The Science Behind Bifidobacterium BB-12®
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The Science behind ® Bifidobacterium BB-12 Close up of Bifidobacterium BB-12® Editor Mikkel Jungersen MSc, Scientific Advisor, HHN-Scientific Affairs Published by Department of Scientific Affairs Human Health & Nutrition Chr. Hansen A/S Bøge Allé 10-12 DK-2970 Hørsholm Denmark Copyright © 2013 All rights reserved Chr. Hansen A/S www.chr-hansen.com The information contained herein is to the best of our knowledge true and correct and presented in good faith. It may be subject to change without further notice. To the best of our knowledge this document does not infringe Intel- lectual Property Rights of any third party. This information is offered solely for your considera- tion and verification. Contents Summary .......................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6 Taxonomy & Characterization ................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Origin & Selection ....................................................................................................... 7 1.3 The Genome .............................................................................................................. 7 Strain Characteristics & Mechanisms......................................................................................... 9 2.1 Acid and Bile Tolerance ................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Bile Salt Hydrolase ...................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Adherence ............................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Pathogen Inhibition .................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Barrier function enhancement ....................................................................................... 12 2.6 Immune interactions ................................................................................................... 12 Efficacy ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Proven Efficacy ......................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Survival in the Gastrointestinal Tract .............................................................................. 13 3.3 Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota ................................................................................. 14 3.4 Gastrointestinal Function ............................................................................................. 14 3.4.1 Bowel Function .................................................................................................... 14 3.4.2 Diarrhea in Infants and Children ............................................................................... 15 3.4.3 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea ................................................................................. 16 3.5 Immune Function ....................................................................................................... 17 3.5.1 Respiratory Infections ........................................................................................... 17 Safety ............................................................................................................................. 19 4.1 Evaluation by Authorities ............................................................................................. 19 4.2 Antibiotic Susceptibility ............................................................................................... 19 4.3 Human and Animal Studies ........................................................................................... 20 References ....................................................................................................................... 21 Summary Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12® is the Strain characteristics and mechanisms of world’s most documented probiotic Bifidobacte- BB-12® have been established through extensive in- rium. It is described in more than 300 scientific vitro testing. BB-12® exhibits excellent acid bile publications out of which more than 130 are publi- tolerance, it contains bile salt hydrolase, and has cations of human clinical studies. BB-12® has proven strong adherence properties, all valuable probiotic its beneficial health effect in numerous clinical characteristics. Pathogen inhibition, barrier func- studies within gastrointestinal health and immune tion enhancement, and immune interactions are function. mechanisms that all have been demonstrated for Clinical studies have demonstrated survival BB-12®. of BB-12® through the gastrointestinal tract and BB- Following current taxonomy, BB-12® is iden- 12® has been shown to support a healthy gastroin- tified as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. testinal microbiota. Furthermore BB-12® has been The complete genome sequence of BB-12® has been shown to improve bowel function, to have a protec- mapped and published. BB-12® originates from Chr. tive effect against diarrhea, and to reduce side ef- Hansen’s collection of dairy cultures. BB-12® has fects of antibiotic treatment, such as antibiotic as- high stability in foods and as freeze dried powders. sociated diarrhea. In terms of immune function, BB-12® is considered safe for its intended clinical studies have shown that BB-12® increases use as a dietary ingredient in food and dietary sup- the body’s resistance to common respiratory infec- plements to be consumed by a healthy population tions as well as reduce the incidence of acute res- including term newborn infants. piratory tract infections. Frozen culture Introduction The human species consists of approximately 10 that a true probiotic requires that some prerequi- trillion cells encoded by 23,000 human genes. We sites must be fulfilled. First of all, probiotics need are, however, outnumbered by the microbiome – to be alive at the time of ingestion and they must the bacteria living on and in us. The microbiome is be microorganisms. At present most probiotic or- made up of more than 500 different species and ganisms are bacteria, belonging to the Lactobacillus counts around 100 trillion cells encoded by 3.3 mil- and Bifidobacterium genera. Secondly, they need lion different non-human genes. Not surprisingly, to be ingested in a dosage high enough to cause an the microbiome plays a major role in human health effect. The recommended, efficacious dosage is through intimate interaction with our human body. closely linked to the clinical documentation, on The bacteria living in the intestine – the gastroin- which is must be based. Thirdly, the ingested live testinal microbiota – constitute the largest part of microorganisms need to pose a beneficial effect on the microbiome. the host in order to be a probiotic. It is important Scientific research on the gastrointestinal to note, that the beneficial effect of the various microbiota as well as of probiotics has increased probiotics is strain specific and cannot be regarded significantly in the new millennium. The interaction as general for the different species of probiotics. between the gastrointestinal microbiota and probi- The consensus of strain specificity is based otics – beneficial bacteria - has gained much on scientific research showing that various strains awareness. Clinical research has shown that probi- within the same species may display different ef- otics play a role within various health areas, of fects. In order to establish a true probiotic it is which the two main research areas are gastrointes- therefore essential to document characteristics, tinal health and immune function. safety and efficacy of the specific probiotic strain. Probiotics is derived from Greek and means The following text provides a review of the ‘for life’ as opposed to antibiotics which means scientific documentation on Bifidobacterium BB- ‘against life’. Probiotics are defined as ‘live micro- 12®. It is not a complete listing of all the available organisms, which when administered in adequate data on BB-12® rather it is a review of selected key amounts, confer a health benefit on the host’ data. (FAO/WHO 2001). From this definition it is evident Taxonomy & Characterization of the food and is able to survive in the probiotic 1.1 Taxonomy food until consumption. Anette Wind MSc, Department Manager, 1.3 The Genome Identification, CED-Innovation Eric Johansen PhD, Bifidobacterium is a genus of lactic acid producing, Associate Vice President, Gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile, an- Science, CED-Innovation aerobic bacteria. Bifidobacteria was discovered and isolated from the feces of a breast fed infant in The properties of an organism are encoded in its 1899. They are common constituents of the indige- DNA with the full complement of DNA in an organ- nous microbiota in the human intestinal tract (Reu- ism being referred to as its genome. DNA sequenc- ter 2001). ing technology has advanced to the point where it Bifidobacterium BB-12® is a catalase- is possible to determine the complete genome se- negative, rod-shaped