Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions Classification of Matter
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Homework 5 Solutions
SCI 1410: materials science & solid state chemistry HOMEWORK 5. solutions Textbook Problems: Imperfections in Solids 1. Askeland 4-67. Why is most “gold” or “silver” jewelry made out of gold or silver alloyed with copper, i.e, what advantages does copper offer? We have two major considerations in jewelry alloying: strength and cost. Copper additions obviously lower the cost of gold or silver (Note that 14K gold is actually only about 50% gold). Copper and other alloy additions also strengthen pure gold and pure silver. In both gold and silver, copper will strengthen the material by either solid solution strengthening (substitutional Cu atoms in the Au or Ag crystal), or by formation of second phase in the microstructure. 2. Solid state solubility. Of the elements in the chart below, name those that would form each of the following relationships with copper (non-metals only have atomic radii listed): a. Substitutional solid solution with complete solubility o Ni and possibly Ag, Pd, and Pt b. Substitutional solid solution of incomplete solubility o Ag, Pd, and Pt (if you didn’t include these in part (a); Al, Co, Cr, Fe, Zn c. An interstitial solid solution o C, H, O (small atomic radii) Element Atomic Radius (nm) Crystal Structure Electronegativity Valence Cu 0.1278 FCC 1.9 +2 C 0.071 H 0.046 O 0.060 Ag 0.1445 FCC 1.9 +1 Al 0.1431 FCC 1.5 +3 Co 0.1253 HCP 1.8 +2 Cr 0.1249 BCC 1.6 +3 Fe 0.1241 BCC 1.8 +2 Ni 0.1246 FCC 1.8 +2 Pd 0.1376 FCC 2.2 +2 Pt 0.1387 FCC 2.2 +2 Zn 0.1332 HCP 1.6 +2 3. -
Chapter 15: Solutions
452-487_Ch15-866418 5/10/06 10:51 AM Page 452 CHAPTER 15 Solutions Chemistry 6.b, 6.c, 6.d, 6.e, 7.b I&E 1.a, 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.j, 1.m What You’ll Learn ▲ You will describe and cate- gorize solutions. ▲ You will calculate concen- trations of solutions. ▲ You will analyze the colliga- tive properties of solutions. ▲ You will compare and con- trast heterogeneous mixtures. Why It’s Important The air you breathe, the fluids in your body, and some of the foods you ingest are solu- tions. Because solutions are so common, learning about their behavior is fundamental to understanding chemistry. Visit the Chemistry Web site at chemistrymc.com to find links about solutions. Though it isn’t apparent, there are at least three different solu- tions in this photo; the air, the lake in the foreground, and the steel used in the construction of the buildings are all solutions. 452 Chapter 15 452-487_Ch15-866418 5/10/06 10:52 AM Page 453 DISCOVERY LAB Solution Formation Chemistry 6.b, 7.b I&E 1.d he intermolecular forces among dissolving particles and the Tattractive forces between solute and solvent particles result in an overall energy change. Can this change be observed? Safety Precautions Dispose of solutions by flushing them down a drain with excess water. Procedure 1. Measure 10 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and place it in a Materials 100-mL beaker. balance 2. Add 30 mL of water to the NH4Cl, stirring with your stirring rod. -
Self-Assembly of a Colloidal Interstitial Solid Solution with Tunable Sublattice Doping: Supplementary Information
Self-assembly of a colloidal interstitial solid solution with tunable sublattice doping: Supplementary information L. Filion,∗ M. Hermes, R. Ni, E. C. M. Vermolen,† A. Kuijk, C. G. Christova,‡ J. C. P. Stiefelhagen, T. Vissers, A. van Blaaderen, and M. Dijkstra Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for NanoMaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands I. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE LS6 In the main paper we use full free-energy calculations to determine the phase diagram for binary mixtures of hard spheres with size ratio σS/σL = 0.3 where σS(L) is the diameter of the small (large) particles. The phases we considered included a structure with LS6 stoichiometry for which we could not identify an atomic analogue. Snapshots of this structure from various perspectives are shown in Fig. S1. FIG. S1: Unit cell of the binary LS6 superlattice structure described in this paper. Note that both species exhibit long-range crystalline order. The unit cell is based on a body-centered-cubic cell of the large particles in contrast to the face-centered-cubic cell associated with the interstitial solid solution covering most of the phase diagram (Fig. 1). II. PHASE DIAGRAM AT CONSTANT VOLUME 3 In the main paper, we present the xS − p representation of the phase diagram where p = βPσL is the reduced pressure, xS = NS/(NS + NL), NS(L) is the number of small (large) hard spheres, β = 1/kBT , kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This is the natural representation arising from common tangent construc- tions at constant pressure and the representation required for further simulation studies such as nucleation studies. -
Solid Solution Softening and Enhanced Ductility in Concentrated FCC Silver Solid Solution Alloys
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Solid solution softening and enhanced ductility in concentrated FCC silver solid solution alloys Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d05p55k Authors Huo, Yongjun Wu, Jiaqi Lee, Chin C Publication Date 2018-06-27 DOI 10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.057 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Materials Science & Engineering A 729 (2018) 208–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Science & Engineering A journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/msea Solid solution softening and enhanced ductility in concentrated FCC silver T solid solution alloys ⁎ Yongjun Huoa,b, , Jiaqi Wua,b, Chin C. Leea,b a Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2660, United States b Materials and Manufacturing Technology University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2660, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The major adoptions of silver-based bonding wires and silver-sintering methods in the electronic packaging Concentrated solid solutions industry have incited the fundamental material properties research on the silver-based alloys. Recently, an Solid solution softening abnormal phenomenon, namely, solid solution softening, was observed in stress vs. strain characterization of Ag- Twinning-induced plasticity In solid solution. In this paper, the mechanical properties of additional concentrated silver solid solution phases Localized homologous temperature with other solute elements, Al, Ga and Sn, have been experimentally determined, with their work hardening Advanced joining materials behaviors and the corresponding fractography further analyzed. Particularly, the concentrated Ag-Ga solid so- lution has been discovered to possess the best combination of mechanical properties, namely, lowest yield strength, highest ductility and highest strength, among the concentrated solid solutions of the current study. -
Solvent Effects on the Thermodynamic Functions of Dissociation of Anilines and Phenols
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 1982 Solvent effects on the thermodynamic functions of dissociation of anilines and phenols Barkat A. Khawaja University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Khawaja, Barkat A., Solvent effects on the thermodynamic functions of dissociation of anilines and phenols, Master of Science thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, 1982. -
Solvation Structure of Ions in Water
International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 28, No. 2, April 2007 (© 2007) DOI: 10.1007/s10765-007-0154-6 Solvation Structure of Ions in Water Raymond D. Mountain1 Molecular dynamics simulations of ions in water are reported for solutions of varying solute concentration at ambient conditions for six cations and four anions in 10 solutes. The solutes were selected to show trends in properties as the size and charge density of the ions change. The emphasis is on how the structure of water is modified by the presence of the ions and how many water molecules are present in the first solvation shell of the ions. KEY WORDS: anion; cation; molecular dynamics; potential functions; solva- tion; water. 1. INTRODUCTION The behavior of aqueous solutions of salts is a topic of continuing interest [1–3]. In this note we examine how the structure of water,as reflected in the oxy- gen–oxygen pair function, is modified as the concentration of ions increases. The method of generating the pair functions is molecular dynamics using the SPC/E model for water [4] and various models for ion–water interactions taken from the literature. The solutes are LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, NaF, CaCl2, CaSO4,Na2SO4, NaNO3, and guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) [C(NH2)3Cl]. This work is an extension of earlier work [5] to a larger set of ions. The water molecules and ions interact through site–site pair interac- tions consisting of Lennard–Jones potentials and Coulomb interactions so that the interaction between a pair of sites labeled i, j and separated by an interatomic distance r is 12 6 φij (r) = 4ij (σij /r) − (σij /r) + qiqj /r (1) where qi is the charge on site i. -
Affinity of Small-Molecule Solutes to Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, and Chemically Patterned Interfaces in Aqueous Solution
Affinity of small-molecule solutes to hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and chemically patterned interfaces in aqueous solution Jacob I. Monroea, Sally Jiaoa, R. Justin Davisb, Dennis Robinson Browna, Lynn E. Katzb, and M. Scott Shella,1 aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and bDepartment of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 Edited by Peter J. Rossky, Rice University, Houston, TX, and approved November 17, 2020 (received for review September 30, 2020) Performance of membranes for water purification is highly influ- However, a molecular understanding that links membrane enced by the interactions of solvated species with membrane surface chemistry to solute affinity and hence membrane func- surfaces, including surface adsorption of solutes upon fouling. tional properties remains incomplete, due in part to the complex Current efforts toward fouling-resistant membranes often pursue interplay among specific interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, surface hydrophilization, frequently motivated by macroscopic electrostatics, dispersion) and molecular morphology (e.g., sur- measures of hydrophilicity, because hydrophobicity is thought to face and polymer configurations) that are difficult to disentangle increase solute–surface affinity. While this heuristic has driven di- (11–14). Chemically heterogeneous surfaces are even less un- verse membrane functionalization strategies, here we build on derstood but can affect fouling in complex ways. -
Chapter 18 Solutions and Their Behavior
Chapter 18 Solutions and Their Behavior 18.1 Properties of Solutions Lesson Objectives The student will: • define a solution. • describe the composition of solutions. • define the terms solute and solvent. • identify the solute and solvent in a solution. • describe the different types of solutions and give examples of each type. • define colloids and suspensions. • explain the differences among solutions, colloids, and suspensions. • list some common examples of colloids. Vocabulary • colloid • solute • solution • solvent • suspension • Tyndall effect Introduction In this chapter, we begin our study of solution chemistry. We all might think that we know what a solution is, listing a drink like tea or soda as an example of a solution. What you might not have realized, however, is that the air or alloys such as brass are all classified as solutions. Why are these classified as solutions? Why wouldn’t milk be classified as a true solution? To answer these questions, we have to learn some specific properties of solutions. Let’s begin with the definition of a solution and look at some of the different types of solutions. www.ck12.org 394 E-Book Page 402 Homogeneous Mixtures A solution is a homogeneous mixture of substances (the prefix “homo-” means “same”), meaning that the properties are the same throughout the solution. Take, for example, the vinegar that is used in cooking. Vinegar is approximately 5% acetic acid in water. This means that every teaspoon of vinegar contains 5% acetic acid and 95% water. When a solution is said to have uniform properties, the definition is referring to properties at the particle level. -
Chapter 4 Solution Theory
SMA5101 Thermodynamics of Materials Ceder 2001 Chapter 4 Solution Theory In the first chapters we dealt primarily with closed systems for which only heat and work is transferred between the system and the environment. In the this chapter, we study the thermodynamics of systems that can also exchange matter with other systems or with the environment, and in particular, systems with more than one component. First we focus on homogeneous systems called solutions. Next we consider heterogeneous systems with emphasis on the equilibrium between different multi-component phases. 4.1 WHAT IS A SOLUTION? A solution in thermodynamics refers to a system with more than one chemical component that is mixed homogeneously at the molecular level. A well-known example of a solution is salt water: The Na+, Cl- and H2O ions are intimately mixed at the atomic level. Many systems can be characterized as a dispersion of one phase within another phase. Although such systems typically contain more than one chemical component, they do not form a solution. Solutions are not limited to liquids: for example air, a mixture of predominantly N2 and O2, forms a vapor solution. Solid solutions such as the solid phase in the Si-Ge system are also common. Figure 4.1. schematically illustrates a binary solid solution and a binary liquid solution at the atomic level. Figure 4.1: (a) The (111) plane of the fcc lattice showing a cut of a binary A-B solid solution whereby A atoms (empty circles) are uniformly mixed with B atoms (filled circles) on the atomic level. -
Solid-Liquid Partition Coefficients, Rcjs: What's the Value and When Does It Matter?
Radioprotection - Colloques, volume 37, Cl (2002) Cl-225 Solid-liquid partition coefficients, rCjs: What's the value and when does it matter? M.I. Sheppard and S.C. Sheppard ECOMatters, 24 Aberdeen Avenue, P.O. Box 430, Pinawa, Manitoba ROE 1L0, Canada Abstract. Environmental risk assessments binge on our ability to predict the fete and mobility of radionuclides and metals in terrestrial soils and aquatic sediments. Solid-solution partitioning (the Kd approach), despite its shortcomings, has been used extensively. Much attention has been devoted to grooming the existing key compendia for values applicable for each nuclear risk assessment carried out worldwide. This appears to be an important task. For example, soil Kd values for a single nuclide can vary over several orders of magnitude, yet the soil Kd value is the most important parameter in the soil leaching model. Similarly, plant uptake depends primarily on the nuclide present in solution phase. Despite this apparent sensitivity, our experience has shown that risk assessors dwell too much on the precision of the Kd value for all nuclides. This paper discusses the effect of the Kd value on the resulting soil concentration during leaching and identifies those radionuclides and assessment conditions where a precise value is required. Only those radionuclides that typically have a soil Kd value of 10 LAg or less (Tc, CL I, As) need be accurately described for timeframes of up to 10,000 years for desired soil model prediction outcomes (soil concentrations within two-fold). 1. INTRODUCTION Environmental risk assessments of radionuclides and metals are key to acceptance and sustainability of industrial progress and the disposal of industry's wastes, particularly in the nuclear and imriing and metal smelting industry. -
Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Modeling of Arsenic and Selenium in Soils
3 Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Modeling of Arsenic and Selenium in Soils Sabine Goldberg CONTENTS Inorganic Chemistry of As and Se in Soil Solution .......................................... 66 Methylation and Volatilization Reactions ......................................................... 66 Precipitation-Dissolution Reactions .................................................................. 68 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions .......................................................................... 68 Adsorption-Desorption Reactions ..................................................................... 69 Modeling of Adsorption by Soils: Empirical Models ...................................... 70 Modeling of Adsorption by Soils: Constant Capacitance ModeL................ 72 Summary................................................................................................................ 86 References ............................................................................................................... 87 High concentrations of the trace elements arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) in soils pose a threat to agricultural production and the health of humans and animals. As is toxic to both plants and animals. Se, despite being an essential micronutrient for animal nutrition, is potentially toxic because the concentra tion range between deficiency and toxicity in animals is narrow. Seleniferous soils release enough Se to produce vegetation toxic to grazing animals. Such soils occur in the semiarid states of the western United -
The Cloud Point Composition and Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameters of Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Lignin Sulfonate in Water - Ethanol Mixture
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Luh, Song - Ping for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering presented on July 22, 1987 Title: The Cloud Point Composition and Flory - Huggins Interaction Parameters of Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Lignin Sulfonate in Water - Ethanol Mixtures Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: Willi J. Frederick/Jr. In designing a solubility based separation process for solvent recovery of an organosolv pulping process, the phase behavior of polymeric lignin molecules in alcohol - water mixed solvent should be known. In this study, sodium lignin sulfonates (NaLS) samples were fractionated into three different molecular weight fractions using a partial dissolution method. The cloud point compositions of each of the three fractions were determined by a cloud point titration method. The experimental data were correlated using the three component Flory - Huggins equation of the Gibbs free energy change of mixing. The binary interaction parameter between water and that between ethanol and NaLSwere found to be a weak function of the NaLS volume fraction, while that between water and ethanol was strongly depend on the solvent composition. The Cloud Point Composition and Flory - Huggins Interaction Parameters of Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Lignin Sulfonate in Water - Ethanol Mixtures by Luh, Song - Ping A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed July 22, 1987 Commencement June 1988 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Associate P fessor of Chemi401 Engineering in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Head of Department of dlemical Engineering Redacted for Privacy Dean of Gradu School (I Date thesis is presented July 22, 1987 Typed by Luh, Song - Ping for Luh, Song - Ping TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 1.