column, lobes c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate-

6B7 PLATE -'V)

I

I

I d 3

I

©

Heterosteauna disci flora (Hook.I

Swrupanandan S Mangai

1. Photograph .

(D 2. Floral l^ f t s t a. Calyx; b. Corolla: c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. oblong, some what Incurved towards apex. Stamens five,

ca 1 mm long; filaments united to form atamlnal coluaini

oa 0.S mm long; anthers c_b 0.5 mm long, oblong, resting

on stlgraa, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary In each

anther cell, yellow, waxy, 187.2-201.6 X 100.8-129.6

^.m, with pellucid layer, attached by light-brown

caudlcles c^ 28.8 ^m long, c^ 43.2 wide to dark-

brown corpuscle c^ 129.6 long and c^ 100.8 wide.

Gynosteglum cj^ 1 ram long. Carpels two, ovary 1 X 0.5

mm linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style 3hort|

stigma c^ 0.5 mm across, thin, pentagonal. Follicle

single, 9-9.5 X 0.8-0.9 cm, linear, tapering from base

to apex, beaked with acute tip, glabrous; seeds many, c^

11 X 6 mm, narrowly ovoId-obIong, baa* roundad, brown

with light-brown margin c^ 0.5 mm wide; coma silky-

white, 2-2.5 cm long.

FI. : July-Oct. Fr. ; Aug.— Oct.

Illus. : VenkataRaju & Pullaiah In J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 84( 1) :260. 1987.

Dlstrlb. : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.

Spec 1 mens exam i ned

Andh ra P radesh : Kurnool, 14979; Gund1abrahmeswaram,

Nallamalais, Ellis 22187.

Karnataka : Yellarpore, N.Kanara, T a 1bot. s.n.; Karwar,

180 ft. Bel 1. Acc. 295835 (CNH).

688 6. H. stellatun Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4;47.1563j

Brandis, Indian Trees 473.1906; Kanjllal a. 1 . FI.

Assam 3 :300.1939.

Type s H e t er 031 emma. n.3, Herb. H.f. 8< T.Khasia

Mts; at Myrung, alt. 6000 ft. J . D. H.

Plate - 141

Twining shrubs. Stem branched; branches terete,

Internodess 6.5-23 cm long and 2-3.5 mm In diam.,

ridged, pubescent. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina

7-11.5 X 4-5.6 cm, e 1 1 iptic-1anceo1 ate or lanceolatei

acuminate at apex, truncate at base, ciliate along

margin, pubescent on both sides, lateral veins 5-7

pairs, opposite or alternate, arched to join intra-

marginaly; petioles terete, 2.5-4 cm long and 1-1.5 mm

in diam., grooved on upper side,pubescent mainly along

grooved protion, glands present at the Joint o t petlola

and lamina.

Flowers axillary, in sessile umbellate cymes;

peduncles ^ 2 mm long; pedicels slender, filiform, 2.5-

4.5 cm long, c^ 1 mm in diam., pubescent. Calyx five-

lobed divided up to base, lobes ca 3.5 X 2 mm, ovate,

apex obtuse, margin ciliate, pubescent without,

glandular within. Corolla rotate, c^ 1.2 cm Iong|

corolla-tube c^ 5 rom long, pubescent without; lobes

five, c^ 7 X 5.5 mm, ovate or triangular, apex slightly

acuminate, margin ciliate, pubescent without. Corona

689 PLATE--141

E in

I

£ £ in

I

g /M k i/m . SUL nmk. fty II I r. i oJ ^ r>*. V

0 (D

lleteros teinina stol latum Hook.f

1. Photograph.

2. Floral Pkrts : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; (3) c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. staminal, uniseriate, adnate to base of staminal column, projecting horizontaly from it, fiwe-lobed,

2.5 X 1.5 mm, ovate, stellate, apex acute, without appendage. Stamens five, 2 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, c^ 1 mm long; anthers

1 X 0.5 mm, oblong, with membranous appendage, polllnla five, pollen maaaea aolltary In each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 172.8 X 187.2 Mm, attached by light- brown caudiciea ca_ 43.2 Um long, c^ 57.6 JJl^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 201.6 JJ,m long and c^ 43.2 wide. Gynoateglum c^ 2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1

X 0.5 mm linear, free, many ovuled; style ca 0.5 mm long; stigma cj^ 0,5 mm high, c^ 1 mm across, conical, pentagonal, hairy. Follicles not seen.

FI. : Aug.-Sept.

Distrib. : Meghalaya, Sikkim.

Spec imen exami ned

Sikkim : 2000 ft. Sikkim, King. 2306.

7. H. tanjorense Wight & Arn. in Uight, Contrib.

42.1834; Uight, Ic. t.346. 1840; Decne. in DC. Prodr.

8:630.1844; Uall. Cat. 1178.1829; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:47.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 472.1906; Gamble,

FI. Pres. Madras 2:596 (5:847.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.);

Panigrahiet a 1 . in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6:252.1964;

Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. See. 61(2> :315. 1964; Rao in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13:199.1973; Matthew, FI. Tamil.

690 C a m . Is9

2 :86.1987.

Huber In Daaaan. Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:107.1983.

H . tan i orense var. zev 1 an i cum Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4 :48.1883.

Type ; Uight, Cat. n. 1527 3 tape 1 i a 1nvo1ucrata.

Herb. Madr.; Uall. Asclep. n.ll2. In

arenosis provinciae Tanjore.

Vern. Names : Oriya : Baba Bhulen; Tam. : Palakeerai.

Plate - 142

Climbing shrubs. Stem branched; branches terete,

internodes 12.5-13.5 cm long and 1.5-2 mm in diam.,

ridged, pubescent along two lines. Latex milky-white.

Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 2.5-9.9 X 1-5 cm, elliptic or oblong, rounded-mucronate or acuminate at apex, acute or truncate at base, glabrous, lateral veins

3-4 pairs, opposite or alternate, basal pair of veins prominent, mid-vein winged beneath; petioles terete,

0.6-2.2 cm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper

side, pubescent.

Flowers axillary, in sessile, umbellate cymes;

bracts minute, c^ 1 mm long, pubescent; pedicels

slender, terete, 7-14 mm long, c_a 1 mm in diam.,

slightly curved, glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up

to base, Iobea 1.5 X 0.5 mm, ob\ong, apex acute,

69 1 PLATE-U ■2

m

I

o I?

I in

I ¥ IP

Heteros teaima tanjorense Wight tj An

(D 1. Photograph.

2. Floral p^ fts ** a- Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. margin c 11 1 ate,pubescent without, glandular within.

Corolla rotate, 8 mm across, lobes united up to l.B mm, lobes five, 2.5 X 1.5 mm, ovate to obovate, apex obtuse or rounded, glabrous. Corona staminal, unlaerlate, adnate to base of stamlnal column, five-

lobed, 1 X 0.5, concave, apex obtuse. Stamens five, ca 1.5 mm long; filaments united to form stamlnal column, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, oblong, with membranous appendage, polllnia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 172.8 X

158.A attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 43.2 ^m

long, c^ 28.8 /im wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 158.4

long and 72 )(_m wide. Gynostegium c^ 1.5 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm obIong-cy1 Indric, free, many ovuled; style very short; stigma c^ 0.5 mm high, c^

1 mm across, flat, pentagonal. Follicles paired, 8.2-

8.5 X 0.7 cm, linear, cylindrical, tapering from base

to apex, tip slightly curved, glabrous; seeds many, c_a

11X5 mm, ovate, rounded at base, membranous, brownish- white with light-brown margin c^ 0.5 mm wide; coma

silky-white, 1.5-2 cm long,

FI. : Nov.-Feb. Fr. ; Dec.onwards.

Illus. ; Uigth, Ic. t.348.1840; Matthew, lllus. FI.

Tamil. C a m . 2:447.1982.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil

Nadu,

Chr. No. : 2n = 24 ( N - 19 ).

692 Spec itnens examined

Andhra Pradesh : Ramp hills, Godavari, Ramaswam1. 1505.

Orissa : Stayamba, Panigrahi. 20963.

T . Nadu : Melur, Tiruchi, Per ianayagam. 24672;

Me I IupoI Iiam, Madras, Meeb1od. 12044; Sadlvayal,

Siruvani, Henry. ANH 82; Pandiyoor, Ramanathapuram,

Balasubramaniam, 2357; Kunukkumadu, Nllgirl, Valravelu.

36698; Kollar, Nilgiri, Rathakr ishnan. 39180.

8. H. urceolatum Dalzell in Hooker's Kew Journ.

4:295.1852; Dalz. &< Gibs. Bomb. FI. 152.1861; Drury in

Hbk. Indian FI. 2:239.1866; Swarupanandan t Mangaly in

Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 10 1 (2 ) : 256. 1989.

Q ianthus urceo1atus (Dalz. ) Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1191. 1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:49.1883; Schum. in Engl. it Prantl Die Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4:295, t.90,

Fig. J it K.1895; Uoodrow in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

12il67.1096( Talbot, Furobt FI. Bomb»y & Sind.

2:259.1911; Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 31.1926; Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

3 6 (3) :533.1933; Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:65.1962; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:236

(2:171.1905).1967 (Rep.Ed.); Billore, FI. Thane diat.

1:588,1972 (Ph.D.Thesis) ; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 22:21.1982; Sharma e_^ FI. Karnataka 166.1984;

Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 694.1987; Kothari &

Moorthy FI. Raigad dist. 1:358.1989 (Ms).

693 Type ; India : Maharashtra, Belgaum Dt.,

Belgaum, Da 1ze 1 I s.n. (K).

Vern. Names : Mar. ; Nihadi.

Plate - 143

Climbing underahruba. Stem twining, branched; branches terete, nodes slightly swollen; internodes

23.5-4B.8 cm long and 1.5-2.5 mm in diam., puberulous, densely pubescent along two lines. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 7.3-15.7 X 5.3-7.5 cm, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute at apex, sub-cordate with incis ion

2-5 mm deep at base, ciliolate recurved margin, pubescent above, glabrous beneath except nerves, lateral veins 3-5 pairs, opposite or alternate, arched; petioles terete, 2-3 cm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, pubescent, glands present at the joint of petiole and lamina.

Flowers axillary, in sessile or shortly padunclad

4-5 flowered cymes; peduncles terete, c^ 4 mm long,

l.B mm in diam., pubescent; bracts ca 1.5 X 0.5 mm,

linear, apex acute, glabrous; pedicels terete, c^ 5 mm

long, ^ 1 mm in diam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed,

divided up to base, lobes c^ 4 X 1.5 mm, oblong,apex

obtuse or acute, sparingly pubescent without, glandular

within. Corolla ovoid-urceo1 ate, c^ 1.5 cm long;

corol la-tube c a 13.5 mm long, ca 8 mm across,

ventricose at the base, contracted at apex; lobes five,

694 PLATE -143

B £ >r

I

0 P to CM

t. ©

e. e

(D

Heterosteauna urceolatum Dalz.

o o

1. Photography

(3) 2. I'loral .P irtS * Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpet.

3. Camera-lucicia of pollinia. ca 1.5 X l.B mm, ovate, apex acute, with minute

appressed hairs without. Corona staninal, unlserlate,

flwe-lobed, adnate to the s tam i na 1-co 1 umn, cji 2.5 X 2

mm, cyathlform, apex acuminate, exceeding the

gynosteglum. Irregularly dentate, fleshy. Stamens five,

ca 1 mm long; filaments united to form stamlnal column,

oa 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 0 .5 mm long, resting on

stigma, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each

anther cell, yellow, waxy, 19A.A-201.6 X 129.6-158.4

|l,m, with pellucid layer attached by light-brown

caudlcles 43.2 )|m long, 57.6 wide to dark-brown

corpuscle ca 129.6 long and ca 110.8 wide.

Gynoategium 1 mm long. Carpels two, ovary 0.S X

0.5 mm, linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style

short; stigma ca 0.5 mm high, c^ 0.5 mm across, flat,

pentagonaI.

FI. t July-Aug. Fr. : Sept.

1 1 lus. ; As Q i an thus urceo1atus by Benth, in Hook.

Ic. PI. t. 1191. 1876.

Distrib. : Karnataka, Maharashtra.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Karnataka : Belgaum dt., Ritchie. 1112 (K).

Maharashtra i Bhitola, Takmak hill, Dahisar, Thane,

Billore. 116720.

9. H. vasudevanl Swarupanandan Mangaly in Bot. J.

Linn. Soc. 10 1 (2) :257-258. 19B9.

695 Type : India : Kerala; Idukki Dist., Sabarlmala,

+ 590m, 1976, Swarupanandan, 13716 A (MH ).

Aa there is very little collection of this species and that too was not available for examination, the original description has been provided here.

Plate - 144

"Puberulent twining or trailing undershrubs.

Latex milky white. Stem branchlets 3-5 mm thick, terete, with two longitudinal lines of pubescence alternating with the leaves of node above,nodes scarcely dilated,

1nterpetioIar scales one on either side of the petioles, intrapetio1 ar scales absent. Leaf buds

lanceolate, acuminate, puberulent. Leaves peitloles 30-

45 mm long, grooved, margins puberulent, 3-traced, median trace flat, crescentic in transection, lateral ones small, dorsal; blade 90-130(-150) X 60-65 (-100) mm , ovate, abruptly acuminate, base cordiform or subcordate, juncture with 10-15 glandular scales, 5-

nerved from base, midrib with one or two pairs of

lateral nerves, intercostae subreticuI ate. Inflorescence

extra-axillary, 25 X 15 mm, subumbeI I ate, peduncle 5 mm

long, puberulent. Flowers 20-25, anthesis successive,

pedicels 5-7 mm long, scabrid. Calyx sepals 5, 1.0-1.5

X 1.0 mm, ovate tip obtuse, margin pellucid, puberulent

without; calycine scales antisepa1ous, solitary or

geminate. Corolla grey-purple without, dark purple or

696 PLATE -.1.44

. A IV 1 Inwrr. i.niiRiliKltiial scrlioii (i( iIm (liiwcr sliowiiin ilir 5(nu tmr of (hr gyiunK piimi and corona. D. Transrclioii of the fldwrr ii(«lrRiiini in a view Trom above. E. Tlic vrrrucosc inner surface of the corolla, r. Lalcial aspect of the gynostrginm. G. A stamen and the corresponding coronal scale; note the inciiniljrm inner apprndage of the coronal scale and the anther wing. H . Pollinia and translator. I I’i^lil ) I'olliclr^ aw atirhet wing; ra coronal appendage; cau—caudicle; co— corolla;

Heterostemina vasudevani Swrupanandan a Mangaly deep pink within, 7 X 13 mm, thick, spongy, depressed globose, mouth contracted, inner surface werrucose and often raised to form an incipient ring around the gynosteglum, corolla lobes short, deltoid, ualvate in bud. Gynosteglum Included.Corona scales5, uniseriate, antistam1na1, adnate to the back of the atamlnal filaments, erect, connate and cupular at the base, above the tube lobes cuneate and imbricated, tips curved outward, broader, obtusely triangular with a crenate margin, scales invariably provided with an inner shorter appendage incumbent on the anther, hence the stamlnal corona apparently biseriate. Stamens curved in a algmold fashion, anthers Incumbent on the stigma, microsporangia ellipsoid, subparallel, anther wlnga at the tip of the stamlnal tube, short, anther tip produced into an ovate,cordiform appendage.

Polllnarla corpuscles oblong, sem1- 1nferIor to the polllnia, caudlcles very short, transverse, polllnla

ellipsoid, ascending, attached to the caudlcles

laterally slightly above the base. Pistil

oblong-ovate, tip obtuse, apex and margins pubescent,

stigma sessile, Included, prolate, pentangular, upper

surface with a narrow stellate ridge. Follicles thin,

straight, terete, pointed (mature ones not seen). Seeds

comate at one end.

FI. : Aug.-Sept.

Jl'us. : Swrupanandan e_t In Bot. J. Linn. Soc.

101 :257, f ig.3. 1989.

697 Distrib. : Kerala (endemic).

10. H. wallichii Wight, Contrib. 42.1834; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:630.1844; Wall. Cat. 817 9.1847-49; Hook. f.

FI. Brit. India 4:47.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees

473.1906; Kanjilal aj_. FI. Assam 3:300.1939.

Hara et a 1. Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:86.1982.

Type : Wall. Asclep. n. 154 Sheopore.

Plate - 145

Climbing shrubs. Stem twining, branched; branches

terete*, nodes slightly swollen; internodes 5.2-10 cm

long and 1-2 mm in diam., pubescent along two lines.

Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 4-6.8 X 1.5-3.9 cm,

ovate-oblong or elliptic, acutely acuminate at apex,

rounded or truncate at base, ciliate along margin,

pubescent on both sides,lateral veins 5-7 pairs,

opposite or oblique, arched, veins without wing;

petioles terete, 1-2 cm long and 0.5-1 mm in dlam.,

grooved on upper side, pubescent, glands present at the

Joint of petiole and lamina.

Flowers axillary, in nearly sessile, umbellate

cymes; peduncles c^ 2 mm long, c^ 1 mm in dlam.,

pubescent; bracts ca 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, pubescent;

pedicels slender, terete, 7-9 mm Iong,pubescent. Calyx

five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 1.5 X 1 mm.

698 PLATE -145

1 a in -

I IP

I

0 t © (D

Heterostemma w allichii Wight

i* Photograph .

(D 2. Floral Pm , , Calyx, b. Corolla! C. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucMa of polUnia. ovate, apex acute, margin cl 1 late, thin, pubescent without, glandular within. Corolla rotate, 1 cm across, lobes united up to c^ 1 mm, lobes five, ^ 4 X

2.5 mm, triangular, apex acute, villous within. Corona staminal, uniserlate, adnate to base of staminal column, five-lobed, c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, pointed at apex with incured point on inner side. Stamens five, c^ 1 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers ca^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm oblong, with small orbicular membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,

172.8 X 100.8 j^m, attached by light-brown caudicles c^

36 ^m long, c^ 43.2 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^

172.8 |j^m long and c^ 50.4 |l,m wide. Gynostegium c^ 1 mm long. Carpels two, ovary 0.5 X 0.3 mm, oblong- cylindric, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style very short; stigma ca 0.5 mm high, ca 1 mm across, slightly conical, pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. : May-J une.

Distrib. : Meghalaya, Nagaland.

Spec imen exam i ned

Megha I aya : 6000 ft. Shillong, Khasi hills, Co 1 Iett. s. n.

699 LEFTADEN IA

R. Br. in Mem. Uern. Soc. 1:34.1809, printed in 1811}

Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:778.1876j Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4 :63. 1883.

The generic name is derived from Greek word

‘Leptos’ = slender and ‘aden' = a gland, referring to the pellucid tip of pollen mass.

Erect or twining shrubs. Stem much branched, young parts mealy puberulous. Leavas opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, small or absent. Flowers mostly in short- peduncled umbellate cymes. Calyx five-lobed, ovate, aubacute. Corolla rotate or oampanulate, pubescent or wooly; lobes valvate in bud. Corona double, inner series difficult to observe, outer of five short fleshy segments attached to the base of the corolla alternating with the lobes, segments notched at the apex; inner reduced to an undulate ring at the base of stamlnal column. Anthers without membranous appendage. Polllnla five, pollen masses solitary In each anther luculus, waxy, ascending, with pelluold margin. Follicles ovold-oblong to oblong, tapering to blunt apex, smooth. Seeds comose.

Type species : Leptaden1 a heterophvI 1 a (Del. > Decne.

A genus with 10 species ranging from tropical

Africa, Arabia eastwards to Burma and southwards to th«

700 Mascarene Islands. In India It Is represented by only two species, L . pv ro techn1ca (Forssk. ) Decne. which also occurs In Pakistan and ret icul ata (Retz. ) Wight 8<

A m . which occurs in Nepal and Sri Lanka as well.

Hap - 31

Key to the spec ies

1. Erect, bushy shrubs j leafless or nearly so, when

present sessile or subsessile, linear.

... 1^ pvrotechnlca

2. Twining shrubs j leaves well developed, petlolate,

lamina ovate or ovate-IanceoI ate.

... l^ retIculata

1. L. pyrotochnica IForssk.) Decne. In Ann. Sci. Nat.

Ser. 2.9:270.1838; Decne. In DC. Prodr. 8:629.1844|

Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3):533.1933{

Joshi in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 36(3) :282. 1957 ; Raizada in

Indian Forest Rec. 5(1) :25. 1958; Gupta in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 58(3) :76A . 196 1 ; Kapoor In J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 59j886.19625 Nair S. Malhotra in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 3:142.1962; Santapau & Irani, Univ. Bombay

Bot. Mem. 4:59.1962; haheshwari, FI. Delhi 221.1963;

Puri, e^ aj_. FI. Rajastan 85.1964; Rao, e^ aj.. in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 8:64.1967; Santapau U Janardhanan, FI.

Saurashtra Checklist 31.1967; Vaidya, FI. Ahmedabad

43.1967; Vyas in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 64(2):

213.1967; Kanodia L Gupta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

70 1

65(3> :689. 1968; Rau, FI, Upp. Gang. PI. Checklist

49:1969; Shah in Indian Forester 95(4> i274.1969j Agarkar

In Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11:400.1971 ; Bhatt et. aj_. in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11:316.1971; Dhlllon & Bajwa In

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11:239.1971; Panlgrahl et. ai.. In

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11:101.1971; Singh In Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 11:13.1971; Saxena tc Gupta in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 70( 1): 118. 1973; Bhandarl, FI. Indian desert

223.1978; Nalr, FI. Punjab Plains 162.1978; Shah, FI.

Gujarat State 1:426.1978; Maheshwarl & Singh In Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 18:159.1979; Sharma Tlagl, FI. North

East Rajasthan 239.1979; Raghavan ^ aj_. In Rec. Bot.

Surv. India 21{2 ) :5 1. 1981; Parmar L Singh In J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 3(2) :503. 1982; Shetty Pandey, FI. Tonk

dist. 114.1983; Singh, FI. Banswara 144.1983; Mukherjee,

FI. Panchmarl & Bori 186.1984; Pandey & Shettyin J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 5 ( 2 ) : 360 . 1984 ; Sharma o_i. a 1 . FI.

Karnataka 168.1984; Pandey aj^. In J. Eoon. Tax. Bot.

6 ( 1 ) :54. 1985; Pandey e_t aj_. In J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

7(2):339. 1985; Parmar e^ a I. In J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

7 ( 1) ;62. 1985; Vyas e_t In J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

6(2) :305. 1985; Rao, FI. Goa, Dlu, Daman, Dadra &

Nagarhavell 2:264.1986; Chatterjee In J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

9( 1 ) J155. 1987; Parraar In Bull. Bot. Surv. India

27:37.1987; Shrlngl & Sharma in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

9 ( 1) ;15. 1987; AnandKuraar & Srlvastava in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 1 2 (2 1 .2 9 7 . 1 9 8 6 ! Das In J, Eoon. T.«, Bot.

702 10(1);21B.1988; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka 1:419.1988}

Pandey e_^ a I . In J. Econ. Tan. Bot. 13 ( 1 ) : 177. 1989.

Andrews, FI. PI. AngIo-EgyptIan Sudan 2 jA10.1952j

Rechinger, FI. Iranlca 73/30.1:16.1970 5 George, FI.

Syria, Palestine L Sinai 527.1980; Ali, FK Pakistan

150;52.1983.

Cvnanchum pvrotechnlcum Forssk. FI. Aeg-Arab. 53.1775.

Leptaden ia s pa r t i urn Uight,Contrib. 48.1834; Decne. In

DC. Prodr. 8:629.1844; Uall. Cat. 8199.1847-49; Hook. f.

FI. Brit. India 4:64.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees

472.1906; Talbot, Forest FI. Bombay S< Sind. 2:261.1911;

Bamber, PI. Punjab 61.1916; Saxton L. Sedgwick In Reo.

Bot. Surv. India 6 I 7) :278. 1918; Blatter L Sabnls In J.

Indian Bot. soc. 6(2) :57. 1927; Blatter e_t a I . FI. I ndus delta 87.1929; Bakshi in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

52:502.1954; Joshi in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

36(3) :282. 1957 ; Nair, In Proc. Raj. Acad. Scl.

6:56.1956; Duthie, FI. Upp. Gang. PI.

1:511(2:63. 1911). 1960 (Rep.Ed.); Cooke, FI. P t a b . Bonbay

2:237 (2 :173. 1905 ). 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Parker, FI. Punjab

350.(1956) 1984 (Rep.Ed.); Kapur & Sarin In J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 6 ( 3 ) :568.1985.

Type : Described f rom Egypt.

Vern.Names : Hindi & Guj. ; Khipj Punj. i Klpi

Rajast. : Khimp.

703 Plate - 146

Erect, bushy shrubs. Stem cyllndrlc, much branched} branches terete, straggling or drooping; nodes swollen when branching takes place; internodes 1-

15.5 cm long and 0.5-6 mm in diam., slightly ridged, pubescent when young, glabrous at age. Latex watery.

Leaves usually absent, present on young shoots, opposite, decussate, nearly sessile, lamina 1.1-6.2 H

0.1-0.4 cm, linear or Iinear-1anceo1 ate, acute at apex and base, cillolate along margin, puberulous on both sides, lateral veins invisible, midrib prominent; petioles up to 2 mm long, grooved on upper side, pubescen t.

Flowers lateral, in umbellate cymes; peduncles

terete, arising from in between petioles, 0.2-2 cm long,

0.5-1 mm in diam., pubescent; bracts small, c^ 1 X 0.5

mm, deltoid, apex acute, margin cillolate, puberulous;

pedicels short, terete, 1.5-4 mra long, 0.5 mm in

diam., puberulous. Calyx flve-lobed, cupular, divided

up to about 1/2 way down, c^ 2 mm long, lobes c^ 1 X 0.5

mm, deltoid, apex acute, margin cillolate, pubescent

without. Corolla rotate or nearly so, ca 7 mm across,

lobes united up to c^ 1.5 mm, glabrous, lobe* five, ca 2

X 1 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, margin dilate, pubasoent on both sides. Corona two types, ooroUlna

.nd sta^inal, ooroMlne, unls.rl.te, Mve-scl... inserted at the „outh of coroila tube, c, e.5 aoros.

704 ^LATE

€. In

£ f. ui o

U)I C 2 3 6

in

I ol ©

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (FoiJsk.J

Decne.

(D /• l^hotofjraph .

2. Floral Rifts : a. Ca/yx; 6. Corolla; Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

Camera-lucida of pollinia. and ca 0.1 mm broad, with minute depression In the

centre, alternating with coroI I a-Iobes; staminal,

uniseriate, cupular, raised undulate fleshy ring at the

base of the staminal column, fiwe-lobed, c^ 0.S mm

broad. Stamens five, c^ 1.5 mm long; filaments united

to form staminal column, c^ 0.5 mm long} anthers c^ 1 X

0.5 mm, oblong, without membranous appendage, polllnla

five, pollen masses solitary In each anther cell,

yellow, waxy, 230.4-24A.0 X 129.6-144 ^m, attached by

light-brown caudicles ca 86.4 long, ca 28.8 jJ^m wide

to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 100.8 long and 57.6 Mm

wide. Gynosteglum c^ 2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary

1 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style

ca 0.5 mm long; stigma c^ 0.5 mm high, c^ 1 mm across,

conical, pentagonal. Follicles single, 4-13.6 X 0.3-1.2

cm, lanceolate, tapering to a slender beak, tip blunt,

slightly Inflated at the base, glabrous; seeds many, 6-7

X 3 mm, ovate-1anceo1 ate, base rounded;coma silky-whlta,

ca A cm long.

FI. ; June-Jan. Fr. ; Jan.-May

Ulus. j Maheshwari, ' FI. Delhi 128.1966; All, FI.

Pakistan 150:50, Fig. 12 A-D.1983;

Bhandarl, FI. Indian desert 200.1990.

Dlstrib. : Bihar, Delhi, Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana,

Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,

Rajastan, Uttar Pradesh.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22.

705 Economic Importance : Yields fibre used for ropes, also

suitable for paper manufacturing. Plant

used as fodder (Anonymous, 1986>. The

slimy fruits, young twigs and tuberous

roots used as a vegetable IMaheshwari

Singh, 1958).

Spec imens exam i ned

D e 1h i : Delhi, Singh, s.n.

D iu t BanKlwara, Diu Rd., H emad r i, 102626.

Gularat : Bhuj on way to Nadi Bag, Jain 61447;Near

Halvad coast of Saurashtra, Vasvada, 22428; Amarpur,

Puri. 22415; Nakhatrana, Jain. 11587; Adesar, Raghavan,

114701; Jakhav, Raghavan. 114959; DharmasaIa-Chatbyet,

Raghavan. 115135; Radhanpur, Raghavan. 144605; Near

lake Bharaswal, BhuJ, Ra o. 103068; Jakhau new port,

Kutch, Nanda. 2067; Piram island, Saurashtra, Rao. 1933{

Plram island, Saurashtra, Mukher1ee. 2205.

Haryana ; Rajghat Road, Hiaaar, Nalr. 1889.

Pun j^ab; Taoru, Rao. 1 1096; Johna, Rao. 11060}

Mahendragarh, Nair, 20581; Loharu, Nai r. 16317.

than : Sand dune desert area, Osian, Va 1 ravelu.

77577; Tordi R.F.Tonk, Shetty. 1110; Rann on way to

Ramgarh, Jaisalmer, Tjwar1, 821; Banas river bed Rajmhal

» 456; East of Jaisalmer, Pandev. 7804;

706 hejadam, Bhilwara, Singh, 7129; Jodhpur, Purl. 21816}

Jadwabld, Vasvada. 29574; Shergarh, Ganganagar, Roy.

3973; Belwa, Jodhpur, Singh. 3179; Jalpur-AJwar Rd.

Jhalwar, Uadhwa. 4838; Near Asutar on the way to

Shahagarh, Jaisalmer, She 11y. 6115; Devikot, Jalsalmer,

Shetty. 3350; Lakha, Ganganagar, Roy. 4957; 2 kra east of

Sujangarh Churu, Roy. 2549; Sand dunes of west of

Bhlkmpur, Bikaner, Roy. 1713; South of Chattargarh

Bikaner, Roy. 2422; Banera, Bhilwara, Singh. 6Cfl6; 1,1/2 km west of Paloda village, Banswara, Singh, 2809; Near

Panaria village. Banner, Shetty. 2326; Sheosand dunes,

Barmer, T iwar i. 927; Khoh Dariba, Sarlska Tiger Reserve,

AtVuar, Parmar. 9636; Tordi R.F., Tonk, Shetty. 1110J

Near Babra, Pall, Pandey. 10314; Near Padara village,

Pali, Shetty. 1377; On way to Saweki village along nala,

Jodhpur, Singh. 372; Kailana afforestation area,

Jodhpur, Singh 64; Berlganga, CA2R1 afforestation area,

Jodhpur, Singh. 184; Jodhpur, Pandey. 1761; By the side of Bundh Baretha, Bharatpur, Parmar. 8661; Slkar,

Rajasthan, Rau. 14509.

Uttar Pradesh : Narora (B'shahr) Singh. 31977.

2. L. reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. in Wight, Cat.

Ind. PI. 89.1834; Bullock in Kew Bull. 10:291.1955.

Cynanchum ret leu Iatum Retz. Obs. Bot. 2:15.1781.

Lgptad§nla reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. In Wight,

Contrib. 47.1834; Wight, Ic. t.350. 1840; Wall. Cat.

707 8197. 1847-A9; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:628.1844; Hook. f.

FI. Brit. India 4:63.1863; Nalrne, FI. PI. West. India

186.1894; Dalgado, FI. Goa S. Sawantwadl 124.1898;

Brandis, Indian Trees 472.1906; Talbot, Forest FI.

Bombay L Sind 2:260.1911; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore

264.1914; Bamber, Plants Punjab 585.1916; Saxton &

Sedgwick In Rec. Bot. Surw. India 6 ( 7 ) ;277.1918; Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9{1 I : 117. 1921; Saxton in Reo.

Bot. Surv. India 9 ( 3 ) : 285. 1922 ; Blatter S< McCann in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. See. 36(3) :533. 1933; Santapau &

Raizada in Indian Forester 80{7) ;387. 1954; Gupta, Forest

FI. Chakrata 333.1956 (Rep.Ed.); Gamble, FI. Pre«.

Madras 2:598 (5 :850. 1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Raizada &

Vaid in Indian Forester 8 3 ( l 1) : 644. 1957 ; Shankaranarayan

& Gupta in Indian Forester 85(6) :54 1. 1959; Srivastava in

J. Indian Bot. Soc. 38(2) : 188. 1959 ; Chavan h Padate in

Indian Forester 86(4) : 2 13. 1960 ; Duthle, FI. Upp. Gang.

PI. 1 :511(2:63.1911).1960 (Rep.Ed.); Maheahwarl In Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 2:354.1960; Rao & Narayanswamy In J.

Indian Bot. Soc. 39(2) :238. 1960; Gupta in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 58(3) :764. 196 1 ; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orlsaa

2:589 (4:561. 1922). 1961 (Rep.Ed.); Kapoor In J. Bombay nat. Hlat, Soc. 59:886.1062; Santapau & Irani, Univ.

Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:60.1962; Sebastine & Henry In Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 3:60.1962; Shah In Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 4:236.1962; Maheshwari, FI. Delhi 221.1963;

Ramamurthy in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5:263.1963; Rao at a I. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5:314.1963; Jain in Proc.

708 Nat. Acad. Scl. 34 (3) : 329. 196 A; Purl aj_- FI.

Rajasthan 85.1964; Rao & Sastry in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:279.1964; Rajgopal in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

35:40.1965; Chavan L Oza, FI. Pavagadh 140.1966>

Janardhanan, FI. Bhlmashankar 713.1966; Vartak, FI.

Gomantak 72.1966; Balapure in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

8:193.1967; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:237

(2:172. 1905). 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Ellis in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:335.1967; Rao L Aggarwal in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:22.1967; Santapau L Janardhanan FI. Saurashtra

Checklist 31.1967; Vaidya, FI. Ahmedabad 43.1967;

VanamaIaNaidu L Rao in Indian Forester 93(2) : 130. 1967{

Patel^ Forest. FI. Melghat 225.1968; Sebastine U Ellis in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9:196.1968; Vajravelu &

Rathakrishnan in Bull, Bot. Surv. India 9:41.1968; Rau,

FI. Upp. Gang. PI. Checklist 49.1969; Santapau & Shah in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 66(3) : 436. 1969 ; Shah In

Indian Forester 95(4) ;274. 1969 ; Shah L Singh in Indian

Forester 96 ( 2 ) : 123. 1970 ; Inamdar 8* Patel in Indian

Forester 97 ( 6 ) : 326 . 197 1 ; Bhatt ^ a_L- inBull. Bot.

Surv. India 11:316.(1971) 1972; Billore, FI. Thane dist.

1:586.1972 (Ph.D.Thesis); Shah & Deshpande in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 11:282.(1971) 1972; Shah L Patel In Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 12:24.1972; Solanky et a I. in Indian

Forester 98( 1 ) :6 1. 1972; Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

13:199.1973; Saldhana &< Nlcolson, FI. Hassan dist.

450.1976; Sastry S< Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

15:100.1976; Sharma ^ aj_. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

709 15:61.1976} Sharma & Shah in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal

30:30.1976; Subramanian & Kalyani In Indian Forester

103(2) : 117. 1977; Nalr, FI. Punjab Plains 168.1978;

Osmaston, Forest FI. Kumaon 367.1978 (Rep.Ed.); Shah,

FI. Gujarat State 1:A27.1978; Kulkarni L Thite in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 74:600.1979; Maheshwari k Singh

in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18:159.1979; Naik, FI.

Osmanabad 207.1979; Saxena et. aj_. in Indian J. Forestry

3(3):210.1980; Mayuranathan, FI. Madras city 179.(1929)

1981 (Rep.Ed. ) ;Pant e_t aj_*in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

78( 1 ) ) :53. 1981 ; Raghavan e_t in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21(2) :51. 1981; Rao & Razi , FI. Mysore dist. 495.1981j

Varma, FI. Bhagalpur 246.1981; Jain e^ a_L- in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 3( 1 ): 164. 1982; Paliwal & Singh in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 3 (3) :857. 1982;Matthew, FI. Tamil. C a m .

1:950.1983; Rao & Reddy in Jain & Rao's An Assessment of Threatened PI. India 168.1983; Singh, FI. Banswara

144.1983; Dixit e_t in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

5(1) :92. 1984; Pandey L Shetty in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

5(2 ) :360. 1984; Parker, FI. Punjab 350.(1956)) 1984

(Rep.Ed.); Sharma e^ FI. Karnataka 168.19B4|

Mehrotra & Aswal J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(3) :607. 1985; Shah

L. Badrinath in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6 ( 1 ) ; 130. 1985 ; Verna et_ aj_. FI. Raipur, Durg L Rajnandgaon 226.1985; Vyaa et a 1. in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(2) :305. 1985j Pant, FI.

Corbett National Park 103.1986; Rao, FI. Goa, Diu,

Daman, Dadra It Nagarhaveli 2:265.1986; Rothe e^ a 1 . in

Indian Bot. Reptr. 5(2) : 125. 1986; Ugemuge, FI. Nagpur

7 10 dlst. 235.1986J Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. 1:496.1987

(Ph.D.ThesIs); Henry FI. TamllNadu Analysis

2:87.1987; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 351.1987j

Shringi it Sharma In J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9 ( 1 ) : 15. 1987 ;

Chandrabose it Nalr, FI. Coimbatore 183.1988; Dhora &

Joshl, FI. Melghat 119.1988; Kamble Pradhan, FI. Akola diat. 131.1988; Kulkarni, FI. Slndhudurg 262.1988;

Nicolson e_^ a I . An Interpretation of van Rheede's Hortus

Halabaricus 63.1988; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka

1:413.1988; Vajravelu In J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

11(2) :270. 1988; Diwakar, FI. Buldhana dist. 217.1989

(Ph.D. Thesis); Kulkarni e_t a_L> in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

13(1):147.1989; Panigrahi L Murti, FI. Bilaspur diat.

(h.P.) 1:361.1969; Kotharl & lioorthy FI. Ra i gad dist.

1:350.1989; Patil in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 14(3)j656.1990|

Hara e_t a 1 . Enuiu. FI. PI. Nepal 3:87.1982; Huber in

Dassn. Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:112.1983.

Paem i a reticulata (Retz. ) Moon, Cat. 20. 1824.

Type Dedit Cel. D. Konig Cura multi aliis

Retz. Obs. Bot. 2:15.1781.

Vern. Names Hindi ; Dori; Mai. : Curinil,

Curlginil; Mar. & G uj. t Dodi,

Nahanldodi, Khirkhodi, Raidodi,

Shlngutl; Sans. : hsda; Taa. t

Palaikkodi; T o l . Ka I asa,

Mukkutummudu,

pa 1 a 11ge.

7 1 1 Plate - 147

Erect, spreading shrubs. Stem cyllndrlc, much

branchedi branches suffruticose, teretej nodes slightly

swollen; internodes 1.5-18 era long and 0.5-4 mn In

diam., puberulous; bark ye 11owish-brown, cracking.

Latex watery. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.5-10

X 0.4 — 7.5 cm, ovate or ovate-Ianceo1 ate, acute at

apeK, obtuse, rounded or truncate at base, ciliate along

margin, pubescent above, densely pubescent beneath,

lateral veins 4-8 pairs, opposite or alternate, joining

intramarginaIy, midrib winged beneath; petioles terete,

0.5-3 cm long and 0.5-2 mm in diara., grooved on upper

side, tomentose, glands present at the joint of petiole

and lamina.

Flowers lateral, in umbellate cymes, ^ 15

flowered; peduncles terete, arising from in between

petioles nearer to one of them, 3-13 mm long, ca 0.5 mm

in diam., pubescent; bracts small, c^ 1 X 0.5 mm,

deltoid, apex acute, margin ciliolate, pubescent;

pedicels terete, 4-9 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam.,

pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to 2/3 way down, c^ 3.5 mm long, lobes ^2X1 mm, ovate-

lanceolate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, pubescent without, glandular within. Corolla rotate, 7-8 mm across, lobes united up to 1 mm, pubescent, lobes

five, ca 3 X 1.5 mm,lanceolate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, pubescent. Corona of two types, corollin*

712 PLATE-'’"'

I in

I ] in o

€ E 0 in

e

'S c l

®

Leptadenia reticulata Wight Q A m

1. Photograph ,

2. Floral Plirts .* a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. (3) Carnera-lucMa of pollinia. and staminal; corolline, unlseriate, five-scales,

inserted at the mouth of corol la-tube, ca 0.5 cnin broad,

alternating with coroI I a-1obes; staminal, uniseriate,

cupular, raised undulate fiwe-lobed fleshy ring at the

base of the staminal column, c^ 0.5 mm high. Stamens

five, c^ 1.5 mm long; filaments united to form staminal

column, ca 1 mm long; anthers ca. 0.5 X 0.5 mm, oblong, without membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,

489.6-504 X 273.6 /^m, attached by light-brown caudicles ca 144 /J,m long, ca 100.8 )J.ra wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 144 /^m long and 72 JU® wide. Gynostegium c^ 1.5 mm

long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, ovoid, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style minute; stigma c^ 0.5 mm high, c^ 0.5 mm across, conical, pentagonal. Folliclas solitary, 5-7.8 X 1.1-2.3 cm, linear-oblong or broadly

lanceolate, with thick curved beaked withobtuse tip, pubescent; seeds many, 5-6 X 3 mm, narrowly ovoid, dark-brown with light-brown margin ca 0.5 mm wide; coma silky-white, c^ 4 cm long.

FI. ; Aprll-Dec. Fr. i Oct.-May

lllus. : Uight, Ic. t.350. 1640; Matthew, Illus. FI.

Tamil. C a m . 2:449.1982.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Diu, Goa,

Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala,

Laccadive, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, TamilNadu,

Uttar Pradesh.

7 13 Chr. No. : 2n = 22.

Economic Importance : Stimulant and restorative. Leaves

and roots used In skin affections. Plant

has been clinically tested and found useful

in the treatment of habitual abortion

(Anonymous, 1986).

Spec i mens exam 1ned

Andhra P radesh ; Varadayapa1em, Chittoor, Chandrabose.

45149; Near forest R.H., Panapakam, Chittoor, SubbaRao.

45880j Dlguvametta, Kurnool, Ellis. 42168; Bellguppa

R.F., Anantpur, Vesoda. 5 5 6 jKodur, Cuddapah, El I la.

14339; Hadanapalle, Cuddapah, Ga m b 1e. 15052; Vlzlara,

Godavari, Gamb1e. 18573; Tlrumalaya, Palam, E. Godavari,

SubbaRao. 24510; Srlhari Kota, Nellore, GambIe. 12833;

Beside the road Narapalle, Hydrabad, Sebas tine. 8046{

Husslansagar, Hyderabad, Sabas 11 ne. 5958; Hanuman

Junction, Krishna, Venkanna, 5255; V 1zagapatanam,

Barber. 1643; Dachura, Nellore, F 1 sche r. 4100;

Chodavaram, Ramaswam1. 1489; Kadir1nayanapaI Ie, Nellore,

Ramaswam1. 1228; Camulapur, Cuddapah, GambIe. 11239|

Masullpatam, Klstna, GambIe. 12643; Cuddapah, 16365;

Salur forest, Srikakulam, BaIak r1ghnan. 1035;

Kr1shnapatam, Nellore, Rao. 556.

D 1u J Jhoola village, Hemadr 1. 102625.

Gu 1arat : Kolwan, Vas vada. 9466; Hansat, Tg9£-» 25799;

Dahej, Jain 17667; Dumas, Jain. 17319; Jamunagar near

7 14 Sanotorlum, Purl. 22050; DaheJ-Broach, Too r t 25935|

Vasad, Jain. 38645; Vasad, Shah. 54544; Kavi, Jain.

17707; Bhavnagar, Jain. 17945; Vlsavadar, Rao, 63791|

Mandvi, Raghavan. 114989; Bhuj-Nakhatrana, Raghavan,

114786; Sanand, Raghavan. 114565; Handvi, 5 miles,

Raghavan. 115025; Porbunder, Saurashtra coast, Rao. 560;

Saurashtra coast, Saf u i. Acc. 1842 (CNH); Una,

Saurashtra coast, Rao . 1928; Beyt Island, Rao. 1290.

Karnataka ; Kadur, Chikmaglur, A h u 1a. 59362; Kushtagl-

Gangavathl Rd., Raichur, Singh. 129796; Gunthgola block near Amreahwar, Raichur, Singh. 1327S5f Anabur S.F.

Chitradurg, Singh. 142357; Be 1 I ary-Hu I i yar Rd,, Tuinkur,

Singh. 141193; Gunthgola R.F., Raichur, Singh. 143028}

Jag Iur-Kud1 1g 1 Rd., Chitradurg, Singh. 146964; Scrub at

Belavathally Hassan, SaIdhana. 13978; Gokak, Belgaum,

Saldhana & Prakash. KFP 3605; Nagamangala, Handhya,

Ahamed. KFP 508; Halebid, Mysore, MeeboId. 6675;

Mysore, Ta 1 bo t. 3067; Maisor L Carnatic, Thomson.

Acc.296481 (CNH); Durnbal, Dharwar, T a I bo t. 1680.

Kerala j Calicut Univ. campus, Malappa, Swrupanandan.

13974 D, Agall forest, Palghat, Valravelu. 26306{

Travancore, Narayanswaml. 78.

Laccadive ; Laccadive, Alcock, Acc. 296446 (CNH);

Laccadive HMIM. Acc. 296445 (CNH).

Madhya Pradesh : Kesta-BangI apore, Hoshangabad, J oseph.

12844; Abhanpur, Raipur, >>^erma. 23916; Pasan to Pendra

7 15 Bllaapur, Mur 11. 19131; Marble rocks, Bhera ghat,

Jubbulpore, Maheshwar i. 4545; Near Burhanpur, Khandwa,

Duthle. 8332.

Maharashtra : Matheran, echo point, Ralgad, Pur 1. 10974}

Mahan, Akola, Kamb t e. 149443} Junner town north, Pune,

Hemadr 1. 99529; Akot, Akola, Kacnble. 152888; Yervada

Bridge, Puna, Wadhwa, 64306; Rawer, Khandaah, h»h»Jftflt

13280; Manchar, Pune, Pur t. 2209; Purandar, Pune, Jain.

825; Law College road, Pune, Purl. 2379; BSi garden,

Pune, Cher ian. 63486; Achra creek-Ratnagir1, KuIkarn1.

120235; Rahuri, Ahmednagar, SedgwIck & Bell. 6336; Mutha

River side, Pune, Va r ta k. 64; KatraJ Rd., Pune, Var tak.

8967.

Orissa 1 Puri coast, Mukher lee. 6064; Balukhard R.F.

Abraham, 5; Purl, Abraham. 282; Barkudal, Annanda1e

1246; Rukee konda, Ganjara, Narayanaswamv. s.n. Ago.

82971 (MH ) ; Padlkud, Chlka Lake, Ganjani, Hoope r. 39615.

Pun lab I Jlnd, N a 1r. 16105; Rohatak, Hair. 16383{

Manchra, Sonepat Rahatak, Na1r. 23360; Chohal

Hoshiarpur, M i s ra. 41590; Mangdwal, Hoshiarpur, Mlara.

47064.

R a 1as than ; Bus I village, sandy loam, Pall, Pandev.

4659; Kolar Tank, Magar talab, Pall, Shetty. 1587; Near

Paloda Bus stand, Banswara, Singh. 2845; Gangajlka khara, Chittorgarh Singh P a n d e y . 6941.

7 16 T. Nadu ; Kambarasampettai, Tiruchl, Jagannathan. 30262(

Palani, Kodaikanal, Madurai, Matthew. 41904; Varapalayam foot of Lampton peak, Coimbatore, Subramanvam. 17; On way to Varpalayam, Coimbatore, Subramanyam. 122;

Kurid 1maI a 1, Coimbatore, Subramanyam. 564; Imttupalem,

Coimbatore, Fischer. 1922; Lour pulneys, Rod r i guez 1951;

Near Sobanapuram R.H.Trichirapa11y, Sebagtlne. 6198;

Nellimalai, Coimbatore, Ramamur thy. 13609; Raoarpadam,

Tanjore, Sebas tine. 10641; Thammapatty Rest House,

Attur, Salem, Mat thew & >^enugopa I . RHT 15557;

MundanthuraI, Tlnnevelly, Sebas 11ne. 9540; Allampatti,

Madurai, Sub ramanyam. 4311; Madras, Das. 34431;

Kodikariai R.F. Thanjavur, Ramamur thy. 51256; Mettur Dam

Salem Camp Ghat Rd., Salem, Mat thew & J ayasee1 an. RHT

19665; Allyat Submergible area Coimbatore, Sebas tine.

14604; Pichavaram to Chidambaram, S.Arcot, Perumal. RHT

18111; Chidambaram to Cudalare, S. Arcot, Perumal. RHT

18116; Perlaka1rayane, way to Analvarl falls, Attur,

Salem, Venugopa1 & Manoharan. RHT 17609; Sobnapuram near forest R.H. Thuralyur, Tiruchl, Mat thew |i_ Venugopal . RHT

15545; Rodal hills, Mallur, Salem, Mat thew 5^ Huruga«an.

RHT 15494; Kolli hills, Raslpuram, Salem, Peruaa1. RHT

23527; 200 m way to Namblkoll, ThlrukurungudI,

Tlrunelwell, Sharma. 42130; Mundanthural, Tlnnevell,

Sebas tine. 8460; Muthupet, Thanjavur, NaIr. 56578;

PappanIkanpa11i, Salem, Ansa r 1 . 49903; Psnnagaram,

Salem, Valravelu. 20770; Thondl, Ramanathapuram,

717 Balasubraman taro. 1091; Ayyanarkoil, Ramnad, Va 1 rave > u.

38674; Panangudl forest, Raranad, Ramamur thy, 20270)

Onankudl, Arlmalam, Pudukottal, Arulappan. 796;

Thenguoiarada, Nllgiri, SubbaRao. 41616; Near Power house, Parali, Nllglrl, Va 1 rave Iu. 44967; Uay to Surull falls, Madurai, Subramanyaro, 8198; Uay to Sengamal

Estate, Kanyakumari, Shetty. 27993; Rampura Kollegal,

Coimbatore, Jacob, 17340; Karaba Ram, Chingleput, Henry.

Acc. 32670 (MH); MSL Guindy dear Park, Madras, Henry.

45640; Rajgiri Gingee, S. Arcot, Narayanaswamy. 4092.

Uttar P radesh Rampur, Sharanpur, Ha i nes. 2392; Gonda,

Upper Gangetlc Plain, Harsukh. 22158; Balawall, opei^ield, Saharanpur, M u r t h y & Gee 1 . 635.

MICHOLITZ lA

N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. 8:358.1909; Kapoor in J. Bombay nat. Hist. See. 64:396,1966.

The generic name is given in honour of U.

Micholitz (1854-1932), a nurseryman and plant collector who botanised halesian islands.

Erect shrubs. Stem terete, puberulous. Leave* opposite, obcordate or obovate. Flowers in lateral, sessile or subsessile, 4-9 flowered umbellate cymes.

Calyx five-lobed. corolla urecolate or tubular, lobes villous within, valvate. Corona staminal, five-lobed.

7 18 attached to the base of atamlnal column. Anthers with mecnbranous appendage. Pollen masses solitary In eaoh anther loculus, waxy, ascending. Stigma conical, flve- angIed.

Type species : M 1choI 1tz i a obcordata N.E.Br.

A monotyplc genus, endemic to India only.

M. obcordata N.E.Br. In Kew Bull. 1909 18) :350-359. 1909{

Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:309.1962; Kapoor in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.6A (2) : 395. 1967.

Hoya man 1purens1s Deb In J. Indian Bot. Soc. 34i50-

52.1955.

Type ; Without precise locality, MlcholItz.

Plate - 140

Erect herbs. Stem with few branches; branches

terete, nodes swollen; internodes 2.6-3.5 cm long and

1-2 mm in diam., ridged, pubescent. Leaves opposite, decussate, subsesslle, lamina 3-3.7 X 2-2.2 cm,

obcordate, cordate at apex with incision 2-6 mm deep

lobes rounded, acute at base, glabrous, lateral veins

invisible; petioles 2 mm long and c^ 1.5 mm in diam.,

grooved on upper side, pubescent.

Flowers axillary, in almost sessile umbellate

cymes; pedicels slender, terete, 2-2.5 ram long, c^ (J.S

7 1 9 PLATE -148

0 \o

I VD

I in 6 I

I

© (D

Mlcholitzia obcordata N.E.Br

]. Photography

2. Floral •' a . Calyx; b. Corolla; (D c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3 . Camera-lucida of pollinia. mm in diam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided nearly up to base, lobes 1.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin d i la te, pubescent without. Corolla

urcQolate, 6.5 mm long; corolla-tube ca^ 5.5 mm long, ca 1.5 ram wide In the middle, Inflated at the baaa,

pubescent without, densely pubescent within; lobes five ca 1 X 0.5 mm, linear, apex acute, margin clliata, pubescent without, densely pubescent within. Corona staminal, uniserlate, five-lobed, fleshy, adnate to the base of staminal column, c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex obtuse. Stamens five, ca 1.5 mm long; filaments united

to form staminal column, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 1 X

0.5 mm, oblong, with triangular membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in eaoh anther cell, yellow, waxy, c^ 244 X 216 JJ^m, attached by light- brown caudicles c^ 72 long, c^ 28.8 ^m wide to dark- brown corpuscle c^ 115.2 long and c^ 72 ^m wide.

Gynostegium 2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ I X 0.5 mm, ovate-oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style very minute; stigma c^ 1 mm high, c^ 1.5 mm across, apiculate, pentagonal, exerted beyond the anther-Iobes.

Follicles not seen.

FI. j Nov.-Dec.

Distrlb. : Manipur (endemic).

Spec imen exami ned

Manipur;Lalmatak. Meeb o1d. 6732.

7 20

4:64.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 472.1906; Bamber, PI.

Punjab 61.1916; Carter in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

6(6); 198. 1917; Blatter In J. Bombay nat. Hlat. Soc.

36(3)s534.1933; Gupta, Forest FI. Chakrata 333.1956

(Rep.Ed.); Duthle, FI. Upp. Gang. PI. 1»513

(2i65. 1911 ). 1960 (Rep.Ed.); Maheshwarl, FI. Delhi

220.1963; Purl e^aJL. FI. Rajastan 86.1964; Rau, FI.

Upp. Gang. PI. Checklist 49.1969; Brandis, Forest FI. N-

U. Central India 335(1874).1972 (Rep.Ed.); Stewart,

Punjab PI. 146.1977 (Rep.Ed.); Osmaston, Forest FI.

Kumaon 355.1978 (Rep.Ed.); Parker, FI. Punjab 351

(1956).1984 (Rep.Ed.); Nalthanl, FI. Chamoll 2j421.1985j

Pant, FI. Corbett National Park 103.1986; Gaur in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 9 ( 1 ) :48. 1987 ; Sharraa S< Ahmad in J.

Econ. TaK. Bot. 14( 1 ) ; 179. 1990.

Hara e^ aX» Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:87.1982; All, FI.

Pakistan 150 :54. 1983.

Apocvnea v I tn 1 nea Wall. Cat. 7478.1832.

Type : Doab HIndusthan Iae, Roy Ie (K).

Vern. Names : Hindi ; Mahur, khip; Sindi : Kip.

Plate - 149

Erect, small shruba. Stem stout, much branohad| branches leafless or nearly so! nodes swollen at

branching; Internodes terete, 1.5-11.2 cm long and 1-3

mm in dlam., densely pubescent when young, becoming

722 PLATE

\o

f.

I

Orthanthera viminea Wight 6 A m .

1. Photograph,

2. Floral Rirts •• a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. glabrous at age. Leaves when present opposite, general/ on young shoota, 2-3.5 X 0.5-1 mm, subulate to linear, acute at apex, pubescent, lateral veins Invisible.

Flowers axillary, in compact cymes, singly at nodes, few flowered; peduncles terete, 2.5-5 mm long, 1-

2 mm in diam., soraotlmes forked at the apax, puba«oant| pedicels terete, 2-3 mm long, 0.5-1 mm in diaro., densely coverad with short brown silky hairs. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 5 X 1 mm, linear-oblong, apex acute, margin ha^lry, densely hairy without, glabrous within except towards tip portion, eglandular within. Corolla tubular, 5-6 mm long} corolla-tube ca 3 mm long, much contracted at the base, villous without, glabrous withinj lobes five, 2-3 X 1.5-2 mm, oblong, apex acute, marginhairy, villous without, glabrous within, with small folds under sinuses. Corona staminal, uniseriate, adnate to the base ofstaminal column, 10 lobed, lobes c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, forming a beaded ring at the base of staminal column, fl««hy.

Stamens five, c^ 3 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, 1 mm long; anthers ca^ 2 X 0.5 mm, oblong, apex acute, without membranous appendage, incumbent on the stigma, pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 518.4 X

244.8-259.2 Mm, attached by light-brown caudicles c^

475.2 M™ lor>g» 14.4 Jim wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 100.8 ^m long and 57.6 ||m wide. Gynostegium ca 3 mm

723 long. Carpels two, ovary 2 X 1 mra, elliptic, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style short, 0.5 mm long; stigma ca 0.5 mm high, ca 1 mm across, conical, apex bifid, pentagonal. Follicle usually single, erect, 1.0-10.5 X

0.2-0.A cm linear or lanceolate, with curved blunt tip; seeds many, 4.5-9 X 1.5-2 mm, oblong, base rounded, brown with light-brown margin c^ 0.5 mra widej coma silky— white, 2.5-3.5 cm long.

FI. : Feb.-May Fr. ; Sept.-Nov.

Illus. : Decne. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 109, t.l05.

1844.

Distrib. : Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh.

Economic Importance : The plant yield a fibre obtained

by deeping the stems in water for four to

five days, ropes made from fibre are strong

and durable. Flower buds are eaten as

vegetable (Wealth of India).

Spec i mens exam i ned

Ralas than ; Sand dune area,Bikaner, Pat i1. 572.

Uttar P radesh Nalapani, Dahra Dun, Rao Sar i n. 1862;

Ratapanisot, Bijrani, Corbett National Park, Pant.

43572; Gonda (Oudh) Harsukh, 22157; Dehra Dun,

Mack innon. s.n. ; Gharwal Bhabur, King. s.n. ; N-U.

Himalaya, Mack i nnon. Acc. 296527 (CNH); Siwalik L

Jaunsar div., Sharma, 104.

724 PENTASACME

Wan. ex Wight, Contrlb. 60.1834; Benth. it Hook, f. Gen. PI. 2:769.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4 ;28.1883.

The generic name is derived from word ‘penta* “ five and ‘achrae’ = a point, referring to pointed segments of corolla.

Pendulous herbs. Stem slender, glabrous. Leaves opposite, subsessile, membranous. Flowers in sessile axillary umbellate cymes; pedicels filiform. Calyx flve- lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla campanulate; tube short; lobes long, caudate, twisted, overlapping to right. Corona corolllne, five scales, on the coro1 1 a-tube, entire or toothed. Anthers with membranous appendage. Pollen masses solitary In each anther loculus, waxy, ascending, with pellucid margin.

Stigma conical or beaked, five-angled. Follicles very slender, terete, smooth. Seeds comose.

Type species : Pentasacme caudatum Wall, ex Ulght

A genus with 8 species, distributed In southeast and eastern Asia and Himalayan region. In India It Is represented by two species, of which ^ waI 1 Ich11 Ulght also occurs in Nepal.

Map - 33

725

Key to the spec lea

1. Leaves 1inear-IanceoI ate, caudate-acuminate; Corolla-

lobes abruptly ending in long filiform tails.

. . . P_^ caudatun

1. Leaves e 11iptic-1anceoI ate, acuminate; CoroI I a-Iobea

obtuse at apex.

... walItchl1

1. P. caudatumUa11. in Wight, Contrib. 60.1834; Uall.

Cat, 8234.1847; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8<627.1844{ Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4:28.1883; Pottinger Prain in Rec.

Bot. Surv. India 1 ( 11 ) z252.1898; Kanjial el al. FI.

Assam 3:289,1939; Panigrahi & Naik in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 3:374.1962; Panigrahi L Joseph in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:149.1967.

Type : Uall. Asclep. n. 75 Silhet, in montibus

Lahore, UaI 1 ich.

Plate - 150

Erect herbs. Stem slender, tufted, rather woody; nodes slightly swollen; internodes terete, 0.4-2.5 cm long and 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, sessile or shortly petiolate, lamina 3.6-6.4 X 0.4-0.6 cm, 1inear-1anceoI ate, caudate- acuminate at apex, acute at base, ciliate along margin often recurved, pubescent along margin and midvein rest glabrous, lateral veins mostly Invisible; petioles 1

726 PLATE -:?50

in

% in

I in 6

1 0 7 1 ©

Pentasacme caudatum Wal

1. Photograph,

2. Floral Pkrts a- Calyx; b. C| @ c. Corona; d. Startiens; e. C

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. mm long and 0.5 mm In dlam., grooved on upper side, pubescent on upper side.

Flowers axillary, In umbels; pedicels slender, filiform, c^ 5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diaoi., glabrous;

Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 2.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acuminate, glabrous, eglandular within.

Corolla campanulate, 8.5 mm long; corolla-tube short, ca 0.5 mm long; lobes five, 8 K 1 mm, ovate, apex caudate-acuminate, glabrous. Corona corolline, uniseriate, at the mouth of corolla-tube, five-lobed, ca 0,5 X 0.5 mm, oblong,with truncate toothed apex, alternating with coroI I a-Iobes. Stamens five, c^ 1.5 om long; filaments united to form staminal column, c^ 1 mra long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, with membranous appendage, polllnia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 403.2 X 172.8 ^m, attached by light-brown caudicles 43.2 ^m long, c^ 28.8 wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 230.4 ;^m long and 72 wide. Gynostegium c^ 1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary ca 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate-ob1ong, free^ many ovuled, glabrous; style short; stigma ca^ 0.5 mm high, ca 1 am across, apiculate, pentagonal. Follicles usually single, slender, 4.5-5.5 X 0.3-0.4 cm, linear, apex acuminate with blunt tip, with persistent calyx, glabrous; seeds many c^ 3.5 X 2 mm, ovate, base obtuse, dark-brown with very minute light-brown margin; coma sllky-whlte ca 1.5 cm long.

727 FI. 8t F r . : J une-J u 1 y

Dlstrlb. : Arunachal Pradeah, Assam, Manipur,

Meghalaya, Nagaland.

Spec 1 mens exam i ned

Arunacha1 Pradesh ; Chengland to Khela, Tlrap F.D.

(NEFA), Pan i g rah i. 14456; Pahad, 230-290 m, Subanslri

F.D. (NEFA), Pantgraph. 19602.

Assam : Notrong, B iswas. 3839; Bahover, Watt. 11108.

MeghaIaya : Nongpriang village below of Cherra, K. & J. hills, Sharma. 17540; Mont Khasia, Meghalaya, J .D.H. fc

T .T . (M H ); Khasia, Coll. Rultan of Clarke, 21641; Mt.

Khasia, 2-4000 Ft., J.D.H. L T.T. Acc. 295001 (CNH).

Naga1 and ; 3000 ft. below Namlisha, Naga hills, MeeboId.

7341; 500 ft. Naga hills, Clarke. 40029.

2. P. walIichii Wight, Contrib. 60.1834; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:627.1844; Wall. cat. 8235.1847; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:28.1883; Kanjilal e^ aj_. FI. Assam

3:289.1939; Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 1:112.1959;

Kulshreshtha U Shukla in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot, 11(1) :228. 1988.

Hara e t a I. Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:87.1982.

Type : Wall. Asclep. n. 74 (Innomin) Silhet,

UalItch.

728 Plate - 151

Erect herbs. Stem stout, not much branched;

branches terete, internodes 2.2-8.5 era long and 1-2 mm

in diam., glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina

5-6.6 X 2.2-2.4 cm, e M iptic-IanceoI ate, acuminate at

apex, acute at base, minutely dilate with recurved

margin, Mparsely pubuyount on both sldss, slightly d«ns« along veins beneath, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, opposite or oblique, arched, midvein slightly winged beneathi petioles terete, 3-5 mm long and 0.5-1 mm in dlam., shallowly grooved on upper side, pubescent along grooved por t ion.

Flowers extra-ax111ary, In umbels; peduncles terete, 1-3.5 mm long, 0.5-1 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 1-1.S mm long, linear; pedicels filiform, ca 11 mm long, 0.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-

lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 3 X 1 nni,

lanceolate, apex acute, glabrous, glandular within.

Corolla campanulate, 11 mm long; corolla-tube short ca 1.5 mm long; lobes five, ca 9.5 X 3.5 mm, oblong, apex acute, glabrous. Corona corolllne, uniserlate, flve-lobed, at the mouth of corolla-tube, hook-shaped, ca 0.5 mm, subulate, alternating with corolla— lobes.

Stamens five, ca 3.5 mm long; filaments united to forn

staminal column, ca 1.5 mm long; anthers c^ 2 X 0.5 mm,

oblong, with membranous appendage, polllnla five, pollen

masses solitary in each anther cell, yellow, waxy,

729 LATE -151

■ I

=«s

f. J e«

I in K*

Pentasac«e U wallichii Wight

© (D

ro O O Pontasacine Walllchil Wight

1. Photography (D 2. Floral PkftS ; a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of poilinia. 345.6-360 X 201.6 attached by light-brown caudlcles ca 57.6 long, 28.8 /4m wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca 201.6 Mot long and 57.6 Mm wide. Gynosteglum c^ 2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary 1.5 X 0.5 mm, elliptic- oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style short; stigma ca 0.5 mm high, 0.5 mm across,conicaI, pentagonal, shorter than stamens. Follicle single, cja 5.2 X 0.4 c m , linear, slightly curved, tip blunt; seeds many, 2-2.5 X

1-1.5 mm, ovate-obIong, base rounded, brown with minute light-brown margin; coma silky-white, 1-1.5 cm long.

FI. j May-July Fr. ; Aug.-Oct.

Distrib. ; Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Uttar Pradesh : Kapkot-Samadhura, Kuraaon, Rao. 6557; by water falls in Sarjai valley, Kumaon, Duth ie. 3147;

Suring Kumaon, S t rachev & U 1nterbottom. 239; 4000 ft.

Suring Kumaon, Strachev ^ UInterbottom. 360.

STAPELlA

L. Sp. PI. 217.1753 et Gen. PI. 271.1754; Benth. & Hook. t.

Gen. PI. 2:784.1876; Santapau Irani In Univ. Bombay

Sot. Mem. no.4:79.1962.

The generic name given by Linnaeus is in honour of

Johannes Bodaeus van Stapel, a physician of Amsterdam and commentator of Theophrastus, who died in 1631.

730 Dwarf, succulent, perennial harbs. Stem branching at the base, thick,fI ashy, usually four- angled. Leaves absent or reduced to scales. Flowers solitary or in clusters, usually large, all along the stem. Calyx flve-lobed, glandular within at the base.

Corolla rotate or broadly cup-shaped, lobes valvate In bud. Corona staminal, double; outer five, ascending- spreading, free; inner of five dorsally winged lobes, incumbent on anthers. Anthers without membranous appendage. Pollinia five, pollen masses solitary in each anther loculus, waxy, ascending or subhor1zontaI, with pellucid margin. Stigma five-angled.

Type species : S tape I la var1egata L. (Leototype).

A genus with 75 species distributed in tropical and South Africa; cultivated in many parts of the world. In

India two species representing garden plants.

Key to the spec 1es

1. Corolla lobes 12-15 cm long, lanceolate, acuminata at

apex.

... S^ g i gantea

1. Corolla lobes 7-8 cm long, ovate-1anceoI ate, acute at

apex.

. . . S^ grand 1fI ora

1. S. gigantea N. E. Br. in Card. Chron. 1 i684, f. 112.1877;

Sharma In J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3 ( 2 ) : 531. 1982 ; Henry g_t a I . FI. TamilNadu Analysis 2:88.1987.

731 Type : "Zulu : R. U. pant's stapelia; brought by

him from Zulu country; FJo. Attercliffe,

10th Apr. 186(3" Gerrard No.717, (K, photo !).

Plato - 152

As there is no herbarium sheet at MH or anywhere else the original description of N.E.Brown is given here.

"Stems 10-15 cm high, 2.5-3.5 cm thick, somewhat clavate, pubescent, erect, shortly decumbent at the base and these branching, four-angled, angles compressed, with short erect teeth. Pedicels stout, pubescent,

2.5 cm long. Calyx lobes five, lanceolate-acuminate, pubescent, 10 mm long in the dried specimens, probably 1-1.5 cm long when fresh. Bud pentagonal, ovate-acuminate. Corolla very large, 30-35 cm In expanse, the pubescent back is pale green, the face Is

rugose, pale yellowish, suffused with reddish around the

Qorona, everywhere marked with irregular, transverse, brownish red lines, the entire surface sparsely covered

with very pale, short (about two lines long) hairs. The

lobes are lanceolate-acuminate, 12-15 cm long, 7 om

broad, 9-11 nerved, with (apparently) revolute margins,

fringed with c_a 1 cm long pale hairs. Llgules spreading

dark purpIe-brown, broadly Iinear-ob1ong slightly

dilated at the shortly 3-toothed apex, the middle tooth

subulate and more projecting than the broad, roundad

732 PLATE -isrj

I

■•■•I Wl • '' f

,H :-'' -' >'i^. {\ % \}if;r

, >\ ..• \Mi

t : '

, ',.-,1' ■' / V '; '- . - - ~r..^r’3'

•VH- Vn.r.u' V . • ' I;: I|: ■ ,

■' !■;•:. : • ,7 / '" - V„ V : I ’ • /S ' ’ rl ' u--. I./•'.-;r‘-i" '-^V. • ^ ■ ■ 7.^ ,»..■ ' -yi->,

■ " ■ ■ ' ■ m ';":■ ' /•W' •■'ji''" ,\ \ *C ) ■* i'. j ''. '■';>c

S:S. Q -p /'< \ Q a ti, CV-«>»,

o , ., . '■•«?% ?-U5..\877. Stapella gl«antea N.E.Hr. lateral teeth. Rostra and their a Iae of about equal

length, purple-brown the former erect, straight,

rather stout, the latter broad, wing-llke, oblong obtuse, somewhat spreading.

FI. ; Sept.-Oct.

Illus. ; N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 7:604, f.ll2

(P. 119). 1077.

Dlstrib. : Punjab, TamilNadu.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22 ( CBLH 13372 ).

Economic Importance : Grown as a garden plant.

2. 5. grandiflora hasson^Stap. nov. t.11.1796; Santapau &

Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:79.1962; Cooke, FI,

Pres. Bombay 2:245 (2 ; 100.1905>.1967 (Rep.Ed.)j

V a n a m a l^ aid u e_t aX> in Indian Forester 97 ( 2 ) :95. 1971 |

Henry e_t aj_. FI. TamilNadu Analysis 2:00.1987;

Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 627. 1907; Chandrabose

Nair, FI. Coimbatore 179.1900.

Type : Habitat Africae Australis locis Calidis;

sondags Rive Florebat in hortulo mao in

Cap. b. s. 1792.

Plate - 153

Dwarf, succulent, perennial herbs, 15-20 cm high;

Latex watery. Stems thick, fleshy, green, tonentose or veIvety-pubescent branching at the base, 4-angled; angles rather compressed, prominently toothed. Leaves

733 S>cvx-*Lce-tA a s ^ T i ^ SVoo^ , TNOsf, i- . W . Stapella grandiflora Masson absent or minute and rudimentary; in the latter case

opposite, decussate on the compressed angles of tha

stem, sessile; lamina 1-2 mm long, acicular, minutely

velvety-pubescent.

Flowers 1-3 together near the base of the sten,

successively developed upwards,all with a fairly strong

carrion odour; pedicels 3 cm long, stout, terete,

tomentose. Calyx rotate, tomentose on both sides,

glandular within; lobes 1 X 0.3 cm, divided to the base,

valvate, lanceolate, tomentose, ciliolate on the

margins. Corolla rotate, 17-20 cm across, ovoid in bud,

tomentose outside, floccosely velvety inside, purple with deep purple horizontal markings on the inner

surface; lobes 7-8 X 3.5-4 cm, divided 2/3 down, ovate-

lanceolate, acute, densely cillate on the margins; hairs

white, 6-8 mm long. Corona in two series arising from

the staminaI-CO 1umn; outer coronal lobes 5, ascending- spreading, free, 4 mm long, obovate, cuneata with short subulate point at the apex, deep purple, alternating with the anthers; inner corona of 5 dorsally winged

lobes, which are ascend 1ng-spread1ng, opposite to,

incumbent on and longer than anthers, the inner horn

subulate, acute. Pollen masses ascending or sub­

horizontal, attached to the poI Ien-carrier9 by very

short stout caudlcles. Ovaries 2, cylindric, glabrous;

style apex pentagonal, Included. Fruit not seen.

734 FI. ; July-Nov.

Illus. : Masson, stap. Nov. t.ll.l796{ Santapau &

Irani in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:113.1962.

Dlstrlb. : Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, TamllNadu.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22 (Albers L Ali 10575).

Economic Importance : grown as a garden plant.

SpecImen exam i ned

T . Nadu ; R. S. Puram, Coimbatore, Saro 1a. 11038.

735

PHOTOPLATE - 10

Ceropegia angmtifolia Wight

C. beddomei Hook.f.

C. bulbosa var. bidbosa Roxb.

C. candelabrum var. candelabrum L.

C. ciliata Wight

C. candelabrum var. bip.ora (L.) Ansari C. decaisneana Wight

C. elegans Wall. C. ensifolia Bedd.

C. fimbriifera Bedd.

C. hookeri Clarke ex Hook.f.

C. intermedia Wight C. juncea Roxb.

C. hirsuta Wight & Arn. C. kachinensis Prain C. longifolia Wall.

C. lucida Wall.

C. media (Huber) Ansari

C. macrantha Wight

PHOTOPLATE - 11

Ceropegia maculata Bedd. C. metziana Miq. C. oculata Hook. C. odorata Nimmo ex Hoo/c.f. C. pubescens Wall. C. pusilla Wight &. Am. C. rollOBHemadri C. spiralis Wight C. thwaitsii Hook. C. wollichii Wight

Stapelia grandiflora Masson Subfamily ; Secaaonoideae

Endlicher Gen. PI. 589.1638,

Type Genus : Secatnone R. Br.

Tribe : Secaaoneae

Don, Gen. Hist. DichIamydeous Pi. 4tl09, 159.1638;

Sundell in Taxon 29(2/3 1:263.1980.

Type Genus : Secamone R. Br,

GENIANTHUS

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:15,1883.

Twining ahruba. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral, much branched cymes. Calyx five-lobad, inlnutSf glandular within at the base. Corolla tube very shortf lobes five, valvate, villous towards tip within. Corona staminal, five-scales, adnate to staniinal column.

Anthers with membranous appendage. Pollen nasees two in each anther loculus, waxy , minute, pendulous. Stigma capitate or dome-shaped, five-angled.

Type species ; Gen 1anthus 1au r i f o1 i us (Roxb. I Hook. f.

This genus with c^ 10 species, is distributed over

1ndo-Malesian region. In India it is represented by 3 species.

Hap - 34

736 MAP-34 Key to the spec i es

1. Stem, petioles and lamina on both sides glabrous;

Flowers in lateral paniculate cymes.

. . . G_^ laur if ol lus

1. Stem, petioles and lamina on both sides rusty

pubescent or glabrescent; Flowers in axillary

dichotomous cymes :

2. Leaves lanceolate, shortly apiculate at apex;

pedicels c^ 2 mm long; corolla ca_ 3 mm long.

. .. horei

2. Leaves broadly elliptic, acuminate at apex;

pedicels 3-5 min long; corolla c^ 0 mm long.

. . . G_^ crass i f o 1 i us

1. G. crassifolius (Wight) Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:16.1883; Raizada in Indian Forest Rec. 5(1) : 19. 19B9.

Toxocarpua crasslfollus Ulght, Contrlb. 61.1834; Uall.

Cat. 8240.1047-49; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:506.1844.

Type : * Secamone crasslfol ius Uall. Asclep. n. 101.

In Si I het, Ual I ich.

Plate - 154

Climbing shrubs. Stem much branched; branchsa

twining, terete; nodes swollen; Internodes 3-16.B am

long and 1.5-3 mm in diam., rusty tomentosa when young,

glabrous at age. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamlnai

0.7-13 X 4.5-S.7 cm, broadly elliptic or oblong, acuminate at apux, t ba««, margin narrowly

737 I

I in

I m

I %

Genianthus crassifollus Hook.I

1. Plioloyraph,

2. F loral I^rtt • a- Calyx; b. Corolla c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel @ 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. recurved, glabrous above, rusty pubescent on veins

beneath when young, lateral veins 6-8 pairs, opposite or

alternate, arched; petioles terete, 1.5-2 cm long and ca

1.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, rusty pubescent

when young, glabrous at age.

Flowers axillary, in dichotomous cymes; peduncles

terete, 0.8-2.6 cm long, c^ 1 mm in diam., rusty

pubescent; pedicels terete,3-5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mra in

diam., rusty pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to

base, lobes 2-2.5 X 1 mm ovate or oblong, apex acute,

margin ciliate, rusty pubescent without. Corolla

campanulate, ca 8 mm long; corolla-tube ca 3.5 mm long,

sparsely pilose above the middle; lobes five, c^ A.5 X 1

mm, linear, narrow, apex acute, margin recurved,

beared. Corona staminal, iiniseriate, not tubular,

five-lobed, 1-1.5 X 1 mm, obovate, apex acuminate,

membranous, free. Stamens five, c^ 1.5 mm long,

filaments united to form staminal column, ca 0.5 mm longj anthers ca 1 X 0.5 mm, arrowhead shaped, with membranous appendage, polllnia five, pollen masses two in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 72-86.4 X 57.6-79,2 Mm attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 21.6 |Am long, ca

14.4 |j^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 86.4 Urn long and ca 57.6 ^m wide. Gynostegium c^ 4 mm long. Carpels two,

ovary ca 1.5 X 0.5 ram, oblong, free, many ovuled; style

nearly absent; stigma c^ 2.5 mm long, cj^ 1 mm across,

stout, gubclavato. Folllcloti not saen.

738 FI. : Sept.— Dec.

Distrib. : Sikkim (endemic)

SpecImens examined

Sikkim J Sikkim Himalaya, Kurz. a.n., Acc. 293605 (CNH)|

Tongfur, Sikkim-HiraaIaya, Lister. s.n., Aca. 293608

(CNH).

2. G. horai Vasud. in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6:732.1985.

Type i India : Great Nicobar Island, near Kopenheit,

Hore. 7243 A (CAL, Holotype t ).

Plate - 155

Climbing shrubs. Stem much branched} branches twining, terete; internodes 13-15 cm long and 2-2.5 nm in diam., ridged, glabrescent. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 8.7-11.5 X 5-7 cm, lanceolate, shortly apiculate at apex, acute at base, margin thinly revolute, lateral veins 8-10 pairs. Joining intramargina1 Iy, sparsely tomentose on either aide of midrib at the base; petioles terete, 2-2.5 cm long and ca 1.5 mm in diam., brownish-tomentose.

Flowers axillary, in dichotomous spikelets; peduncles terete, arising from in between petioles, 5-8 mm long, c^ 1 mm in diam., rusty-tomentose; pedicels small, slender, ca. 2 mm long, 0.5 mm in diam., rusty

tomentose. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes

739 PLATE

I

I \o

I »r> o o

© (D

Genianthus horei Vasud.

o o 1. Photograph,

2. F loral Parts ; a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. (D ca I X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin dilate, tomentose without. Corolla rotate or campanulate, 3 mm long; corolla-tube 0.5 mm long; lobes five, 2.S

X 1 mm, linear-oblong, apex obtuse, white pilose within; glabrous without. Corona staminal, unlserlate, free, five-lobed, 0.5 mm long, scale-1Ika, apex oaudftttt, adnate to staminal column. Stamens five, 1 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, c^ 0.5 am long; anthers ^ 0.5 mm long, with membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses two in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 57.6-72 X 28.8-36 ||m attached by light brown caudicles c^ 21.6 ^m long, 14.4 wide to dark-brown corpuscle ca, 86.4 /^m long and c^ 72 Hm wide.

Gynostegium c^ 1 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 0.5 X

0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; styla nearly absent; stigma ca. 0.5 mm high, c^ 0.5 mm across, pentagonal, slightly apiculate. Follicles not seen.

Illus. : Vasud. in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6:732.1985.

Distrlb. : Nlcobar (endemic).

Spec imen exam 1ned

N1cobar s Great Nlcobar, near Kopenhelt, Hore. 72A3 A

(CNH ) .

3. G. laurifolius (Roxb.) Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:16.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 473.1906; Talbot,

Forest FI. Bombay Sind. 2t339.1911; Blattsr in J.

740 Bombay nat. Hlat. Soc.36(3) :525. 1933; Gamble, FI. Pres.

Madras 2:584 (5:831.1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Santapau t

Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:46.1962; Prain, Bengal

PI. 2:509.1963 (Rep.Ed.); Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2i2L3

(2:149.1905). 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Saldhana & Nlcolson, FI.

Hassan dist. 447.1976; Arora e^ Bot. South Kanara dist. 41.1981; Das & Ghosh In J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

3(2)1671.1962; Rao In Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22:102.1982; Sharma & Kulkarni in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22:190.1982; Ramachandran ^ a I. in J. Eoon. Tax. Bot.

5 ( 1 ) : 140 . 1984 ; Sharma e_t a_L. FI. Karnataka 167.1984;

Goel & Jain in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9( 1 ) :77. 1987;

Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 499.1987; Kulkarni,

F I . S indhudurg 260 . 1986^ V"ao TX-ax , .

AscIeplas Iaur i f oIi a Roxb. FI. Ind. 2:49.1832.

ToKOcarpus Iaur i f oIt us Wight, Contrib. 61.1834 et lo. t.B98.1842; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:506.1844.

Type : ‘A native of Chittagong, Tippera and the

mountainous countries east of Bengal*.

Plate - 156

Climbing shrubs. Stem much branohed; branches terete; nodes swollen; internodes 6.6-18.8 cm long and

0.B-3 mm in diam., pubescent when young, glabrous at age; bark brown coloured with lenticels. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.5-10.5 X 0.5-6 cm,

■lllptio, aouminate at apex, rarely ■marginata, tapering

741 PLATE ■'^6

I K>

I \o* J o

I

Genianthus laurifolius Hook.f

1. Photography

2. Floral P krta : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corotia; d- Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. towards base, glabrous on both sides, lateral valna 7-11

pairs, opposite or alternate, Joining intranarg1na1y,

petioles terete, 0.4-2.5 cm long and 0.5-1.5 nm in

diam., grooved on upper side, pubescent when young,

glabrous at age, glandular on both lidaa at tha baa«,

glands present at the joint of petiole and lamina.

Flowers lateral, in panlculat* oyniaa, aany

flowered; peduncles terete, arising from in between

petioles, 1-2.7 cm long, 0.5-1 mm in diam., rusty-

pubescent; bracts small, 1 X 0.5 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, pubescent; pedicels

terete, 1-1.5 mm long, ca 0.5 mm in diam., pubescent.

Calyx five-lobed, divided nearly up to base, lobes c^ I

X 0.5 mm, oblong, apex subacute or obtuse, margin ciliolate, pubescent without. Corolla campanulate, cj^

3.5 mm long; corolla-tube short, c^ 0.5 mm long; lobes

flvfl, 3 X 1 mm, oblong, apex subacuts, margin ciliolate, glabrous without, villous within. Corona stamlnal, uniseriate, free, five-lobed, c^ 0.5 mm long, scale-like, adnate to base of stamlnal column. Stanens

five, c^ 1 mm long; filaments united to form stanlnat column, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers 0.5 X 0.5 mm long,

with membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollan massas

two in each anther cell, yellow, waxy, 56 X 32-56

attached by light brown caudicles c^ 16 U,m long, c_a. 12

^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 64 long and c^ 44

wide. Gynostegium c^ I ram long. Carpals two, ovary £4.

742 0.5 X 0.4 mm, ovate, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style

minutei stigma 0.5 mm high, ca 0.5 mm across, dome­

shaped, pentagonal. Follicles paired, 13.3-14.6 X 0.5-1

cm, slender, cylindrical, curved, pointed, divaricate;

seeds many, 1.4-1.7 X 0.4-0.5 cm, Iinear-IanceoI ate,

black-brown with brown coloured margin 0.5 mm wide,

ridged in the centre on one side; coma silky du I !<*'w h i te,

2-2.5 om long.

FI. I Sept.-Deo. Fr. t Jan.-Har.

I I I us. : As Toxocar PUS laurifolius in Uight, Ic. t.

598.1842.

Distrib. : Andaman, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala,

Maharashtra, Nicobar, Sikkim, Uest Bengal.

Specimens examined

Andaman ^ N icobar : G.T.Nicobar island, Alexandra river bank, S. Nicobar, Hore. 7961; Havelock island, Inland forest, S. Andaman, Ansar i. 1382; Uay to forest Nursery forest, little Andaman, Bhargava. 3282.

Assam :Tlsta, Assam, Ribu ^ Rhomoo. 4107.

Karnataka : someshwar Rd., Agumbe, Raghavan. 67914;

Someshwr ghat, Agumbe, Raghavan. 69407; 30 kn from

Hassan towards Mangalore, Ramakr1shna. 1096; Jahlsur, S.

Kanara, Barber. 2457; Blate ghat, Hassan, S a 1danha

Sreenath. KFP 4986.

743 Kerala : Malabar, S tocks Law. Acc. 32248 (MH ) }

MaIabar-Canean, Stocks & Law. Acc. 293666 (CNH).

haharasht ra ; Ramghat, Ratnagirl, Ku > karn1. 119578;

Bhedshi to Ramghat, Ratnagirl, Wadhwa. 119384.

U. Bengal : Calcutta, Acc. 68794 (MH).

SECAMONE

R. Br. In Mem. Wern. see. 1:55.1809, printed in 1811}

Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:746.1876; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:12. 1683; Sawfat in Ann. Missouri Bot.

Card. 49 :95. 1962.

The generic name is taken from Arabic name

‘squmona’ which means Egyptica, referring to origin of the genera.

Twining shrubs. Stem slightly woody at the base, glabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate-IanceoI ate to linear- lanceolate. Flowers in short-peduncI ad, dichaaialy branched cymes, slightly puberulous. Calyx five-lobed.

Corolla rotate, lobes much longer than the united

portion, contorted in bud. Corona staminal, of five erect segments which are compressed laterally and produced at the apeK into triangular point,attached to the staminal column. Anthers with membranous appendage. Pollen masses two in each anther loculus, waxy, ascending, almost orbicular. Stigma ahort, obtus*.

744 Follicles spindle-shaped, flattened on the ventral side, tapering to an acute apex, smooth.

Type species : Secamone eme tlea R. Br.

A genus with 100 species distributed from South and tropical Africa through Madagascar and India to the

Philippines and Australia. In India It is represented by two species, one of which also occurs In Sri Lanka.

The species S_^andaman 1 ca is endemic to Andamans only.

Map - 35

ihe Key to~j^3 p e c 1 es

1. Corolla campanulatei lobes 3 mni long, aouts at

apeK; stigma capitate.

... ^ emetlca

1. Corolla rotate; lobes c^ 1.5 mm long, obtuse or

notched at apex; stigma bilobed.

. . . S_i_ andaman lea

1. S. andamanica Goel & Vasud. in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 85 s161, f. 1. 1988.

Type : India : South Andaman, Jolly Boys Island,

Goe I . 16604 A, (CDRl, Holotype).

Plate - 157

Straggling latlclfurous shrubs, 1.5-2 m tall.

Stem branched; branchaa with awollen nodes, glabrsso«nt”

745

PLATE

I. 2. I Iciwcr; V Scp.il in ilors.il iiiul \cmral view; 4. Petal in ventral and ilors;il \ieu; ^ llr.Ki in siile \icw; ft. ,Sl,iniiii:il column; 7. Anther appendage; H I’ollini.i 'Mill ci>rpii\ciiliim; ') (iynDOciiun. (.-I, K. Coe! 16604).

Secamone aadamanica Goel fi Vasud.

So \ Qc>^\ •§- . "r\ 3 I «V brown hairy on the axil and for some length on either

side of nodes. Leaves opposite, lamina 3.5-7 X 1-2.0

cm, lanceolate to ovate-IanceoI ate, acuminate at apex,

acute at base, thinly coriaceous, glaucous, sometimes

distally obscurely serrulate in interior portion,

lateral veins ll-14j petioles terete, 4-7 mm long, with

narrow groove on upper surface with few brown hairs at

base.

Flowers in dichasial cymes; peduncles 1.5-2.5 cm

long, g1abrescent-puberu1ous; bracts ca 1 X 0.5 mm,

triangular; pedicels 3-5 mm long, puberulous. Calyx five-lobed, c^ 1 X 0.75 mm, ovate, apex obtuse, margin clllolate, puberulous without. Corolla rotate; tube

0.5-1 mm, abruptly widened to lobes; lobes five, 1.3-1.5 cm long, twisted to left in bud, oblong, apex obtuse, sometimes notched at apex. Corona staminal flve-lobed,

■mall, subulate, broader, attached Juat b«Iow tha nlddl*

in between stamens, free, incurved above. Staminal column ca 1 mm long. Pollinia two in each anther cell,

total 20, oval, transparent, attached to viscid somewhat oval corpusculum with 2 very small, thick,

filaments. Stigma exceeding the stamens, bllobed.

FI. : Sept.-Oct.

Illus. : Goel & Vasud. in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

85( 1 ) : 162. 1988,

Dlstrlb. : Andaman (endemic).

746 2. S. ematica (Retz.) R. Br. in Mam. Uern. Soc.

1;56.1809 and in Schult. Syst. Veg. 6;12A.1820| Wight,

Contrib. 60.1834 et Ic. t. 1283.1848; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:501.1844; Wall. Cat. 8236.1847-49; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:13.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 468.1906;

Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 259.1914; Fischer In Roc. Bot.

Surv. India 9(1) : 115. 192 1 ; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras

2:583(5:829.1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Sebaatine In Bull.

Bot. Surv. India lt04.19B9{ Subraroanyam & Hanry in J.

Indian Bot. Soc. 38 ( 4 ) :5 13. 1959 ; Sebastine tt Henry In

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:60.1962; Naithani in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 8:258.1967; Raraaswamy & Razi in Bull.

Botan. Soc. Bengal. 2 1 ( 2 ) s 99. 1967 ; Rao &< Aggarwal in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8:22.1967; Subramanyam & Henry

in Indian Forester 93(7) :513. 1967; Vanamala Naidu & Rao

in Indian Forester 93(2) : 130. 1967 ; Vajravelu L

RathakrIshnan In Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9:41.1968;

Matthew in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12:86.1972;

Ramaswamy & Razi, FI. Bangalore 459.1973; Matthaw In J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 72(2) :344. 1975; Saldhana &

Nlcolson, FI. Hassan dist. 452.1976; Sharma e_t a I . in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15:61.1976; Sharma aj_. In J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc, 75(1) :30. 1978; Subramanyam in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 76(2) :252. 1979; Raghavan e t a I«

in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 21(2) :52. 1981; Rao & Razi, FI.

I^yaore diat. A96.190l( Matthew, FI. Tamil. Carn.

11958.1983; Sharma a I. FI. Karnataka 169.1984; Gowda

747 et a 1. In J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 8(2) :322. 1986; Henry et a 1. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:88.1987} Nayar L Nayar,

FI. Courtallum 2:231.1987; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka

1 :417. 1988.

Huber in Dassan. Rev, Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:88.1983.

Per 1pI oca emet tea Retz. Obs. 2:14:1781.

Type : ‘ E. Tranquebaria mifit Cel. Konig'.

Vern. Names : Beng. : Shadaburi; Kan. : Kurialu,

Siranigehambu} Ta«. : Sagadara,

Aangaarava1 I 1, S 1ruaattaankodi.

Plate - 158

Climbing undershrubs, 30-40 ft. tall. stem slightly woody at the base, much branched; branches wiry; nodes swollen; internodes terete, 0.5-8.5 cm long and 0.5-4 mm in diam., sparingly pubescent when young,gIabrous at age. Latex milky-white. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.3-7.6 X 0.6-1.2 cm, ovate- lanceolate to Iinear-IanceoI ate, obtuse or tapering to very acute point at apex, acute at base, slightly

revolute along margin, sparingly pubescent above when young,g1abrous on both sides at age, lateral veins 3-6 pairs, opposite or alternate, inconspicuous; petioles terete, 1-8 mm long and c^ 0.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, puberulous when young, glandular in the axil.

748 lA ' - - I r

I

e w e o I

, A > _ . . „ I Secamone emeLica (Retz.) R.Rr. ex S ch u lS t i

RH Fan Kt ©

Secamone emetica R.Br

1. Photograph,

2. Floral : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. (D 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. Flowers axillary, in dichasially branched cymes, small, peduncles terete, 3-15 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam., puberulous; bracts small, c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, pubescent without; pedicels terete, 2-3 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm in dlam., puberulous. Calyx five-lobed, lobes free, IX 1 mm, broadly ovate, apex obtuse, margin ciliolate, pubescent without, glandular within. Corolla campanulate, c^ 4 mm longj corolla-tube c^ 1 mm long; lobes five, ca 3 X

1.5 mm, ovate, apex sub-acute, glabrous. Corona stamlnal, uniseriate, five-lobed, small, adnate to stamens, free at tip, c^ 0.5 mm long, triangular.

Stamens five, c^ 2 mm long; filaments united to form stamlnal column, c^ 1 mm long; anthers c^ 1 X 0.5 nm, with membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses two in each anther cell, making total 20 pollen masses, yellow, waxy, 128-140 X 88-92 j^m attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 40 )Jlm long, c^ 28 ^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 100 J4m long and 92 |^m wide. Gynostegium ca 2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style columner, dlalated

ending in flattened ring; stigma short aplculate, pentagonal. Follicles paired, divaricate, 5-10.6 X 0.5-

1 cm, I inear-IanceoI ate, apex beaked with blunt tip, minutely winged; seeds many, c^ 1 X 0.4 cm, ovate- oblong, base rounded, brown with light-brown margin ca

0.5 mm wide; coma silky-white, 3 cm long.

749 FI. : July-Oct. Fr. ; Oct.-Mar.

Illus. : Uight, Ic. 1283. 184B; Matthew, Illus. FI.

Tamil. C a m . 2:455.1982.

Dlstrlb. : Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,

Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Economic importance : Root is acrid and is said to be

possess emetic propert1esiUeaIth of India).

Spec imens exam 1ned

Andhra Pradesh ; Panapakam N.E. of forest rest house, chittoor, Subba Rao. 31878; Nerabylu to Talakma,

Chittoor, Subba Rao. 31993; Kambakura to Thandipanda I,

Chittoor, Chandrabose. 45110; Cuddapah forest, Beddome.

Acc. 32219; Cuddapah, Ga m b 1e . 15031; Veligonda, Nellore,

Ramaswarn i. 1333; Sarigam, Nellore, Ramaswam t. 1151.

Karnataka : Narasimhadeuarabetta, S.F.Il, Chickba1 Iapur,

Kolar, S i nKh. 141031; Chaudlapur S.F., Tiptur, Tumkur,

Singh. 141179; Kamsandra S.F.IV block, Bangarpet, S i ngh.

133312; Kamsandra S.F.lll Bagarpet, Kolar, S 1ngh.

140969; Uay to Gundupet, Mysore, N a 1 than i. 21307; Maisor

& Carnatic, Thomson. Acc.32221; Bannerghatta National

Park, Bangalore, Saldhana. KFP 2147; Hunsur-Periaptha,

Mysore, Rames h. KFP 1201.

T. Nadu ; Kolli hills on the way to Aruvithural, Salem,

Perumal. 23504; Pachaima1 ais, Attur, Salem, Hatthgw L

VenugonaI. 15572; Kumbakkarai, Periakulam, Madurai,

750 Mat thew L Ralendran. 49523; KaI 1akurich1, S.Arcot,

Venugopa1 ^ Manoharan. RHT 17771 ; Near Kavalur, N.Arcot,

Subramanvam. 6457; Parlgan R.F., S.Arcot, Ramamurthv.

50653; ThiruvadichooI an, Chenga1pettu, Naras1mhan. 854;

Rarudmalal, Coimbatore, Naravanaswamv.3274;

Maruthama1ai, Coimbatore, Deb. 31363; Nellinalal,

R.F.Coimbatore, Ramamurthv. 14102; HarandahaI 11,

R.F.DharampurI, Va1 rave Iu. 57051; Way to Kadakkan estate, Panagudl, Kanyakumarl, Sharma. 39903; Alagar koll, Madurai, Subramanyam. 4250; Bokkapuram R.F.,

Nllglri, Sharma. 35401; Kunukkamadu, Nilgiri, V a 1 rave Iu.

36716; Ramnad, Ramamur thy. 20287; Hassanur forest,

Periyar, V a 1 rave 1u. 80682; way to the top of Pachamalai,

TrichirapaI Ii, Sebas tine, 6162; main falls Tinnevelly,

Subramanvam. 3766; Kodaimady forest Tinnevelly,

Sebag 11ne. 8402; Shevaroys, Yercaud to Pallipatty slopes, Salem, Matthew. RHT 18999; Talamalai,

Coimbatore, F ischer. 16; pundi, Coimbatore, F ischer.

2029.

TOIOCARPUS

Wight & A m . in U i gh t, Con t r i b. 61.1834; Benth. & Hook, f. Gen. PI. 2:746.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4 s13. 1883.

The generic name is derived from ‘Toxon* = a bow and ‘carpos* = fruit, referring to curved, bow-like

fol 1 ides.

751 Twining herba or undershruba. Stem slightly woody,

pubarulous. Leaves opposite, elliptic, obov&te or

lanceolate. Flowers small, in lateral, sessile or

peduncled, dichasially branched cymes. Calyx five-

lobed, minute, glandular within at the base. Corolla

broadly campanuiate, lobes IJ ar-oblong, recurved, contorted in bud. Corona atamlnal, five, erect, dorsally flattened segments attached to the staminal column. Anthers with membranous appendage. Pollen masses two in each anther loculus, waxy^ ascending, minute, almost orbicular. Stigma elongated, fusifora, much longer than the staminal column. Follicles a 1ongated-fus 1form, tapering to acute apex, smooth.

Seeds comose.

Type species ; Toxocar pus k 1 e i n 1 i Uight JU A m .

A genus with c^ 40 species, distributed in

Tropical Africa, Madagascar, South east Asia and

Indomalayan region. In India it Is represented by 9 species. Schumann Included this genus in Secamone. however

ToKQoarpua differs by Its dorsally flattened corona segments and the long, narrowly conical or clavate s t y 1 e-apex.

Map - 36

752 /OR I 72 |an 184 36 if, 188 ,92- I96- .y~' \ 36' I '“•v..---- INDIA

.12 32-

I 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 k m h - - _ = = t = d A © A.' ?8 j \Ji j-’-y y X 28

c.

V. .; / '^ A . . /• /../ •/ 24 r'- y.*' l . r P /

©

M TOXOCARPUS Wight & Arn* H/ (I© 0 ▲ !• acumlnatus Benth. ■ I* beddomel Gamble • X- concan«nS'is Hook. f. ir a X* erlocarpus Hook. f. to © I* hlmalensia FalCk ex Hook. £. . © T. k le ln ll Wight & Arn, z !• kurzil Hook, f. > 81 T. palqhatensis Gamble ^ « Is;'. (3 T. roxburqhii Wight & Arn. H

MAP-36 Key to the s pec 1e3

1. Stem it leaves pubescent or rusty tomentose :

2. Flowers sessile, few ; stigma long, slender; leaves

elliptic-ovate, cuspidate.

... Ti_ kurzl i

2. Flowers not sessile, many ;

3. Corolla sa1ver-shaped, ca 1.2 cm long} stigma

ca 5 mra long, linear.

... T.hlmalens is

3. Corolla campanu 1 a te ; s t i gaia slender or fusiform:

4. Coro 1 1 a- 1obes hairy within; corolla 7-9 mra

long; leaves lanceolate or elliptic-

1anceolate.

. . . T_;_ beddome 1

4. Coro 1 I a-Iobes glabrous :

5. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute; corolla

5 mm long; stigma c^ 2 mm long, fusiform.

... T\_ longlgtigma

5. Leaves not ovate :

6. Stigma slender,long; leaves cuspidate.

... T.concanengIs

6. Stigma fusiform; corolla c^ 1 cm long;

leaves acute or acuminate t

7. Stigma c^ 1 mm long; corona ca 1.5

mm long; leaves acuminate.

.. . T .pa 1ghatena is

753 7. Stigma 4 mm longjcorona 1 mm

long; leaves acute.

... T.kIelnl 1

1. Stem & leaves glabrous :

8. Leaves eI I 1ptIc-IanceoI ate, 10-13 cm long} fruits

ca 13 cm long.

. . . Tj_ acumlnatus

0. Leaves e 11 Ip11c-obIong, obIong-IanceoI ate, up to 8

cm long; fruits 15-20 cm long.

... erlocarpus

1. T. acuminatus Benth. in Gen. PI. 2:747.1076 ex Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4:15.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees

469.1906} Kanjllal aj_. FI. Assam 3i281.1939j Gupta,

FI. Nainita1ensis 223.1968.

GonI os temma acum i natum Wight, Contrlb. 62.1034} Decne,

In DC. Frodr. 8:504.1844; Wall. Cat. 8242.1847-49.

Type : Wall. Asclep. n. 127 Sllhet, Wal I Ich.

There seems to be no herbarium sheet of this species in any Indian herbaria.

*Stem glabrous, Leaves 10-13 X 2.5-4 cm, elliptic- lanceolate, glabrous, glossy on both surfaces. Cymea absent, glabrous. Calyx small, rounded. Corolla quite glabrous; lobes with a triangular scale adnate to the base. Coronal scales triangular, shorter than the column; stigma long fusiform. Follicles 13 X 2 cm.*

754 FI. : April-June Fr. t Sept.-Oct.

Dlstrib. : Assam, Uttar Pradesh.

2.T. beddotf\ai Gamble in Kew Bui 1.1922 s 119.1922 et FI.

Pres. Madras 2i583 (5 :030. 1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.)j Henry et al. In J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 75 ( 3 ) t692.1978{

Henry & Swaminathan in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 21(1-

4);228. (1979) 1981; Henry aJL- FI . Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:88.1987; Nayar & Sastry, Red Data Book of Indian

Plants 3:39.1990.

Type : India : Southern India; Tinnevelly, Ahraymalai

hills, Beddome (MH ).

Plate - 159

Twining shrubs. Stem slender, branched; branches terete, internodes 9.5-17.5 cm long and 1-1.5 mm In dlam., pubescent, glabrous at age. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 7.4-9.2 X 2.4-3 cm, lanceolate or eI I 1ptIc-Ianceo1 ate, acuminate at apex, obtuse at base, revolute, d i l a t e along margin, brown pubescent on both sides becoming glabrous at age, lateral veins 7-9 pairs, opposite or alternate, Joining 1ntramarg1na1 Iy; petioles terete, 1.4-2 cm long and c^ 1.5 mm in dlam., grooved on upper side, pubescent, glands present at tha joint of petiole and lamina.

755 PLATE-^'^9

in

I

A I © H

Toxocarpus beddomei Gamble o o

1. Photograph, 2. Floral I^rt« ; a. Calyx; h. Corolla; ■ (3) c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. Camera-lucida of polUnia. Flowers uKlllury, In d Ichotoinouaj raci«nii4ii (

peduncles torate, d-ll inin long, 1 mm In dlam.,

velvety pubescent; bracts ^ 1 X 0.5 mm,ovate, apex acute, margin ciliate, pubescent without; pedicels

terete, 2-3 mm long, c^ 0.5 mra in diam., velvety

pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, lobes free, 2-2.5 X 1.5

mm, ovate-oblong, apex obtuse, margin ciliate, glandular within. Corolla campanulate, 7-9 mm long; corolla-tube

2-2.5 mm long,villous within; lobes tive, 6-7 X 1-1.5 mm, linear, apex acute, glabrous. Corona staminal,

uniseriate, five-lobed, adnate to staminal column, c^ 2

o X 1.5 mm, obovate, apex obtuse with dichotoa^s flap ca^

0.5 mm long. Stamens five, 2 ram long; filaments

united to form staminal column, c^ 0.5 ram long; anthers

ca 1.5 X 0.5 mm, oblong, with membranous appendage,

pollinia five, pollen masses two in each anther cell,

total of 20, yellow, waxy, 115.2-129.6 X 57.6 f(m attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 14.4 ||m long,

43.2 )^m wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 93.6 JU^^m long and ca 57.6 j4^m wide. Gynostegium c^ 3.5 mm long. Carpels

two, ovary ca 1 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled,

glabrous: style c^ 1 mm long; stigma c^ 1.5 mm high, Cja

0.5 mm across, fusiform elongate, pentagonal, much

longer than the stamens. Follicles not seen.

FI. : Mar.-April.

Distrib. ; Tamil Nadu (endemic).

756 SpecImena exam 1ned

T . Nadu ; Left flank saddle No.3, way to

Muthukuzh1vaya1, 1400 m, Kanyakuraari, Henry. 70336; Uay

to Muthukutlya from upper Godayar, Kanyakumari, Henry.

60689.

3. T. concanensis Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4;14.1803;

Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:212 (2:149.1905)1967

(Rep.Ed.).

Type ; ‘ Canara, on the Bababoodan hills, Law*. (K,

photo ! ).

As there Is no fresh collection available, only type photo from Kew has been seen.

Photoplate - 12

"Leaves much larger ovate or elliptic, cuspidate, mottled, 8-13 X 6-6 cm , more obovate, glabrous or pubescent beneath. Petioles 1-1.B cm long. The cymes densely tomentose much branched many-fid, many flowered.

Coronal scales hardly overtopping the anther-ceI Is.

Stigma long slender. Follicle cylindric, glabrous*.

Distrib. ; Karnataka (endemic).

4. T.oriocarpus Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:15.1883;

Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 259.1914.

jype { Travancore, at Courtallam, U i gh t.

757 As there are no herbarium sheets of this species,

it has been included on the authority of J.D.Hooker.

•Branches glabrous, woody. Leaves 6-8 x 2.5-4 cOj

firm, elliptic-oblong or obIong-IanceoI ate, acute at

both ends, quite glabrous, pale when dry; petiole upto

1.5 cm^slender, nerves slender very oblique. Flowers

not seen. Follicles long curved, terete, finely

linear-oblong, tip

not contracted^ c^ 2 cm long*.

Distrib. : Kerala (endemic).

5. T. hitnalensiB Falc. ex Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:13.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 469.1906} Fischer in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 12 ( 2 ) : 112. 1 938 ; Kanjilal e_t a 1 .

FI. Assam 3:281.1939; Raizada, Suppl. Duthie's FI.

155.1976; Osmaston, Forest FI. kumaon 361.1978

(Rep.Ed.); Soma Deva in Indian J. Forestry

3(2) :148. 1980 ; Das Ghosh in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3(2)

:571.1982; Naithani, FI. Chamoli 2:422.1985; Haridasan tt

Rao, Forest FI. Meghalaya 623.1987.

Type t U. Himalaya, Chauraussore, Fa Iconer.

Plate - 160

Twining shrubs. Stem twining, branched; branches terete; nodes slightly swollen; internodes 3-15 cm long and 1-2.5 mm in diam., rusty pubescent when young, bark

758 p LATE -:^G0

“

e in

I

in 0

(D

O Toxocarpus himalensis Falc.ex Hook.I O

1. Photograph,

2. Floral P it t s : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; @ c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. dark-brown with numerous lentlcela. Leaves opposite,

decussate, lamina 5.8-11.8 X 2.5-7.5 cm, lanceolate,

obovate or elliptic, rounded or bluntly acuminate at

apex, rounded or acute at base, rusty pubescent,

becoming glabrous at age, lateral veins 7-8 pairs, opposite or alternate, arched; petioles terete, 1-1.5 om

long and 1.5-2 ram in diam., minutely grooved on upper side, rusty tomentose, glabrous at age.

Flowers axillary, 1-2 sarlatat bracts 2 X 0,6 mm, linear, apex acute, rusty tomentosewithout) pedicels terete, ca_ A mm long, ca^ 1 mm in diam., rusty tomentose. Calyx five-lobed, lobes free, ca. 2.5 X 1 nm,

1inear-Ianceo1 ate, apex subacute, rusty pubescent without. Corolla salver shaped, c^ 1.2 cm longj corolla tube M 4 mm long, villous within; lobes five^c^ 8 X 1.5 mm, linear-oblong, apex acute, villous within. Corona staminal, uniseriate, five-lobed, adnate to the base of staminal column, 1.5 X 1 mm, membranous, crenulate at apex, overlapping the anther-Iobes. Stamens five, ca 2 mm long; filaments united to form staminal column, c^

0.5 mm long; anthers ca 1.5 X 0.5 mm, oblong, with membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses two

in each anther cell, total 20, yellow, waxy, 52-80 X 48-

80 Mm attached by light-brown caudiclefl ca 20 Wm long,

ca 24 Um wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 120 J^m long and

ca 80 Mm wide. Gynostegium c^ 7 mm long. Carpels two,

ovary ca 1 X 0.5 mm, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style

759 ca 0.5 mm long; stigma 5.5 mm long, linear, ca 0.5 mm across, pentagonal, much exserted beyond the anther- lobes. Follicles paired, divaricate, 6.5-9.0 X 0.9-1.2 cm, 11 near-IanceoI ate, tapering to a pointed tip, base acute; seeds many, c^ 15 X 6 mm, ovate-obIong, base rounded, brown with light brown margin c^ 1 mm wide, grooved in the centre; coma s 1 Iky-wh1te, 3-4 cm long.

FI. : July-Dee. Fr. : Dec.-May.

Distrib. : Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Uttar

Pradesh, Uest Bengal.

Spec 1 mens exam 1ned

Assam : Gauhatty, 322; Assam, Jenkins. Acc. 68793 (MH)j

Rani, Chat ter j ee, 37 9.

MeghaIaya : Mawsmai, K. & J. hills, Deka. 17718; Khasla hills, Kurz. s.n.; Cherapunji, Mann, s.n.

M 1zoram i Lushai hills. Parry, s.n.

Sikkim t Dikchu, E. Himalaya, B 1swaa. 6742; Runglt valley, S 1kk 1m - H 1maIaya, Praln. s.n.

Uttar P radesh ; Mussoorle, 5000 ft. Mac k1nnon. a.n. }

4000 ft. Mussoorle, Mack 1nnon. s.n.

6. T . klainii Wight 8< Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 61.1834;

Wight, Ic. t.888. 1843; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:505.1844;

Hook. f, FI. Brit, India 4:14.1883; Brandis, Indian

Trees 469.1906; Talbot, Forest FI. Bombay & Sind.

2(239.1911; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 259.1914; Blatter In

7 60 J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3) :525. 1933{ Gamble, FI.

Pres. Madras 2:584 (5:830.1923>.1957 (Rep.Ed.); Santapau

St Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:84.1962; Rao In J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 61 (2 ) :316. 1964; Cooke, FI. Pras.

Bombay 2:212 (2 :149. 1905). 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Matthew in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 72(2) :344. 1975; Saldhana &

Nlcolson, FI. Hassan dlst. 452.1976; Mayuranathan, FI.

Madras City 181.(1929) 1981 (Rep.Ed.); Matthew, FI.

Tamil. Cam. 1:960.1983; Subba Rao & Kumari in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 23:30.1963; Sharma a I. FI.

Karnataka 169.1984; Henry et_ FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:89.1987.

Huber in Dassan. Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:89.1983.

Type : Without locality, 2578, (Acc.293620, CAL ! ).

Plate - 161

Climbing shrubs, c_a 24 ft. tall. Stem slender, branched; branches terete; nodes slightly swollen;

intsrnodes 10-14 cm long and 2-2.5 mn in dian., ridgad,

pubescent. Latex milky-white. Leaves opposite,

decussate, lamina 2.2-9.5 X 1.7-6 cm, elliptic or

obovate, shortly acuminate at apex, acute or truncate at

base, margin ciliate, slightly revolute, pubescent

above, rusty pubescent beneath, lateral veins 4-5 pairs,

opposite or alternate, arched; petioles terete, 1-1.4 cm

long and 1-1.5 mra in diam., minutely grooved on upper

aide, pubesoent.

76 1 PLATE -101

£

ol

I o -H

lO lO (D

(D

Toxocarpus kleinil Wight 6 Ari).

1. Photograph . 2. Floral Parts : a. Caiyx; b. Corolla; (3) c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. Flowers axillary or ext ra-axi 11ary, In sessile

dIchotomouaIy branched cymesj bracts small, 2A I X 0.5

mm, ovate, rusty pubescent without,caducous; pedicels

terete, 1.5-5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in dlam., pubescent.

Calyx flve-lobed, lobes free, c^ 2 X 1 mm, lanceolate or ovate-1anoooI atu, apux acute, margin olllats, pubescent without, glandular within. Corolla campanulate, c^ 1 cm long; corolla-tube c^ 3.B mm long, villous within; lobes five, c^ 6.5 X 1.5 mm, linear- oblong, apex acute, recurved, glabrous, overlapping to

left in bud. Corona stamlnal, unlseriate, flve-lobed, erect, adnate to the staminal column, c^ 1 X 0.5 nffl, ovate-1anceo1 ate, membranous. Stamens five, c^ 2 mm

long; filaments united to form staminal column, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 1.5 X 0,5 mm, with linear membranous appendage, pollinia five, pollen masses two in each anther cell, total 20, yellow, waxy, ca 164 X 96 ^m attached by light-brown caudicles c^ 20 Mm long, ca^ 16

Jim wide to dark-brown corpuscle c^ 80 Hm long and ^ 60 j4,m wide. Gynosteglum c^ 5,5 mra long. Carpels two, ovary ca 1 X 0.5 mro, orbicular or oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style c^ 0.5 mm long; stigma c^ 4 mm long,

linear, c^ 0.5 mm across, fusiform, pentagonal at base,

longer than corolla tube. FolIicles paired, ca 20 X 0.8 cm, linear, tapering from base to apex, tip blunt,

velvety pubescent; seeds many, c^ 5 X 1 mm, 1inear-^

oblong, base acute; coma silky-dull white, 1-2 cm long.

762 FI. St Fr.; Mar.-July.

Illus. : Ulght, Ic. t.886. 1843.

Dlstrlb. : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Mahara­

shtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh ; Towards Tanjavanam, R.F. Visakhapatnam,

Subba Rap. 47291; Devipatnam River, Godavari, Barber.

A921.

Karnataka : Blsle ghat, lower section, Hassan, S > 1dhana

Ramamoo r thy. 1164; 1500 ft. Gnld, N. Kanara, Sedgw lok k Bell. 6010; Forest edge, Thiarthaha11y,Sh1moga,

Sreanath & Ramesh. KFP 7 423.

Kerala : Calicut University campus, Malapuran,

Swarupanandan. 13980 B; Karimban, Cannanore, Ansar 1.

87815; Dhonl R.F.Palghat, J oseph. 17212; Muthukurssl,

Pal ghat, Swarupanandan. 13848.

T . Nadu : Way to Bhavani sagar view, Nllgirl,

V a 1 rave Iu. 35252; Harur, Chitteri hills, Dharmapuri,

Matthew. 16066; Law's ghat Rd., Kodaikanal, Madurai,

Matthew. 40573; Kolli hills, Paslpuram, Salem,

VenugopaI. RHT 15920; Uay to Kodumodi from Upper Dam,

Tlnnevelly, Sebas tine. 9578; Slope of Kuridimalai,

Coimbatore, Subramanyam. 794; N. Slope of BRF1 on way to

Karupparayan hills, Coimbatore, Sreemadhavan. CPS 942.

763 7. T. kurzii Hook. f. FI. Brit. India A j15.1083|

Brandis, Indian Trees 469.1906; Parkinson, FI. Andaman

209.(1923) 1972 ( Rep. Ed. )'^ N/asuAeva Rso ■^x\ T. 8LV) V33 .

Type : * Miiddla Andaman Island, Kurz'.

I have seen only two specimens which are very poor without any flower.

Photoplate - 12

'Leaves 10-13 X 6-B cm, broadly eI I 1ptIc-ovate, broadly cuspidate, coriaceous, shining. Cymes small,

flowers few sessile, calyx nearly glabrous, coronal scales obtuse hardly overtopping the anther-csll, stigma

1ong s 1ende r” .

Dlstrlb. : Andaman (endemic).

Spec I men exam 1ned

Andaman ; Little Cocos Island, Andaman, Pra1n. s.n.

6. T. longistigma (Roxb. ) Wight & A m . ex steud.

Nomenclator Botanicua 2:694.1841; Subba Rao & Kumarl In

Red Data Book 1:75.1987.

AscIeplas I one Is 11gma Roxb. FI. Ind. 2:46.1832.

T . roxburgh 1 1 Wight Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 81. 1834;

Wight, Ic. t.475.1841; Decne. In DC. Prodr. 8:505.1844;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:14.1883; Brandis, Indian

Trees 469.1906; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:583

(5 :830. 1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.).

764 Type ; Uight, Cat. n. 1561

Plate - 162

Creeping shrubs. Stem slender, branched; branches

terete; nodes swollen; internodes up to 16.5 cm long and ca 2.5 mm in diam., ridged, pubescent. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 9.7-10.6 X 6-7 cm, ovate or ovate- oblong to oblong, abruptly shortly acuminate at apex,

rounded at base, irregular and ciliate along margin,

thin, rusty pubescent when young on both sides, glabrous or nearly so at age, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, opposite or alternate, usully dIchotomous1y branched; petioles

terete, 1.5-2 cm long and c^ 1.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, rusty pubescent, glands present at the Joint of petiole and lamina.

Flowers axillary in dichotomous1y branched panicles; peduncles terete, 2-2.5 cm long, c^ 1 mm in diam., rusty pubescent; bracts 1-1.5 X 0.5 mm, linear- oblong, apex acute, margin ciliate, pubescent without; pedicels slender, terete, c^ 1.5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam., hairy. Calyx five-lobed, lobes free, c£^ 1.5 X

0.5 mm, ovate-obIong, apex obtuse, margin ciliate, pubescent without. Corolla campanulate, c^ 5 mm long; corolla-tube 2.5 mm long, villous at the throat;

lobes five, ca 2.5 X 1.5 mm, e 11iptic-ob1ong, apex

acute, overlapping towards left, glabrous. Corona

stamlnal, uniseriate, flve-lobed, adnate on the back of

765 D LATE --o;

Toxocarpus longisiigma (Roxb.) Wt. & Arn. ex Steud. A. Fr. Branch. B. Inflorescence. C. Calyx. D. CorolU. E. Style. F. Seed. the anther-1obes, 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, shorter than the an ther- Iobes. Stamens five, 1.5 mo

long; filaments united to form staminal column, ca 0 .5 mm long: anthers 1 X 0.5 mm, with membranous appendage, polllnia five, pollen masses two in each anther cell, total 20, yellow, waxy. Gynostegium ca 3 am

long. Carpels two, ovary 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate-oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style minute; stigma ^ 2 mm long, c^ 0.5 mra across, fusiform, tip bifurcated, pentagonal at the base. Follicles not seen.

FI. ; J une-Sept. lllus. I Wight, Ic. t.475.1641.

Distrlb. : Andhra Pradesh (endemic).

Spec i mens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh : Maredumilll, East Godavari, Subba

Rao. 24242; Anantaglri, Visakapatnam, Subba Rao. 21722.

9. T. palghatensis Gamble in Kew Bull 1922:119.1922 at

FI. Pres. Madras 2:583 (5 ; 830. 1 923). 1957(Rep.Ed.tj

Vajravelu & Bhargavan in Jain Si Rao An Asaaaament of threatened PI. India 155.1983; Henry e t a I FI. Tamil

Nadu Analysis 2:89.1987; Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax.

Hot. 9 ( 1 ) : 11 1. 1987; Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

11(2)t270.1988.

Type : India : Southern India; Malabar, Palghat

hills, alt. 1000 m, Beddome (Acc.32232,

MH ! ) .

766 Plate - 163

Climbing shrubs. Stem slender, branched; branches

terete; internodea 2.9-12.3 cm long and 1-2.5 mm in

diam., minutely ridged, rusty pubescent when young,

glabrous at age. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 4-

11.A X 1.2-4.2 cm, elliptic or e1 I 1pt1c-obovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute or obtuse at base,

rusty d i l a t e and irregular along margin, rusty-ve1vety pubescent when young on both sides, glabrous or nearly so at age, lateral veins 5-9 pairs, opposite or alternate, united to form 1ntramarg1naI vein, v«lna at an angle of 60‘^-70° to midvein; pe 11 o I es t e re te, 9-18 om

long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., minutely grooved on upper side, densely rusty pubescent.

Flowers axillary in dichotomous1y branched

racemes; pedicels terete, 1-1.7 cm long, c^ 1 mm in diam., densely rusty pubescent; bracts 1.5-2 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin rusty oil late, rusty pubescent without; pedicels terete, 2-2.5 mm long, ca‘

0.5 mm in diam., rusty pubescent. Calyx five-lobed,

lobes free, 3.5-4 X 1.5 mm, 11near-obIong, apex obtuse,

margin rusty clliate, rusty pubescent without. Corolla campanulate, ca 1.1 cm lung; curolla-tube ca 4 mm long,

lobes five, 7-7.5 X 2-3 mm, I 1 near-IanceoI ate to linear-

-oblong, apex acute, glabrous. Corona staminal,

unlseriate, flve-lobed, adnate at the base of anther-

767 PLATE - '3 0

a lO K>

I

0 (0) lO

(D ro O O ®

Toxocarpus palghatensis Gamble @

1. Photograph ^ 2. Floral i a- Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona;" d." Stamens; e. Carpel. 3. Camera-lucida of pollinia. lobes, 1.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, as long as or

slightly longer than the stamens. Stamens five, 2.5

mra long; filaments united to form stamlnal column, c^ 1

mm long; anthers c^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, with membranous appendage, polllnla five, pollen masses two in each anther cell, total 20, yellow, waxy, 216-244.0 X 57.6-

86.4 JUm attached by light-brown caudlcles to dark-brown corpuscle. Gynosteglum c^ 3.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style c^ 1 mm long; stigma c^ 1 mm long, fusiform, c^ 0.5 mm across, pentagonal at the base.

Follicles not seen.

FI. ; Dec.-Jan .

Dlstrlb. : Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Spec I mens exam 1ned

Kerala : AnamaI I ays,4000 ft., Acc.32233; Kumatththode area, Palghat, Bhargavan, 65519; Silent valley R.F.,

Pal ghat, Vajravelu. 33255.

768

PERIPLOCACEAE

Schlechter in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:23.1924;

Bullock in Kew Bull. 1956:503.1956; Hutchinson in Fam.

Fl.Pl,ed. 2.1:381.1959.

Type Genus ; Per i pi oca L.

Twining or prostrate woody plants or herbaceoua

perennials with a woody root stock; usually with white

latex. Leaves (absent in spp.of Per iploca) opposite, simple, entire, pinnately veined, without stipules.

Flowers with calyx and corolla, actInomorphic, penta- merous, bisexual, indeterminate, axillary or

occasionally terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes almost free,

imbricate. Corolla gamopeta1ous, deeply Iobed or

funnel-shaped (in Crvptostegia). the lobes valwate or contorted, overlapping in bud to the right. Corona of

five fleshy scales alternating with the coro1 I a-Iobes,

inserted at the mouth or. near the base of coroI 1 a-tube.

Stamens five, alternating with the coroI 1 a-Iobes and

inserted near the base of the tube, free; anthers distinct, connivent above. Pollen granular, the grains

united in tetrads, discharged on five funnel or spoon­

shaped pollen carriers, derived from and attached to the stigma. Carpels two, superior, mu Iti-ovuI ate, free and

Joined by their common style only. Follicles of two distinct, many seeded carpels, tapering towards the apex, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds with endosperm, with tuft of hairs at one end called coma.

769 There are about 40 genera and almost 200 species all over the world. These are distributed in the tropics and the warm temperate region of the old world.

In India this family Is represented by 12 genera, 19 species and one variety, of which 4 genera endemic to

Ind ia.

The members of PeripIocaceae are incorporated in the Asclep1adaceae by most of^authors. This however is not

Justified, as the pollination mechanism of the two famiI ies,a 1 though highly specialised in both, fundamentally differs in structure. Both Peripiocaceas and AscIepiadaceae arederived from Apocynaceae —

Apocynoideae. Recently Ali, in FI. Pakistan

(150:1.1983) has accepted the family in broader view and has placed PeripIocaceae at subfamily level. Ue are accepting Hutchinson's and Huber's (in Dassan. Rev.

Handb. FI. Ceylon 4:182.1983) view of seperate family.

The status of this family in and around India is shown below in the tabular form.

Area No.of Genera Total No.of ------species, F n.) tj m i (' varieties

i i I 12 4 19+1

Pakistan 4 - 6

Nepal 2 - 2

^ri Lanka 3 - 3

Bhutan 1 - i

770 Tribe Perlploceae : Baeolepis, Cryptolepis,

Cryptostegia, Decalepis, Finlaysonia, HeaidesHus,

Janakla, Periploca, S te 1 iiatoc rypton, Streptocaul on,

Raphionacne, Utleria,

Tribe ; Periploceae

Don, G. Gen. Hist. DichIamydeous PI. 4:109,161.1838;

Sundell, E. in Taxon 29(2/3) ;262. 1980.

Type Genus : Per i p1 oca L.

Key to the genera

1. Coronal scales or processes zero; corolla pubescent

within.

... Stelmatocrypton

1. Coronal scales present :

2. Coronal processes connate with the corolla i

3. Corolla-tube as long as or longer than the

Iobes, velvety.

. . . Cryptos teg la

3, Corolla-tube shorter than the Iobes,membranoust

4. Corolla rotate, small; lobes valvate.

. . . Hero idesmus

4. Coro I 1 a-Iobes overlapping to the right,

imbr icate ;

5. Lateral veins on the leaves closely

parallel to each other :

77 1 6. Corona-lobes ovata, attached to tha

corulla at thu uinua, floshy.

... Janakia

6. Corona - 1 obQii subulate, free abovo,

attached nearer to the base of

ooroI I a - tube.

.•• Cryptolepla

5. Lateral veins on the leaves not parallel

to each other :

7. Corona-1 obt»a Guneato-spa.thul ate with

acuminate apex.

. . . Raph ionacme

7. Corona-lobes fiIiform,aristate,hairy,

. . . Par 1p 1 oca

2. Coronal processes connate with the stamens ;

8. Filaments with glands in between them ;

9. Coro 1 1 a- 1obes valvate in bud, ovate, villous

within; Cymes peduncled.

. . . Dec a1epi s

9. Coro I 1 a- 1obes imbricate or twisted, ovate;

Cymes sess iI a.

. .. S t reptocau1 on

f Filaments without glands in between them;

corolla rotate ;

10. Erect shrubs or nearly trees with clustered

narrow leaves at tips.

. . . U 11 e r 1 a

772 10. Climbing undershrubs or shrubs :

11. Leaves elliptic, acurainate; corona-

lobes short, broad.

. .. Baeo i epi 3

11. Leaves obovate-ob1ong or obIanceoI ate,

obtuse or apiculate; corona-iobes

filiform or subulate.

.. . F i nIaysonia

BAEOLEPIS

Decne. ok Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13(21:216.18495 Henry in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9:290.1968.

Brachylapis Uight & Arn. in Uight, Contrib. 63.1834;

Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. PI. 2:742.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:7.1883.

Climbing or twining shrubs with pubescent or tomentose branches. Leaves opposite, glossy above.

Flowers small, in terminal or axillary dichotomous cymes, villous. Calyx five-lobed, usually glandular within at the base. Corolla rotate, five-lobed. Corona five-lobed. Inserted on the throat of corolla. Anthers sessile or with short broad free filaments. Pollen mass granular, paired, carried by funnel-shaped pollen— carrier. Stigma flat on the top, five-angled. Follicles divaricate, acuminate. Seeds comose.

Type species : Ba eo1ep i s nervosa Decne. ex Moq.

773 There is only one species, which is endemic to

South India.

The name Brachy 1 epis Uight & A m . (I.e. ) is a later

homonym as there exist B r achy 1 ep i s Hook. & A m . in Hook.

Journ. Dot. 290.1834, BrachyIep i s C.A.Mey in Ledeb.

flor. Alt. 1:370, n. 144.1829. Moq. in DC. Prodr.

13(2) :216. 1849 used the name Ba eo 1epis for BrachyIepis

Uight & A m . , which represents the Indian specimens.

In fact, Brachy I epi s Hook.L A m . has become a

synonym for Meli n i a Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:588.1844,

while Brachy1ep i s C.A.Mey is a synonym of Anabas is

Linn.of the family Chenopodiaceae.

Hap - 37

B. nervosa (Uight &< Arn. ) Decne. ex Moq. in DC. Prodr.

13(2) ;216. 1849; Henry in Bull.Bot. Surv. India

9:290.1968; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22:18.1982;

Shetty & ViVekananthan in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

23:254.1983; Henry e_t aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:90.1987.

BrachyIepis nervosa Uight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib. Bot.

India 64.1834; Uight, Ic. t.1284.1848; Decne. In DC.

Prodr. 8:495.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:7.1883;

Brandis, Indian Trees 468.1906; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore

259.1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:581 (5:827.1923)

1957 (Rep.Ed.); Sebastine in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

774 MAP-37 2i4.1D6(!l! Blutjco in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soo.

67(3) :523. 1970.

Type : India : Balimjutty, Herb. Wight no.1652, Nov.

1852 (Acc.No.293340,CAL ! ).

Plato - 164

Climbing shrubs. Stem wiry,terete, branched; branches herbaceous; nodes minutely swollen; internodes slightly ridged, l.b-16.8 cm long and 1-2.5 mm in diam., densely pubescent when young, less pubescent at age; bark greyish-yellow with pale lenticels. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.6-9.9 X 0.4-4.7 cm, elliptic (younger ones ovate-1anceoI ate), acute or acuminate at apeK, acuta or rounded at base, margin ciliate, pubescent (densely along midrib and lateral veins), less pubescent at age, lateral veins 10-14 pairs, opposite or alternate, joining intramarginaI Iy; petioles terete, 6-15 mm long and 0.5-2 mm in diam., minutely grooved on the upper-side, pubescent, glandular hairs in the ax 11.

Flowera axillary or terminal, in dichutomous cyaies; peduncles terete, 4-9 mm long and 1-1.5 aim in diam., villous; bracts ca 2 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin villous, villous without, glabrous within, furrowed in the centre; pedicels terete, 1-1.5 mm long and c ^ 0.5 mm in diam., villous. Calyx five-lobed,

775 PLATE -164

c3

f

^Brachylepis nervosa W. & A

S3 (D ©

Baeolepis nervosa Decne.

to O J. Photograph, O 2. Floral : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; !: c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. 3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. (D contorted, divided up to base, lobes 1.5-2 X 1-1.5 mm,

ovate, apex acute, margin villous, villous without,

glabrous within, glandular within. Corolla rotate,

lobes five, divided up to 3/4 way down, ca 3 X 1 mm,

ovate to ovate-oblong, apex acute,villous without,

glabrous within. Corona five, broad membranous brown

scales, c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute with slightly

bifid tip. Stamens five, c^ 1 mm long; filaments free,

ca 0.5 mm long; anthers arrow head shaped, 0.5-0,0 X

0.5 mm, united at apex; pollen mass granular 144-158.4

X 72-100.0 JU^rn carried by c^ 172.0 X 259.2 jJ^m funnel-

shaped poI Ien-carrier. Carpels two, ovary ovate, ca 1 X

0.5 mm, many ovuled, glabrous; style minute; stigma 0.4-

0.5 mm long, c^ 1 mm across, flat at top. Follicles

paired, divaricate, acuminate, thick; seeds many ovate-

oblong, ridged ventrally; coma white.

FI. : May Fr. : May-June

Illus. : Wight, Ic. t. 1204. 1048.

Dlstrib. : Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22. (N-16).

Spec imens exam i ned

T . Nadu ; Loz falls, Coonoor, Nilgiri, Sharma. 40308;

Nilgiri hills, U ight. Acc. 32195 (MH); Kateri, Nilgiri,

SebastIne. 2039; Remnade forest, Nilgiri, Sebas t i ne.

2556; Pakasuramalai, Nilgiri, Sebas t ine. 3264; Kotagirl,

Nilgiri, Deb. 31505; Tsiashola to Dodaikombal, Nilgiri,

7 7 r> Shetty. 34336; Madanad R.F., Nil girl, Valravelu. 349561

Katary Rd., Nilgiri, Sharma. 36040; Ebnad to Analkatty,

Nilgiri, Subba Rao, 36558; Naduvattam, Nilgiri, El I is.

37892; Kateri-Kundia Rd., Nilgiri, Vairavelu. 41913; Loz

falls, Coonoor, Nilgiri, Rathakr ishnan. 30166.

CRYPTOLEPIS

R. Br. in Mem. Uern. Soc. 1:69.1809, printed in 1811;

Benth. & Hook. f. Gen.PI. 2:740.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4 :5.1883.

The generic name is derived from Greek word

‘Kruptos' = hidden and 'lepis' = scale, referring to the

coronal scales which close the mouth of the corolla tube

and hide the anthers and stigma.

Usually twining shrubs. Stem woody, glabrous.

Leaves opposite, ovate to obovate. Flowers in lateral

dichotomousIy branched, paniculate cymes, small. Calyx

five-lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla

campanulate, lobes five, imbricate to the right in bud.

Corona corolline, five-lobed, clavate, arising from

about the middle of coroI I a-tube. Filaments free,

broad, inserted towards the base of coroI I a-tube;

anthers sagittate, connivent over the dilated part of

the style. Pollen mass granular, cohering in pairs in

each cell, carried by boat-shaped carrier. Stigma

conica1,five-angIed. Follicles in pairs, divaricate.

Seeds coroose.

777 Type species ; Crvptol epis buchanan L Roera. 8i Schult.

A pa 1aeotropicaI genus with 12 species from

South Africa through India to South China and halesia.

In India it is represented by 3 species.

Map - 38

Key to the spec ies

1. Leaves with lateral veins parallel to each otherj

Corona-Iobes clavate, minutely bifurcated at apex.

•• • C. buchanani i

1. Leaves without parallel lateral veins :

2. Corona-scaIes clavate, attached near the mouth

of coro1 I a-tube; Follicles cylindrical, seeds c^

10 X 2.5 mm.

. . . Cjj_ grand if 1 ora

2. Corona-sea 1es subulate, attached near the middle

of the coroI I a-tube ; Follicles slender, linear,

seeds c^ 7 X 2 mm.

• • • sinensis

1. C. buchananii R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult, Syst. Veg.

4:409. 1819 ('buchanani* ) ; Nicolson e_^ a I . Interpretation

Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus 62:1988.

C. buchanani Roem. & Schult. Syat. 4:409.1819; Ulght,

Ic. t.494.1841; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. 148.1861; Hook, f. FI. Brit. India 4:5.1883; Nairne, FI. PI. Uest. India

183.1894; Dalgado, FI. Goa & Sawantwadi 121.1898;

778 MAP-38 Gamtnle, in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 1 ( 10 ) : 20A. 1898; Uood U

Surgeon In Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2( 1) : 117. 1902; Praln in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 3(2) : 237. 1905; Talbot, Forest FI.

Bombay 8< Sind. 2:236.1911; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore

259.1914; Bamber, PI. Punjab 581.1916; Fischer in Rec.

Bot. Surv. India 9(1) : 115. 192 1 ; Blatter L McCann in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36 ( 3 ) ; 524. 1933 ; Kanjilal e_t a I .

FI. Assam 3:277.1939; Razi in J. Indian Bot.

Soc.28(4) :224. 1949; Khan, Forest FI. Hydrabad State

236.1953; Raizada in Indian Forester 80(4 ) :213. 1954;

Santapau, Contrib. Bot. Dangs Forest 58.1955; Gupta,

Forest FI. Chakrata 323.1956 (Rep.Ed.); Gamble, FI.

Pres. Madras 2:580 (5:826.1923) 1957(Rep.Ed.); Santapau,

FI. Purandhar 79.1958; Balapure in Indian Forester

8 5 (6) :346.1959; Raizada in Indian Forester

85(11 ) :680. 1959; Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

1:112.1959; Srivastava in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

38(2) : 191. 1959; Duthie, FI. Upp. Gang. PI. 1:495

(2:45.1911) 1960 (Rep.Ed.); Jain & Kotwal in Indian

Forester 86( 10) :606. 1960 ; Puri & Mahajan in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 2:127.1960; Santapau, FI. Khandala

134.1960; Gupta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

58(3) :764. 1961 ; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:576

(4:549.1922). 1961 (Rep.Ed.); Jain in Indian Forester

88(1) : 60. 1962 ; Rau in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

3:235.1962; Santapau S< Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:91.1962; Shah in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 4:236.1962;

779 Maheshwarl in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5:132.1963; Prain,

Bengal PI. 2:507.1963 (Rep.Ed.); Arora in J. Indian Bot.

Soc. 43( 1) :74. 1964 ; Arora in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

34 ( 2 ) :108. 1964; Bhattacharya in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

6:203.1964; Bhattacharya L Malhotra in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 6:34.1964; Jain in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

34(3) : 329. 1964 ; Kapoor in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

6 1 ( 2 ) :364. 1964 ; Panigrahi e_^ a_|_. in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 6:252.1964; Ramaswamy in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

6:16.1964; Rao & Sastry in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

6:54.1964; Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6:279.1964|

Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist.Soc. 61(2) :315. 1964;

Panigrahi &< Verma in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 35:101.1965}

Chavan & Oza, FI. Pavagadh 142.1966; Datta & Majumdar in

Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 20(2 ) : 99. 1966 ; Janardhanan, FI.

Bhimashankar 719.1966 (Ph.D.Thesis); Subraraanian in

Indian Forester 92{1) :45. 1966 ; Vartak, FI. Gomantak

71.1966; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:210(2:147.1905). 1967

(Rep.Ed.); Malick in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 0:54.1967;

Naithani in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 0:258.1967;

Panigrahi in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8:9. 1967; Rao 8*

Rabha in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6:300.1967; Swaminathan

ti Raz i in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 21(2): 95. 196 7;

Thothathri in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8:137.1967;

Vanamala Naidu L Rao in Indian Forester 93(2):130.1967;

Vyas in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 64(2) :214. 1967; Dey

a 1. in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 65(2) :399. 1968; Gupta,

FI. Nainita1ensis 222.1968; Kammathy a 1. in Bull.

780 Bot. Surv. India 9:221.1968; Panlgrahl L Saran In Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 9:256.1968} Patel, Forest FI. Melghat

222.1968; Sebastine & Vivekananthan in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 9:176.1968; Subba Rao &< Kumari in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 9:105.1968; Tiwari in Indian Forester

94(7 ) :577. 1968; Rau, FI. Upp.Gang. PI. Checklist

49.1969; Santapau & Shah in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

66(3) ;436. 1969; Dakshini in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

67(2) :185. 1970; Billore, FI. Thane dist. 1:595.1972;

Brandis, Forest FI. N-U. Central India 330.(1874) 1972

(Rep.Ed.); Cherian & Pataskar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

11:30.(1971) 1972; Cherian & Pataskar in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 11:390. (1971) 1972; Kaushik in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 11:62.(1971) 1972; Mitra in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 69( 1 ) :22. 1972; Saxena in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 12:52.1972; Saxena &< Shukla in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 12:195.1972; Thaker ej^ a 1 . in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 12:121.1972; Venkata Reddi in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 11:253. (1971) 1972; Deb & Dutta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 70( 1 ) : 75. 1973 ; Majuradar in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 13:146.1973; Malhotra Moorthy in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 13:306.1973; Ramaswamy & Razi, FI.

Bangalore 464.1973; Sanyal in Indian Forester

99(3 ) : 156. 1973; Matthew In J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soo.

72(2) :343. 1975 ; Saldhana & Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist.

446.1976; Saxena & Khotele in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

73:26.1976; Nair, FI. Bash. Himalaya 182.1977;

781 Subratnanlan Kalyani in Indian Forester

103(2) : 117. 1977; Nair, FI. PunjabPlains 161.1976;

Osmaston, Forest FI. Kumaon 359.1978 (Rep.Ed.); Raizada

& Saxena, FI. Mussoorl 1:438.1978; Shah, FI. Gujarat

State 1:433.1978; Sharma e_t in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 75( 1 ) ;29. 1978; Bennet, FI. Howrah 289.1979; Gupta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 74:670.1979; Javeid in

Indian Forester 105{2) : 163. 1979; Kapur fc Sarin in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 20:12.1979; Naik, FI. Osmanabad

202.1979; Paria & Sahoo in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal

33:125.1979; Malhotra L Rao in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

2:122.1980; Saxena ^ a_L* in Indian J. Forestry

3(3) :210. 1980; Paul in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

78(1) :28, 1981; Raghavan in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21 (2) {52. 1981 ; Rao 6< Razi, FI. Mysore d i s t. 497 . 1981 j

Sharma & Kachroo, FI. Jammu 1:212.1981; Verma & Misra in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 21(1-4) :85 . 1981; Yoganarsimhan e t a I. FI. Chikmangalur 216.1981; Chaudhary & Patnaik in

J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3(3) :807. 1982; Das LGhosh in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 3(2) :570. 1982; Jain e_t a 1 . in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 3 ( 1) : 164. 1982; Malhotra & Rao in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 22:7.1982; Manilal & Sivarajan, FI. Calicut

170.1982; Sharma & Mamgain in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

4(1):39.1982; Krishna & Dutta in Indian J. Forestry

6(21:142.1983; Matthew, FI, Tamil. Cam. 1:939.1983; Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24:186.1983; Singh,' FI.

Banswara 147.1983; Uniyal S< Malhotra in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 4(3) :849. 1983; Bole & Almeida in J. Bombay nat.

782 Hist. Soc. 81 (2) :370. 198A ; Chowdhary »< Uadhwa, FI.

Himachal Pradesh 2:462.1984; Guha Bakshi, FI.

Murshidabad 198.1984; Mukherjee, FI. Panchmari S< Borl

183.1984; Parker, FI. Punjab 337.(1956) 1984 (Rep.Ed.)j

Sharma et, aj_. FI. Karnataka 170.1984; Dixit &

Bhaskardatt in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(3) :650.1985;

Mehrotra & Aswal in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(3) :607. 1985{

Naithani, FI. Chamoli 418.1985; Shah S. Badrinath in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(1):130.1985; Verma a_l_* F I . Ra i pur,

Durg & Rajnandgaon 224. 1985; Gowda a I. in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 8 ( 2 ) :322.1986; Lakshminarsimhan, FI. Nasik dist. 1:265.1986 (Ph.D.Thesis); Pant, FI. Corbett

National Park 103.1986; Rao, FI. Goa, Diu, Daman, Dadra h. Nagarhavell 2:267.1986; Ugemuge, FI. Nagpur dlat.

237.1986; Deshpande, FI. Satara diet. 1:505.1987

(Ph. D. Thes is ) ; Dhyani S< Sharma in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

9(2) :304. 1987; Gaur in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9(1) :48. 1987;

Haridasan &< Rao, Forest FI. Meghalaya 616.1987; Henry e_^ a > . FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:90.1987; liahabale, Bot.

FI. Maharashtra 336.1987; Nair &< Nayar, FI. Courtallura

2:234.1987; Chandrabose & Nair, FI. Coimbatore 178.1988;

Deb L Dutta in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10( 1 ) :44. 1988; Dhore &

Joshi, FI. Melghat 120.1988; Kamble L Pradhan, FI. Akola dist. 133.1988; Karthikeyan, FI. Yavatmal dist. 233^1988

(Ph.D.Thesis); Koshy & Shah in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

10(1): 104. 1988; Kulkarni, FI. Sindhudurg 265.1988;

Ramachandran L Nair, FI. Cannanore 282.1988; Singh, FI.

783 East. Karnataka 1:420.1988; Vajravelu In J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 11<2) : 269. 1988; Diwakar, FI. Buldhana dlst.

213.1989 (Ph.D.Thesis); Panigrahi & Murti, FI. Bilaspur

dlst. (M.P.) 1:358.1989; Kothari it Moorthy, FI. Ralgad

dist. 1:360.1989; Singh & Shah In J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

14(1) :237 . I990^'^a.‘^yxhe.\i^ \r\ ' S C O '• ,

Kara e_t aj_. Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:86.1982; All, FI.

Pakistan 150 :55. 1983;

Ner i urn ret leu Iatum Roxb. (Hort. Beng. 19.1914 nom. nud. )

FI. Ind. 2:8.1832.

Type India Orientali legit F ranc. Buchanan.

Herb. Banks.

Vern.Names Garo : Durikhal; Hindi : Karanta,

Karmata-k 1 - be 1 ; Kach. : Garang-gisim-

dukha; Kan. : Kurbuntun; Khasi i

Kombat-ngiangpur; Mai. : K a 1ipa IvaI Ii,

Pal-valli, katu-pa 1 -VaI I 1} Mar. :

Karamta, Setakavalli, Dudhi] Oriya :

Gar; Raj. : Barodudhi; Sans. ; Utri

dudhi, Jamboo Patra sariva; Ta*. : Paal

kodi, Mattaankod1; Tel. :

Adav i pa I at i ga.

Plate - 165

Perennial climbing shrubs, 9-15 feet tali. Stem branched; branches terete; nodes swollen; internodes

1.9-23.5 cm long and 1.5-6 mm in diam., ridged,

784 PLATE -J 05 I c4

I

I

I

IP xH

(D

Cryptolepis buchananli R.Br.ex R. a (

1. Photograph. ■

2. Flonl Ptircs i a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

(D 3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier ond pollen grains. glabrous; bark brownish to dark-brown, papery, with warted and lenticels. Latax milky— white. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.8-17 X 1.2-8.1 cm, oblong,

lanceolate, elliptic, apiculate at apex, rarely obtuse, emarginate-mucronate, acute to rounded at base, margin slightly undulate, leathery, glabrous on both sides,

lateral veins 15-35 pairs, nearly right angles to midrib, horizontally parallel. Joined in an intramarginal nerve; petioles terete 0.5-2 cm long and

1.5-3 mm in diam., grooved or> upper side, glabrous, glandular in the axils.

Flowers in axillary, paniculate many flowered cymes; peduncles terete, 0.4-4 cm long.c^ up to 1.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 2-2.5 X 1-1.5 mm, ovate, apex obtuse, spathulate, margin papery with hairs and one or two lateral acute projections in the basal region c^ 0.5 mm long light-brown in colour, glabrous; bracteoles c^ 2

X 1 mm, ovate,apex acute, margin papery with hairs, with projection at base one on one side and two on the other; pedicels terete, 2-5 mm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed. Imbricate, divided up to base, lobes 2-3 X 1.5 mm, ovate, apex obtuse, margin membranous with hairs, glabrous. Corolla shortly campanulate; corolla-tube 2.5-3 mm long; lobes five, ca

8 X 3,5 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, margin revolute and

involute, glabrous. Corona corolline, five-lobed, arising from the base of corolla, ca 1 mm long, ca 0.5

785 ram broad at base and 0.75 mm broad towards apex, clavate, minutely bifurcated at apex. Stamens five,

1 mm long; filaments free, 0.3 mm long; anthers

0.7 X 0.7 mm, triangular, resting on stigma, connate at tips, pollen mass granular, each pollen-graln 20 X 20

Mm, circular, carried by c^ 417.6 X 57.6 boat­ shaped carrier. Gynostegium c^ 1.5 ram long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 0.5 X 0.7 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style 0.5 mm long; stigma conical, c^ 0.5 mm long, c^ 1.5 mm across, pentagonal, umbrella like.

Follicles paired, 2.5-11.4 cm long and 0.3-2 cm broad, lanceolate, basaly inflated, tapering to a blunt point, ridged; seeds many, 5-0.5 X 2.5-3 mm, ovate, dark-brownj coma silky-white, 2.5-4.5 cm long. •the. FI. : Mar.-May (Plains) Fr. ; Throughoutjj^year

May-Oct.(Hills) lllus, : Wight, Ic. t.494. 1841 ; Matthew, 1 I I us. FI.

Tamil. C a m . 2:441.1962.

Distrib. : Throughout India.

Economic Importance ; Plant yields fibre used by tribals

for cordage and making cloth. Plant given

to children in rickets, leaves toxic

(Agarwa1, 1966).

Specimens exami ned

Andaman & N icobars : Brorkesabad, S. Andaman,

B a 1ak r i shnanChak rabor ty, 3084; Littoral forest sandy soil, Middle Andamans, Bhargava, 2844.

786 Andh ra P radesh : Kondapalll R.F. Krishna, Venkanna.

5588; Cherukaonda, Visakapatnam, Subba Rao. 28166;

Jamperkota, Polankonda, Vizagapatnam, J acob, 17230;

Nattavaram, Vizagapatnam, Barber. 1912; On way from

Seethampeta to Gumnada,Srikaku1 am, Subba Rao. 62415; Way

to Vishnumandi, Mahanandi, Kurnool, Ellis. 25428;

Chelama, Kurnool, Ellis. 17959; Chelama, Kurnool, Ellis.

16701; Cheedipa Iem, E.Godavari, Subba Rao. 27435}

Cheedapalem E.Godavari, Subba Rao, 24521; Sitharam bet.

Devipatnam L Rampa, E. Godavari, Subba Ra o. 67571; On

way to Brahmagundam, Chittoor, Subba Rao. 46928; On waya

to JammaIakona, Chittoor, Subba Rao. 45804,

Assam : Goal para, King's Coll. Acc. 564347 (CNH);

Chanderding, Goalpara, Kan i i I a T. 7544; Kamrup, Rao.

39015,

B ihar : Borioto Dharampur, Pan i g rah i. 11742; Chota

Nagpur, GambIe. 8928; Madanpur, Champaran, Baner1ee.

407; Udaipur from Champaran, Thothathr i. 9974; Naurangia

Champaran, Banerlee. 456.

Goa : Rajbhavan forest area, Panjim, Rao. 92801; Near

Maloli village, Goa, Kanod ta. 88420; Tudal village,

Kanodla. 96327; Hills facing malavali village, Rao.

77614; Ordoford, Kanod ia. 88117; Valchem, Cher ian.

107197,

H iroachal Pradesh : Aganosma Puchkila, Gambje, 592 C;

Nainaital, Duth ie, 4198.

787 Karnataka : Thuramankeri R.F.Bellary, S 1ngh. 1A1330;

Anantpur R.F.Badaml, Bljapur, Singh. Alluf

B .R.F.Yadg1r, Gulburga, Singh. 1417A7; Temple area

Bellary, Singh. 142382; Antwarum, Chlncholl, Gulburga,

Singh. 142672; Deogiri R.F.Bldar, Singh.142781; Cokki hills, Chitradurga, Singh, 142315; Tumkur on Bangalore

Rd., Singh. 146951; Bhartiala, N. Kanara, Pur i. 37616;

Kalhrlla, Coorg, Arora. 11916; Vikkad, Belgauin, Puri.

10065 Aj Bandipur, Myaorse, Puri. 53153; Yekkamti near

lake, N. Kanara, Pur 1. 1044; Tirthahali, Shimoga,

Raghavan. 74281; N. Kanara, Talbot. Acc. 68782 (MH );

Bangalore, Gov indu. 94313; Chamundi hills, Mysore,

Sebag tine. 18744; Bandlpur area, Mysore, Na i than i.

21105; Kudligi, Bellary, Manohar Ramesh, KFP B81B)

Handy, Keahavatnur thv & P r akas h. KFP 4576; Kesagodu,

Alur-Belur Rd., Hassan, SaIdhana. 13503; Shantlsagar,

Shlmoga, Ramesh Sreenath. KFP 7287; Bellary, Gamb 1 e.

16509.

Kerala ; Manantoddy, Cannanore, Ramachandran. 62753; Way

to Merchiston, Trivandrum, Mohanan. 63271; Mananatoddy,

Cannanore, Ramachand ran.62695; Thenmda, Quilon,

Mohanan. 54871; Karivara slopes, Panthantoda, Palghat,

Na i r. 67457; Trichor, Travancore, Gamb1e. 14812;

Travancore, Rama Rao. s.n.. A g o .293227 (CNH); Near

Metaral, Travancore, Ca1der & Ramaswam1. 580;

Arunappara, Cannanore, Ramachand ran. 53815; Top slip

Road, Calicut, Swarupanandan. 13897; Ramanattu kara,

Calicut, Swarupanandan. 13854; Kurisumala, Kottayam,

788 Antony. 435; Kuruwasum Kundu to Kallka Malappuram, Na i r.

81185; Palarurl, Quilon, Nalr. 50940; Travancore,

Anstead. 83407; Parambiku1 am, Trlchur, Ramamurthy.

16137; Prarambiku1 am, Trichur, Ramamur thy. 49371;

Chinnar to Marlyur, Kottayam, Sebas tine. 18308; Peermade

to Pambanar, Kottayam, Vivekananthan. 24311; Ualayar forest, Palghat, J oseph. 17064; Sappal hill Dhani

R.F.Palghat, J oseph. 17841; Pombar Guest house, Idukki,

Swarupanandan. 13713; Pathanthode, Palghat, V a 1 rave Iu.

33132; Altapudi R.F., Palghat, Va1 ravelu. 26206; Kuraily,

Idukki, V ivekananthan. 45682.

Madhya Pradesh : Jamun Jharia forest, Karmaghin, Seoni,

Banerlee. 22176; Khawasa, Banerlee. 22478; Dhutera,

Seoni, Banerlee. 28357; Tulsipur, Gonda, Khanna Saran.

37199; Bujbujia forest, tiandla Reserve, Lai & Kumar.

34533; Keolari Bund, Shahdol, M i s ra. 31649; Suplihar,

Balaghat, Na i r. 227 15; Rajegaon, Balaghat, Na i r. 18574;

Kakrapur, Kesla, Hoshargabad, Pan i g rah i & S ingh. 4239;

Lohara environs, Durg, Pant. 29321; Bheja, Durg, Pant.

20194; Rewa Rd., Rewa, P rasad. 38361; Majhgawan Reserve forest, Satna, P rasad. 38412; Seharan, Mohandra Rd.

Panna, R a m 1 a >. 31263; Raigarh, Baramkila Rd. Raigarh,

Rathakar i s hnan. 19624; KaiIeshnather Gufa, Raigarh,

Rathakar ishnan. 24510; Ramanajgery, Ambikapur, Sen

Gupta. 18827; Ashapur, Khandwa, Sr i vas tawa. 36007;

Raipur-Ba1odo Bazar, Verma. 24936; Raipur, Verma. 24883;

Boral, Raipur, e r in a. 23995; Pahar Bhadaupur, Satna,

789 Mamgain. 21850; Kapildhara, Bilaspur, Murt1. 19186;

Slnnar, Indore, Rao. 79107; River girgl, Maharjan,

Indore, Rao. 79204.

Maharash t ra : Poona, Talbot. Acc. 6297 (BSI); Koyana

Nagar, Bombay, J .A .V . 5023; Katraj,Poona, Purl. 2902;

Khed nallah, Poona, Purl. 3705; Ambowra, Bhor, Poona,

Jain. 5126; Tiskari forest, Ambavane, Lonavala, Pune,

Redd 1. 99322; Jnari, Nasik, Cher Ian. 111502; Yedshi

forest,Sholapur, Uadhwa. 37877; MatheraI, Raigad, Purl.

14121; Chopda, Khandesh, Jain. 11235; Challsgaon,

MahaIan. 20341; Yarteshwar, Satara, Deshpande. 165736;

Vardhangad, Satara, Deshpande. 166676; Alegaon, Patur,

Akola, K a m b 1e. 160993; Shahanur, Ahat, Akola, KambIe.

153855; Mahan, Akola, Ka m b 1e. 153731; Chikhalwal, Akola,

KambIe. 154024; Nagpur-Chanda Rd,, Nagpur, Rao. 91269;

Kunde R.F,Bapsai,Thana, B i1 lore. 110817; hahuli forest,

near Devi Temple, Thana, B i 1 lore. 111017; Suryamal, Vada

Rd., Thane, B 1 I lore. 111632; Kuruli, Khed, Poona,

Janardhanan. 72295; Daitycha Dongar, opp. Saptashringi

Nasik, Cher ian. 98375; Borivali National Park, Rao.

32727; Andari river, Chandrapur, U adhwa. 130431;

Kheds1ngl-Taroba, Chandrapur, Uadhwa. 130059; Magitri,

Ranipur, Dhulia, Patas ka r. 101433; Bourtar towards

Chirtar, Ranipur, Dhulia, Pataskar. 105705; Anjaneri

base, Nasik, Nars imhan. 165951; Trimbak, Nasik,

Nars imhan. 165499; Ratnagiri, Jain. 34957; Phonda ghat,

Ratnagiri, Kulkarni. 118916; Mahaba1eshwar, Satara,

790 Purl. 319; Shlvneri, Junner, Poona, Ansar i. 63740;

Aptale, Junner, Poona, H emad r i. 94382; Purandhar, Poona,

Jain. 768; Deoghad port, Sindhudurg, Ku1karn1. 120302.

Nagar Havel i :Carchrd forest, Nagar havell, Ansar 1.

126972.•

Rajasthan : Rawal Hindvela forest, Banswara, S 1ngh.

2874; Abu, Gurwhikhar, Jain. 46592; Mt. Abu, 4000 ft.

Jain. 5409; Kota Shahabad, Jain. 28611; Udaipur,

Kanodla. 82285; Bhapur forest, Banswara, Kanodla. 75211;

Baghdara, J .A .V .. 29449.

Sikkim ; Rangpoto M a 1 Ii, Sikkim, hajumdar L Dutta. 466.

T. Nadu : Sethur R.F.Ramanathpuram, Nalr. 61443; Near

Gudlur, Madurai, Subramanyam. 8154; Theppakadu,near

Moyar river, Nilgiri, V ivekanantban. 43096; Myoar R.F.,

Subba Rao . 36499; Kendiparai slope, Ramnad, V a 1 rave 1u.

33797; Ayyanarkoil to Ramnad, V a 1 rave 1u.f 38622; Uay to

Vairusadi, Ramnad, Va 1 ravelu. 39371; Muddiarth,

Ramanathapuram, Hair. 61021; Tinnevelly, Barber. 3302;

Kambubudi, Poovankulam, N. Arcot, Subramanyam, 6062;

Kollegal, Coimbatore, Narayanaswaml. 19631; Velllnglrl hills, Coimbatore, Sebas t i ne. 3107; Around Attakattl,

Coimbatore, Joseph. 12653; Sadivayal, Slruvanl, Henr^,

ANH 137; Slope on Konaraalai, Coimbatore, Sreemadhavan^

CPS 562; Vazhakadu Jumna marathur, N.Arcot, Va \ rave IjJ,

53442; Ayyur, Denken i k o t ta, Dharampuri, Matthew Sj.

79 1 Venugopal. RHT 17159; Ghat Rd., Yercaud, Salem, M o h ^ ,

RHT 13389; Kolli hills, Salem, PerumaI, RHT 21550; Palnl ghat Rd. , Palni, Anna, Matthew ^ Ra.jendran, 49460;

Ponnachi, Coimbatore, F ischer, 706.

Uttar Pradesh : Mohuli forest, Mirzapur, Panigrahi,

3626; Mussoorie, Robson, 104; Lachhiwala, Dehra Dun,

Pradhan. 272; Dehra Dun, Gamble. 23246; Janhjbee,

Kumaon, Ra o. 11623; Loharkhet, Kumaon, Col let. 135.

U . Bengal : Matha to Purulia, ha Ii ck. 882; Sahenali

Ajodhya, Purulia, Mai i ck, 797; Uay to Baghundi to

Ardhya, Purulia, Maiick. 488; Maithanjuu Burdwan, Dutta.

1084; Ajodhya, Purulia, Chatter lee. 216; Kolma, Purulia,

B i swas. 86; Midnapur, Sen Gupta. 520; Balibhasa,

Midnapore, Ma i1. 7696; Sundarlata, Midnapore, ha 1 I.

6664.

2. C. grandiflora Wight, Ic. t. 831. 1844-45 et 111,

2:169, t.lSSb; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:5.1883;

Dalgado, FI. Goa S< Sawantwadi 121.1898; Ramaswami in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6(5) : 143. 19 14 ; Gamble, FI. Pres, hadras 2:580 (5:826.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Srinivasan St

Subba Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 58:408.1961;

Sebastine St Henry in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:60.1962;

VajraveluSt Rathak r i shnan in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

9:41.1968; Sinha St Giri in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

77:366.1980; hatthew, FI. Tamil. Cam. 1:940.1983;

Sharma e^ FI. Karnataka 170.1984; Nair in J. Econ.

792 Tax. Bot. 7 (2 ) ;354. 1985 ; Henry e_t FI. Tamil Nadu

Analysis 2:90.1907; Nair L Nair, FI. Courtallum

2:235.1987; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka 1:421.1988;

Vajravelu a I. in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10(2) : 281. 1988;

Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 11 ( 2 ) :269. 1988* Nlasvj.^e.VaS^7j m . '^C0Y\. -Vtxx . . •& e\') \ V6i\ . . Type ; Plate 831 of Uight, Ic. PI. Ind. Or.

t.831, 1844-45.

Plato - 166

Climbing shrubs, 20 feet tall. Stem branched; branches terete; nodes swollen; internodes 1.5-17 cm

long and 1.5-2 mm in diam., glabrous; bark with numerous

lenticels. Latex milky. Leaves opposite, decussate,

lamina 3.4-12.5 X 2.1-5.8 cm, broadly elliptic, rounded mucronate to apiculate at apex, rounded or slightly oblique at base, glabrous, lateral veins 5-9 pairs, opposite or alternate, arched or curved upwards; petioles terete, 5-25 mm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, glabrous, hairs in the axil.

Flowers axillary or sub-axillary, dichotomousIy branched cymes; peduncles terete, 1.5-3.2 cm long and

1-1.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 2.5-4 X 1.5 mm,

linear, apex acute, glabrous; pedicels terete, 5-10 mm

long and 0.5-1 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, contorted, divided up to base, lobes 3.5-4 X 2.5-3.5 mm, ovate apex obtuse or sub-acute, margin membranous,

glandular within, glabrous. Corolla campanulate, ca_ 1.7

793 PLATE-168

I J >r

t*-

I in

K’

® (D

Cryptolepis grandiflora Wight

1. Photograph,

2. Floral IHirts » Q* Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. @ cm long; corolla-tube short, 6 mm long, 5 mm

across; lobes five, ca 11X2 mm in bud condition

linear, overlapping and twisted to the right in buds,

apex acute, glabrous. Corona corolline, five-lobed,

scale like, 1 X 0.5 mm, clavate, attached near the mouth

of corolla-tube, glabrous. Stamens five, c^ 1.5 mm

long; filaments free, c^ 0.5 mm long, arising from the

base of corolla-tube; anthers ca^ 1 X 0.2 mm, arrow-head

shaped, connate at tips, resting on stigma, pollen mass

granular, each pollen grain c^ 28.6 X 28.0 J^m carried by ca 748.8 X 107.2 J^m boat-shaped carrier. Gynostegium ca

3 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1.5 X 1.5 mm, orbicular or ovate, free, many ovuled; style c^ 0.5 mm long; stigma c^ 1 mm high, c^ 1 mm across, shortly conical.

Follicles paired, divaricate, 11-12 X 1-1.5 cm, linear or sub-cylindrical, tapering towards apex, blunt at

tips, with two longitudinal ridges, glabrous; seeds many, c^ 10 X 2.5 mm, tapering towards base and apex,

ridged in the centre, brown, glabrous; coma silky-white with brownish tinge, 3.5-4.5 cm long.

FI. ; Oct.-Jan. Fr. : Nov.-Feb.

Illus. : Wight, Ic. t.831. 1844-45.

Dlstrlb. ; Andaman, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa,

Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West

Bengal.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 (N-31).

794 Spec imens exam i ned

Blhar ; Base to Parasanath, Acc. 293252 (CNH).

Kaarnataka { Maisor &< Carnatic, Thomson. Acc. 293263

(CNH ) .

Kerala ; Attapady block, Palghat, V a 1 rave 1u. 33198.

T. Nadu ; Nellimalai R.F., Coimbatore, Ramamur ty. 14875j

Kalakkadu R.F., TI rune Ive1 Iy, J oseph. 15193; Udumelpet,

Coimbatore, Mat thew. 47159; Manmalai Sengakattu, Attur,

Salem, Matthew. 24830; Asanampattu R.F., Alangayam,

N.Arcot, Va.i ravelu. 52028; Gomuki Vellimalai, S.Arcot,

Ramamur thy. 77384; Pakamalai R.F., Ginger, S.Arcot,

Ramamur thy. 52883; Ranjasami Koil, Coimbatore, Ra1u &

Nagavat. 4076; Foot of Konnamalai, Coimbatore,

Sremadhanan. CPS 420; Malattaaru, SriviI 1ipattur,

Ramnad, V a 1 ravelu. 33813; Uay to Sethur forest, Ramnad,

Va.i rave 1 u. 39507; Road s ide-Hoga i nakka 1 , Salem,

Valravelu. 21940; Foot of Pachamalai, TrichirapaI Iy,

Sebas tine. 6977; Puliyarvi to Rokhall Tinnevelly,

Subramanyam. 3876; Kalakkadu R.F., Tinnevelly, J oseph.

15193; Sobanapuram, Thuraiyar, Tiruchi, Matthew

Man ickam. Manoharam. RHT 19368; Maramur, 2100 ft.

Coimbatore, F i sche r. 517; Papanasam to Mudanduri,

Tinnevelly, Hooper & Ramaswarn i. 39291.

U.BengaI ; Darjeeling, Clarke. 26404; Panchklll,

Darjeeling, Clarke. 26549.

795 3. C.sinensis (Lour.) Merr. in Philipp. J. Sci.

15:254.1919; Raizada in Indian Forester 94(6) :439, 1968;

Rao St Verma in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11:409.1971; Deb

& Dutta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 70{ 1) :75. 1973;

Subramanyatn in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 20 (2 ) : 147. 1973}

Saxena e_t a I . in Indian Forester 3 ( 3 ) ; 2 10 . 1980 ; Matthew,

PI. Kurseong 65.1981; BaIakrIshnan, FI. Jowai

2:314.1983; Deb, FI. Tripura State 2:26.1983; Sikdar in

Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 35:15.1985;Haridasan Rao,

Forest FI. Meghalaya 616.1987; Deb & Dutta in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 10( 1 ) :44. 1988; Malick & Safui in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 10( 1 ) :7. 1988; Rao in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

12(2) :484. 1986; '\xn "S .’c.cCi'O.'TTvx. *3CAV. 199G. Pergularia s i nens i s Lour. FI. Cochinch 169.1790.

Crypto Iepis eIegans Uall. Cat. 1639.1829 ex G. Don. Gen.

Hist. 4:82.1838; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:6.1883}

Kanjilal e^ FI. Assam 3:278.1939; Gamble, FI. Pres.

Madras 2:581 (5:826.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Haines, Bot.

Bihar & Orissa 2:576 (4:549.1922) 1961 (Rep.Ed.);

Srinivasan &< Subba Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

58:408.1961; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:309.1962;

Prain, Beng. PI. 2:508.1963 (Rep.Ed.); Panigrahi e_t al . in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6:252.1964; Rao in J, Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.61(2) : 315. 196 4 ; Malick In Bull. Bot.

Surv.India 8:54.1967; Rao L Rabha in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:300.1967; Das & Ghosh in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

3(2) :570, 1982; Sharma et aj_. FI. Karnataka 170.1984;

796 Verma aj_. FI. Raipur, Durg &< Rajnandgaon 224.1985;

Anand Kumar & Srivastava in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

12(2) ;297. 1988; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka 1:421.1988.

C. pauc if 1 ora Wight, Ic. t.493. 1841.

Type : Habitat apud Sinas incutta.

Vern. Names : Assami ; hiri-kinik-riube; Kar. : Nall

Tiege; Oriya : Bansha kapuri.

Plate - 167

Climbing shrubs, wiry. Stem branched; branches

terete; nodes slightly swollen; internodes terete, 0.8-8

cm long and 0.5-3 mm in diam., glabrous, hairsat the

nodal region, bark brown to dark-brown, with lenticels

here and there. Latex milky-white. Leaves opposite,

decussate, lamina 2.7-6.6 X 1.8-3 cm, oblong to oblong-

lanceolate, apiculate or mucronate at apex, obtuse at

base, glabrous, lateral veins 7-8 pairs, opposite or

alternate. Joined intramarginaI Iy; petioles terete, 3-9

mm long and 0.5-1 mm in diam., grooved on upper side,

glabrous, hairy in the axil.

Flowers terminal, in dichotomousIy branched

cymes; peduncles terete, 6-24 mm long and c^ 0.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 1-1.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute,

glabrous, few hairs on lateral sides at the base;

pedicels terete, 1.5-2.5 cm long and c^ up to 0.5 mm in

diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base,

797 PLATE I lo

I

6 in

m

©

Mere, Cryptolepls sinensis

c

O o

1. Photograph,

2. Floral I^ r ts r a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

I 3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. lobes 1.5-2.5 X 1.5 mm, ovate or ovate-ob1ong, apex

acute, margin membranous, glandular within, glabrous.

Corolla shortly campanulate, 2 cm long; corolla-tube

short, cylindrlc, 5 mm long, 2 mm across; lobes

five, 1.5 X 0.1-0.2 cm, linear, overlapping and twisted

to right in bud condition, apex acute, glabrous.

Corona corolline, five-lobed, scale like, inserted near

the middle of the corolla-tube, c^ 1 X 0.2 mm, subulate,

glabrous. Stamens five, c^ 2.5 mm long; filaments free, ca 1.5 mm long, attached near the base of corolla-tube;

subconnate by broad base; anthers c^ 1 mm, long, arrow­

head type, connate at tips, acuminate, resting on

stigma, pollen mass granular, each pollen grain csi 20.8

X 28.0 M.ra carried by c^ 734. 4-763. 2 X 86.4-100.8 ^m

boat-shaped carrier. Gynostegium c^ 3 mm long. Carpels

two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled;

style ca 1 mm long, distinct; stigma ca 1 mm high, ca 1 mm across, conical. Follicles paired, divergent, 12.5-

14.5 X 0.6-0.8 cm, linear, apex acute with blunt tip, glabrous; seeds many, c^ 7 X 2 ram, oblong, flat, brown, with notch on one side; coma silky white, 4-5 cm long.

FI. : June-Sept. Fr. : Dec.-Feb.

Illus. ; as C. pauc if I ora in Uight, Ic. t.493. 1841.

Distrib. : ^ Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,

Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur,

Meghalaya, Mizoram, Orissa,Sikkim, Tripura,

West Bengal.

Chr. No. ; 2n = 22 (N-15).

798 Spec i mens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh ; Rampachoda varam, East Godavari, Subba

Rao. 24457; Parlakwchi, Parlakimedi, Grant, Cand 1 er Sj.

Buik11 1. 20430; Anantagire, Visakapatnam, Balakr ishnan.

831; Salur, Srikakulam, Balakrishnan. 1112; Way to

Seethi, Srekakulam, Sreekansar Ram Rao. 76890;

Barnakonda R.F. Visakapatnam, J acob 17136; Karaka,

Visakapatnam, Barber. 1689; Forest near Sunkar1 metta,

V isakapatnam, Balakrishnan. 10890; fladgale to Paden,

Visakapatnam, Subba Rao. 28093;.

Assam : Bar Jallengi, Cachor, Kan 1 iI a 1. 4854; Sonari,

Sibsagar, Kani1 Ial. 3503; Guma Campt.12, Goalpara,

Kan 1i 1 a 1. 5779; Goalpara Rao. 39102; Chirang R.F. Rao.

7125; Chardwar, Dharmkuti, Panigrahi. 5637; Goalpara station. King, s.n.; Lakhimpur, Meebo1d. 10832; Assam,

Masters. Acc. 293270 (CNH).

Arunacha1 Pradesh : Lunwa, Tirap F.D., Deb. 26640;

Lailongsong, Tirap, Deb. 25801.

Megha1ava : Umsaw, river bank, K. & J. hills, Rao.

38737; Mont Khasia, Hooker J .D. & T.T. Acc. 293271

(CNH); Rougrongiri, Garo hills, Pan i g rah i. 22620.

M 1zoram : Bunglang, Deb. 31468.

Or issa : Ganjam, Narayanaswami. 5547; Ganjam,

Naravanaswami. 5679.

799 Sikkim ; Sahooldara, E. Himalaya, Cous i ns. 129; Sikkim,

Kar i. 1564; Sikkim Himalaya, King. 4893; 7800 ft.

Sikkim, Anderson. Acc. 293271 (CNH); Sikkim Himalaya,

Gammie. Acc. 293267 (CNH).

T r 1pura : Unkolia hills near Kailashahar, Tipparh hills,

Dabbarman. 1150; Phuldungsai to Ananda Bazar, Deb.

27369.

U. Benga1 : Buxa to Chunabati, Jalpaigurl, Narayanswami

|<^ Party. 2656; Alipurduar, Jalpaiguri, Das. 73.

CRYPTOSTEGIA

R. Or. in Bot. Reg. t.435.1819; Benth. & Hook.f. Gen.PI.

2:742,1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:6.1883.

The generic name derived from Greek word 'Kryptos'

= hidden and 'Stegein' = to cover, referring to the coronal scales which cover the anthers.

Climbing shrubs. Stem glabrous, with conspicuous lenticels. Latex milky. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, glandular in the axils. Flowers in terminal di- or tri-chotomous cymes. Calyx flve-lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped; tube short, narrow below, opening into a campanulate throat; lobes overlapping to right. Corona corolline, arising from the base of the throat, flve-lobed, subulate. Filaments free; anthers adnate to the stigma.

Pollen mass granular, carried by sub-spathuI ate or

800 lanceolate carrier. Stigma large, globular. Follicles

woody with ribs or wings, 3-angled. Seeds comose.

Type species ; Cryptos teg la grand if 1 ora R. Br.

A genus with 2 species, from Madagascar, now

largely planted in tropical gardens. Cj_ grand 1f 1 ora R.

Br. is almost naturalized in India and also in Sri Lanka and Pakistan, the other species found as garden plant

rarely.

Key to the s pec i es

1. Corona-lobes long filiform, divided into two

segments; pollen carrier sub-spathu1 ate; style-apeK

convex:

. . . C_^ grand if I or a

1, Corona-lobes subulate, with incurved hooked tips, not

divided into two segments; pollen carrier lanceolate;

style-apeK dome-shaped.

. . . C_^ madagascarlensls

1. C. grandiflora (Roxb.) R. Br. in Bot. Reg.

t.435. 1819; Wall. Cat. 1635.1829; Uight A m . in Wight,

Contrlb. 36.1834; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 122.1839; Decne.

in DC. Prodr. 8:492.1844; Dalz. L Gibs. Bomb. PI. Suppl.

54.1861; Hook f. FI. Brit. India 4:6.1883; Wood U

Surgeon in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2(1) : 117. 1902; Praln in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 3(2) ;237. 1905 ; Talbot, Forest

FI.Bombay &< Sind. 2:234.1911; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore

801 259.1914; Bamber, PI. Punjab 581.1916; Blatter fc McCann

in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc, 36(3) :525. 1933; Kanjilal

a I. FI. Assam 3:278.1939; Raizada in Indian Forester

76(1);492.1950; Khan, Forest FI. Hydrabad State

237.1953; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:606 (5:862.1923).

1957 (Rep.Ed.); Raizada &< Vaid in Indian Forester

83(1 1):644.1957; Srivastava in J. Indian Dot. Soc.

38(2) : 187. 1959; Maheshwari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

2:354.1960; Rao & Narayanaswamy in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

3 9 (2) :238.1960; Haines, Bot. Bihar k Orissa

2:576. (4:549. 1922). 1961 (Rep.Ed.); Maheshwari in Bull.

Bot. Soc. Univ. Saugar 10(1 & 2):43.1961; Santapau &

Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 4:93.1962; Subramanian 8<

Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:398.1962; Maheshwari,

FI. Delhi 217.1963; Prain, Bengal PI. 2:507.1963

(Rep.Ed.); Sebastine & Balakrishnan in Indian Forester

89(8) :533. 1963; Puri FI. Rajastan 83.1964; Rao in

J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 61(2) :315. 1964; Shah in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 6 1 ( 2 ) : 259. 1 964 ; Datta Majumdar

in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 20(2):99.1966; Janardhanan,

FI. Bhimashankar 720.1966 (Ph .D.Thesis); Vartak, FI.

Gomantak 71.1966; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:245

(2: 180. 1905). 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Rao & Agarwal in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 8:22.1967; Santapau &• Janardhanan, FI.

Saurashtra Checklist 32.1967; Vanamala Naidu & Rao in

Indian Forester 93(2) : 130. 1967; Vyas in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 64(2) : 214. 1967; Subba Rao L Kumari in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 9:105.1968; Rau, FI. Upp. Gang. PI.

602 Checklist 49.1969; Inamdar L Patel In Indian Forester

97(6) :326. 1971 5 Kaushik in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

11:62. (1971) 1972; Misra in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

12:132.1972; Solanky e_t a_L. In Indian Forester

98(1):61.1972; Majumdar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

13:146.1973; Maheshwari & Patil in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 72 (1 ): 176. 1975 ; Raizada, Supp1.DuthIe’s FI.

152.1976; Sastry & Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

15:100.1976; Oomachan, FI. Bhopal 241.1977; Bhandari,

FI. Indian desert 228.1978; Nair, FI. Punjab Plains

161.1978; Shah, FI. Gujarat State 1:433.1978; Naik, FI.

Osmanabad 202.1979; Sharma &< Tiagi, FI. North East

Rajasthan 238.1979; Kashyap, Lahore district FI.

164.1980 (Rep.Ed.); Dawre in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

21:132.1981; Mayurnathan, FI. Madras city 177.(1929)

1981 (Rep.Ed.);Raghavan in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

21(2) :52. 1981; Rao L Razi, FI. Mysore dist. 497.1981;

Varma, FI. Bhagalpur 242.1981; Das it Ghosh in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 3(2) :570. 1982; Jain in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 3(1):164.1982; Parmar & Singh in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

3(2) :504. 1982; Matthew, FI. Tamil. C a m . 1:941.1983;

Shetty & Pandey, FI. Tonk dist. 115.1983; Singh, FI.

Banswara 147.1983; Pandey L Shetty in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

5 ( 2 ) :360.1984; Parker, FI. Punjab 339.(1956) 1984

(Rep.Ed.); Sharma & Pandey, Exotic FI. Allahabad dist.

77.1984; Sharma e_t a I . FI. Karnataka 170.1984; Pandey al . in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 7(2) :339. 1985; Rao, FI. Goa,

803 Diu, Daman, Dadra h Nagarhaveli 2:268.1986; Ugemuge, FI.

Nagpur dist. 238.1986; Chatterjee in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

9(1):155.1987; Deshpande, FI. Satara dist. 1:507.1987

(Ph. D. Thes i s ) ; Henry e_t a 1 . FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis

2:90.1987; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra 336.1987;

Chandrabose tn Nair, FI. Coimbatore 177. 1988; Daa in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 10( 1 ) :218. (1987 ) 1988; Kamble & Pradhan,

FI. Akola dist. 133.1986; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka

1:421.1988; Diwakar, FI. Buldhana dist. 213.1989

(Ph.D.Thesis ) ; Pandey in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

13(1):177. 1989; Prasad in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

13(3):739.1989; Kothari & Moorthy, FI. Raigad dist.

1:359.1989 (ined.); Patil in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

14(3) :722. 1990 ; Saini in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

14(3> :564. 1990 ; Sharma & Shringi in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

14(3):652.1990.

Backer &< Brink, FI. Java 2:250.1965; Gooding, FI.

Barbados 332.1965; Ali,Fl. Pakistan 150:56.1983.

Ner ium grand if 1orum Roxb. (Hort Beng. 209.1814 nom.

nud. 1 FI. Ind. 2:10. 1832.

Type : Plate by R. Br. in Bot. Reg. t.435.1820.

Vern. Names : Hindi ; Rubber-ki-be 1 ; Mai. : Pala; Mar.

: Vilayati vakhandi; Kavdi; Ta«. : Palai,

gar udappa1 a i.

804 Plate - 168

Suberect or climbing shrubs. Stem branched;

branches terete; nodes swollen, pubescent; internodes

terete, 1.5— 11.8 cm long and 2-6.5 mm in diam.,

sarmentose; bark with numerous lenticels. Latex milky- white. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.0-10.8 X

1.4-6.4 cm, ovate to elliptic-oblong, obtuse at apex,

acute to tapering towards base, margin undulate,

glabrous on both sides, lateral veins 9-13 (18) pairs,

opposite or alternate, closely parallel to each other,

midvein pink; petioles terete, 7-15 mm long and 1-4 mm

in diam., compressed above, glabrous, grooved on

upperside, glandular at the base of petiole within.

Flowers axillary or terminal, in di- or

trichotomousIy branched cymes; peduncles terete, 1-2.5

cm long, 2-4 mm in diam., puberulous; bracts 5-6 X 2 mm,

Iinear-IanceoI ate, apex acute, margin ciliate, glabrous within, pubescent without, caducous; pedicels terete, 5-

9 mm long, 2-4 mm in diam., pubescent. Calyx five-

lobed, divided up to base, imbricate, 10-11 X 3.5-4.5 mm, ovate-1anceoI ate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, puberlous without, glandular within. Corolla funnel- shaped, 5.5-6.2 cm long, purple without, white with pinkish tinge within; corolla-tube 2-2.3 cm long, c^ 1.5 cm across, inflated, velvety, glabrous; lobes five, 3.5-

3.9 X 1.5-1.9 cm, o b - 1anceo1 ate, apex acute, velvety.

605 PLATE -:^38

I

f i. I (p in

I

e

m

o © ®

Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br

J. Photograph,

2. FloraT; Parts * a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. @ glabrous. Corona corolline, five-lobed, 1-1.2 cm long,

each dividing into two filiform segments, c^ 8 mm long,

glabrous. Stamens five, 5 mm long; filaments free,

white, arising from the base of corolla, 0.5-1 mm long,

ca 1 mm in diam.; anthers 4 X 3.5 mm, ovate,

connivent over the stigma, pollen mass granular, each

pollen-grain 43.2 X 43.2 }i^m carried by 4 X 1.5 mm,

sub-spathuI ate carrier. Gynostegium 0.8-1 cm long.

Carpels two, ovary 1.5-2.5 X 1.2-1.5 mm, oblong, free,

many ovuled; style 2.5-3.5 mm long, free, c^ 0.5 mm in

diam; stigma c^ 4 mm high, c^ 3 mm across, convex.

Follicles paired or sometimes three, 8.6-12.4 X 1.8-4

cm, triangular, tip blunt curved, 3-winged glabrous;

seeds many , 5-8 X 1.5-2.5 mm, ovate, winged, glabrous;

coma silky— white, 3-3.5 cm long.

FI. S< Fr. : Throughout the year,

lllus. ; Uight, Ic. t.832.1844-45.

Distrib. ; A native of tropical Africa^ naturalized

and growing wild. Occurs almost all

over Ind ia.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 ( N-8 ),

Ecology ; Though it is an introduced plant, it has

been cultivated in gardens as a hedgo

plant also along fencings, etc.

Economic Importance : The latex yields rubber of good

quality comparable to Hevea-rubber;

during the Second World Uar, 1939-1945,

806 extensive plantations of this plant were

cultivated in many parts of India for

the extraction of rubber. Also yields a

fibre suitable for fishing-lines. Seeds

contain a fixed oil (Santapau & Irani,

1962; Anonymous, 1986).

Spec imens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh : Alurkana, Anantapur, Pul 1aiah. 935; On

Renigunta, Thirupati Rd., Chittoor, Subramanvam. 6921;

Paranapull, Hydrabad, Sebas tine. 5992; Aklapur,

Karimnagar, Subba Rao. 25661.

DeIh i ; Solem Darbar, Delhi, B i swas. s.n.; Delhi,

G.Watt, 14958; Bot. Div. lARI, Delhi, Chatter lee, s.n.

Gujarat : Dwarka, Pharma. D29; Jakhav, Raghavan.

114947; Dumas, Toor. 25409; Bhawanagar, Gogha Cutch,

Jain. 17911; Bhavnagar, Cutch, Jain. 17944; Jamnagar,

Ansar i. 53856.

Karnataka ; GuI barga-Jewargi Rd., Gulburga, S ingh.

142902; Sindgi-Indi Rd., Bijapur, S ingh. 147050;

Lingsugur, Hungund, Raichur, Singh. 141667; Ron-Badami

Rd., Badami, Bijapur, Singh. 141596; Lingsugur, Raichur,

Singh. 132790; Zalkion, So Iapur-Bijapur Rd., S ingh.

138729; Near tank, Gulburga, S ingh. 138647; Metrlkl

Plantation, Bellary, Singh. 132936; Karwar, N. Kanara,

Ramakr ishnan. 1299; Hagari, Bellary, Sreenath &< Ramesh,

KFP 4338.

807 Kerala : Below 10 m, SBC Botanical garden,

Chenganacherry, An tay. 374.

Maharashtra ; Girvi, Satara, Deshpande. 165694;

Gondavale, Satara, Deshpande. 165831; Palodl,

Mangaralpir, Akola, Katnb I e. 152980; Ghodnadl, Bombay,

S.B.R.. 7737; Baramati, Maha1an. 25102; Purandhar,

Poona, Jain.809; Kurkumb, near Patas, Pune,

Janardhanan. 100845; Narayangaon, Junner, Hemadr1.

99579; Palthan, Satara, Raghavan. 105055; Koyananagar,

Vasavada. 5021; Retawadi, Khed taluka, Poona,

Janardhanan. 71942; Karanji ghat on way from A’nagar,

Janardhanan. 98932; Nevasa, A'nagar, Rao, 68565;

Baramanni, 10 miles east of Solapur, J anardhanan.

100822.

Madhya Pradesh : Rewa Town, Sebas tine. 9992; Bhadaiya

kund, Shivpuri National Park, S r i vas tava. 35787.

Orissa ; Puri, Abraham. 243.

Punjab ; Hoshiarpur, Misra. 211502.

Raj as than : On right side of dam Birai, Jodhpur,

Moorthy, 392; Nohar Railway St. Ganganagar, Roy. 5970;

Nohar, Ganganagar, Roy. 6447; Heraawas Dam, near Pali,

Shetty. 1991; Jha Iarapatan, Jhalawar, Uadhwa. 9493;

Forest near Banas river, Sopari village, Tonk, Shettv.

1064; Phulera, Uadhwa, 8293; Kota lake, Jalmandir,

Uadhwa, 9441; Pacha Bandha near Tonk, Tonk, Pandev.

808 4763; Near Serla, village, Pall, Pandey. 469B; Birai dam, Jodhpur, S ingh.4397; Mirdha farm, Chopasnl,

Jodhpur, Pandey. 1754; Ghana bird sanctuary, Bharatpur,

Parmar. 8700; Churu, Churu, Roy. 4020; Forest Rest house, Plpalkhunt, Banswara, Singh. 2919; Raj gadh,

Puri. 37591.

T. Nadu ; Race course side, Coimbatore, Chandrabose.

31157; Agarcoll, Coimbatore, Chand rabose. 28771; MSL

Guindy deer Park, Madras, Henry. 45595; Pattakkattai,

Thanjavur, Ramamur thy. 51202; Srlrangam, Tlruchl,

J egannathan. 30217.

Uttar Pradesh : Chalam lines, Allahabad, Prasad. 377;

CEL, Garden Allahabad, 1922.

2. C. vnadagascarlens is Boj. Hort. Maurit. 212.1837;

Santapau & Irani in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 55(3):594

(1958) 1959; Chavan & Sabnis in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc.56 :675. 1959; Santapau & Irani, Univ.Bombay Bot. Mem.

4:94,1962; Billore, FI. Thane dist. 1:597.1972

(Ph.D.Thesis ) ; Spellman in Ann. Muss. Bot. Gard.

62( 1 ): 108. 1975 ; Karthikeyan e_t aj_. In Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 21 ( 2 ) : 17 1. 198 1 ; Raghavan e_t aj_. in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 21(2) :52. 1981 ; Ugemuge, FI. Nagpur dist. 238.1986;

Chandrabose &< Nair, FI. Coimbatore 177. 1988.

Type : Madagascar, Bojer (P ? ).

809 Plate - 169

Suberect or climbing shrubs. Stem branched; branches terete; nodes swollen, pubescent; internodea terete, 2.5-4 cm long and 2-5 mm in diam., sarmentosej bark lenticelled and warty. Latex milky-white. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 6-8.5 X 3-5 cm, ovate or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate at apex, subacute or rounded at base, glabrous on both sides, lateral veins

9-12 pairs, almost at right angles to the midrib, joined in an intramarginal nerve; petioles terete, 5-7 mm long and 1.5-2 mm in diam., compressed above, glabrous, grooved on upperside.

Flowers terminal, in di-chotomousIy branched cymes; peduncles terete, 0.8-2 cm long, 1-2 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts c^ 6 x 2 mm, linear, apex acute, glabrous, caducous; pedicels terete, c^ 5 mm long, c^ 2 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, 7.5-8 X 3.5 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, puberulous without and above the middle within. Corolla campanulate, 4.5-5 cm long; corolla— tube c^ 2.2 cm long, c^ 6 mm across, glabrous, velvety; lobes five, c^ 2.3 X 1.6 cm, oblong, apex acute, connate at tips in bud condition,ve1vety, glabrous. Corona corolline, five-lobed, 5-7 X 1 mm, subulate, apex acute with Incurved tips, without bifurcation, attached at 5-7 mm above from base. Stamens five, c^ 5 mm long;

810 LATE-

a I tfi

-J 7 - t : 0 3 tP,U a .•m dap^scarjjgn.!;!.! BoJ. I i? V J i

I \o

f (n

©

Cryptostegia madagascariensis Boj.

1. Photograph,

2. Flor'al 'P^xts ^ a- Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. filaments free, 1 mm long; anthers 4 X 2 mm, sagittate, apiculate, connivent over the stigma, pollen mass granular, each poIlen-grain 36-43.2 X 36-43.2 carried by 2304-2592 X 740.8 )4,m lanceolate carrier,

Gynosteglum c^ 5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 2 X 1 mm, linear, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style c^ 1 mm

long, stigma ^ 2 mm high, c^ 1.5 mm across, dome­ shaped, apiculate.

FI. ; June-Apr. Fr. : Jan-Mar.

lllus. : Santapau & Irani In J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 55:594.1959; Spellman in Ann. Muss.

Bot. Card. 62( 1 ) : 108. 1975.

Dlstrlb. ; Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu.

Ecology ; Occasionally cultivated in gardens as hedge

pi ant.

SpecImens exami ned

Kerala : Calicut University, Melappuram, Swarupanandan.

13755 C; Govt. Victoria Coll. Garden, Palghat,

Swarupanandan. 13839; Resident Compound, Qullon,

Swarupanandan. 13655.

DECALEPIS

Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib. 64.1834; Benth. & Hook, f. Gen. PI. 2:744.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:11.1883.

811 The generic name derived from word ‘Decas’ = ten and Mepls' = a scale, referring to corona and glands alternating with filaments.

Twining shrubs. Stem glabrous. Leaves opposite, ovate, subcoriaceous. Flowers In axillary peduncled tri-chotomous cymes. Calyx five-lobed, glandular within.

Corolla rotate or campanulate, lobes valvate, villous within, recurved. Corona corolline, five-lobed, adnate to the back of the base of the filaments. Filaments free, arising from the base of corolla with alternating minute glands; anthers connivent and adnate to the stigma. Pollen mass granular, pair in each cell, carried by ovate-oblong or orbicular carrier. Stigma convex, five-angled. Follicles oblong or lanceolate, cylindrical. Seeds comose.

Type species ; D e c a 1ep i s hamiI ton 11 Ulght h Arn.

There is only one species, endemic to Peninsular

Indla.

Map - 39

D. hainlltonii Wight & Arn. in Uight, Contrib. 64.1834;

Ulght, Ic. t. 1285. 1848; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:495.1844;

Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:11.1883; Brandis, Indian

Trees 468.1906; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 259.1914;

Fischer, in Rec. Bot. Suru. India 9(1) : 115. 1921; Gamble,

FI. Pres. Madras 2:582 (5:628.1923) 1957 (Rep.Ed.)j

812

Nalthani in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8:258.1967;

Swaminathan & Razi in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal

21t2);95.1967; Vanamala Naidu In Indian Forester

93(2 ) ; 130. 1967; Vajravelu & Rahakrishnan in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 9:41.1968; Ramaswamy &< Razi, FI. Banglore

455.1973; Saldhana & Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist.

447.1976; Rao & Razi, FI. Mysore dist. 497.1981; Nayar

in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22:19.1982; Matthew, FI.

Tamil. C a m . 1:944.1983; Matthew aj_- in Jain L Rao,

Assessment Threatened PI. India 159.1983; Rao & Reddy in

Jain L Rao. Assessment Threatened PI. India 167.1983;

Sharma e^ a 1. FI. Karnataka 167. 1984; Gowda e^ a 1. in J .

Econ. Tax. Bot. 8(2) : 322. 1986; Ramachandrachary &

Ramayya in Indian J. Bot. 9 ( 2 ) : 157, 1986 ; Henry e^ aj_.

FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:90.1987; Rao Yoganar s i mhan

in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 9(1) : 196. 1987; Singh, FI. East.

Karnataka 1 :412. 1988.

Type : Wight, Cat. n. 1566.

Vern.Names : Kan. : Makali-Beru; Taa. : Mahali

K 1zhangu.

Plato - 170

Twining shrubs. Stem branched; branches terete;

nodes slightly swollen; internodes 1-20.5 cm long and

0.5-5 mm in diam., pubescent when young, glabrous at

age. Latex milky— white. Leaves opposite, decussate,

lamina 1.2-6.9 X 0.5-6.8 cm, orbicular or elliptic-

obovate, rounded or obtuse at apex, acute or rounded at

813 PLATE -170

I m

r'

I

I

ramlin c3 © (D

Decalepis hamiltonil Wight 5 Am.

o o

J. Photograph.

2. Floral I^rcB t a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. 3 ( ) 3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. base, margin entire to undulate, dilate when young,

pubescent along the nerves when young, glabrous at age,

lateral veins 6-8 pairs, opposite or alternate, arched;

petioles terete, 0.5-1.2 era long and 0.5-1 mm in diam.,

grooved on upper side, glandular hairs in the axil,

pubescent in the grooved portion becoming glabrous at

age.

Flowers axillary, in tr1-chotomous cymes;

peduncles terete, 1-2.2 cm long, c ^ 0.5 mm in diam.,

pubescent; bracts c ^ 1 X 0.5 mm, linear to ovate, apex

acute, margin cillate, pubescent without; pedicels

terete, 2-4 mm long, c_a 0.5 mm in diam., pubescent.

Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes 1-1,5 X 0.5

mm, linear or I 1 near-ob1ong, apex subacute or obtuse,

glabrous. Corolla campanulate, c^ 3 mm long; corolla-

tube ca 1 mm long; lobes five, c^ 2 X 1.1 mm, ovate,

apex acute to recurved, spreading, glabrous without,

wh1te-V1 I Ious within. Corona stamlnal, biserlate; outer

five-lobed, adnate to back of the base of filaments, ca.

0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute; inner flat, adhering

to gynostegium. Stamens five, ca 2 mm long; filaments

free, ca^ 1.5 mm long, alternating with triangular glands

ca 0.5 X 0.5 mm; anthers c^ 0.5 x 0.5 mm, ovate,

connlvent at apex over the style-apex; pollen mass

granular, c^ 64.8 X 28.8 llm carried by c^ 244.8 X 259.2

)|m, spathulate shaped po 1 1 en-car r 1 er. Gynostegium c^ 2

mra long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 1 mm, ovate to

814 orbicular, free, many ovuled; style 0.5 mm long? stigma 0.5 mm high, 1 mm across, convex, pentagonal. Follicles paired, 4.5-5 X 1.6-2 cm,

lanceolate, apex acute, glabrous; Seeds many, ca^ 6 X 3.5 mm, shortly ovate, ridged; coma silky-white, ca 2 cm

1 ong.

FI . Apr.-Sept. Fr. : April onwards

1 I I us. Wight, ic. t. 1285, 1048; Matthew, Mlus.

FI. Tamil. C a m . 2:443.1982.

Di s tr i b. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil

Nadu.

Economic Importance : Roots pickled, used as spices and

condiment, considered to be an appetizer

and depurative. Aroma and taste of the

root is due to volatile principle, roots

used as blood purifier (Agarwal, 1986;

Anonymous, 1986).

Spec imens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh : Balapalle, Cuddapah, El 1 is. 14274;

Tirumalai, Chittoor, S ubba Rao. 31916; Towards

Akasganga, Chittoor, Subba Rao. 46873; Guvakheru,

Cuddapah, Subramanyam. 6368; Srlsailam, Kurnool, Ellis.

16818; S.Srlsailam, Kurnool, Ellis. 23789; Chittoor,

F ischer. 4318; Vdiganal Reserve, Nellore, Ramaswami,

1267; Cuddapah, Beddome. Acc.293448 (CNH); Cuddapah,

G a m b 1e . 15085.

815 Karnataka ; Madhuglrl State forest, Tumkur, Singh.

141044; Hammat koil Bandipur, Mysore, Na 1 than 1. 23284;

Sonnipally, Kolar, Ramak r i shna. 1202; Kudllgi-Sand

Bellary, Sreenath & Ramesh, KFP 4275; Savandurga hills,

Banglore, Sreenath. KFP 0949.

T . Nadu : Ghat Rd., Yercaud, Salem, Mohan. 13368; Ghat

Rd. to Thandigudi, Kodaikanal, Madurai, Matthew. 41897;

Camarkkari, Coimbatore, Narayanaswamv. 18906; Kunjapani,

Nilgiri, V a 1 rave Iu.38381; YanabedhahuI 1 a, Salem,

Vaj rave 1u. 24117; Peraka1rayans, Attur, Salem, Venueopal

8t_ Manoharan. RHT 17531; Poonachi anamalan. Barber. 8454;

Coimbatore, F ischer, 1017; Kolli hills. Pa I Iapattyan,

Salem, PerumaI. RHT 23499; Katrayana, Dharmapurl,

Mat thew & Venugopa I . RHT 13974; Dharraapuri, Mat thew |<^

Venueopal. RHT 23133.

FINLAYSONlA

Wall. PI. As. Rar. 2:48, t. 162. 1831; Benth. fc Hook. f.

Gen. PI. 2:743.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India 4:7.1883.

Thegeneric name is given in honour of Dr.

Finlayson, surgeon in the E.l.C. and an ardent natural 1st.

Large climbing shrubs. Stem glabrous. Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary di- or tri-chotomous cymes. Calyx flve-lobed, rounded. Corolla rotate, lobes five, ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona

816 corolline, five scales, close to the stamens, alternating with them, filiform. Filaments arising from

the throat of corolla, free; anthers connivent on stigma. Pollen mass granular, paired in each cell, carried by spathulate carrier. Stigma flat, five­ angled. Follicles divaricate, turgid, narrowed at both ends, winged. Seeds comose.

Type species : Fin!aysonla obovata (Buch.-Ham.)

Ual I .

A genus with only one species, from 1ndo-MaIesIan region. In India it occurs in Eastern part of India.

Map - 40

F. Tnaritima (Bl. ) Backer ex Heyne,De Nutt. PI. Ned. Ind. ed. 2.2:1293.1927; Brink in BIumea 6(2):369.1950;

Raizada in Indian Forest Rec. 5(1):IB.1959; Thothathri et a I. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15:254. 1976.

Secamone mar 11 1ma Blume, Bljdr. 1050.1826.

Finlaysonia obovata (Buch.-Ham.) Uall. In PI. As. Rar.

2:48, t.182.1831; Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrlb.

65.1834; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:494.1844; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:7.1883; Prain In Rec. Bot. Surv. India

2 ( 4 ) :318.1903; Prain in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

3 ( 2 ) :238.1905; Brandis, Indian Trees 467.1906; Blatter,

et a I. FI. Indus delta 87.1929; Prain, Bengal PI.

2:508.1963 (Rep.Ed.); Banerjee & Das in Bull. Bot. Surv.

817 MAP-^0

1*1 1 1) d 1 u. J A j 1 U b . 1 1) /!) ; 1) u l; 11 u 11 lit J . I: o u 11. T a K , U a t •

3 12) ;570. 1982; Keng Husan in Card. Bull. Sing.

36 I 1 ) : 119. 1983 ; Naskar Guha Bakshi in J. Econ. Tax.

Bot. 4(3 ) : 707. 1983; Banerjee in J- Econ. Tax. Bot.

5 (4 ) : 1077. 1984^\r\*g C_l') | 5, i s 86 .

Backar & Brink, FI. Java 2:246.1965.

Gurua obovata Buch.-Ham. in Voigt. Hort. Sub. Calc. 544.

ex Uight, Contrib, 65.1834.

Type : 'In maritimis Insulae Nusae Kambangae',

Vern. Names ; Beng. : Dudhi-lata.

Plate - 171

Climbing shrubs, large. Stem stout, branched;

branches terete; internodes 2.6-5.2 cm long and 2-5 mra

in diam., glabrous; bark light-brown to brown coloured

with lenticels, shrinking. Leaves opposite, decussate,

lamina 5,4-10.3 X 2.4-4.2 cm, obowate-obIong or

obIanceo1 ate, obtuse-emarginate or acute to apiculate at

apex, acute at base, glabrous, lateral veins 5-9 pairs,

opposite or slightly ob 1 i vie, nearly parallel to each

uthur, puLlulua Luiulu, 1.5-2.3 oio lou){ ttnil l~

1.5 mm in diam., slightly grooved on upper side,

g 1abrous.

Flowers axillary, in di- or tri-chotomoua cymes;

peduncles stout, terete, c^ 1.8 cm long, 2 mra in

818 PLATE -ni

a ■' \0I

I IP

u»

I

©

Finlaysonia maritima (Bl.)

Backer ex Heyn

1. Photograph .

2. Floral ftirts a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. diam., rusty tomentose; bracts 1.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, glabrous; pedicels stout, terete, c^ 1.5 mm

long, 1 mm in diam., rusty tomentose. Calyx fiwe-

lobed, nearly connate, free at apex, c^ 1.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin ciliate, glabrous. Corolla rotate, 5.5 mm long; corolla-tube c^ 1.5 ram, white filiform hairs within; lobes five, c^ 4 X 2 mm, ovate, apex acute, bearded within, glabrous without. Corona corolline, uniseriate, five-lobed, close to the stamens, filiform, c^ 1 mm long, tip pointed. Stamens five, c^

1 mm long; adnate to the mouth of corolla, filaments free, ^ 0.4 mm long; anthers c^ 0.6 X 0.4 ram, connate at apex, pollen mass granular, yellow, c^ 158.4 X 100.8

JJ,m carried by c^ 216 X 115.2 spathulate carrier.

Gynostegium 2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style ca 0.5 mm long, distinct; stigma c^ 0.5 mm high, c^ 1 mm across, conical, pentagonal. Follicles paired, divaricate, ca 7

X 3.8 cm, ovate, apex acute, striations on the wall, opening Iongitudina1y ; seeds many c^ 2.5 X 1.2 cm, ovate-obIong, base rounded, brown with light— brown margin c^ 1.5 mm wide; coma silky-white, 1-2 cm long.

FI. : May-Oct. Fr. : May onwards.

I I 1 us. : As F . obovata by Uall. in PI. As. Rar.

2:48, t.162.1831.

Distrib. : Andaman, Nicobarj Orissa, West Bengal.

Economic Importance : Leaves eaten as Salad.

819 Spec imens eKam i ned

Andaman & N icobar ; Corbyns Cove, Littoral forest,

S.Andamans, B a 1akr ishnan. 540.

U . BengaI ; Sunderbans, N as ke r. Acc. 29336 (CNH);

Sunderibuns, Acc. 293367 (CNH); Chella, Bogl river,

Sunderbans, He t n i g & Gamm t e. s.n., Acc. 293358 (CNH);

Sunderbans, He i n i g. 38.

HEMIDESMUS

R. Br. in Mem. Uern, See. 1:56.1809, printed in 1811;

Benth. S< Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:740.1876; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:4.1883.

The generic name is derived from words 'Hemisus* = half and ‘demos' = atie, referring to the free f i1 aments.

Twining, perennial shrubs with a woody rootstock.

Stem puberulous or glabrescent. Leaves opposite, variable in shape. Flowers in small, sessile or subsessile, axillary cymes. Calyx five-lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla rotate, lobes valvate, glabrous. Corona corolline, five fleshy lobes, inserted at the mouth of coroI 1 a-tube. Filaments free; anthers connivent over stigma. Pollen mass granular, usually cohering In masses in pairs in each cell, carried by obconlcal carriers. Stigma flat, five-angle. Follicles terete, slender, smooth. Seeds coraose.

820 Type species : Hemldestnus 1 nd 1 cus (L. ) Alt.

A monotyplc genus, distributed in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In India it is represented by one species and one variety.

Map - 41

Key to the varieties

1. Branch 1ets, I eaves beneath and inflorescence glabrous.

. . . i nd i cus var . 1 nd icus

1. Branchlets, leaves beneath and inflorescence

pubescen t.

... tL- i nd icu3 var. pubescens

1. H. indicus (L.) U. T. Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2,

2:75.1811; Nicolson e_^ aj_. Interpretation Van Rheede’s

Hortus Malabaricus 62.1988.

Periploca ind ica L. Sp. PI. 211.1753; Uilld. Sp. PI.

3 :2251. 1803.

Hem i desmus indicus (L. ) R. Br. in Mem. Uern. Soc.

1:57.1809, printed In 1811; Uight, Contrlb. 63.1834 et lo. t.894.1842; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 122.1839; Decne. in

DC. Prodr. 8:494.1844; Uall. Cat. 8243.1847; Dalz. k

Glba. Bomb. FI. 147.1861; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:5.1883; Nairne, FI. PI. Uest. India 183.1894; Uoodrow

In Rec. Bot. Surv. India 1(4) :57. 1894; Dalgade, FI. Goa t, Sawantwadi 120.1898; Uood L Surgeon in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 2( 1 ) ; 117. 1902 ; Praln In Rec. Bot. Surv. India

821 I'l I " 2 ( 4 ) ;318.1903; Prain in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

3 ( 2 ) ;230.1905; Brandis, Indian Trees 468.1906; Talbot,

Forest FI. Bombay &> Sind. 2:232.1911; Rao, FI. FI.

Travancore 258.1914; Fischer in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

9(1) :115. 1921 ; Saxton in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

9(3) :225. 1922; Blatter e_t. a_L. FI. Indus delta 87.1929;

Blatter St McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

36(3) :524. 1933; Khan, Forest FI. Hydrabad State

239.1953; Santapau L Raizada in Indian Forester

80(7 ) ; 387. 1954 ; Santapau, Contrib. Bot. Dangs Forest

58.1955; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:580 (5:825.1923),

1957 (Rep.Ed.); Santapau^ Fl.Purandhar 78.1958;

Sebastine in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 1:94.1959;

Shankar narayan 8< Gupta in Indian Forester

85(6> :541. 1959; Srivastava in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

38(2) : 192. 1959; Duthie, FI. Upp. Gang. PI. 1:495

(2:45.1911). 1960 (Rep.Ed.); Maheshwari in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 2:354.1960; Rao &< Narayanswamy in J. Indian

Bot. Soc. 39(2) : 230. 1960 ; Santapau, FI. Khandala

134.1960; Sebastine e_^ in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

2:280.1960; Haines, Bot. Bihar Drissa 2:575

(4:548.1922). 1961 (Rep.Ed.); Srinivasan S< Subba Rao in

J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 58:408.1961; Deb in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 3:309.1962; Kapoor in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 59:886.1962; Maheshwari in Indian Forester

88(2) : 125. 1962; Shah in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

4:236.1962; Arora in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 42 (1):52.1963;

Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5:357.1963; Maheshwari

822 in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5:132.1963; Prain, Bengal

Plants 2:508. 1963 (Rep.Ed.); Rao e^ §_!_• in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 5:314.1963; Arora in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

34{2) ; 108. 1964; Bhattacharya in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

6:203.1964; Jain In Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

34(3) :329.1964; Kapoor in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

61(2) :364.1964; Nayar in J . Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

61(2) :657.1964; Pan i g rah i et a 1. in Bull. Bot. Surv.

I nd ia 6 :252. 1964; Rao & Sastry in Bui I . Bot. Surv.

I nd ia 6:279.1964; Rao in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

61(2) :315.1964; Panigrahi Verma in P roc. Nat. Acad.

Sci . 35 : 101. 1965 ; Datta & Majuradar in Bui 1 . Botan. Soc.

Bengal 20(2 ) : 99. 1 966 ; Janardhanan, FI. Bhimashankar

721.1966; Subramanian in Indian Forester 92( 1 ) :45. 1966;

Vartak, FI. Gomantak 71.1966; Balapure in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 8:193.1967; Cooke, FI. Pres. Bombay 2:210

(2:146.1905). 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Malick in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 8:54.1967; Naithani in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

8:258,1967; Panigrahi It Joseph in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

8:9.1967; Santapau & Janardhanan, FI. Saurashtra

Checklist 32.1967; Subramanyam &< Henry in Indian

Forester 93 ( 7 ) : 5 13. 1967 ; Swaminathan tt Raz i in Bull.

Botan. Soc. Bengal 2 1 (2) : 95. 1 967 ; Vanaraala Naidu L Rao

in Indian Forester 93(2) :130. 1967; Ellis et a 1. in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 9:10.1968; Panigrahi S< Saran in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 9:256.1968; Patel, Forest FI. Melghat

221.1968; Sebastine &< V i v e kanan than in Bull. Bot. Surv.

023 India 9:176.1968; Tiwarl in Indian Forester

94(7 ) :577. 1968; Chohan k Shah in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 66(2) : 407. 1969; Rau, FI. Upp. Gang. PI. Checklist

49.1969; Santapau & Shah in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

66 {3) : 436. 1969; Inamdar St Patel in Indian Forester

97(6) ;328. 197 I ; Bhatt a 1. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

11:316. (1971) 1972; Billore, FI. Thane dist.

1:596.1972; Billore & Hemadri in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

11:342. (1971) 1972; Cherian & Pataskar in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 11:390. (1971) 1972; Matthew in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 12:86.1972; Mitra in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 69(11:22.1972; Panigrahi e^ a 1. in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 11:101. (1971) 1972; Saxena in Bull. Bot.Surv.

India 12:52.1972; Saxena It Shukla in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 12:195.1972; Shah L Deshpande in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 11:282. (1971)- 1972; Solanky e^ a I. in Indian

Forester 98 ( 1 ) ; 6 1. 1972 ; Thaker e_t aj_. in Bull. Bot.

Surv.India 12:121.1972; Venkata Reddi in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 11:253. (1971) 1972; Majumdar in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 13: 146.1973; Malhotra & Moorthy in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 13:306.1973; Ramaswamy &t Raz i, FI.

Bangalore 463.1973; Sanyal in Indian Forester

99(3) :156. 1973; Shah & Yogi in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

71(1):61.1974; Matthew in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

72(2) :343. 1975; Saldhana L Nicolson, FI. Hassan dist.

448.1976; Sastry Rao in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

15:100.1976; Srivastava, FI. Gorakhapurensis 198.1976;

Oomachan, FI. Bhopal 242.1977; Shah, FI. Gujarat State

824 1:434.1978; Suri in Indian Forester 104(3) : 196. 1970;

Bennet, FI. Howrah 289. 1979; Gupta in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 74:670.1979; Naik, FI. Osmanabad 201.1979;

Paria & Sahoo in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal 33:125.1979;

Suryanarayanan in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

76(2) :252. 1979 ; Malhotra & Rao in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

2:122.1980; Saxena ^ in Indian J. Forestry

3(31:210.1980; Arora e_t aj_. Bot South Kanara dlst.

41.1981; Henry L Swaminathan in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 78(2) :295. 1981; Malhotra & Rao in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 78 { 3 ) : 481. 198 1 ; liayurnathan, FI. Madras city

177. (1929) 1981 (Rep.Ed.); Paul in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 78 ( 1 ) : 28. 1981 ; Raghavan e^ aj_. in Rec. Bot. Surw.

India 21(2) :52. 1981; Rao & Razi, FI. Mysore dist.

497,1981; Varma, FI. Bhagalpur 241.1981; Yoganarsimhan et a 1 . FI. Chikmagalur 216. 1981; Chaudhary h. Patnaik in

J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3(3) :807. 1982; Das S» Ghosh in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 3(2) :571. 1982; Jain e^ aj_. in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 3( 1 ): 164. 1982 ; Malhotra &< Rao in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 22:7.1982; Manilal & Sivarajan, FI.

Calicut 171.1982; Deb, FI. Tripura State 2:27.1983;

Matthew, FI. Tamil. C a m . 1:947:1983; Matthew ^ a 1 . in

Jain it Rao, Assessment Threatened PI. India 159.1983;

Singh, FI. Banswara 148.1983; Vartak in Jain Rao,

Assessment Threatened PI. India 175.1983; Banerjee in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 5 ( 4 ) : 1077 . 1984 ; Bole &< Almeida in J.

Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 61 ( 2 ) : 37 1. 1984 ; Dixit e_t aj_. in

825 J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5(1):92.1984; Guha Bakshi, FI.

Murshidabad 198.1984; Mukherjee, FI. Panchmarl it Borl

185.1984; Sharma aj_. FI. Karnataka 170.1984; Shah &

Badrlnath in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(1):130.1985; Verma a t . FI. Raipur, Durg S< Rajnandgaon 225.1985; Vyas e_t a I .

in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 6(2) :305. 1985; Gowda et a I . in J.

Econ. Tax. Bot. 8(2) ;322. 1986; Lakshminarsh1mhan, FI.

Naslk dist. 1:265.1986 (Ph .D .Thesis); Rao, FI. Goa, Dlu,

Daman, Dadra L Nagarhaveli 2:267.1986; Ugemuge, FI.

Nagpur dist. 238.1986; Deshpande, FI. Satara dist.

1:506.1987 ( Ph. D. Thes i s ) ; Henry e^ aj_. FI. Tamil Nadu

Analysis 2:91.1987; Mahabale, Bot. FI. Maharashtra

319.1987; Shah & Singh in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

9(2) :498. 1987; Dhore & Joshi, FI. Melghat 120.1988;

Kamble &< Pradhan, FI. Akola dist. 134.1988; Karthikeyan,

FI. Yavatmal dist. 234.1988 (Ph.D.Thesis); Koshy & Shah in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10( 1 ) ; 104. 1988; Kulkarni, FI.

Sindhudurg 265.1988; Ramachandran & Nair, FI. Cannanore

284.1988; Singh, FI. East. Karnataka 1:422.1988;

Vajravelu in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 11(2) :270. 1988;

Vajravelu e_t aj_. in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10 ( 2 ) : 281. 1988;

Diwakar, FI. Buldhana dist. 214.1989 (Ph.D. Thesis);

Panigrahi & Murti, FI. Bilaspur dist. (M.P.) 359.1989;

Kothari & Moorthy, FI. Raigad dist. 1:361.1989; Islam in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 14(1) :27. 1990; Patil in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 14(3) :656. 1990.

Alston, Kandy FI. 48.1938; Rechinger, FI. Iranica

L.C.No.73/30. 1 :5. 1970; Ali, FI. Pakistan 150.57.1983.

826 HemIdesmus i nd 1cu s (L. ) Schult. In Roem. Schult. Syst.

Veg. 6:126.1620; Santapau in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

3 ( 1 ) : 18. 1962; Santapau Si Irani, Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem.

4 ;96.1962.

Type Habitat in zeylona.

Vern. Names Bang.: Anantamul; Guj. ; Sariva,

Upa 1 asari,duriVe1 ; Hindi ; Anantamul,

Kapuri, hindi-salsa, Magrabu; Kan. ;

Karibandha, Sogade; Mai. ; Naruninti;

Mar. ; Anantamul, Upalasari; Oriya :

Onontomuloj Sans. : Anantamula,

Sariva, nagajihva, gopakanya; Ta«. ;

Nannari; Tal. ; Sugandh1-pa 1 a,

gadisugandhi, muttavapwagamu.

Plate - 172

Climbing shrubs, woody. Stem twining, branched; branches terete; nodes thickened ca 6 mm wide; internodes 0.7-13.8 cm long and 0.5-5 mm in diam., lenticelled, pubescent when young. Latex milky-white.

Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina variable in size and shape, 1.4-16.7 X 0.2-5.5 cm, linear, 1 1 near- 1 anceo 1 ate, lanceolate, elliptic-oblong or obovate-ob1ong, acute to

3 ub-acumInate at apex, attenuate at base, dilate along margin, glabrous, lateral veins 4— 15 pairs, opposite or alternate, joining at margins; petioles terete, 2.5-

8 mm long and 1.5-2 mm in diam., grooved on upper side,

827 PLATE -IVS

inI I IP I «o cl

inI cJ Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. t

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Aiton rv) O O

1. Photograph,

2. h'loral IV rtS : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains.

@ at the base brown, glandular hairs present on inner

side, pubescent.

Flowers axillary, in sub-sessile cymes; peduncles

very short, obscure; bracts numerous, c^ 1.5 X 1 mm,

lanceolate, apex acute, margin ciliate, pubescent

without, glandular within; pedicels terete, c^ 2 mm

long, c^ 1 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed,

divided up to base, lobes 1.5-2 X 1-1.5 mm, ovate to

lanceolate, apex acute, margin ciliolate, pubescent

without, glandular within. Corolla campanulate, c^ 5 mm

long; corolla-tube c^ 1.5 mm long; lobes five, c^ 3.5 X

2.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, thick, glabrous. Corona

corolline, uniseriate, five processes, adnate to

corolla-tube, alternating with lobes, c^ 1.5 X 0.5 ram,

swollen at apical portion. Stamens five, c^ 2.5 mm

long; filaments free, arising from base to corolla-tube,

ca 2 mm long; anthers c_a 0.5 mm long, connate at tips,

resting on stigma, membranous, pollen mass granular,

yellow, c^ 201.6 X 129.6 carried by c^ 431 X 417.6 jUm campanulate carrier. Gynostegiura c^ 2.5 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, many ovuled,

glabrous; style c^ 0.5 mm long; stigma c^ 1 mm high, ca^

1.5 mm across, disc-shaped, flat, pentagonal. Follicles

paired, divaricate, 8.2-20.1 X 0.5-1 cm, linear-

lanceolate, tapering to a point at apex; seeds many, 6-

7.5 X 1-2 mm, eI 1 iptic-ob1ong, acute at base, dark-brown

to black, ventrally ridged; coma silky-white, 2-2.5 cm

I ong.

820 FI. : Almost throughout Fr. : Feb.onwards.

the year.

nius. : Uight, Ic. t.594. 1842.

Distrib. ; Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat,

Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagarhaveli, Orissa,

Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar

Pradesh, West Bengal.

Chr. No. : 2n = 22 ( Sreedevi 2307 ).

Economic Importance : The dried roots constitute the

drug Hemidesmus or Anantmul which has long

been in use as a demulcent, diaphoretic,

diuretic and alternative prescribed in

rheumatism, gravel and other urinary

diseases and skin diseases, as blood

purifier in leucorrhoea (Anonymous, 1986).

Spec i mens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh : 3 km East of Sirisailam, Vander Maesen.

3269; Foot of the Yerrakuunda hill, Nellore, Raraaswamt.

1206; Balapur, Cuddapah, El 1 is. 15779; Sanakuj,

Cuddapah, Gamb1e. 10797; Godavari, GambIe. 16061|

Ginjugadem, Godavari, Narayanaswam i. 439; Rampa,

Narayanaswami» 60; Salur, Jeypore, Srikakulara,

Balakrishnan, 1077; Kothuru, Visakhapatam, Ba1akrishnan,

881; P u c h ikumpadu, Polavaram, Raj u, 259; Narsapur,

Medak, ^^ebastlne. 6817; On way to Kamativari, Chittoor,

829 Subba Rao. 46805; On way to Brahmynada, Chittoor, Subba

Rao. 46928; Dhartnapuri R.F., Anantpur, Yesoda, 1009;

Jidikuppa, Godavari, Barber. 5344; Srungavarapukota,

Visakapatnam, Subba Rao, 21801; On way to

Javapuramkonda, Visakapatnan, Subba Rao. 42514.

Assam : Dharmpur, Kaldam Santal village, Pan 1g rah 1.

11801.

Bihar : Chota Nagpur, Clarke. 20635; Manbhum, Campbe11.

46, Acc. 293134 (CNH); Palomad, Chota Nagpur, Ga m b 1e.

8896; Gaddrastremat, Abhimny, Ranchi, ha 1 i ck. 9786.

Karnataka ; Yellapur, Dharwar, Pat i1. 2915; Manchaldore

S.F., Gulti, Tumkur, S 1 ngh. 143240; Changlare R.F.,

Humanabad, Bidar, Singh. 142838; Tiptur-Gubbi Rd .,

Gubbi, Singh. 142010; H u 1iyardurga, Tumkur, Singh.

140909; Agumbe, Balachalli forest, Mysore, Raghavan.

67977; Hamagaregudda, ThirthahaI I i, Raghavan. 82764;

Kalgundi west of sampany, S.Kanara, Rao. 74837; Maukul

Reserve, Coorg, A rora. 55502; Kalhalla, Coorg, Arora.

46237; Coorg, U adhwa. 48856; Sutagulti, Belgaum, Arora.

35284; Hassan, Uadhwa. 44697; Caster rock, N. Kanara,

Jain. 29178; Sirsi, Kalgarkan, N. Kanara, Jain. 29067;

Balloop forest, Sieldapur, N. Kanara, Jain. 18399;

Mattlkar, N. Kanara, Maha.jan, 1279; Jog falls, N.

Kanara, Puri. 2093; Manglore, S.Kanara, Purl, 57320;

Tirthahalli, Shimoga, Raghavan, 82818; Itti^_^Kaldurga,

Kolar, Singh, 134589; Tirtharampura, Tumkur, S i ngh.

830 141151; Banneraghatta, Banglore, Ramak r1shna. 1255; near

sambra, Bel gaum, 5 a 1dhana & Prakash, KFP 3551; Annekadur

R. I. Coorg, Baner iee. 11692; Mysore, Meebo1d. 8211.

Kerala ; Parambiku1 am, SubamergisbIe,Trlchur,

Sebas tine. 15044; Milamoode, Trivandrum, hohanan. 52613;

Tolpetty forest, Cannanore, Ramachandran. 52224}

Kottiyoor, Cannanore, Ramachand ran. 58685; Vettoor,

Konni R.F. Quilon, Chandrabose. 49136; Kara, Travancore,

Ca 1 der St. Ramaswami. 45; Naduvatumur i , Travnacore, Cal der

& Ramaswami. 101; 100 m, Cannanore, Ansar i. 70038;

Poo Iakkopari, Nedunguyam, Malappuram, El 1 is. 33565;

Chedalcth, Calicut, Ellis. 20480; Velara, Kottayam,

Sebastine,25354; 825 m, Painam, Idukki, V Ivekananthan &

RaJjj, 71108; 0 k ka r a i - The k kady, Idukki, Sharma. 42096;

Kottur R.F.T r 1vandrurn, Joseph. 44020; Ponmudi,

Trivandrum, Mohanan. 69203; Vazhachal to Shollalyar,

Trlchur, Ramamur thy. 74765; Thunakka dam, Trlchur,

Sebas tine. 22337; Chikala chala, Kudi range, Trlchur,

Sebas tine. 26695; Vellathode, Palghat, Swarupanandan.

13810; Muthukuvassii, Maoonavghat, Palghat,

Swarupanandan, 13814 A; KanJarumpasubmergib1e area,

Palghat, Sabes tine. 21087; Chindaki forest, Palghat,

V a 1 rave 1u . 26028; Pathanthode, Palghat, V a 1 rave 1u

33162; Pothundy L Kaikatty, Palghat, V a 1raveIu. 44707;

Anamooly, Palghat, Ansar i. 51482; Pampady, Kottayam,

Antony. 863.

Hadhya P rades h : Towa river bank, Hoshangabad, J oseph.

031 11134; Rodtl, Ratlam, Indore, Arora. 5686; Pachmarhl,

Hashar igabad, Narayanswam i. 3227; Betwar, Kampe 8<

Kaikal, Jain. 5127; Karaba, Bilaspur, Pan i grab 1 & Arora,

8730.

Maharash t ra : Thana khasdl, Dahigaon, Jain. 12943;

Taroba, Chandrapur, Wadhwa, 129260; layedhi hill, Khed,

Poona, J anardhanan, 70136; Panvat, Khed, Poonai

Janardhanan, 76182; Harami hill, near Bhovargiri, Khed,

Poona, Janardhanan, 69156; Ralegaon hill, Junnar,Poona,

H emad r i, 107264; Shivneri, Junnar, Poona, Ansar 1. 83788;

Panshet forest, Poona, Uadhwa. 128330; Ratnagiri hill,

Rao. 87301; Gondwakadi forest, Yelabara, Kar th i keyan.

149121; Karanji, Yeotmal, Kar th i keyan. 149176; Bhiwkund

R.F., Yeotmal, Karthikeyan, 156599; Ranipur, along

Stream area, Dhulia, Rao. 92572; Laling, Dhulia,

Patas kar. 117653; Karanyachi Rd., Bhedshi, Ratnagiri,

K u 1kar n i. 119482; Achra Rd., Kankali, Ratnagiri,

K u 1karn i. 121766; Mahan, Akola, Kamb1e. 149437; Patur,

near Akola, Kamb 1e. 150026; Shelubudruk, Akola, Ka mb 1e.

150235; Karnjal, Nasik, NarsImhan. 166152; Hedpoda,

Hasul, Nars 1mhan. 166002; Igatpurl, Dargaon, Nasik,

Nars imhan. 163928; Gadoli, Satara, Deshpande. 166556;

Khambit, Chorgheghat, Satara, Deshpande. 162504; Apisor

hill, Harlpur, Khandala, Jain. 20251; forest reserve

garden, Thana, B i1 lore, 111795; Asheri fort, Manoor,

Thana, B 1 I lore. 113312; Maluste forest Ambavane, Redd 1.

93251; Kotambighat, Nasik, Cher ian. 111375; hahalgaon

832 forest tank, Chandrapur, Uadhwa. 130391; KhadakvasaI a,

Raghavan.64272; Sakharshet forest, Thana, Bit lore.

111702; Panchnai, Plateau, Harichandragarh, Ahmednager,

Bit lore. 115712; Radhanagri, Kolhapur, Purl. 20005;

Kumbhala, Nasik, Che r i an . 111571.

Orissa : Sambodala, Kalahandi, Mukher iee. 4378;

Ghatgaon, Pan i g rah i. 8408; Khandijhoram, Pan 1 grab i.

20909; Jatadharmuhan, Pan i g rah i. 23890; Laxmipur, R a 1u.

2296; Puri, Abraham. 230; Babrmandi coast, Rao. 5644;

Rocky hills, Gopalpur, P ra1n. Acc.293160 (CNH); Bhola

forest, Puri, Haines. 4869.

Ra i as than ; Bijliya Bhalak, Jhalawar, Uaadhwa & Verma,

5322; Aklera, Jhalam, Uadhwa & Verma, 7639; Aklera,

Jhalawar, Uadhwa. 1939; Khaiba culture, Dungarpur,

Kanodla, 82152; On way to Hudiani, Banswara, Kanodla.

75473; Tuna Mahal hill slopes, Banswara, Kanodla. 75239.

T . Nadu : PachaimaI ais, Thuraiyur, Tiruchi, D 1rav i am &

Xavier. 20704; Sothupparai-Agama1 ai bridle, Periakulam,

Madurai, Matthew. U s ha L Ra jendran. 43199; Sathanur

forest, Chengam Rd., N. Arcot, V a 1 rave Iu. 52064; On way

to Kambukudi, N. Arcot, Subramanyam. 6490; Tippukadu

R.F., N.Arcot, Ramamur thy. 17634;Nelpali, S.Arcot,

Barbe r. 1105; S.Arcot, Ra i u. 77320; Gingee

R.F.Sebastine. 12188; Pakamalai R.F., S.Arcot,

Ramamur thy. 60339; Chingleput, GambIe, 13527;

Vedanthangal, Santuary Bund, Chingleput, Henry. 47005;

833 Morappur R.F., Dharmapuri, Va 1 rave 1u. 51873;

Agatheeswaram, Cape Camorln, Swami nathan, 70322;

Balamore, Kanyakumari, Henry. 47505; VannathI para I,

Madurai, Subramanyam. 9409; Uay to Kodaikanal, Madurai,

Chand rabose. 51703; Near Cholady river, Nilgiri,

V a 1 rave 1u. 43122; Narthamalai, Pudukottai, AruIappan.

364; Manjoor, Ramanathapuram, Balasurbramaniam. 2340;

Samythoppu, Mandapam, Ramanathapuram, Na1r. 53101;

Pullahalli, Salem, Gam b1e. 9885; Nagur to Magapatam,

Thanjavur, Ramamur thy. 53623; Thattarmadam, Tinnevelly,

Sebas 11ne. 13718; Kalakkdu, Tinnevelly, J oseph. 15165;

Periakalrayane, way to Anaivari, Attur, Salem, VenugopaI

& Manoharan. RHT 17622; Siruppakam, Salem, Mat thew &

Peruma1. RHT 20126; Comukhidam, KaI 1akurichi, S. Arcot,

Mat thew & Peruma1. RHT 20238; Sobanapuram, Thuraiyar,

Tiruchi, Mat thew. Man i ckam & Manoha. RHT 19338; Anchetty

village, Dharmapuri, Matthew &<_ Venugopa 1 . RHT 16857;

KanaIampaI aiyara, Coimbatore, F ischer. 968; Maruthamalai,

Coimbatore, Sebas tine. 728; Norther hump of the island,

Rameshwaram, Rao. 605; Irakam island pulicate lake, sastry. 7817; Sathanur forest, Chengam, V a 1 rave 1u.

52064; Upper camp Peeriyar, Madurai, Vivekananthan,

48676.

Uttar Pradesh ; Katra R.F., Panigraht. 3090; Abdullayuj,

Mirzapur, Pan i g rah i , 6393; Tauda fall, Panigrahl., 12263}

Hara Rest House, Mirzapur, Pan 1 g rah i_, 9611.

834 U . Bengal : Baura, Midnapur, ha 1 I. 7743; Gopalpur

forest, Purulia, Malick. 431; Kankraghore-Mamyadi

forest, Midnapur, Sengupta. 549; Matha, Purulia, ha 1ick.

109; Jejgeni, Burdwan, Put ta. 165; Parbhatpur, Gar,

Bengal &< Baner.lee, 357; Calcutta, Prain. s.n. ; Bankura

(Katiam hills), Sengupta, 2090; Bengal & Borders,

Narayanswarn 1. 3128; hldnapur coast, Digha, Rao. E 4078.

2. H. indicus var. pubescens (Wight & A r n . ) Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:5.1883; Gamble, FI. Pres. hadras 2:580

(5 :825.1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Haines, Bot. Bihar

Orissa 2:575 (4:548.1922). 1961 (Rep.Ed.); Prain,

Bengal PI. 2:508.1963 (Rep.Ed.); Bhattacharya in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 6:203.1964; Rao in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 61 (2) :315. 1964; Rao S< Kumari in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 9:105.1968; Naik, FI. Osmanabad 201,1979;

Matthew, FI. Tamil. Cam. 1:948.1983; Ramachandran e t a I . in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5 ( 1 ) : 139. 1984 ; Henry e_t^ a I .

FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:91.1987; Ramachandran & Nair,

FI. Cannanore 284.1988.

H. pubescens Uight & Arn. in Uight, Contrib. 63.1834;

Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:495.1844; Wall. Cat. 8244.1847;

Wight, Ic. t.1320.1848.

Type ; WaI 1.Asc1ep.n, 105 Apud Vendalore.

Vern. Names : Tam. : Nannari, Suganthi paala.

835 Photoplate - 13

Climbing shrubs, woody. Stem twining, branched;

branches teret; nodes swollen; Internodes 2.5-8.5 cm

long and 0.5-2 mm in diam., densely pubescent. Latex

milky-white. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.7-6.9

X 0.6-4.1 cm, elliptic to broadly oblong, rarely

obovate, acute to apiculate at apeK, rounded at base,

pubescent above, v e 1vety-tomentose beneath, lateral

veins 5-7 pairs, opposite or alternate, arched; petioles

terete, 1.5-5 mm long and 0.5-1 mm in diam., slightly

grooved on upper side, densely pubescent.

Flowers axillary, in sub-sessile cymes; peduncles

very short, obscure; bracts c^ 2 X 0.5 mm, linear, apex acute, pubescent without, pedicels terete, slender, c^

1.5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam., pubescent. Calyx five-

lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 1.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex shortly acuminate, base rounded, margin ciliate,

villous without, glandular within. Corolla campanulate,

ca 4 mm long; corolla-tube short, c^ 1 mm long; lobes

five, ca 3 X 2 mm, ovate or obovate, apex acute, glabrous. Corona corolline, uniseriate, five tubercle-

like processes, adnate to corolla-tube, alternating with lobes, c^ 1.5 mm long, swollen at apical portion.

Stamens five, 1.5 mm long; filaments free, arising from base to corolla-tube, c^ 1 mm long; anthers c^ 0.5

mm long, connate at tips, resting on stigma, pollen mass

836 granular, yellow, 158.4 X 100.8 |4m carried by 432

X 367.2 j4,m campanulate carrier. Gynosteglum 2.5 mra

long. Carpels two, ovary 1 X 0.5 mm, conical, free, many ovuled; style 1 mm long; stigma 0.5 mm high, ca 1 mm across, flat, conical, pentagonal. Follicles paired, divaricate, 11-15.5 X 0.5-1 cm, linear, tapering to a point at apex, with blunt tips, pubescent; seeds many, c^ 7 X 2 mm, Iinear-obIong, dark-brown, ventrally ridged; coma silky-white, 3.5-4 cm long.

FI. ; Aug.— Sept. Fr. ; Oct.— Dec.

lllus. : Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamil. C a m .

2 ;446. 1982.

Distrib. : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil

Nadu, Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal.

Spec imens exam i ned

Andhra Pradesh : Aklaspur, Karimnagar, Subba Rao. 25609;

Kothuru, Visagapatnam, B a 1ak r i shnan. 881; Jaddangi R.F.,

E.Godavari, Subba Rao. 68652; Dighvametta, Nallamalai,

Kurnool, Ellis. 32480; Mahanandi, Kurnool, Ellis. 42320; way to diguvametta, Kurnool, Ellis. 22194; Gazulapalli,

Kurnool, GambIe. 15000; Kodlmalal, Karimangar, Subba

Rao. 21887; Shikar line , Chittoor, Subba Rao. 45987;

Beliguppa, Anantpur, Yesoda.565; DuggirIapadu, Kirshna,

Venkanna. 5964.

837 Karnataka ; Halbhavi, Ra^hur, S 1 ngh. 1A3010; Itti-

Kaldurga, Bagepalli, Kolar, Singh. 134590; Pampa

sarovar, Ralchur, S t ngh. 132832; Chlncholl R.F.,

Gulburga, Singh. 138608; Bandlpur area, Mysore,

Nalthan 1. 21143; Mysore, Ramak r i shna. 1207; B.R.hills,

Mysore, Ramesh 8^ Manohar. KFP 3 8 2 8 .

Kerala : Tolpetty, Cannanore, Ramchandran. 54197.

Madhya Pradesh : Ajaygarh hills side, Panna, Ram 1 a 1.

31034; Mahandra-Panna Rd., Panna, Ram I a 1. 31349; Pech river, Senoi, Banerlee. 22241; Chirai, Dongri, Mandla,

La I & A * K umar. 33365; Bhaisan Ghat, Balaghat, La I &

A * Kumar. 33272; Dargaon-Hirapur, Chhatarpur, Baskar

Put t. 33711; Deodhara, Raipur, Verma. 25752; Amritdhara,

Ambikapur, Sen Gupta, 20639; Jandoari ghat, Hardo, Sen

Gupta. 20588; Rengabeda fall, Abujhmarh, Bastar, Roy &

Dixit. 42116; Lohara, Environs, Durg, Pant. 29319;

Balod-Kusumkaja, Durg, Pant. 29191; Baghnadi to

Chichola, Rajnandgaon, Pant. 25488; Baghnadi,

Rajnandgaon, Pant. 21680; Kesla, Betal, Pan 1g rah i. 6411;

Jalgaon, Balaght, Na i r. 18473; Baihar forest, Balaghat,

Na i r. 18215; Karba, Bilaspur, Mur t i. 19448; Khawasa,

Banerlee. 22469; Narmada river bank. Bane r1ee. 2 2 0 8 .

haharasthra ; Khedsingi Taroba Rd., Chandrapur, Wadhwa.

130034; Nagpur Chanda Rd., Nagpur, Rao. 91268.

838 T. Nadu : Nilgirls, Lawson. Acc. 32142 (MH); Kunjapani

slopes, Nilgiri, Va i rave 1u. 36764; Marudhadi Beat,

Ramnad, V a 1 rave 1u. 24701; Kanam, Tinnevel Iv.Sebastlne.

13648; VasudevanaI 1ur, Tirunelveli, V a 1 rave Iu. 39440;

Shevaroyas ghat road, Yercaud, Salem, hat thew. VenugopaI

& JayaseeI an. RHT 18731; Nagur to Nagappatam,

Coimbatore, Ramamur thy. 53623; Thirthagiri malai, Attus,

Salem, J ayaseeIan. 21987.

Uttar Pradesh : Phareuda Res. forest, Gorakhpur, Arora.

1423; Aama Nailah forest, Narsinghpur, Pant. 26935;

Ganeshnagar environ, Narsinghpur, Pant. 26968; Katra

R.F., Pan i g rah i. 3090.

JANAKI A

Joseph & Chandrasekaran in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

5 7 :308.1978.

The generic name is dedicated to Dr. E.K.Janaki

Ammal for her valuable contribution to Botany.

Perennial undershrubs with milky latex. Roots

moniliform, tuberous. Leaves opposite, long petioled,

lamina broadly lanceolate to ovate, lateral nerves

parallel, arching below the margin and united to form

sub-marginal vein. Flowers axillary or slightly inter

petiolar cymes. Calyx five-lobed, glandular within at

the base. Corolla campanulate; tube shorter than the

lobes. Filaments free; anthers elongate, conlvent over

839 the stigma. Pollen mass granular, tetrads carried by

discoid carrier. Stigma convex, five-angled. Follicles

divaricate, cylindrical. Seeds comose.

Type species : Janak ia araya1pathra Joseph L Chandr.

A monotypic genus, endemic to Southern India.

Map - 42

J. arayalpathra Joseph S< Chandrasekaran in J. Indian

Bot. Soc. 57:308.1978; Nayar in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

22:20.1982; Karthikeyan & Sharma in J. Bombay nat. Hist.

Soc. 00(1) : 70. 1903; Ghosh in Bull. Botan. Soc. Bengal

39:43.1985; Nair in Indian J. Forestry 9(3) ;208. 1986;

Henry e_t a 1 . FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:91.1987.

Type : India : Kerala; Trivandrum dist.; Kursumalai c^

87 m, near Bonaccord Estate, Joseph. 46503 A

(CAL ! ).

Plate - 173

Erect herbs or undershrubs, 3-4 feet tall. Stem

branched; branches slender, terete; nodes slightly

swollen; internodes 0.4-2.7 cm long and 1-4 mm in diam.,

glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 5.2-9.5 X

2.2-4.5 cm, broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute at base, wavy along margin,

glabrous, lateral veins 10-18 pairs, closely

parallel arching at tip to unite and forming

840 MAP-42 PLATE -1V3

1 Ul^

\ i y vii/ \

£ e

©

■r< .'*1 Janakia arayalpathra Joseph 6

C h a n d r .

o o oJ

1. Photography

2. Floral Pgrcfl * Calyx; b. Corolla; @ c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. 1ntramarg1n a 1 vein; petioles long, terete, 1.8-4.8 cm

long and 0.5-1 mm in diam., glabrous.

Flowers axillary or inter-petioIar, in umbellate

cymes; peduncles simple or rarely branching, terete, 3-

3.8 cm long, 1 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts 1-3 X

0.5-1 mm, I inear-1anceo1 ate or lanceolate, apex acute,

glabrous; pedicels terete, 6-10 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in

diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base,

lobes ca 1.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin uneven

apicaly sparsely ciliolate, glabrous, glandular within.

Corolla sub-campanuI ate, c^ 3 mm long; corolla-tube

short, c^ 0.5 mm long; lobes five, c^ 2.5 X 1 mm, ovate-

oblong, apex obtuse or subacute, tips inflexed. Corona corolline, unlserlate, five-lobed, adnate to the corolla ca 1/3 of Its length from base, alternating with lobes, ovate-acute, fleshy, not connate to the filaments.

Stamens five, c^ 1 mm long; filaments free, c^ 0.4 mra

long with rectangular disc in between stamens, fleshy,

filaments dialated at the base; anthers c^ 0.6 mm long, arrow -head type, bent over the stigma, connate at tips,

pollen mass granular, c^ 187.2 X 115.2 M"* carried by c^

259.2 X 201.6 spathuiate carrier. Gynostegium

1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, flask­ shaped, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style c^ 0.5 mm

long; stigma 0.5 mm high, c^ 1 mm across, enlarged, conical with notch in the centre at apex, pentagonal.

Follicles single, small, 3-3.5 X 0.5— 0.6 cm.

641 lanceolate, apex with blunt tip; seeds many, 6-6.5 X 2-

-2.5 tnm, ovate-oblong, base acute; coma silky-white,

2 c m 1ong.

FI. : Aug.-Dec. Fr. : Dec.

Illus. ; Joseph &< Chandr. in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

57 :310. 1978.

Dlstrib. ; Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Kerala ; Boncard, Kurisumalai, Trivandrum, hohanan.

59466; Boncard, Kurisuma1 ai,Trivandrum, Mohanan. 63242.

T. Nadu : Way to Muttmkuzhivaya1, Kanyakumari, Henry.

48168.

PERIPLOCA

L. Sp. PI. 211.1753; Gen. PI. ed. 5.100.1754; Benth. U

Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:746.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:11.1883.

Erect or twining shrubs. Stem glabrous. Leaves

(when present) opposite. Flowers In lax axillary or terminal cymes. Calyx five-lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla rotate, lobes usually bearded within.

Corona corolllne, ten-lobed ring arising from the corolla a little above the stamens, often with five free awned segments. Filaments short, broad, free; anthers bearded, adjacent but not connate to the stigma. Pollen

842 mass granular, in tetrads, carried by dilated spathulate

carrier. Follicles cylindrical, smooth. Seeds comose.

Type species : Per i pi oca g raeca L.

A genus with 10 species, distributed In north and

tropical Africa, Orient and East Asia. In India it Is

represented by three species.

Map - 43

Key to the spec i es

1. Leafy twining shrubs; lamina > 6 mm broad,

lanceolate, 3-6.5 cm long.

• • • P_i_ ca I ophy I I a

1. Leafless or nearly so; lamina < 6 mm broad, linear,

ovate-oblong or oblong, up to 2 cm long :

2. Stem erect,stiff ; lamina ovate-oblong or oblong;

corona-processes glabrous.

. . . P_i_ aphy I I a

2. Stem twining, branches wiry, tortuous; lamina

linear; corona-processes hairy.

... ^ hydaspid is

1. P. aphylla Decne. in Jacq. Vog. Bot. 109, t. 116. 1844 et in DC. Prodr, 8:499.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:12.1883; Duthie in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

I(5 ): 162. 1895; Brandis, Indian Trees 467.1906; Talbot,

Forest FI, Bombay & Sind. 2:238.1911; Bamber, PI. Punjab

643 60.1916; Blatter & Sabnis in J. Indian Bot. Soc.

6 (2) ;57. 1927 ; Blatter e_L §J_. FI. Indus delta 87.1929;

Blatter in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36(3) :525. 1933;

Duthie, FI. Upp. Gang. PI. 1:496(2:46.1911). 1960

(Rep.Ed.); Puri aj_. FI. Rajastan 83.1964; Cooke, FI.

Pres. Bombay 2:211 (2:148.1905). 1967 (Rep.Ed.); Rau,

FI. Upp. Gang. PI. Checklist 50.1969; Brandis, Forest

FI. N — U. Central India 330 (1874). 1972 (Rep.Ed.);

Stewart, Punjab PI. 146.1977 (Rep.Ed.); Bhandari, FI.

Indian desert 229.1978; Shah,FI. Gujarat State

1:434.1978; Javeid in Indian Forester 105(2 ) : 163. 1979;

Edmondson e_t al^. in Notes R.B.G.Edinb. 38 ( 1 ) : 116 . 1980 j

Gupta in Indian J. Forestry 3(1) : 41. 1980; Raghavan et

a I. in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 21(2) : 52. 1981; Manandhar

in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5(3) : 560. 1984; Parker, FI, Punjab

338 (1956). 1984 (Rep.Ed.).

Andrew, FI. PI. Ang1o-Egyptian Sudan 2:413,1952;

Rechinger, FI. Iranica 73/30.1:2.1970; George, FI.

Syria, Palestine & Sinai 524.1980; Townsend & Evan Gues,

FI. Iraq 4:543.1980; Ali, FI. Pakistan 150:58.1983.

Type : Djillalpur, J acquemon t. 113 (P, K).

Vern. Names : Guj. : Singdio, Rati-khip, Hom-Dudhali-

Khip, Ransher; Punj. : Bata, Barri,

Bar rar ra.

Plate - 174

Erect, spreading shrubs. Stem much branched; branches tapering from base to apex, slender; internodes

844 PLATE

I

I IP ■r

I ifi ci

K>

Periploca aphylla Decne

1. Photograph,

2. Floral Parts t a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. terete, 0.5-2.8 cm long and 1-4 tnm in diatn., pubescent.

Latex in i 1 ky-wh i te. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina

2-14 X 1.5-6 mm, ovate-oblong or oblong, acute at apex,

ciliate along margin, pubescent on both sides; petioles

0.5-1.5 mm long and c^ 0.5 mm in diam., basaly inflated.

Flowers axillary, in cymes, small; peduncles

terete, 5-7 mm long, 1— 1.5 mm in diam., pubescent; pedicels filiform, terete, c^ 5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm In diam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, free, lobes ca 2 X

1.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, glabrous. Corolla sub- campanulate, c^ 4.5 mm long; corolla-tube c^ 0.5 mm

long; lobes five, c^ 4 X 2 mm, oblong, apex obtuse, margin thin, reflexed, densely hairy within near the tips. Corona corolline, arising from back of the stamens, five-lobed, filiform, c^ 3 mm long, ca 0.5 mm

in diam., subulate, opposite to coroI 1 a-Iobes. Stamens five, c^ 2.5 mm long; filaments free, arising from base of corolla-tube, 1.5 mm long; anthers c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, triangular, connate at tips, resting on stigma, pollen mass granular c^ 187.2 X 172.8 )4,m carried by c^ 374.4 X

475.2 J4m spathulate carrier. Gynostegium c^ 3 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary, ca 1 X 0.5 mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style ca 1 mm long; stigma ca 1 mm high, c^ 1.5 mm across, conical, pentagonal. Follicles paired, 2.7-9.4 X 0.3-0.5 cm, linear, tapering from base

to apex into blunt point, minutely grooved, glabrous;

845 seeds many, 8-9 X 2-2.5 mm, 11near-ob1ong, ridged In the centre, base acute; coma silky-white, 1.5-2.5 cm long,

1ight-brown at the base.

FI. : Mar.-July Fr. : May-Oct.

Illu3. : Decne. In Jacq. Voy. Bot. 109,t.ll6.18A4|

Ali, FI. Pakistan 150:60, Fig.13.1983}

Distrlb. ; Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab,

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh.

Economic Importance : The plant is a good fodder for

camels and goats, dried as fuel. It’s

sweet flower-bud eaten. Leaf tanin first

decrease blood pressure then increase.

Milky juice for chewing gums, plant Juice

externally applied on bolls, tumours and

swellings. Bark extract as purgative. Bark

also contains tannin (Agarwal, 1986).

Spec 1mens ex am i ned

Gularat ; Kargaria, Bhuj (Kutch), Purl. 31401; Nadlbagh,

Akhei, Bhuj, Puri, 31435; Bhuj, Santorium, Pur i. 31549;

Byet Island (near Okha), Ansar i. 54290; Nakhatrana, kutch, Jain. 61964; Motirai, Raghavan, 115095;

Dhinodhar, Raghavan. 114862; Narayanan Sarovar,

Raghavan. 114933; Lakhpet, Raghavan. 114835; Nakhatrana

Rd., Jain. 11558; Nakhatrana Cutch, Jain, 11544; 4 miles

E. of Narayan Sarowar, Stower. C. 76 a.

846 2. P.calophylla (Wight) Falc. in Proc. Linn. Soc,

1:115.1841 Qt Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 8:449.1842; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 0:498.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:12.1883; Gammie in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

1 (10) :204. 1898; Pottinger & Prain in Rec. Bot. Surv.

India 1 ( 11 ) :252. 1898; Brandis, Indian Trees 467.1906;

Kanjilal et.ai.. FI. As sam 3 :280. 1939 ; Gupta, Forest FI.

Chakrata 324.1956 (Rep.Ed.); Duthie, FI. Upp. Gang. PI.

1:497 (2:47.1911). 1960 (Rep.Ed.); Rau in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 3:235.1962; Hara, FI. East. Himalaya

262.1966; Raizada &< Saxena in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

64(1) :85. 1967; Gupta, FI. NainitaIensis 223.1968; Rau,

FI. Upp. Gang. PI. Checklist 50.1969; Sahni in Indian

Forester 95(5 ) : 345. 1 969 ; Brandis, Forest FI. N-U.

Central India 330(1874) 1972 (Rep.Ed.); Deb & Dutta in

J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 70(1);75.1973; Nair, FI. Bash.

Him. 184.1977; Osmaston, Forest FI. Kumaon 358.1978

(Rep.Ed.); Raizada & Saxena, FI. Mussoori 1:437.1978;

Chowdhary Uadhwa, FI. Himachal Pradesh 2:465.1984}

Haridasan &< Rao, Forest FI. Meghalaya 622,1984; Parker,

FI. Punjab 339(1956). 1984; Kapur & Sarin in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 6(3) :568. 1985; Mehrotra & Aswal in J. Econ.

Tax. Bot. 6(3) :607. 1985; Naithani, FI. Chamoli

2 :421. 1985.

Hara e_^ a_l^. Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:88.1982; Ali, FI.

Pakistan 150:58.1983.

847 S t r eptocauI on ca1ophy1 I urn Uight, Contrib. 65.1834; Uall.

Cat. 8252.1847.

Type : Nepal, U a 1 I i ch ex Herb. Uight ( K ).

Vern. Names : Khasi ; Meisoh-Phrap-iong, Mei-rengsai,

Mei-ang-sI a.

Plate - 175

Climbing shrubs. Stem slender, twining, branched; branches stout; internodes terete, 1.5-9 cm long and

0.5-3.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Latex milky-white.

Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 3-6.5 X 0.5-1.5 cm,

Iinear-IanceoI ate, gradualy acuminate with pointed tip at apex, acute at base, glabrous, shining above, lateral veins numerous, parallel to each other, united to form intramarginal vein, upper surface minutely papillate; petioles terete, 2-3 mm long and c^ 0.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, glabrous.

Flowers axillary, sessile, in dichotomous1y branched cymes; peduncles c^ 0.5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm In diam., glabrous; bracts ca 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate-oblong, apex acute, glabrous; pedicels filiform, terete, 3-4 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed, free, lobes ca I X 1 mm, oblong, apex obtuse, glabrous, glandular within. Corolla rotate, ca 5 mm across, lobes united up to 0.5 mm, lobes five, 4-5 X

1.5-2 mm, ovate-oblong, apex acute, beared-viI Ious within. Corona corolline, uniseriate, arising from the

0A8 I c4

© I

h /^ \ p Periploca calophylla Flac. O \ M o I \ i I i\ ; 1. Photograph,

2. Floral I^rtf ' a* Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. (3 ) 3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. base of corolla, five-lobed, filiform, 2 mm long, ca

0.5 mm wide, subulate, white beared, opposite to coro1 1 a-1obes. Stamens five, ca 2 mm long; filaments free, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 1.5 X 1 mm, ovate- acuminate, connate at tips, resting on stigma, pollen mass granular, c^ 28.0 X 21.6 Mm carried by c^ 504 X

244.8 Um spathulate carrier. Gynostegium ^ 1.5 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 ram, ovate, free, many ovuled, g1abrous; style short; stigma c^ 0.5 mm high, c^ 1 mm across, conical, pentagonal. Follicles parted, 6.5-16.3 X 0.4-0.6 cm, linear, tapering to a blunt point, logitudinaly dehiscing; seeds many, 10-15 X

2-3 mm, linear-oblong, base acute, ridged in the centre; coma silky-white, 3-4.5 cm long.

FI. : Mar.-May Fr. : Sept.-Oct.

Distrib. : Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Megha­

laya, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh.

Spec i mens exam i ned

Arunacha1 Pradesh : Rupa surrounding. Road to Jlgaon

1800 m, Kameng, F.D.N.E.F.A. , J oseph. 40445.

Megha1aya : Upper Shillong, K. & J. hills, Sarma.

10385; Kynshi, 5500 ft. K. S< J. hills, Kan 1 i I a I . 6005.

Uttar Pradesh : Batwa1chvi-Narapukot, 1200 m, Garhwal,

Rau. 6432; Siwalik &< Jaunsar div. Sharma, 101.

849 3. P. hydaspidis Falc. in Proc. Linn. Soc. 1:115.1641 et

Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist. 8:449.1842; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:498.1844; Hook. £. FI. Brit. India 4:12.1883;

Brandis, Indian Trees 467.1906; Bamber, PI. Punjab

643.1916; Rao In Bull. Bot. Surv. India 2:408.1960;

Javeld In Indian Forester 105(2) : 163. 1979 ; Parker, FI.

Punjab 338(1956).1984 (Rep.Ed.).

Ali, FI. Pakistan 150:61.1983.

Type : Hab. Secus ripas Hydaspidis extra kashmeer

prope, khuta kelah, 20-9-1837, Fa 1coner 991

( K ) .

Plate - 176

Trailing or twining leafless shrubs. Stem slender, branched; branches slender, terete; nodes slightly swollen; internodes 3.6-10 cm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., smooth, glabrous. Leaves when present 1-1.6 X

0.1 cm, linear, acute at apex, glabrous, lateral veins not visible; petioles c^ 1.5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in dlam., gIabrous.

Flowers axillary, in trIchotomousIy branched cymes, many flowered; peduncles terete, 2-7 mm long, c^ upto 1 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts minute, c_a 1 X 0.5 mm, linear, glabrous; pedicels filiform, 2-3 mm long, ca

0.5 mm in dlam.,g1abrous. Calyx flve-lobed, free, lobes ca 1.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate-oblong, apex acute or blunt,

850 PLATE -iVt)

a IT

I

,,,ii(ll(i|]ilt|iiiim ii|itM |iiii|iiii|iiii|iin|iM iiiiii|iniiuinim !

O I * 3 4 5 6 7

Periploca hydaspidis Falc.

1. Photography

2. Floral Pkrts ; a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel. margin with minute hairs here and there, glabrous.

Corolla rotate, 3 mm long, lobes united up to 0.5 mm, lobes five, 2.5 X 1 mm, obIong-Ianceo1 ate, apex obtuse, glabrous without, villous within. Corona corolline, uniseriate, arising from base of corolla, flve-lobed, 1-1.5 mm long, i3.5 mm In dlara., subulate, hairy, opposite to coroI I a-Iobes. Stamens five, 1 mm long; filaments free, arising from base of coroI I a-tube, c^ 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, triangular, connate at tips, resting on stigma, pollen mass granular, ^ 43.2 X 43.2 ^m carried by c^ 286 X

144 fjjn spathulate carrier. Gynosteglum c^ 1.5 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, linear, free, many ovuled,. glabrous; style short; stigma c^ 0.5 mm high, cjl

1 mm across, conical, pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. : Sept.-Oct. lllus. : All, FI. Pakistan 150:60, Fig.13.1983.

Distrib. : Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.

Spec imen exami ned

J ammu & Kashm i r : Klshtwar 4000 ft. Clarke. 31428 B.

Doub t f uI Taxon p. caIophyI 1 a var. forresti i (Schelt) Brouz in Arb.

Karnick 11:78, f . 28 31.1966. p. forresti1 Schelt in N.R.B.G. Edinb. 8:15.1913.

Hara in Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3:88.1982 gives its

851 distribution as Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal>, Khasla, but

there is no collection of this species from Indian

region in any Indian herbaria and hence its occurence is

doubtf uI.

RAPHlONACME

Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ. 1;22.1842{ Benth. & Hook,

f. Gen. PI. 2:745. 1876.

Tuberous herbs. Stem fleshy, glabrous. Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary subsessile or pedunculate

lax corymbose cymes. Calyx five-lobed, small, lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla rotate, lobes contorted In bud. Corona corolline, five lanceolate or subulate

lobes attached to the coro1 I a-tube. Filaments filiform, free, anthers connivent over the stigma. Pollen mass granular, carried by dilated carrier. Stigma conical.

Seeds comose.

A genus with 20 species distributed in tropical and south Africa. In India only one species found as an escape in southern part.

R. purpurea Harv. Thes. Cap. 1:41, t.66. 1859; Henry e_t al. FI. Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:87.1987.

Type ; From Field's Hill to Maritzberg, 500-2200 ft.,

Sep. J. Sanderson (Herb T.C.D.).

852 As this is Introduced as garden plant, there Is no

sufficient herbarium material to study. Only one sheet

has been seen at MH which is poor.

Plate - 177

"Root a large, depressed, placentiform tuber, 4-10

cm (perhaps more) in diameter. Stem 4-12 cm high,

somewhat fleshy, shrinking on drying, several times

forked, the ends of the branches standing near on a

level. Leaves opposite (young, half-grown leaves only

yet seen), 2-5 X 1.5 cm, subsesslle, flat, smooth and

thickish in substance, penninerved, the veins obvious,

but not prominent. Peduncles in the forks of the branches, or opposite a solitary branch, the leaves generally abortive and reduced to mere scales on the flowering branches. Cymes generally 3-flowered, the pedicels and peduncles each c^ 1.5 cm long. Calyx small, Its lobes ovato-IanceoI ate or lanceolate, acute.

Corolla a rich purple up to 1 cm in diameter, rotate;

the segments e 111ptic-obIong, obtuse. Corona exerted,

the scales cuneato-spathu1 ate, with a much acuminate,

triangular point. Anthers not half as long as the squamae, ovate, with a minute triangular dilatation at

the extremity. Pollen grains quaternate, aggregated on

the flattened, spoon-shaped extremity of the stigmatlc-

gland. Follicles unknown.*

lllus. : Harv. Thes. Cap. 1:41, t.66. 1859.

Distrib. : Rarely grown in gardens of Tamil Nadu.

053 PLATE -177

' 1 ^ - '

1. Habit, 2. Calyx, 3. Open flower with stamens, 4. stamen, 5. Pollen carrier, 6. Pollen grains, 7. Stigma.

Raphionacme purpurea Harv. STELMATOCRYPTON

Baill. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2:812.1809 L Hist. PI.

10:300.1891 (Sphalm. Ste I macry pton ) ; K.Schum. In EngI.Sc

Prantl. Pflanzenfam 4(2) :221. 1895; Deb. FI. Tripura

State 2:27.1983; Deb £< Dutta in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

10(1):45.1988.

Pentanura Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.Bat. 1:125, t.21.1849}

Benth, & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:739.1876; Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:4.1883.

Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, elliptic.

Flowers axillary in short peduncled fascicles. Calyx five-lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla sub- campanulate, fleshy; lobes overlapping to the right.

Corona zero. Filaments free; anthers oblong, adnate below to the stigma, tips with bearded appendages.

Pollen mass granular, carried by stlpitate flabellate carrier. Stigma capitate, five-angled. Follicles divaricate, cylindric. Seeds comose.

Type species ; Pentanura sumat rana Bl.

A genus with 2 species distributed in India,

China, Burma & Malaysia. In India it is represented by only one species.

Map - 44

854 MAP-^4 S. khasianum (Benth.) Baill. in Bull. Linn. Soc. Paris

2:812.1889; Deb, FI. Tripura State 2:27.1963j Deb it

Dutta in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10 ( 1 ) : 45. 1988.

Per i p1Qca khas i ana Benth. in Gen. PI. 2:740 and

746.1676.

Pentanura khas iana Kurz in Herb.Ca1cutta ex Hook. f. FI.

Brit. India 4:4.1883; Kurz for Fi. Brit. Burma

2:196.1877; Brandis, Indian Trees 467.1906; Kanjilal et aj_. FI. Assam 3:276.1939; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

3:309.1962; Deb &< Dutta in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.

70( 1 ) :75. 1973 ; BaIakrishnan, FI. Jowal 2:315. 1983;

Namhata L Mukherjee in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 14( 1 ) :44. 1990.

Type : India : Khasia Mts. alt. 3-4000 ft. Kurz.

J. D.H. & T.T.

Plate - 178

Climbing shrubs. Stem twining, branched; branches stout, t^te; internodes 1-6 cm long and 1.5-4 mm In diam., pubescent, becoming glabrous at age. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 3.2-11.5 X 1.3-3.8 cm, elliptic or eI 1 iptic-Ianceo1 ate, acuminate at apex, cuneate or oblique at base, dilate along margin, pubescent only along veins on both side, lateral veins

(5) 7-10 pairs, opposite or oblique, arched; petioles terete, 5-20 mm long and 1-1.5 mm in dlam., grooved on upper side, pubescent.

855 PLATE

e g lo* d

t 0

0

ro

£

JO ©

Stelmatocrypton khasiana Baill,

1. Photograph,

2. Floral PlatM : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; c. Stamens; d- Carpel. (D 3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. Flowers axillary, in fasciclesj peduncles atout,

3-7 mm long, 1-1.5 mm in diam., pubescent; bracts and bracteoles ca. 2 X 1 mm, t r i angu 1 a r - ob 1 ong, apex acute, margin minutely ciliate, pubescent without; pedicels slender, terete, 2-8 mm long, c^ 1 mm in dlam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes ca 2.5 X 1.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, sparsely pubescent without. Corolla sub-campanu1 ate, ca 5 mm long, lobes united up to 1 mm, lobes five, c^ 4 X 3 mm, ovate- lanceolate, apex acute, sparsely pubescent within.

Corona absent. Stamens 3 mm long; f1 I amentsfree, c^

1.5 mm long; anthers c^ 1.5 X 0.5 mm, connate at tips, pollen mass granular, ca 244.8 X 187.2 )J^ra carriedby ca

619.2 X 403,2 |A^m spathulate carrier. Gynosteglum c^ 3 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, free, many ovuled; style c^ 1 mm long; stigma c^ 1 mm high, c^

1 ram across, dumbe1-shaped or capitate.

0

FI. ; May-July. Fr. ; Oct.

Dlstrib. : Arunachal Pradesh,Assam,Man 1 pur, Meghalaya,

Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura.

Spec imens exam i ned

MeghaI aya : Sunakuram forest, Khasi hills, Sharma. 9212;

Khasi hills, 3-4000 ft. Lelit Imamu. Acc.293116 (CNH),

856 STREPTOCAULON

Wight & Am. in Wight, Contrib. 64.1834; Benth. Hook,

f. Gen. PI. 2:744.1876; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:9.1883.

The generic name is derived from words ‘Streptos*

= twisted and ‘kaulon* = the stem, referring to the

twisted nature of stems.

Twining, tomentose herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in lax sessile or peduncled

trichotomous1y branched panicled cymes. Calyx five-

lobed, glandular within at the base. Corolla rotate,

lobes ovate, overlapping to the right. Corona corolline, five filiform scales, adnate to the back of

the filaments. Filaments very short, free; anthers connivent over and adnate to stigma. Pollen mass

granular, paired in each cell, carried by dilated carrier. Stigma convex, bi-lobed, five-angled.

Follicles divaricate, terete, smooth.

Type species : Streptocaul on tomentosum Wight 4

A genus with 6 species distributed in India and

Indo-Ma1es1an region. In India it is represented by 3 endemic species.

Map - 45

857

e Key to the s i es

1. Prostrate herbs; Leaves subsessile; lamina orbicular

or broadly ovate.

. . . S_^ 3 V 1 ves t re

1. Climbing shrubs; Leaves petiolate i

2. Leaves elliptic or sub-orbicular, acute or bluntly

acuminate at apex, sparingly pubescent above,

finely pubescent beneath, lateral veins 5-8 pairs.

. . . ^ ex tensum

2. Leaves panduriform, cuneate-obovate, rounded at

apex, rugose above, densely white tomentose

beneath, lateral veins 7-10 pairs.

... ^ kIeini i

1. S. extensuB Wight, Contrib, 65.1034 et 111. PI.

t. 182, f.3. 1840; Decne. in DC. Prodr. 8:496.1844.

Myr iopteron pan i cu1 aturn Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat.

Hist. 4:385 L. Notul. 4:71.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:11.1883; Pottinger tc Prain in Rec. Bot. Surv. India

1(11):252.1898; Brandis, Indian Trees 467.1906; Kanjilal

et al . FI, Assam 3:279.1939; Praln, Bengal PI.

2:509.1963 (Rep.Ed,); Haridasan & Rao, Forest FI.

Meghalaya 621.1987; Deb in J. Econ. Tax. Bot.

10(1):45.1988.

M.ex tensum (Ulght) K. Schumj Raizada In Indian Forest

Rec. 5 ( 1 ) :34. 1959 ; Raizada e^ aj_. In Indian Forester

88(7) :505. 1962.

Q58 Type : Per 1p1 oca ex tenaa Uall. Asclep. n. 128

Rangoon et Tavoy.

Vern.Names i Kach. ; Ngyaniongdoukha{ Kaarup i

Chhagal-singa-lata.

Plate - 179

Climbing ahrubs. Stem twining, branched; branches slender; internodes terete, 6-16.8 cm long and 2-5 mm in diam., glabrous. Latex milky-white. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 5.2-17.2 X 1.8-10.7 cm, elliptic or sub-orbicu1ar, acute or bluntly acuminate at apex, rounded or acute at base, ciliate along margin^ sparingly pubescent above, finely pubescent beneath, lateral veins 5-8 pairs, opposite or alternate, arohed, midvein slightly winged beneath; petioles terete, 2-4.4 cm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper aide, pubescent, glands present at the joint of petiole and

1 am i na.

Flowers axillary, 4-8 flowered cymes; peduncles stout, terete, 2-7 cm long, 1— 1.5 mm in diam., glabrous; bracts and bracteoles 1-2 X 0.5 ram, linear- oblong, apex acute, margin ciliate, glabrous; pedicels filiform, 5-10 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm in diam., glabrous.

Calyx five-lobed, divided up to base, lobes c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin minutely ciliate, membranous, glabrous, glandular within. Corolla rotate, c^ 1 cm across, lobes five, divided up to base, overlapping to the right c^ 4 X 2 mm, ovate or oblong, apex acute, glabrous. Corona lobes five, on the back of

059 PLATE-179

lOI 6

b .

iV c I

A

I

'*? ,*»' irf'-'v ®

Streptocaulon extensum Wight

1. Photograph,

2. Floral VuTtt : a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of poUen carrier and pollen grains. the filaments, filiform, 1.5 mm long, linear, apex

acute. Stamens five, connate in a ring below, c^ 1 mm

long; filaments free, 0.2 mm long; anthers 0.8 X 0.5

ram, arrow-head shaped, connate at tips, adnate to the stigma, pollen mass granular, paired in each cell, each

pollen mass 28.8-43.2 X 14.4-28.8 |i,m carried by carrier.

Gynostegium ^ 1 mm long. Carpels two, ovary ca. 0.5 X

0.S mm, oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style minute; stigma c^ 0.5 mm high, c^ 0.5 mm across, dumble- shaped, flat at apex. Follicles paried, 4.8-6.3 X 1.5 cm, ovate, acute at apex, turgid, with many longitudinal wings; seeds many, 6-7.5 X 3-3.5 mm, ovate, concave, light-brown, base rounded, ridged ventrally, with thin brown c^ 0.5 mm wide margin; coma silky-white, c^ 3.5 era

1 ong.

FI. : June-July Fr. ; July-Aug. lllus. : Wight, 111. PI. t.182, f.3.1840.

Distrib. ; Assam, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,

Uest Bengal.

Spec imens exam i ned

Assam ; Sonaikuchi R.F., South of Naokhola Town,

Nowgong, Balakrishnan, 39205; Tordbat gate, Rao. 9885;

GunJ^ung, 2000 ft., N.C. hills, Kan 1iI a I 6770; Goalpara,

King* s Coll.. s.n.

B ihar ; Mardro Pahar, 550 ft. Pan i g rah i. 11997.

060 Man 1 pur ; Neechrugard, heeboId. 8176.

MeghaIaya : Umran to Umling along Shillong, Das. 394;

Meghalaya, Acc. 293433 (CNH).

M i zoram : Aijal, Lushai hills, God f rey. 506.

2. S. kleinii Wight £< Arn. in Uight, Contrib. 65.1034;

Decne. in DC. Prodr. 6:496.1844; Hook. f. FI. Brit.

India 4:9.1883; Brandis, Indian Trees 467.1906; Rao, FI.

PI. Travancore 259.1914; Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 2:502

(5:829.1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Henry in J. Bombay nat.

Hist. Soc. 75(3) :692. 1978.

Type : Uight, Cat. n. 1564 (Herb.Uight) K-photo !

Only the type photo from Kew studied, as there is no other collection of this species available .

Photoplate - 13

*A climber with panduriform leaves cuneate, obovate, rugose above and densely white tomentose beneath, 7-10 pairs of nerves. Flowers small in lax sessile or peduncled c^ 2.5 cm long, tr1-chotomous, few flowered cymes in one axil of a pair of leaves. Calyx minute, 5 — lobed, glandular within. Corolla rotate.

Coronal scales 5, filiform, adnate to the back of the filament. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments very short, alternating with minute glands; anthers conniving over and adherent to the style-apex;

06 1 pollen masses in pairs in each cell, granular. Ovary of

2 distinct carpels; style apex 5-angled convex at top.

Fruit of 2 divaricate follicular mericarps; seeds

flattened, keeled ventrally, tips with long white silky

coma; cotyledons oblong, flat; radicle long*.

Distrib. ; Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

3. S. sylvestre Wight, Contrib, 65.1834; Decne. in DC.

Prodr. 8:496.1844; Uall. Cat. 8251.1847; Hook, f. FI.

Brit. India 4:10.1883; Kanjilal e^ al. FI. Assam

3:279.1939; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:577

(4:550.1922). 1961 (Rep.Ed.); Prain, Bengal PI.

2 :509. 1963 (Rep.Ed. ).

Type : Per i p 1 oca ?_ sylvestris Herb. Ham, n. 763.

Plate - 180

Prostrate undershrubs, with woody root stalk. Stem thin, branched; nodes swollen; Internodea terete, 1.5-

4.5 cm long and 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., pubescent. Leaves opposite, decussate, lamina 1.5-3.2 X 1.1-3.3 cm, orbicular, sub-orbicu1ar or broadly ovate, rounded acute with small cusp at apex, rounded or subcordate at base, pubescent above, tomentose beneath, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, opposite or alternate, Joined 1ntramarg1naIy; petioles terete, 1.5-2.5 mm long and 0.5-1 mm in diam., pubescent.

862 PLATE -380

/ 1 f f \ V f Q ‘ lo V W '. I •

6 e j -

I -H

e 0

(D

Streptocaulon sylvestre Wight

1. Photograph ,

2. Floral r a. Calyx; b. Corolla; (D c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of pollen carrier and pollen grains. Flowers axillary, In panicles, 3-7 flowers I peduncles terete, 0.6-1 cm long, 0.5-1 mm In diam., pubescent; bracts c^ 2 X 0.5 mm, linear, apex acute, pubescent; pedicels terete, c^ 5 mm long, c^ 0.5 mm In diam., pubescent. Calyx five-lobed, lobes free, c^ 1.5

X 1 mm, ovate, apex acute, margin ciliate, pubescent without, glandular within. Corolla campanulate, c^ 4.5 mm long, coroI 1 a-1obes united up to c^ 0.5 mm, lobes five, ca 4 X 1.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, overlapping to right, glabrous. Corona corolline, uniseriate, five- lobed, ca 2.5 mm long, c_a 0.5 mmwide, linear, adnate on the backof the filaments to the coroI 1 a-1obes at the mouth of coro1 1 a-tube. Stamens five, ca 1.5 mm long; filaments free, arising from base of the corolla, ca_ 1 mm long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, connate at tip, resting on stigma, pollen mass granular, carried by c^

302.4 X 172.8 JUm, boat-shaped carrier. Gynostegium ca

2 mm long. Carpels two, ovary c^ 1 X 0.5 mm, oval, tree, many ovuled, glabrous; style short, 0.5 mm long; stigma ca 0.5 mm high, ca 1 mm across, conical, pentagonal. Follicles not seen.

FI. ; April-May

Dlstrib. : Assam, Bihar, Orissa,Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh,

Uest Bengal.

Spec i mens exam i ned

B i har ; Purnea, 11707.

863 U t tar Pradesh : Plains of Terai, R i bu & Rhomoo. 37 90.

U.BengaI : Siliguri Clarke. 11656; Sillguri, C 1arke.

26455; Siligorl 500 ft. Clarke. 26569 A.

Doubt f uI

S. grifflthii Hook, f. FI. Brit.I nd 1 a 4 J 10. 1683. Das 8<

Ghosh in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 3(2) ;571. 1982 give S. tomentosuin Craib which is a synonym of S_j_ grifflthii

Hook. f. as occuring in West Bengal but after critical study it was found to be wrong identification. The­ refore S_^ grifflthii is doubtful to occur in India.

UTLERIA

Bedd. in Benth. L Hook. f. Gen. PI. 2:743.1876} Hook. f.

FI. Brit. India 4:7.1883.

The generic name is derived from Tamil name

'Attalari' meaning Jungle beauty, occurring in Anamalai hills of Western Ghats.

Erect shrubs or nearly tree. Leaves opposite, scattered, narrow, subcrenu1 ate. Flowers minute, in terminal dichotomousIy branched cymes, towards the end of the long branches. Calyx five-lobed, rounded, glandular within at the base. Corolla sub-rotate, lobes overlapping and twisted to the right. Corona corolline, five small scales, opposite and close to the stamens.

Filaments short, free; anthers ovate, connivent and

864 adnate to stigma. Pollen mass granular, paired in each cell, carried by dilated carrier. Stigma conwen, five­ angled.

Type species : U t > e r i a sal iclfol la Bedd.

A monotypic genus endemic to south India.

Map - 46

U. aaliclfolia Bedd, ex Hook. f. FI. Brit. India

4:7.1883 et Ic. t. 1432. 1883-1885 ; Brandis, Indian Trees

468.1906; Rao, FI. PI. Travancore 259.1914; Fischer in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9(1) : 115. 192 1 ; Gamble, FI. Pres.

Madras 2:581. (5:827.1923). 1957 (Rep.Ed.); Nayar in

Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22:22.1982; Henry e t a I. FI.

Tamil Nadu Analysis 2:91.1987.

Type : India : Madras s.n., Acc.293352 ! (CAD.

Vern.Name : Tam. : Kader-Ut1eer.

Plato - 181

Erect shrubs. Stem branched; branches terete;

Internodes 5-15 cm long and 5-6 mm In dlam., glabrous.

Leaves opposite, decussate, whorled, clustered at the ends of thick branches, lamina 5-15 X 1.2-2.5 cm,

1 inear-Ianceo1 ate, acuminate with pointed tip at apex, acute at base, sub-crenate or crenate along margin, glabrous, lateral veins many, nearly parallel to each other, arched; petioles terete, 1.2 — 3 cm long and 1-1.5 mm in diam., grooved on upper side, glabrous.

865 M AP-46 I PLATE -181 a lO

f

c t

I u> o

0

f

Utleria saliclfulia Bedd

@ J. Photograph,

2. Floral I^ rtS t a. Calyx; b. Corolla; c. Corona; d. Stamens; e. Carpel.

3. Camera-lucida of and pollen grains. Flowers axillary, in panicles, on long peduncles;

peduncles terete, 2.2-6.5 cm long, c^ 1-1.5 mm in diam.,

glabrous; bracts small, 1-1.5 X 0.5 mm, linear-

lanceolate, glabrous; pedicels slender, terete, 3-4 mm

long, ca 0.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Calyx five-lobed,

lobes free, c^ 1.5 X 1 mm, ovate, apex obtuse, glabrous,

glandular within. Corolla rotate, c^ 5 mm across,

lobes united up to 0.5 mm, lobes five, ca 2 X 1 mm,

ovate, apex acute, glabrous, slightly overlapping to

right. Corona corolline, uniseriate, arising from the base of coro1 1 a-tube, alternating with stamens, five-

lobed, small scale-like, 0.5 mm long, rounded, membranous. Stamens five, c^ 1 mm long; filaments free, cai 0.5 mm long; anthers c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, orbicular, connate at apex, resting on stigma, pollen mass granular, ca_ 43.2 X 43.2 |J|,m carried by c^ 360 X 144

JLI^m spathulate carrier. Qynostegium c^ 1.5 mm long.

Carpels two, ovary c^ 0.5 X 0.5 mm, ovate-oblong, free, many ovuled, glabrous; style c^ 0.5 mm long; stigma0.5 mm high, c^ 1 mm across, convex, conical,

pentagonal. Follicles paired, 1.7-3.2 X 0.5-0.6 cm,

linear, apex acute with blunt tip, base rounded; seeds

many, 6-7 X 2-2.5 mm, ovate-obIong, base rounded, thin,

coma silky-white, 1 cm long.

Fi. : Aprll-May Fr. : June-July

Ulus. : Hook. f. Ic. t. 1432. 1883-1885.

Distrib. : Kerala, Tamil Nadu.

866 Spec imens exami ned

Kerala : Above Irumbu Palam (Trivandrum), Bhat. 4169;

Anamallys and Palghat hills, Acc.32193 (MH).

T. Nadu ; 4000 ft. Madras, Acc.293352 (T)(CNH)}

Poonachi, Anamallys, Barber. 3749; Shembaganur-

Periakulam bridle path, Kodaikanal (Anna), Matthew.

49055.

867

CHAPTER V POLL IN IA IN ASCLEPIADACEAE CHAPTER V POLL IN IA IN ASCLEPIADACEAE

Uhile doing the revlalon of family Aac1epiadaceae,

it has been noted that polllnla la one of the

interesting feature of this family. In the course of

comparing plants of the Asc1ep1adaceae with published

desoriptlon including protologue and diagnostic

characters, it has been noticed that many authors have

ignored the polllnla. In some cases the pollinia are

included in drawings accompanying the description, but

are not mentioned In the description. Rarely pollinia

are mentioned, there we find variation in terminology

adopted by different authors.

Therefore, during present revision after

dissecting flower of each species, pollinia were

separated and as it is a waxy mass without any special

treatment and stain, they have been mounted in

868 canadaboilsam. Thus alides of pollinia for all passible species were prepared. The camera-IucIda drawings of pollinla were prepared and given In figures, also at the same time the m 1cro-photographs of each slide were tr1ed.

Ulth the help of photographsjthe photoplates were prepared tribe wise. Tribe Asclepiadeae with one photoplate (No. 14), tribe flarsdenieae with three photoplates (No. 15 to 17)j tribe stapelleae with three photoplates (No. 18 to 20) and sub-family Secamono1deae and Family PeripIocaceae with one photoplate (No. 21).

These are presented In this chapter for the scientists doing research in the family AscIepiadaceae. While describing, the term Corpuscle Is used for the central portion, caudicle for a connecting arm and waxy pollen mass as po11Inla as per standards given by Newton

(1984 ) .

During the course of study an attempt has been made to prepare generic key based on pollinla only. It hag become possible to prepare such a key for the tribe

Asclepiadeae and Secamoneae which are presented here.

In case of tribes flarsdenieae and Ceropegieae, as there are large number of species under single genus, e.g.

Hova (29), Marsdenla (13), Tv 1ophora (20), Brachys teIma

(13), Caralluma (13), Ceropegia (44) (in bracket species

number la given) which c o v u m - s the range of measurements

869 of different part ot polllnla for whole tribe making It

difficult to separate upto generic level. This needs

further study.

Photoplates - 14 to 21

Key to the f am ilies

1. Pollen mass granular carried by a spathulate carier.

. . . Per t p1ocaceae

1. Pollen mass waxy transported by means of horny

corpuscle to which they are attached by caudioles.

... Asclepiadaceae

Key to the subfam 11 1es of Aaclepladaceae

I. Pollen mass solitary in each an ther-1ocu1 us

( in al 1 10 ) .

... Asclepiadoideae

1. Pollen masses two in each anther-Iocu1ua

(in al1 20).

... Secamonoideae

Key to the t r i bes of Asclepiadoideae

1. Pollen masses pellucid on margin or at apex.

. . . S tape Ii eae

1. Pollen masses without pellucid layer :

2. Pollinia pendulous.

. . . Asc1epi adeae

2. Pollinia ascending or horizontal.

. . . Marsden i eae

870 PHOTOPLATE - 14

Sub family : Asclepiadoideae

Tribe : Asclepiadeae

1. Asclepias curassavica L. - Fresh material 2. Calotropis acia Buch.-Ham. - Kanjilal, 5474 (ASSAM) 3. C. gigantea (L.) Ait. - Fresh material 4. C. procera (Ait.) R. Br. - Rao, 79266 (BSD 5. Cynanchum acutum L. - Meebold, 3450 (CAL) 6. C. alatum Wight & Arn. - Sebastine, 3307 (MH) 7. C. callialata (Decne.) Buch.- Ham. ex Wight - Singh, 124760 (BSD 8. C. corymbosum Wight - King, 2489 (CAL) 9. C. daUiousiae Wight - Mackinnon, s.n. (CAL) 10. C. jacquemontianum Decne. - Clarke, 28582 (CAL) 11. C. tunicatum (Retz.) Alston - Singh, 141174 (BSD 12. C. w a llic h ii Wight - Deka, 20667 (ASSAM) 13. Glossonema varians (Stocks) Benth. - Pandey, 7900 (BSJO) 14. GomptiocarfHis physocarpus E. Meyer - Fresh material 15. G. fruticosus (L.) A it. - Gamble, 12113 (CAL) 16. Holostemma annulare (Roxb.) K. Schum - Freshmaterial 17. Ischnostemma camosum Merr. &. Rolfe - Nair, 4434 (PBL) 18. Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) R.Br. - Singh, 132812 (BSD 19. Pentabothra nana Hook.f. - Das, 37 (CAL) 20. Pentatropis capensis (L.f.) Bullock - Singh, 132727 (BSD 21. P. spimlis (Forssk.) Decne. - Raghavan, 114777 (BSD 22. Pergidaria daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. - Fresh m aterial 23. Philibertia viminalis A. Gray - Prain, Acc. 293845 (CAL) 24. Raphistemma pulchellum Wall. - King, 2281 (CAL) 25. Sarcostemma bnmonianum Wight & Arn. - Sharma, 39990 (MH) 26. S. intermedium Decne. - Stocks, Law, Acc. 294762 (CAL) 27. S.viminale (L.) R. Br. - Fresh material 28. S. viminale var. stocksii (Hook.f.) Ali - Puri, 23268 (BSD 29. Seshagiria sahyadrica Ansari &. Hem. - Ansari, 87750 (BSD 30. Vincetoxicum amottiamim Wight - Rao, 9365 (CAL) 31. V. awriculatum (Royle ex Wight) Jagtap & Singh - Gammie, s.n. (CAL) 32. V. deltoideum (Hook.f.) Jagtap & Singh - 284 (ASSAM) 33. V. hirundinaria Medicos - Mitra, 9451 (CAL) 34. V. hirundinaria var. glaucum Hara - Wadhwa, 433 (CAL) 35. V. roylei (Wight) Jagtap & Singh - Lace, 268 (CAL) PHOTO PLATE - -4

1! V

45 X 3 25-5 X 67-5 X V [ i' A 67-5 X 7 67-5 X 8 67.5 X g 67-5 X IQ 67-5 X

%

T 1* ■'^1^ V N f

2 2-5 X 17 16 67.5 X 18 52-5 X 19 67.5 X 20 67*5 X

67-5 X „.5X 33 S'* 67*5 X 32 3\ PHOTOPLATE -15

Tribe : Marsdenieae

1. Bidaria cuspidata (Thunb.) Huber - Malhotra, 144660 (BSD 2. B. elegans Decne. - Flowers from Nagpur University. 3. B. indica Rahman & Wilcock - Vajravelu, 27778 (MH) 4. B. tingens Decne. - Raghavan, 97205 (ESI) 5. Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight - Reddi, 99221 (BSD 6. Dischidia benghalensis Coleb. - Joseph, 42324 7. D. major (Vahl) Merr. - Balakrishnan, 5156 (PBL) 8. D.nwnmularia R. Br. - Balakrishnan & Bhargava, 3618 (PBL) 9. Gongronema nepalense (Wall.) Decne. - Balakrishnan, 46794 (ASSAM) 10. G. thomsoni (Hook.f.) Matthew - s.n. 2 (CAL) 11. Gymnema acuminatum Wall. - Sharma, 20626 (ASSAM) 12. G. altemiflonun (Lour.) Merr. - Subramanyam, 4336 (MH) 13. G. hirsutum Wight & Am. - Vajravelu, 38231 (MH) 14. G. lactifenun (L.) R. Br. - Matthew, 53439 (RHT) 15. G. latifolium Wall. - Balakrishnan &. Nair, 4728 (PBL) 16. G. sylvestre (Retz.) Schult. - Fresh m aterial 17. Hoya acuminata (Wight) Benth. - Dogmar, 9140 (ASSAM) 18. H. amottiana Wight - Rao, 47521 (ASSAM) 19. H. diversifolia Bl. - Ellis &. Ramamurthy, 18838 (MH) 20. H. edenii King - King, Acc. 296196 (CAL) 21. H. fusca Wall. - Deka, 37753 (ASSAM) 22. H. globulosa Hook.f. - Panigrahi, 15370 (ASSAM) 23. H. griffithii Hook.f. - Prain, Acc. 296112 (CAL) 24. H. kanyakumariana Henry & Swamin. - Henry, 48243 (CAL) 25. H. lanceolata Wall. - Arora, 66155 (BSD)

PHOTOPLATE -16

Tribe : Marsdenieae

1. Hoya linearis W all - Das, 403 (BSI, Gangtok) 2. H. linearis var. nepalense Hook.f- ~ Rao, 120 (CAL) 3. H. lobbii Hook.f. - Craib, 262 (CAL) 4. H. longifolia Wall. - Malhotra &. Bawiri, 77505 (BSD) 5. H. multiflora Bl. - Watt, 11833 (CAL) 6. H. oblanceolata Hook.f. - Acc. 296037 (CAL) 7. H. obcordata Hook. f. - King, 2305 (CAL) 8. H. obtusifolia Wight - Scortechnii, s.n. (CAL) 9. H. ovalifolia Wight &. Arn. - Rao, 85685 (BSI) 10. H. parasitica (Roxb.) Wall. - Balakrishnan, 5678 (PBL) 11. H. pauciflora Wight - Henry, 47580 (MH) 12. H. polyneura Hook.f. - Clarke, 1161173 (BSI) 13. H. retusa Dalz. - Talbot, 3930 (BSI) 14. H. serpens Hook.f. - a.c.H., s.n. (BSI) 15. H. wightii Hook.f. - Cherian, 106795 (BSI) 16. Marsdenia brunoniana Wight &. Arn. - Chandrabose, 51367 (MH) 17., M. hamiltonii Wight - Rao, 3235 (BSD) 18. M. lucida Edgew. ex Madden - Pant & Naithani, 39604 (BSD) 19. M. raziana Yog. &. Subro^.- Ramakrishna, 1286 (MH) 20. M. roylei Wight - Naithani, 43951 (BSD) 21. M. tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon - Ellis, 42222 (MH) 22. M. tinctoria R. Br. - Joseph, 39832 (ASSAM) 23. M. tirunelvelica Henry & Subra. ~ Henry, 8421 (CAL) 24. Sarcolobus carinatus Wall. - Ellis & Ramamurthy, 18822 (MH) 25. S. globosus Wall. - Nair, 3701 (PBL)

PHOTOPLATE -17

Tribe : Marsdenieae

1. Stephanotis floribunda Brong. - Acc. 295693 (CAL) 2. Telosma cordata Merr. - Debbarman, 1064 (CAL) 3. T. pallida Craib - Ansari, 98415 (BSD 4. Treutlera insignis Hook.f. - Acc. 295501 (CAL) 5. Tylophora belostemma (Wall, ex Wight ) Benth. - HG, 3237c (CAL) 6. T. capparidifolia Wight & Arn. - Shetty, 34326 (MH) 7. T. cordifolia Thw. - Acc. 61372 (MH) 8. T. dalzellii Hook.f. - Fresh material 9. T. exilis Coleb. - Rau, 10025 (BSD) 10. T. fasciculata Buch. - Ham. ex Wight - Reddi, 98670 (BSD 11. T. govanii (Wight) Decne. - Goel, 72659 (BSD) 12. T. himalaica Hook. f. - Kanjilal, 5458 (ASSAM) 13. T. hirsuta (Wall.) Wight - Fresh material 14. T. indica (Burm.f.) Merr. - Fresh material 15. T. indica var. glabra (Decne.) Huber - Mohanan, 61241 (MH) 16. T. longifolia Wight - Sharma, 9174 17. T. macrantha (Wight) Hook.f. - Verma, 24769 (BSA) 18. T. mollissima Wight - Chandrabose, 57228 (MH) 19. T. multiflora (Wight & Arn.) Alston - Shetty, 37631 (MH) 20. T. pauciflora Wight & Arn. - Sebastine, 12973 (MH) 21. T. rotundifolia Buch. - Ham. - R.N. 12963 (ASSAM) 22. T. subramanii Henry - Henry, 70335 (CAL) 23. T. tenerrima Wight - Banerjee, 549 (CAL) 24. T. tetrapetnla (Dennst.) Suresh - Henry, 519 (MH) 25. Wattakaka lanceolata (Cooke) Jagtap &. Singh - Burmes, S.n. (BSD 26. W. volubilis (L.f.) Stapf - Janardhanan, 66499 (BSD 27. Vi. volubilis var. lacuna (Hook.f.) Rahman &. Wilcock - M urti, 19364 (BSA) % f 16 lOO X I 7 loo X 18 loo X 19 loo X 20 loo X PHOTOPLATE - 18

Tribe : Stapelieae

1. Brachystelma ciliatum Arekal & Ramakrishna - Ramakrishna, 1311 A (CAL) 2. B. edidis C o ll & Helmsl. - Yadav, SVK 3601 (BSD 3. B. glabmm Hook.f. - Vajravela, 77732 (MH) 4. B.macidatum Hook.f. - Fischer, 61 (CAL) 5. B. rangacharii Gamble - Acc. 58707 (MH) 6. B. volubile Hook.f. - Arockiasamy, 2979 (RHT) 7. Carallwna adscendens Haw. - Nair, 53019 (CAL) 8. C. adscendens var. attenuata (Wight) Grav. &. Mayur. - Singh, 146920 (BSD 9. C. adscendens var. fimbriata (Wall.) Grav. &. Mayur. - Fresh material 10. C. bhupwdaraim Sarkaria - Fresh material 11. C. crenulata Wall. - Paranjape, S.n. (BSD 12. C. diffusa N.E. Br. - Fischer, 2258 (CAL) 13. C. indica N.E. Br. - Ramamurthy, 14787 (MH) 14. C. pauciflora N.E. Br. - Ramamurthy, 24695 (MH) 15. C. sarkariae Lavar. & Fraud. - Fresh material 16. C. stalagmifera Fischer - Saldhana, 15346 (CAL) 17. C. truncato - coronata (Sedgew.)Grav.&. Mayur.-Subba Rao &. K um ari,39262 (CAL) 18. C. umbellata Haw. - Ramamurthy, 16603 (MH) 19. Ceropegia angustifolia Wight - Balkrishnan, 46162 (ASSAM) 20. C. attenuata Hook. - Fresh material 21. C. bamesii Bruce &. Chatt. - Acc. 32720 (MH) 22. C. beddomei Hook.f. - Vivekananthan, 46665 (MH) 23. C. bulbosa Roxb. - Fresh material 24. C. bulbosa var. lushii Hook.f. - Misra, 41729 (BSD) 25. C. candelabrum L. - Chandrabose, 51395 (CAL)

PHOTOPLATE -19

Tribe : Stapelieae

1. Ceropegia candelabrum var. biflora (L.) Ansari - Vajravelu, 52031 (MH) 2. C. ciliata Wight - Subba Rao, 36635 (MH) 3. C. decaisneana Wight - Nair, 64328 (MH) 4. C. elegans Wall.- Subramanyam, 5586 (MH) 5. C. ensifolia Bedd. - Henry, 68934 (CAL) 6. C. evansii McCann - Fresh material 7. C. fantastica Sedg. - Kanodia, 89489 (BSD 8. C. fimbriifera Bedd. - Chndrabose, 57222 (MH) 9. C. hookeri Clarke ex Hook.f. - Smith &. Cave, 2823 (CAL) 10. C. huberi Ansari - Ansari, 105001 (BSD 11. C. intermedia Wight - Chandrabose, 65845 (MH) 12. C. jainii Ansari &. Kulkarni - Kulkarni, 131615 (BSD 13. C. juncea Roxb.- Fresh material 14. C. kachinensis Prain - Shaikh Mokain, S.n. (CAL) 15. C. lawii Hook.f. - Fresh material 16. C. longifolia Wall. - Malhotra, 33994 (BSD) 17. C. longifolia var. sinensis Huber - Panigrahi, 14748 (CAL) 18. C. lucida Wall. - King, 2430 (CAL) 19. C. maccannii Ansari - Fresh material 20. C. macrantha Wight - Vishwanathan, 61703, (BSD) 21. C. media (Huber) Ansari - Fresh material 22. C. metziana Miq. - Ellis, 43211 (MH) 23. C. noorjahaniae Ansari - Ansari, 105098 (BSD 24 C. oculata Hook. - Fresh m aterial 25. C. odorata Nimmo ex Hook.f. - Ansari, 149304 (BSD

PHOTOPLATE - 20

Tribe : Stapelieae

1. Ceropegia omissa Huber - Acc. 32784 (MH) 2. C. panchjaniensis Blatter &. McCann - Ansari, S.n. (BSD 3. C. pubescens Wall. - Deb, 28730 (ASSAM) 4. C. pusilla Wight & Arn. - Sebastine, 3933 (MH) 5. C. rollae Hemadri - Wadhwa, 127738 (BSD 6. C. sahyadrica Ansari & Kulkarni - Reddi, 98660 (BSD 7. C. santapaui Wadhwa & Ansari - Fresh material 8. C. spiralis Wight - Bedd. S.n. Acc. 296601 (CAL) 9. C. thwaitesii Hook. - Bourne, 83 (CAL) 10. C. vincaefolia Hook. - Ansari, 67507 (BSD 11. C. wallichii Wight - Wadhwa, 53156 (BSD) 12. Dittoceras andersoni Hook. f. - Acc. 295808 (CAL) 13. Frerea indica Dalz. - Fresh material 14. Heterostemma alata Wight - Pataskar, 102220 (BSD 15. H. beddomei (Hook.f.) Swarupanandan &. Mangaly - Rao, 73745 (BSD 16. H. de^nense (Talb.) Swarupanandan &. Mangaly - Cherian, 112668 (ESI) 17. H. disciflora (Hook.f.) Swarupanandan & Mangalay - Talbot, S.n. (BSD 18. H. tanjorense Wight & Am. - Ramaswami, 1505 (CAL) 19. H. urceolatum Dalz. - Billore, 116720 (BSD 20. H. wallichii Wight - Collett, S.n. (CAL) 21. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. - Hemadri, 102626 (BSD 22. L. reticulata (Retz.) Wight &. Am . - Kulkarni, 120235 (BSD 23. Micholitzia obcordata N.E. Br. - Meebold, 6732 (CAL) 24. Orthanthera viminea Wight &. Arn. - Pant, 43572 (BSD) 25. Pentasacme caudatum Wall. - Sharma, 17540 (ASSAM) 26. P. wallichii Wight - Rao, 6557 (BSD) 27. Stapelia grandiflora Masson - Saroja, 11038(MH)

PHOTOPLATE - 21

Sub Fam ily : Secamonoideae Tribe : Secamoneae

1. Genianthus crassifolius Hook.f. - Acc. 293605 (CAL) 2. G. horei Vasud. - More, 7243 (CAL) 3. G. laurifolius Hook.f. -Raghavan, 67914 (BSD 4. Secamone emetica R.Br. - Singh, 141031 (BSD 5. Toxocarpus beddomei Gamble - Henry, 70336 (MH) 6. T. himalensis Falc. ex Hook.f. - Deka, 17718 (ASSAM) 7. T. kleinii Wight & Arn. - Vajravelu, 35252 (MH) 8. T. palghatensis Gamble - Vajravelu, 33255 (MH)

Fam ily : Periplocaceae Tribe : Periploceae

9. Baeolepis nervosa Decne. - Sharma, 40308 (MH) 10. Cryptolepis buchananii R.Br. ex R. S. - Fresh material 11. C. grandiflora Wight - Ramamurthy, 14875 (MH) 12. C. sinensis Merr. - Subba Rao, 24457 (MH) 13. Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. - Fresh material 14. C. madagascariensis Boj. - Swarupanandan, 13755 c (MH) 15. Decalepis tmmiltonii Wight &. Arn. - Ellis, 14274 (MH) 16. Finlaysonia obovata (Bl.) Backer ex Heyne - Balakrishnan, 540 (PBL) 1 7. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Ait. - Fresh material 18. H. indicus var. pubescens Hook.f. - Singh, 134590 (BSD 19. Janakia arayalpathra Joseph & Chandr. - Henry, 48168 (MH) 20. Periploca aphylla Decne. - Raghavan, 115095 (BSD 21. P. callophylla Falc. - Sarma, 10385 (ASSAM) 22. Stelmatocrypton kfmsiana B aill.- Sharma, 9212 (ASSAM) 23. Streptocaulon extensum Wight - Balakrishnan, 39205 (ASSAM) 24. S. sylvestre Wight - Clarke, 11656 (CAL) 25. Utleria salicifolia Bedd. - Acc. 293352 (CAL) m

100 X 2 0 100 X 2 1 loo X 22 loo x Key to the genera of tribe Asclepiadeae

1. Pollinium more than 1000 long :

1. Pollinium 1000-1150 long and 295 wide.

. . . 0 X ys teIma

2. Pollinium more than 1150 /-Im long :

3. Pollinium 1900-2050 jJl,m long.

. . . H o1 os temma

3. Pollinium less than 1900 |l,m long :

4. Corpuscle 300-350 long, caudicles 200-244

JJ^m long.

... Gomphocarpus

4. Corpuscle 400-650 long, caudicles 360-460

long.

... Calotropis

1. Pollinium less than 1000 )|^m long:

5. Pollinium 500-1000 long :

6, Pollinium 500-900 JH^m long:

7. Corpuscle c^ 216 ^m long.

... Pergularia

7, Corpuscle more than 300 long :

8. Corpuscle c_s_ 750 ^m long.

. . . Raph i s temma

871 8. Corpuscle 300-350 long :

9. Pollinium 650-700 long.

. . . Seshag i r ia

9. Pollinium 000-850 long.

... Philibertia

6. Pollinium 900-1000 jj(m long.

. . . Asc1epias

5, Pollinium upto 500 /^m long :

10. Caudicles 400 long.

... G 1ossonema

10. Caudicles less than 400 j4,m long :

11. Pollinium upto 100 jjm wide.

. . . Pentabothra

11. Pollinium more than 100 |Jl,m wide ;

12. Caudicles 70-80 JJl^m long.

. . . 1schnos temma

12. Caudicles more than 00 long :

13. Pollinium attached to caudicles by

three lateral side.

. . . Cynanchum / V i ncetox icum

13. Pollinium attched to caudicles by

three apex side;

14, Corpuscle 300-340 [J^m long.

... Pentatropis

14. Corpuscle 140-260 jL^m long.

. . . Sarcos temma

872 Key to the genera of tribe Secamoneae

1. Caudicles more than 30 )|m long.

, . . Secamone

1. Caudicles less than 30 long :

2. Caudicles 10-15 wide.

Gen ianthus

2. Caudicles 15-20 wide.

Toxocarpus

873