Otari-Wilton's Bush Management Plan

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 STRUCTURE OF THIS PLAN

This management plan is divided into four main sections; (1) introduction, (2) background, (3) goals, objectives and policies, and (4) implementation.

Section 1 describes how Otari-Wilton’s Bush fits into the city-wide context for reserve management planning. Section 2 provides a physical description of Otari-Wilton’s Bush including its key physical and natural features. A historic outline is also provided. Section 3 describes the themes of each goal and issues and opportunities are discussed. Objectives relating to each goal are then listed, and their implementation is described through policies and implementation actions. The final section summarises all the implementation actions described in Section 3.

1.2 THE STATUS OF THIS PLAN

This section describes the practical and legal status of this Plan, the planning process and how it fits into the Council’s wider planning programme for parks and open spaces.

1.2.1 RESERVE AND OPEN SPACE PLANNING IN WELLINGTON

Council Strategies In 2006 the Council approved seven strategies including a new Environmental Strategy that provides high-level statements about the Council’s long-term environmental intentions for Wellington. Otari-Wilton’s Bush sits primarily under this Strategy, and this management plan is prepared in the context of the following Council outcomes: Making Wellington more liveable, where Wellington’s natural environment is more accessible to all for a wide range of social and recreational opportunities that do not compromise environmental values; Creating a stronger sense of place, where Wellington recognises and protects significant features of its natural heritage; More actively engaged, where a collaborative participatory approach is pursued for environmental kaitiakitanga (guardianship) by information sharing and establishing partnerships; Better connected, where Wellington has a network of green space; Safer, including clean water and air to protect public health and ecosystems; Healthier, with the protection of land and water based ecosystems to sustain natural processes; More competitive, with a high quality environment attracting more visitors.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

This management plan also sits in the context of the Council’s Economic Development Strategy, where a 10 year outcome is to advocate for tourism products that promote Wellington’s unique sense of place. The unique cultural and natural heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush strongly positions it within Wellington’s nature-based tourism attractions.

This management plan is also influenced by the Culture and Wellbeing Strategy, which emphasises enhancing elements of the city’s sense of place, including native flora and fauna; and becoming more actively engaged, including access to historical and heritage information, and investing in the city’s public environment.

Outer Green Belt Management Plan (2004) The Outer Green Belt follows the ridges to the west of the city from the South Coast to Colonial Knob. The Outer Green Belt Management Plan is a ‘cluster management plan’ that sets management objectives and policies for the whole area, rather than for specific reserves in it. These policies are consistent with ‘Capital Spaces: Open Space Strategy for Wellington (1998)’. The vision is that the Outer Breen Belt is a continuous green belt, in which indigenous vegetation is restored and an informal recreation network is widely accessible.

Otari-Wilton’s Bush sits within the Outer Green Belt cluster management plan, where it has been identified for management in accordance with its own specific management plan. The general objectives and policies for the Outer Green Belt will apply, but they will be interpreted with respect to the Scenic Reserve status of Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

Botanic Garden Cluster Otari-Wilton’s Bush also sits within the Botanic Gardens of Wellington cluster. Four gardens, each with a different botanic emphasis, form this cluster: Otari-Wilton’s Bush Wellington Botanic Garden Bolton Street Memorial Park Truby King Park

A strategic vision has been developed for the Botanic Gardens of Wellington: To enhance people’s awareness and appreciation of plants and their environment, provide appropriate recreational opportunities, and manage and protect our diverse cultural and natural heritage. (Combined Management Plan: Wellington Botanic Garden, Anderson Park, Bolton Street Memorial Park, January 2002)

The vision for Otari-Wilton’s Bush sits within the context of this strategic vision for the Botanic Gardens.

Other relevant strategies and Council programmes include Wellington Wet and Wild: Bush and Streams Restoration Plan (2001) which includes policies and priorities for the protection of natural regeneration and revegetation, enhancement of key natural areas of the city valued by the community, and managing streams as complete ecosystems and recognising their role within wider ecological processes.

Project Kaiwharawhara, is a significant project falling out of Wellington Wet and Wild. Project Kaiwharawhara is a stream catchment restoration project and is centred around Otari-Wilton’s Bush. The project is driven by a community stream plan, and is a collaborative effort between community, Wellington City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council. The vision for Project Kaiwharawhara is to protect and enhance the natural landscape, ecosystems, and recreation areas, and for the stream to be the focus for local communities.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

National Strategies and Legislation The management of Otari-Wilton’s Bush must also take relevant national strategies and legislation into consideration. These include the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy (2000), New Zealand Historic Places Act (1993), Resource Management Act (1991), Local Government Act (2002), and of course the Reserves Act (1977).

1.2.2 THE RESERVES ACT 1977

Otari-Wilton’s Bush is classified as a Reserve under the Reserves Act (1977). The Act requires that management plans be developed that provide for and ensure the use, enjoyment, maintenance, protection, and preservation of the reserve for the purposes for which it is classified. The Act also states that the management plan shall be kept under continuous review, so that the plan is adapted to changing circumstances or in accordance with increased knowledge.

Most of the Otari-Wilton’s Bush management area is classified as Scenic Reserve. For any additional areas that this management plan recommends for inclusion, and where existing parcels of land within the management area are unclassified, then this Plan will have the status of a draft management plan only, until such time as the areas are gazetted as part of Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

This plan replaces the 1996 Management Plan: Otari Native Botanic Garden.

1.2.3 RELATIONSHIP WITH TANGATA WHENUA

Wellington City Council recognises the importance of the mana whenua relationship and has a formal memorandum of understanding with Wellington Tenths Trust and is developing one with Te Runanga o Toa Rangatira. Wellington City Council also takes into account the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, in accordance with Resource Management Act (1991), including recognition of the role of Tangata Whenua as kaitiaki of the natural environment. Actions taken under this Plan will reflect these principles and are intended to provide opportunities for discussion and to develop partnerships.

The Port Nicholson Block Claim

On 17 May 2003, the Waitangi Tribunal presented the report on Wellington and its environs, Te Whanganui a Tara me Ōna Takiwā, to the claimants and their nearly 1,000 supporters at Pipitea Marae. This very significant document will form the background to subsequent claim settlement negotiations between the claimants and the Crown. These negotiations are between the Crown and claimants. As such, Local Government is a third party to negotiations and any settlement outcome that may impact on the operation of Otari-Wilton’s Bush is a matter for negotiation between the Crown and Iwi.

1.2.4 FUTURE REVIEW OF THIS PLAN

This plan may be reviewed at any time in accordance with increased knowledge and/or changing circumstances. The term of this management plan is expected to be 10 years, and the implementation plan is for 5 years.

Any review of this management plan must be carried out in accordance with the Reserves Act (1977).

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

2. BACKGROUND

2.1 DESCRIPTION

2.1.1 LOCATION AND LEGAL DESCRIPTION

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve (Otari-Wilton’s Bush) comprises about 5 hectares of cultivated native plant collections and about 96 hectares of mature and regenerating native forest. Otari-Wilton’s Bush is the only botanic garden in New Zealand dedicated solely to native plants, and its mature podocarp northern rata forest is one of the few remaining remnants of this once common forest type on the Wellington Peninsula. The forest has been a recreation area for Wellingtonians since the 1860’s.

Otari-Wilton’s Bush nestles in the deep valley formed by the Kaiwharawhara Stream (also known as Te Mahanga Stream) flowing northeast towards Ngaio Gorge. The northwestern boundary borders the Te Wharangi ridge on the skyline and the southwestern boundary borders Karori Cemetery, Ian Galloway Park, and mixed exotic/indigenous forest on private land. Surrounding the rest of Otari-Wilton’s Bush to the east and north are the suburbs of Wilton and Chartwell. Wilton Road forms much of the south eastern boundary and Otari School and Wilton Bowling Club adjoin Otari-Wilton’s Bush on Wilton Road.

Physical Parameters Most of Otari-Wilton’s Bush is classified as Scenic Reserve (see Figure 1). The original reserve area was gazetted in 1906 under the Scenery Altitude: 70-280 metres above Preservation Act (1903). In 1918 the reserve was acquired by Wellington City sea level. Topography: Very steep hill Council “in Trust for Recreation purposes and for the preservation of Native slopes; deep stream-bed Flora” (s62 of the Reserves and Land Disposal and Public Bodies orientated northeast to Empowering Act 1917). southwest, draining northeast. Soil Parent Material: Greywacke (bedrock exposed The area on the Wilton Road side of the Kaiwharawhara Stream, including in streams). Wilton’s Bush was added to Otari Scenic Reserve in 1925 (ex Chapman Soil: Korokoro soil type. Shallow (less than one metre Estate). From the 1960s to 1990s, Wellington City Council continued to deep); stoney colluvium on acquire adjacent areas to the north (ex Chartwell Subdivision) and northeast ridges and slopes; silt loam (ex Curtis Estate) and formed the management area outlined in the 1996 Otari over colluvium in alleys and hollows. Native Botanic Garden Management Plan. In 2000, the name of the reserve Rainfall: 1240 millimetres, was officially changed to Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush averaging 125 rainy days p.a. Reserve and is now commonly referred to as Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Full legal descriptions are provided in Appendix 1.

2.1.2 LANDSCAPE AND LANDFORM

Otari-Wilton’s Bush ranges from 70-280 metres above sea level. The reserve is incised by the Kaiwharawhara Stream (also known as Te Mahanga Stream), and is a key part of the Kaiwharawhara Catchment. To the west of the stream, the reserve is dominated by very steep hill slopes leading up to Te Wharangi Ridge. To the east of the stream are more gentle slopes which beyond the reserve eventually climb to the Tinakori Hill ridgeline. The forest of Otari-Wilton’s Bush is a visually significant feature, viewed from Churchill Drive below Chartwell and seen from Wilton Road.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Figure 1: Otari-Wilton’s Bush

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

2.1.3 INDIGENOUS ECOSYSTEMS AND IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL FEATURES

The area known as Wilton’s Bush near Wilton Road and part of the forest up the western ridge is of national significance as one of the few remaining areas of original podocarp-northern rata forest on the Wellington Peninsula. Much of the surrounding forest is also of significance as advanced secondary forest with remnant elements of primary forest. In all there are about 100 hectares of forest. Large podocarps such as rimu, totara, miro and matai can be readily seen. Kohekohe, rewarewa, tawa and mahoe trees dominate the upper slopes, and in valley areas tall pukateas are found.

Epiphytes (perching plants) and climbers occur throughout the forest. About 150 species of flowering plants, podocarps and ferns can be found growing naturally in the forest. An active revegetation programme to the south of the Troup Picnic Area aims to further restore the forest.

Bird life was greatly diminished with the loss of mature forest in the catchment and with intense hunting of kaka, kereru, and tui in the 19th century. However, in recent years records show that bird numbers are increasing in Otari-Wilton’s Bush, and they are likely to be benefiting from a number of factors including; a rigorous possum control programme throughout the area , the development of Karori Wildlife Sanctuary and the conscious development of the Outer Green Belt as a corridor providing suitable habitats and range. Native birds recently observed in Otari-Wilton’s Bush include silvereye, kingfisher, fantail, grey warbler, tui, kereru, paradise shelduck, shining cuckoo, morepork, NZ falcon, bellbird and tomtit.

Other fauna recorded as present within the forest ecosystem include cicada, dragonfly, lizards (including forest gecko and copper skink), glow worms, weta and a generally rich invertebrate population; however this information is limited to few studies.

In March 2007, a ‘Bioblitz’ was conducted with the goal of counting as many species as possible during a 24 hour period. The final count was 1345 species (see Appendix 5 for summary of results).

The main threats to the forest are pest plants and animals, lack of podocarp recruitment, surrounding land uses and pressures, and fire.

The other key ecological feature of Otari-Wilton’s Bush is the Kaiwharawhara Stream (also known locally as Te Mahanga branch of the Kaiwharawhara Stream) which runs through the middle of the reserve. The stream retains a relatively healthy habitat despite the land use pressures placed upon it. The head of the stream sits within Karori Wildlife Sanctuary where it is dammed. The stream is then piped under Appleton Park and Ian Galloway Park (closed landfills), and surfaces again to flow down through Otari-Wilton’s Bush, Trelissick Park/Ngaio Gorge and into the harbour.

Key pressures to the stream include stormwater flow, stormwater contamination, and sedimentation. However, the reserves through which the stream flows openly (including Otari-Wilton’s Bush) mean that pockets of biodiversity occur which can provide a pool of organisms that can recolonise the stream following a flood, drought or spillage event.

In 2002, fish sampling within Otari-Wilton’s Bush found the following species: banded kokopu, long finned eel, koaro, as well as some brown trout.1 During the Bioblitz in 2007 redfin bully were also observed, probably due to the recent installation of a fish ladder downstream.

1 Source: Kingett Mitchell Ltd (June 2002). Ecological condition and health of the Kaiwharawhara Stream, Wellington. Prepared for Wellington City Council.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

2.1.4 CULTURAL HERITAGE

A historical outline is given in Section 2.2.1 and fully described in Appendix 2.

Otari-Wilton’s Bush is named both for its Maori heritage where Otari means “Place of Snares” and was settled by Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whanui, and for the Wilton family whose forefather, Job Wilton was one of the pioneer farmers in the region and owned the land adjacent to the reserve, including a part of the reserve from 1860. These aspects, along with its natural, built and continuing social heritage contribute to the uniqueness of Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

2.1.5 RECREATIONAL RESOURCES AND LINKAGES

The recreational history of Otari-Wilton’s Bush goes back to the 1860s, gaining in popularity as it became one of the few surviving forest remnants near the city. The forested areas on both sides of the stream have been known locally as “Wilton’s Bush” since the 1870s, even though only the area on the true right of the Kaiwharawhara Stream was actually owned by Wilton.

Today, Otari-Wilton’s Bush still enjoys high levels of recreational use. These are pedestrian based, and include walking, running, dog walking (on-leash), picnics and barbeques.

There are two primary entrances to Otari-Wilton’s Bush on Wilton Road: the Banks Entrance to the main garden area with its commanding views across the valley and the Carpark Entrance further north along the road. Near the Banks Entrance but screened from the public are the Curator's house and small plant nursery. The combined Information Centre - Te Marae o Tane, staff offices and workshop are located in a building midway between the two Wilton Road entrances. There is also a second extensive garden area behind the Carpark Entrance.

From the garden areas, tracks drop down to the Kaiwharawhara Stream either to the open Troup Picnic Site (with toilets and barbecue facilities) or through mature podocarp forest. A car park and another mown picnic area (North Picnic Area) are reached from the low point on Churchill Drive, another primary entrance to the reserve. Wilton Bush Road is also accessed from here, leading to the privately owned Wilton House. A network of tracks provide loop walks through forest and clearings and give access to the suburb of Chartwell, to the Karori Cemetery, to Ian Galloway Park, and to the Outer Green Belt Skyline Track and Johnston’s Hill Reserve.

2.1.6 NATIVE PLANT COLLECTIONS

Otari Open-air Native Plant Museum was officially opened in 1926, and a kauri was planted just inside Banks Entrance. Since then, the collections have continued to grow. These have included plantings into the regenerating forest area (eg beech plantings around the flax clearing) but in recent years have been mostly confined to the Banks Entrance and Wilton Road car park area (refer to Section 2.2 Historical Information for more detail). Since their inception the native plant collections have focused on the conservation of native plants, providing examples of New Zealand vegetation types, the use of native plants for horticultural purposes, and for scientific study and education.

Today, there are 874 taxa (taxonomic units or groupings) represented in the plant collections, approximately one third of New Zealand’s known higher plant taxa.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

2.1.7 ROLE OF BOTANICAL GARDENS

Otari-Wilton’s Bush is one of the Botanic Gardens of Wellington. As a botanic garden, Otari-Wilton’s Bush is unique in two ways; firstly, as a Scenic Reserve, and secondly as having always had a focus on native plants.

Over the last 80 years the role of Otari-Wilton’s Bush has undergone a subtle shift from a focus on providing a ‘living collection’ of all New Zealand’s plants and ‘primitive’ vegetation types, to an emphasis on the conservation of native plants and the development of a resource for scientific studies and education. This shift reflects the current international trend of botanic gardens having a significant focus on conservation, education, science and research.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

2.2 HISTORICAL INFORMATION

2.2.1 HISTORICAL OUTLINE

The previous management plan provided a detailed historical description of Otari-Wilton’s Bush and this is included in Appendix 2. The description includes changes in land tenure, the role of Dr Leonard Cockayne (1855- 1934), early development of the plant collections and forest management. The following is a very brief timeline of key events in the history of Otari-Wilton’s Bush and should be read in conjunction with Appendix 2.

Pre-1847 Traditional occupation rights over the Otari area are claimed by Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whanui which includes Ngati Tama. Otere Hepapa and his wife, were living in the area, and offered land to European settler Henry Burling and family.

1847-1905 Otari Native Reserve created, including the 134 acre ‘Pipitea Natives Block’ (Te Ati Awa), in which the majority of the present- day Otari-Wilton’s Bush Reserve area sits. In 1860 Job Wilton bought 43 Hectares from Samuel Maxton below the ‘Pipitea Block’. By 1900 most of the Native Reserve area had been alienated from iwi.

1906 Otari Scenic Reserve gazetted. Pipitea Block acquired by Crown for Scenic Reserve under the Scenery Preservation Act 1903.

1907 Steep gully slopes adjacent to the reserve (owned by the Witton’s) purchased by the Department of Lands and Survey and added to the reserve.

1918 Reserve acquired by Wellington City Council under s62 of the Reserves and Land Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act 1917 ‘in Trust for Recreation purposes and for the preservation of Native Flora’.

1925 Wilton’s Bush purchased (then owned by Martin Chapman, and run as Chapman’s Gardens) and added to the reserve.

1926-1946 Otari Open-Air Native Plant Museum was officially opened and Dr Cockayne appointed as Honorary Botanist to the Wellington City Council and effectively became the Director of the Plant Museum. ‘A Scheme for the Development and Arrangement of the Otari Open-Air Plant Museum’ developed by Cockayne. First botanical study of the natural vegetation of the reserve carried out by Stan Reid. Otari became propagation headquarters for the Native Plant Preservation Society. Expansion of cultivated area and public facilities. 1947 Walter Brockie appointed Curator. Addition of 264 species to the collection, including the rock garden and a number of alpine plants.

1949 Name changed to Otari Gardens. 1952 Wilton Memorial Gate erected at the Wilton Road entrance to Otari Gardens which had once formed the access road to the Wilton homestead. Cockayne Memorial placed over the graves of Dr Cockayne and his wife Maude.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

1962 Raymond Mole appointed Curator. Taxonomic beds were developed. Educational potential of Otari was promoted. 1967 Acquistions made to the reserve during the development of the Chartwell subdivision.

1968 Wild Garden established following tree-falls and canopy openings caused by the Wahine Storm.

1970 1.5 hectares of land adjacent to Wilton’s Bush purchased from the Curtis family.

1979 Reserve designated as a Historic Area as part of the 1979 District Scheme Review.

1980 Information Centre (Te Marae o Tane) built. 1987 Carol Leach appointed as Supervisor. 1991 Mike Oates appointed as Curator of all the Botanic Gardens of Wellington, including Otari.

1993 Name changed to Otari Native Botanic Garden. Major possum control programme begun by Wellington Regional Council.

1994 0.1 hectares of regenerating bush purchased from the Rouse family.

1995 Anita Catchpole appointed as Supervisor.

1999 Name changed to Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve in consultation with interest groups and iwi. Canopy walkway constructed. Waharoa placed at entranceways. 2000 Establishment of the Otari-Wilton’s Bush Trust, a voluntary organisation that raises funds, coordinates guides, hosts and other programmes.

2001 Jane Wright appointed as Curator. 2002 Project Kaiwharawhara initiated. 2003 Robyn Smith appointed as Curator. Land adjacent to Wilton House acquired. 2004 Recognition as a Garden of National Significance 2005 Rewi Elliot appointed as Curator/Manager. Land adjacent to the Troup Picnic Area (ex-Otari School) acquired, and pine trees cleared from it.

2007 ‘Bioblitz’ took place recording 1345 species

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

2.2.2 HISTORIC ROLE

Otari-Wilton’s Bush has a long history of public recreation, enjoyment and forest protection even prior to it becoming a reserve. By the turn of the 20th century, Wilton’s Bush, owned by farmer Job Wilton, was already a popular recreation area. The demise of natural vegetation around Wellington city was concerning many residents and the purchase of the ‘Pipitea Block’ (the first part of Otari-Wilton’s Bush to become reserve) was in response to a community delegation asking the government to take steps to preserve the forested area. Wilton’s Bush was informally protected by its owners until it was added to the reserve in 1925.

The earliest ‘official’ role of the Reserve was set by Dr Leonard Cockayne in his 1932 A Scheme for the Development and Arrangement of the Otari Open- Air Native Plant Museum. Dr Cockayne identified four themes for the development of Otari-Wilton’s Bush: flora, vegetation, horticulture, and forest restoration.

1932 Roles Flora: To establish a collection of all the New Zealand species possible to cultivate in the native plant museum. Vegetation: Examples artificially produced of various types of the primitive vegetations of New Zealand Horticulture: The use of indigenous plants for horticultural purposes shall be illustrated in various ways for the information of those desirous of using such plants in their garden. Forest The forest shall be brought back as far as possible to its original restoration: form, both as to its structure and composition.

In the 1980 Management Plan ‘Otari Open Air Native Plant Museum’ Cockayne’s themes were essentially retained, with the additions of Visual Qualities (to preserve and enhance the natural visual quality of Otari, particularly in general design and plant layout; where beauty must be the primary consideration) and the Outer Green Belt (to achieve objectives of the Outer Belt where there is no conflict with Otari, including protection of open space, segregation of urban and rural land use, scenic protection and provision of natural recreational open space).

In the 1996 management plan ‘Otari Native Botanic Garden’ the themes were kept but the roles now emphasised conservation, research and education.

1996 Roles Flora: To maintain and develop a native botanic garden for the conservation of native plants.

Vegetation: To maintain and develop a native botanic garden as a resource for scientific studies and education in natural sciences, conservation and native plant horticulture. Forest: To protect the forest area, taking into account Otari’s role as a key link in the Kaiwharawhara catchment ecological corridor. To provide a recreation area where the natural environment Recreation: can be enjoyed, subject to necessary measures protecting the environment.

The role of Otari-Wilton’s Bush today recognises these historic themes, and continues to emphasise the position of Otari-Wilton’s Bush in conservation, research and education.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3. GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES

HERITAGE HERITAGE CONSERVATION CONSERVATION Otari-Wilton’s Bush has an internationally significant role in the conservation of New Zealand’s natural heritage. It provides a unique experience through the combination of a nationally important native plant collection with a large remnant of ancient forest, all of which is captured within a spectacular valley setting.

3.1 PLANT COLLECTIONS

3.1.1 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Native Plant Collections The point of difference for Otari-Wilton’s Bush as a botanic garden is its exclusively native plant collection.

The relatively temperate climate at Otari-Wilton’s Bush enables a variety of species to be grown; however the physical area available to collections is limited to the current plant collection areas (see Figure 1). Whilst the space limitations at Otari-Wilton’s Bush present opportunities for innovative thinking, for example, some collections may extend beyond the physical boundaries of the reserve as ‘satellite gardens’, it does mean that each collection at Otari- Wilton’s Bush needs to be closely justified.

Currently collections occur throughout the cultivated area in taxonomic beds (eg. Hebe species border, Asteraceae, Carmichelia, Gymnosperms), ecological associations (eg. alpine garden, Canterbury border, rock garden) and general themes (eg. endangered species border, divaricates). These are described, interpreted and labelled to varying degrees, styles and quality. To meet the modern day expectations of education and conservation, and to position Otari-Wilton’s Bush internationally, the plant collections must be informative and offer the visitor a sense of understanding and awareness of New Zealand’s flora, as well as provide an opportunity for people to see how native plants can be used in horticultural and garden settings.

Collection Themes The Collection Review currently being carried out is a useful way to ensure the relevance of the collections to current objectives and should be informed by principal themes. Principal themes that are in keeping with the historic role of Otari-Wilton’s Bush, and in helping visitors value and appreciate New Zealand’s flora are:

Representative collection of New Zealand flora. This is in keeping with Cockayne’s vision of collecting as many species as possible, but recognises that collection space is limited. Management should be focused on ensuring that Otari-Wilton’s Bush continues to hold the most extensive live collection of NZ plants, but that these are of sufficient variety to be of educational value about the characteristics and range of New Zealand’s flora.

Patterns of variation. These collections are about providing the opportunity for visitors to explore the distinctive variety in New Zealand’s flora and includes naturally occurring hybrids, comparisons of plants from one genus (eg hebes), community associations (eg characteristics of salt-tolerant or drought-tolerant species), and cultivars where they are of historic or cultural significance.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Plants of interest. These are plants that have unusual and fascinating characteristics and that either tell the story of New Zealand’s ecological history or are of cultural significance eg Maori medicinal plants, divaricating plants, sexual dimorphism.

Conservation. A number of New Zealand’s plants at Otari-Wilton’s Bush are rare, endangered or threatened. Collections of these plants have three roles: (1) educating people about the pressures on native plants, (2) demonstrating and encouraging the use of threatened and rare plants in horticultural and gardening use, (3) acting as ex-situ ‘insurance’ populations of plants. Conservation collections should be managed to enhance these three roles.

The native forest is also an integral part of the native flora of Otari-Wilton’s Bush, and although it is not manipulated as with plant collections, it is essentially an exhibit of locally representative examples of flora, conservation values, natural (and unnatural) patterns of variation, and plants of interest. Interpretative integration with the plant collections in this sense is desirable, however due to the significance of the forest for the Kaiwharawhara Catchment and Wellington as a whole, and the different management issues, it is dealt with in another section of this management plan.

3.1.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR PLANT COLLECTIONS

To continue to be New Zealand's leading native botanic garden, providing plant collections representative of New Zealand’s natural heritage, by: 1. Maintaining and developing informative and educational plant collections which represent and describe New Zealand’s native flora. 2. Showcasing native plants in landscape design and horticultural use.

To participate in and contribute to native plant conservation by: 1. Participating in and contributing to small scale breeding and propagation programmes for conservation purposes, including plant recovery programmes, in liaison with conservation organisations. 2. Maintaining and developing plant collections with a conservation role. 3. Acting as ex-situ ‘insurance’ populations of plants.

3.1.3 POLICIES

3.1.3.1 MANAGING THE PLANT COLLECTIONS i) Plant collections shall be managed according to the Plant Collections Policy of the Wellington Botanic Gardens. ii) All plant collections must be restricted to the cultivated areas (refer to Figure 1). iii) All plant collections (listed in Appendix 3) shall individually be reviewed and justified with regard to the following: (a) Fit and function with the themes listed in 3.1 above. (b) Contribution to the vision, goals and objectives of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. (c) The significance of the collection (including historic, and international and national importance). (d) Public appeal. iv) Collection Management Plans shall be prepared and kept up to date for each collection, setting out: (a) Objectives for the collection (b) How it fits with the key themes (see Section 3.1) (c) Justification for inclusion according to those considerations listed in 3.1.3.1 iii (d) Main users/audience

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

(e) Management regime (f) Associated education or conservation programmes v) Collection management plans shall be reviewed annually. vi) Plant collections shall be maintained and enhanced in a way that complements the landscape character and that enhances visitor experience. vii) Plant collections shall be recorded on the Plants (BG) Database. viii) Interpretative information shall be available at every collection with a principal theme (as specified in Section 3.1.1 above). ix) Plant labels will be provided to assist the public to identify collection plants where appropriate. x) Cultivars will be retained and acquired if they are of historic or horticultural significance as decided by the Curator/Manager, and must be maintained as follows: (a) Cultivars must be clearly labelled as such (b) Cultivars must be in keeping with collection themes xi) Ethnobotanical Maori collections (where ethnobotany is the study of how plants have been used, managed and perceived in human societies) shall be managed in liaison with Tangata Whenua and traditional weavers. (a) The cultural harakeke collection at the North Picnic Area shall continue to be maintained. (b) Harvesting of the harakeke at the North Picnic Area and the Flax Clearing is permitted subject to availability and with the prior written approval of the Curator/Manager.

3.1.3.2 AREAS AVAILABLE FOR CULTIVATION i) Gardens are restricted to those areas that are currently cultivated, namely: the plant collections around Cockayne Lawn and below Cockayne Lookout, and collections around Kauri and Ponga Lawns including the Wild Garden. ii) Clearings will be maintained at the Troup Picnic Area, North Picnic Area, South Picnic Area (adjacent to Project Kaiwharawhara site) and the Flax Clearing. iii) The harakeke collection at the North Picnic Area, and harakeke grown at the Flax Clearing shall be maintained.

3.1.3.3 ACQUIRING NEW PLANTS (ACCESSIONS) i) The written authorisation of the Minister of Conservation for the introduction of new plants for addition to the collections will be sought as required by the Reserves Act 1977. ii) Priority will be given to acquiring plants that enhance themes identified in Section 3.1 and that are under-represented. iii) All future accessions, with the exception of cultivars, shall be of known wild origins and shall be accurately recorded with relevant field collection data. Cultivars must be of known history and accurately recorded. iv) All specimens sourced from other organisations and collections need to be accompanied with written confirmation of their origin. v) Staff will actively seek opportunities to collect plants from locations within the New Zealand territorial region that are currently under-represented in collections. vi) Existing specimens of unidentified origin will be replaced with specimens of identified origin at the discretion of Otari-Wilton’s Bush staff unless: (a) Plants have developed into mature species. (b) Plants have special historical or other significance.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.1.3.4 PLANT DE-ACCESSIONS i) Any de-accessions of entire collections shall be carried out in accordance with the Plant Collections Policy for the Botanic Gardens of Wellington and in consultation with the appropriate stakeholders. ii) Any de-accessions of plants shall be approved by the Curator/Manager. iii) In addition to the above policies, plants may be de-accessioned if: (a) Hybridisation with any of the naturally occurring forest species is observed either at Otari-Wilton’s Bush or elsewhere in New Zealand. (b) Renewal is required for refreshing educational and interpretative collections. (c) There are other plants of the same species in the collection. iv) Any plant that is removed from the collections and which is of conservation or heritage significance will, if possible, be offered to other collections or scientific institutions for replanting or propagation.

3.1.3.5 BREEDING AND PROPAGATING i) Otari-Wilton’s Bush will retain its own nursery in order to maintain full control and accuracy in the handling of specialist plant material. ii) The primary role of the nursery will be to support the collections and threatened plant conservation strategies. iii) Plants required for revegetation and restoration programmes within the reserve and Kaiwharawhara catchment, as well as plants for Open Days, may be grown at other nurseries, and where possible using Otari-Wilton’s Bush sourced material. iv) Small scale plant breeding and propagation programmes will be carried out for conservation purposes and in liaison with conservation organisations such as Department of Conservation or New Zealand Plant Conservation Network.

3.1.3.6 PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL i) All pest and disease control carried out at Otari-Wilton’s Bush shall be based on the principles of Integrated Pest Management. ii) Preventative cultural practises and mechanical (physical) controls are to be the first control methods considered, followed by consideration of biological controls, and finally consideration of chemical controls. iii) Pests should be observed and the level of infestation confirmed to be unacceptable prior to carrying out control, and monitored throughout the control. iv) Wellington City Council approved chemical controls are to be used and managed to minimise environmental risk, including the use of pest specific chemicals. v) Staff should seek specific control advice from other institutions practising Integrated Pest Management.

3.1.4 IMPLEMENTATION

1. Completion of the Collections Review, taking into consideration the themes described in Section 3.1.1 and ensuring these are clearly represented by collections.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

HERITAGE 3.2 NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS: CONSERVATION 3.2.1 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Forest

Otari-Wilton’s Bush contains one of the largest areas of native forest on the Wellington Peninsula. One of the few remaining remnants of podocarp- northern rata forest (Wilton’s Bush) occurs within the forest area; a forest type that was once common throughout inland Wellington of which less than 1% remains. The protection of the forest area is important due to its heritage and intrinsic value, its role as a seed source, its biodiversity values, and ecosystem services.

The forested area contributes to Otari-Wilton’s Bush as a ‘living museum’, preserving habitat for associations of species that would have once been common in Wellington; including less charismatic forest species such as fungi and invertebrates. It also provides habitat for wildlife, particularly for many of the birds reintroduced via Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. Having such a significant area of forest so close to the city provides unique educational opportunities and a research resource. In addition, it is an essential part of the history and heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

To date, the management of the forest area (with the exception of the revegetation project between Ian Galloway Park and Otari-Wilton’s Bush) has been based on low levels of intervention. The most significant management intervention has been the extensive possum control programme, following which a marked increase in bird numbers in the reserve was observed. This is carried out in collaboration with Greater Wellington Regional Council and has been running since 1993. It has also resulted in some rodent by-kill. Weed control has been responsive and, with the exception of the old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba) eradication programme, relatively ad hoc. A fencing programme along the Outer Green Belt has ensured that domestic stock no longer get into the reserve. Five minute bird counts are carried out bi-annually as part of the City-wide biodiversity monitoring programme.

There is the opportunity to more actively manage the forested area so that it provides a relatively safe habitat for indigenous wildlife, and to ensure that podocarp recruitment is sufficient to return the whole forested area back to its pre-European and undisturbed state. Although the nature of the forest varies throughout the reserve (from original primary forest, to disturbed secondary forest) the goals are the same for the whole forest area, and so it may be managed as one.

Kaiwharawhara Catchment The Kaiwharawhara Catchment is an area of intensive restoration work; much of which is carried out by community volunteers. Nearly 20% of the Kaiwharawhara Catchment is covered by native vegetation, and the forest area of Otari-Wilton’s Bush is a significant part of this.

Protecting and enhancing the forest ecosystems of Otari-Wilton’s Bush has always been a fundamental role of the reserve. In recent years there has been a shift in focus from just the remnant forest, to the wider ecology of the Kaiwharawhara Catchment. Of particular importance is the role of Otari- Wilton’s Bush as an ecological corridor, both for bird movement from Karori Wildlife Sanctuary, east to the mouth of the Kaiwharawhara Stream, and north along the Outer Green Belt concept area; and as a biodiversity pocket for fish and aquatic invertebrate movement along the Kaiwharawhara Stream.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Stream Currently, the main issue for the Kaiwharawhara Stream is that of pollutants from stormwater run-off, particularly during high peak flow events. Leachates from the upstream landfills are directed into the sewer system, and most of the main sewer line running along Kaiwharawhara Stream was replaced in the 1990s. These are monitored in accordance with infrastructure asset maintenance requirements.

Stream bank erosion caused by stormwater flow from culverts is another issue. This is being mitigated by some of the voluntary planting carried out as part of Project Kaiwharawhara, the community catchment protection project.

There is an opportunity for Otari-Wilton’s Bush to advocate for stream and water quality protection in liaison with Greater Wellington Regional Council.

Both the forested area and stream are already used for research by tertiary students, adult education and occasional school groups.

3.2.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

To protect and preserve the natural ecosystems of Otari-Wilton’s Bush by: 1. Protecting the original forest remnant as a representative example of the original lowland forest cover of the Wellington peninsula and to sympathetically manage and restore surrounding areas of native forest. 2. Maintaining and enhancing the riparian habitat and stream biota within Otari-Wilton’s Bush. 3. Providing safe habitat for indigenous flora and wildlife as part of the Kaiwharawhara ecological corridor and catchment.

3.2.3 POLICIES

3.2.3.1 FOREST MANAGEMENT

i) Specialist advice shall be sought to inform the ecological management of the forest area. This will include forest and stream health monitoring advice.

ii) The planted kauri, podocarp and nothofagus groves will be retained. iii) For management purposes the forest area will be divided into five different forest management zones (refer to Figure 2). Each zone shall be managed primarily in accordance with the above goals and objectives (Section 3.2.3), and secondly in accordance with the following:

(a) Zone 1: Kaiwharawhara Stream-Wilton Park forest sector (refer to Section 3.7.2 for a definition of this area) will be managed as a protective buffer to the other forest areas, particularly in terms of preventing weed spread. The key issue for this area is the continuation of the association with Project Kaiwharawhara and the streamside restoration work. This zone will be managed primarily for education and restoration purposes.

(b) Zone 2: South western forest sector; includes the ancient rimu. This area includes two small tributary streams and has a history of land clearance. Darwin’s barberry and gorse dominated scrubland are the key issues here. This zone will be managed primarily for forest enhancement and wildlife habitat restoration.

(c) Zone 3: North western forest sector; includes the flax clearing area. This zone has also had significant disturbance in the past, and

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

balancing recreational use with environmental protection will be the main management issue. This zone will be managed primarily for forest enhancement and wildlife habitat restoration, although the flax clearing and historic plantings will be retained.

(d) Zone 4: Chartwell Drive area. Weeds are a significant issue for this zone, with sources from roadside dumping and private gardens. The area will be managed as a buffer to other forest areas with a focus on restoration.

(e) Zone 5: Wilton’s Bush. Mostly original forest, with weeds as an ongoing problem. The main management issue will be its effective protection and enhancement, and balancing this with educational and recreational use. This area will be managed as a representative example of ancient forest, with emphasis on education and interpretation. No new cultivations or tracks are permitted within this area. iv) Planting is acceptable (using eco-sourced native plants as defined with the assistance of specialists) in the following situations:

(a) Where plants have been deliberately removed and natural recolonisation is likely to be hindered by invasive weeds

(b) Where weeds have been eradicated

(d) For stabilising slips threatening public access, property, and/or Kaiwharawhara stream.

(e) For forest enhancement planting (eg podocarp species)

(f) For restoration planting where appropriate. v) Native plants within forested areas may only be removed in the process of essential maintenance to tracks, fences, transmission line structures (trees may be trimmed) provision of seating along tracks, service pipe maintenance, and maintenance of the Flax Clearing giving consideration to:

(a) Minimising impacts

(b) Supervision by Otari-Wilton’s Bush staff

(d) Transplanting affected trees, shrubs and plants where practicable. vi) Trees or branches that have fallen or are likely to fall will only be removed where they are a hazard to public safety, obstruct a track or could damage structures. Such timber may be available for special uses, such as Maori cultural purposes in liaison with the Wellington Tenths Trust as Mana Whenua.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Figure 2. Forest Management Zones

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.2.3.2 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

i. All indigenous wildlife will be protected. ii. The seasonal five minute bird count programme will be continued. In addition, monitoring for bird breeding success will be established. iii. Research and information gathering of the presence of native fauna, including aquatic fauna, invertebrates, and herpetofauna will be supported. iv. The reintroduction of fauna known historically to have occurred in the Wellington Peninsula forests may be considered and implemented with approval from the Department of Conservation; particularly for reintroductions carried out in conjunction with Karori Wildlife Sanctuary.

3.2.3.3 PEST ANIMAL CONTROL

i. Pest animals will be monitored and managed in accordance with the Wellington City Council Pest Management Plan (2005) and Greater Wellington Regional Council’s Regional Pest Management Strategy. ii. A detailed animal pest management plan shall be prepared and implemented, and include consideration of: a. Sustained possum and rodent control programme in continued collaboration with Greater Wellington Regional Council. b. Goat eradication, including on adjoining land. c. Feral cat control and monitoring. d. Mustelid control and monitoring. e. Rabbit and hare control, particularly along riparian margins. f. Control or removal of other pest species. g. Destruction of wasp nests. h. Extending all animal pest control measures on to adjacent lands where possible within financial and staff resources. iii. Efforts will be made to educate local residents and visitors of the predatory effects of domestic cats and dogs, and offer advice as to how to reduce the impact of their pets on the wildlife of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. iv. Monitoring and maintenance of fences that border Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

3.2.3.4 WEED CONTROL

i. Weeds will be monitored and managed in accordance with the Wellington City Council Pest Management Plan (2005) where Otari- Wilton’s Bush is identified as a Key Native Ecosystem, and with Greater Wellington Regional Council’s Regional Pest Management Strategy. ii. A detailed weed management plan shall be prepared and implemented, and include consideration of: a. Priorities for weed control based on urgency of control scores. b. Co-ordination with restoration work. c. Co-ordination with weed control on adjacent Wellington City Council land. d. Monitoring to identify effectiveness of control, spread of existing species, and invasion by previously unrecorded species, including invasive native species such as karaka, hoheria and pomaderris. e. Education programme for private land owners on surrounding properties.

3.2.3.5 FIRE MANAGEMENT

i. A fire risk management and emergency plan will be maintained for Otari-Wilton’s Bush. This will be done in the wider context of a fire risk strategy for all Council property, but should be facilitated and monitored by staff.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

ii. Special conditions will be recommended for permits issued for fires near Otari-Wilton’s Bush boundaries on adjacent rural and residential properties.

3.2.3.6 STREAM MANAGEMENT

i. Council shall continue to seek improvement in the water quality of the Kaiwharawhara Stream to a level that meets the relevant standards set by Greater Wellington Regional Council by: a. On-going maintenance of the leachate filter at the base of the old Curtis Street landfill b. Identifying and treating further sources of leachate within the catchment c. Upgrading and maintaining service lines that may directly or indirectly adversely affect the water quality d. Regular monitoring of faecal coliform bacteria levels and other Water Quality Index parameters e. Encouraging other appropriate measures. ii. A public notice in the Troup Picnic Area will identify water quality risks and advise of tap water availability. iii. Revegetation along riparian zones will be encouraged in order to prevent degradation of stream banks and stream life; with the exception of the Troup Picnic Area. iv. Interpretation and education for local residents and visitors of the impacts of pollutants on stream quality will be encouraged, including how individuals can make a difference. v. Otari-Wilton’s Bush will continue to contribute to the objectives of Project Kaiwharawhara.

3.2.3.7 STAFF EXPERTISE

i. To facilitate good forest management, staff with skills in botany or plant ecology will be part of the Otari-Wilton’s Bush staff resource.

3.2.4 IMPLEMENTATION (in priority order)

1. Development and implementation of weed management plan. 2. Development and implementation of animal pest management plan. 3. Advisory group of experts established to offer advice on ecological management, including forest health monitoring, enhancement and wildlife habitat restoration (refer to Section 3.2.3.1(i)). 4. Include those forest zones with an education focus (zones 1 and 5) in Interpretation Plan (see Section 3.4.4). 5. Collaboration with Victoria University, Karori Wildlife Sanctuary and other conservation and research organisations on developing initiatives for researching the wildlife (including vegetation) and urban ecology of Otari- Wilton’s Bush.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.3 CULTURAL HERITAGE HERITAGE CONSERVATION 3.3.1 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Otari-Wilton’s Bush has a rich cultural history; from early Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whanui settlement, to its use as an informal public recreation and reserve area, through its years as a gazetted reserve (see Appendix 2 for a Historic Outline).

As with the rest of the city, several layers of culture have developed at Otari- Wilton’s Bush; mainly a reflection of Maori and then European land occupation. It is important to acknowledge each layer for a full understanding of our heritage, and that these layers create a unique cultural landscape.

Throughout this document, the cultural landscape of Otari-Wilton’s Bush is recognised. This includes the protection of Maori cultural values through all aspects of management and the practise of kaitiakitanga.

This cultural history, as well as the natural, built, and social heritage helps make Otari-Wilton’s Bush the place it is today. Heritage provides a context for the present, and also helps to shape the future. It is important then that the heritage aspects of Otari-Wilton’s Bush are recognised, protected, and communicated.

Some of the key heritage values of Otari-Wilton’s Bush are as follows. It is a significant historic place, both nationally and in Wellington, as it is the only public botanic garden in New Zealand dedicated solely to native plants. It was recognised as a Garden of National Significance by the Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture in 2004. Its mature podocarp northern rata forest is the one of few remaining remnants of this once common forest type on the Wellington Peninsula and contains some of Wellington’s oldest trees, including an 800 year old rimu.

There is a strong connection to Job Wilton, a locally significant settler and farmer and Wilton Farm House. Wilton’s Bush, owned by Job Wilton was already a popular recreation area from the 1860’s. The bush was protected by its owners until it was added to the reserve in 1925.

The bush is intimately associated with Dr Leonard Cockayne who was an internationally significant botanist. Dr Cockayne contributed his knowledge through botany and ecology research. He was involved in the development of Otari-Wilton’s Bush as an open-air native plant museum, which was opened in 1926.

Otari-Wilton’s bush has high historic, social, and scientific values.

The area is already recognised as a Heritage Area in the Wellington City Council District Plan, and the privately owned Wilton Farmhouse and Outbuildings (1860) are listed as Heritage Buildings. In addition, the Built Heritage Policy (2005) describes clear goals and actions for the conservation of Wellington’s built heritage.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.3.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

To recognise, protect and promote the cultural heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush by: 1. Recognising significant features of Otari-Wilton’s Bush cultural heritage, including built and social heritage and any aspects of cultural significance. 2. Protecting the cultural heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. 3. Fostering appreciation of the cultural heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush through effective interpretation.

3.3.3 POLICIES

3.3.3.1 RECOGNITION AND PROTECTION i. To continue to recognise the city-wide heritage significance of Otari- Wilton’s Bush. ii. To ensure the significant heritage values of Otari-Wilton’s Bush are protected from damage associated with inappropriate use or development. iii. Authority shall be sought from the New Zealand Historic Places Trust prior to any work being carried out for which there is reasonable cause to suspect that an archaeological site (recorded or unrecorded) may be damaged, modified, or destroyed by any activity in accordance with the Historic Places Act (1993).. iv. Trees that are of significance to Mana Whenua shall be identified and a protocol will be developed so that should a significant tree fall, or be likely to fall, the appropriate rites and ceremonies can take place.

3.3.3.2 RESEARCH i. To recognise the cultural heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush through collating relevant historical material on-site to be an archival resource for staff, Otari-Wilton’s Bush Trust, and users of the reserve. ii. Facilitate further research to record the history of Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

3.3.3.3 INTERPRETATION i. To provide on-site interpretation of important heritage features. ii. Incorporate the principles of Matauranga Maori where appropriate and in consultation with the Wellington Tenths Trust and Te Runanga o Toa Rangatira. iii. Recognise the importance of Job Wilton’s actions in preserving the Wilton’s Bush area from 1860 to 1906.

3.3.4 IMPLEMENTATION (in priority order)

1. Work with Otari-Wilton’s Bush Trust and iwi to collate and publish a history of Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

2. Work with the Wellington Tenths Trust in identifying trees of significance and developing protocols to ensure appropriate rites and ceremonies are observed in the case of the tree falling.

3. Collaborate with the descendents of the Wilton and Curtis families with regard to exhibiting artefacts of interest from the Wilton Farmhouse and joint open days.

4. Engage an archaeologist to carry out an investigation identifying archaeological sites within Otari-Wilton’s Bush and providing management recommendations for these; addressing the Burling House site as a priority. (see Section 2.2.1 Historic Outline, pre-1847).

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

5. A thorough assessment of the Otari-Wilton’s Bush heritage values, including more recent cultural features, shall be carried out. A descriptive list and location map of all the items considered to have historic or cultural value shall be prepared and included in future management plans as an appendix. This shall be carried out as part of the asset management planning for the Garden. Assistance from local historians and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust shall be sought in preparing the list.

Waharoa (gateway) carved in totara by Bryce Manu of Te Atiawa

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.4 EDUCATION EDUCATION

Inspiring people to value and appreciate plant life and conservation is an important function of any Botanic Garden. As New Zealand’s leading native botanic garden Otari-Wilton’s Bush has a unique responsibility for inspiring people to value and appreciate New Zealand’s native plants. Effective education and interpretation are essential ingredients for this inspiration.

3.4.1 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Education themes Education is about building awareness, knowledge, attitudes and skills. These aspects can be developed through a variety of means, from educational programmes and guided walks, to interpretative information. There are also a variety of target audiences for education programmes; from school students, to tertiary students, visitors, and home gardeners. Passive and active education should be carefully targeted to specific audiences. In other words, it is important to clearly identify which stories to tell, how to tell them, and who to tell them to.

The Information Centre (Te Marae o Tane) contains some interpretation, and there are interpretation signs around some areas of the forest (eg. the Canopy Walkway). However, there are currently limited facilities and resources for active educational programmes. In order for Otari-Wilton’s Bush to reach its full potential these resource limitations will need to be addressed.

There is the opportunity for Otari-Wilton’s Bush to become a hub for fostering appreciation of New Zealand’s plants and natural heritage, including issues affecting natural heritage; as well as fostering an appreciation of the cultural heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. This can be done through providing a variety of learning experiences, interpretation, involving iwi, and the provision of appropriate facilities.

The plant collections present unique educational opportunities, and appropriate interpretation and education themes are around conservation, distinctiveness of New Zealand’s plants, plant biogeography, evolution, ecological associations of plants, uses of native plants, botany, horticulture, plant identification, demonstrating the use of native plants in gardens, rongoa maori and traditional uses of plants. Audiences range from visitors, to schools, tertiary institutions, horticultural and botanical organisations, and home gardeners. Educational tools include programmes, guided walks, lectures, propagation demonstrations, and interpretation.

The natural ecosystems (the forest and the streams) that can be experienced in Otari-Wilton’s Bush are of special educational value because they are so close to the city. Appropriate education themes are ecology, biodiversity, pest plants and animals, conservation and sustainability, matauranga maori, and stream health. There are many opportunities to utilise different educational tools, for example, experiential programmes (eg. tree planting, weeding, propagating), guided walks, lectures, interpretation and self-guided walks.

Cultural heritage is another important aspect of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Appropriate themes are around the built heritage, early through-routes, Maori occupation, early European settlers, Job Wilton and Wilton’s Bush, and the curatorial history of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Specific notable sites and relics will also be appropriate for interpretation eg Wilton’s dray road, memorial gates, Cockayne’s grave and historic plantings.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Research Otari-Wilton’s Bush also functions as a research resource for tertiary institutions and specialist organisations (eg conservation and horticultural). The plant collections and forest area are a resource for horticultural, botanical and ecological studies, as well as for research on traditional uses of plants (eg medicines, weaving). The knowledge of staff is also a significant part of Otari- Wilton’s Bush research role. For example, staff expertise in horticulture and botany means that propagation and cultivation techniques can be developed for plants not usually cultivated. This is particularly important for conservation plant recovery programmes.

3.4.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

To promote understanding and appreciation of New Zealand plants and natural heritage through education and interpretation by:

1. Providing a variety of learning experiences to facilitate understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s native plant taonga (treasure). 2. Telling the stories of New Zealand’s natural heritage and plant taonga through effective interpretation. 3. Inviting the involvement of Mana Whenua and other Maori groups in all interpretation and education programmes 4. Encouraging the use of native plants in private and public gardens. 5. Providing facilities which enhance visitor enjoyment and appreciation 6. Targeting education and interpretation for the following groups: a. Schools (primary, secondary, kohanga, and kura) b. Tertiary institutions c. Casual visitors to the reserve d. Home gardeners e. Professional users (eg landscape architects and designers) 7. Demonstrating the importance of native plants in ecosystems – including relationships with animals.

3.4.3 POLICIES

3.4.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

i. Education programmes will centre on the themes as described in Section 3.4 around New Zealand’s native plant taonga and the plant collections of Otari-Wilton’s Bush, New Zealand’s natural heritage, and the cultural heritage of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. ii. Mana Whenua shall be invited to have input to and involvement in all education and interpretation programmes. Where appropriate, input from other Maori groups shall also be sought. iii. Education programmes, including interpretation, will provide for a range of audiences and these shall be clearly identified prior to their inception. iv. All education and interpretation programmes will be reviewed regularly and refreshed as required. v. Volunteers may assist in delivering and providing education services and programmes. vi. Education programmes will be developed and implemented in liaison with other relevant organisations where possible. vii. Any person undertaking research or the collection of material within Otari-Wilton’s Bush must first obtain the written permission of the curator/manager.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.4.3.2 INTERPRETATION, SIGNS AND LABELLING

i. Plant labelling in the forest education zone (refer to Policy 3.2.3.1 (iii)) shall be maintained to a level to encourage visitors to teach themselves plant naming skills, as well as to inform and educate casual visitors. Labelling will be no less than plant labels for one of each common plant encountered in the forest education zones. ii. Interpretation signs shall be professionally presented and in accordance with the Wellington City Council Otari-Wilton’s Bush branding standard. iii. Interpretation signs shall be designed to target specific audiences. iv. Interpretation signs shall be available for each plant collection with a principal theme (see Policy 3.1.3.1 (viii)).

3.4.3.3 ADVISORY INFORMATION

i. All brochures shall be produced in accordance with Wellington City Council publication standards, and include the Otari-Wilton’s Bush brand identifier. ii. Self-guiding brochures shall be available to the public for free and shall be consistent with those themes identified in Section 3.4.1. iii. Whenever appropriate, staff will take the opportunity to provide botanical and horticultural advice to the public, eg through newspaper articles, one-on-one advice. iv. Staff will endeavour to provide informative and professional guidance to specialist groups where specific knowledge of the scientific and horticultural resources of Otari-Wilton’s Bush is required; this includes to tertiary groups. v. The investigation of alternative forms of advisory information (eg web- based information) will be supported where staff resources allow.

3.4.3.4 COMMUNITY EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

i. Regular community education programmes will be provided. These may include guided walks, open days, planting advice and seminars. ii. Support for the guided walks led by the Otari-Wilton’s Bush Trust will continue. iii. Requests for community education programmes will be received in writing and their merit assessed by staff. Their approval will be at the discretion of the Curator/Manager. iv. All community education programmes will be evaluated to assess participant’s needs and expectations.

3.4.3.5 SCHOOL EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

i. Any primary and secondary school resources will link with school curriculum guidelines. ii. Opportunities for hosting regular school education programmes shall be actively sought. iii. Staff will be available to help coordinate school education programmes, but will not generally be available to run the programmes.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.4.3.6 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

i. Otari-Wilton’s Bush will continue to be supportive of apprenticeships and internships of both national and international students learning about the cultivation of New Zealand’s flora. ii. Otari-Wilton’s Bush will promote itself as a suitable place for international and national apprenticeships and internships. iii. Internships shall be voluntary, and shall be of a short term nature, usually no longer than three months in duration. iv. Otari-Wilton’s Bush will seek to provide accommodation for international internships. v. Otari-Wilton’s Bush will continue to be an integral part of the wider Parks and Gardens horticultural apprenticeship training resource.

3.4.3.7 REFERENCE LIBRARY

i. Use of the reference library shall generally be restricted to staff and Otari-Wilton’s Bush Trust but members of the public may use it for reading and research on application to the Curator/Manager. ii. Material shall not be removed from the reference library.

3.4.4 IMPLEMENTATION (in order of priority) 1. Investigate the need for an Education Officer or similar to coordinate Otari- Wilton’s Bush educational programmes and resources, and implement findings of the investigation as appropriate. 2. Full investigation into optimising existing covered built areas available for educational purposes, including consideration of the utilisation of the Curator’s House or reconfiguration of the current Information Centre; considering the option of expansion – this is to be implemented through the Landscape Development Plan. (see Section 3.7.1). 3. Plant labelling implemented in educational zones of native forest (refer to Section 3.2.3.1) as specified in Policy 3.4.3.2 (i). 4. Interpretation Plan further developed that recognises the educational themes listed in Section 3.4.1 above, and that incorporates the opportunities for story telling identified through the Landscape Development Plan (see Section 3.7.1). Interpretation may be located within education facilities or near to the item of interest. Consideration must be given to: (a) Plant collection themes listed in Section 3.1, and interpretation requirements for collections (see Policy 3.1.3.1 (viii)). (b) Natural ecosystems and forest management zones (see Policy 3.2.3.1 iii) (c) Cultural heritage (see Section 3.3). 5. Continue to develop and provide web-based plant information to both on- site visitors and off-site internet users. 6. Enhance reference library by recording and documenting all resources in an easily accessible manner.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

RECREATION AND RECREATION AND ACCESS ACCESS Otari-Wilton’s Bush is a recreation destination for people from the Wellington region, the local community, and for tourists. The most popular activities are walking, running, sight-seeing and picnicking. A range of pedestrian experiences are offered, from the well used and maintained Circular Walkway, to the more ‘rugged’ routes of the yellow, red and blue trails. There are also major links to the Outer Green Belt, Johnston’s Hill Reserve and Karori Cemetery.

3.5.1 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Access The Council aims to ensure that Wellington offers a diverse range and an abundance of quality recreation and leisure activities that are easily accessed, and that access to open space and reserves is maintained and enhanced. Efforts have been made to ensure that Otari-Wilton’s Bush is accessible for all, but there is room to further extend these opportunities, particularly access for wheelchair users and prams.

The Council also aims to link vegetation corridors, ridgelines and coastal escarpments to form natural recreation resources. Otari-Wilton’s Bush is a hub to two key natural linkages; the Kaiwharawhara Stream link, and the Outer Green Belt Skyline track. The Kaiwharawhara Stream link is a visionary access way from the mouth of the Kaiwharawhara River, up Ngaio Gorge through Trelissick Park, through Otari-Wilton’s Bush and ending at Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. The Skyline Track runs along the top of the Outer Green Belt management area, from south Karori, to Mt Kaukau. Otari-Wilton’s Bush provides access points, as well as a recreational node, for both of these linkages. Recreational resources must take these key functions into account.

Recreational use Currently, use is restricted to pedestrian activities. Otari-Wilton’s Bush is identified as closed to mountain biking in Council’s Mountain Bike Policy in light of potential environmental impact and social conflict. Dog walking (on leash only) is also allowed, however the presence of dogs off leash and people not picking up dog droppings are issues.

A recent survey of users of Otari-Wilton’s Bush1 found that the majority of people (47%) stated walking and jogging as the main purpose of their trip. Sight-seeing was the next most stated reason (22%), followed by walking the dog (11%). A small percentage of these people visit every day (3%), some visit several times per week (17%), and others visit 2-6 times per year (21%). For 17% of people, it was their first visit to the reserve.

The recreational use of Otari-Wilton’s Bush needs to be balanced to ensure that neither the environment nor the visitor’s experience is degraded. This extends to events held at Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Only those recreational opportunities that utilise and protect the natural environment and collections of Otari-Wilton’s Bush will be permitted, and impacts will be managed through policies such as allowing only low impact recreational activities (i.e. pedestrian based), and by specifying appropriate track types.

This management plan proposes the inclusion of the Wilton Park area (see Section 3.7.1 Boundary Management and Land Acquisition). This area includes a sportsfield which provides for a different group of users and has a separate entrance and no linkages with Otari-Wilton’s Bush. This sportsfield will continue to be managed with regard to Parks and Gardens Asset Management Plans and policies.

1 Otari-Wilton’s Bush 2006 Survey, Wellington City Council.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.5.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

To provide recreational opportunities for experiencing New Zealand’s unique flora and natural heritage, and ensuring that these experiences are accessible to all by: 1. Providing for a range of recreational experiences; from backcountry routes to easily accessible paths. 2. Promoting recreational activities and events which are in keeping with the natural and peaceful environment of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. 3. Maintaining links with the Outer Green Belt, Kaiwharawhara Stream and the reserve network.

3.5.3 POLICIES

3.5.3.1 General recreation i. Public entry for non-commercial use to Otari-Wilton’s Bush shall be free of charge (see Section 3.7.3 for policies on commercial activities). ii. Tracks, facilities and signage, will facilitate safe and non-conflicting recreational experiences. iii. Tracks, facilities and signage, will protect natural and cultivated resources and promote environmental awareness.

3.5.3.2 Recreation activities - restricted i. Public access to part or whole of the reserve may be restricted for management purposes. ii. Dogs are permitted within Otari-Wilton’s Bush but the following restrictions apply: (a) Dogs must be kept on a leash and controlled by their owners or responsible accompanying person. (b) Owners or responsible accompanying person must remove all dog droppings from Otari-Wilton’s Bush and place in rubbish bins or remove from the site. (c) Dogs may be restricted from entering high use areas such as picnic sites during peak use periods at the discretion of the manager/curator. iii. Bookings for weddings or other large social gatherings and events, including educational visits, must be made through the Otari-Wilton’s Bush event booking system in order to ensure that there are no conflicts of use and that they do not interfere unduly with normal public use. In some circumstances a bond may be required (see Section 3.7.3 for details on commercial use). iv. Portable gas barbecues may be allowed with the prior permission of the Curator/Manager.

3.5.3.3 Recreation activities - not permitted i. Activities which are detrimental to or in conflict with the natural, historic and general peaceful values of Otari-Wilton’s Bush are not permitted. ii. Trail bikes, mountain bikes and other wheeled vehicles are not permitted into the reserve beyond the carparks, except authorised utility vehicles, prams, push chairs, wheelchairs and mobility scooters only. iii. Fires are prohibited (except if authorised by Wellington City Council for management purposes). iv. Camping is prohibited. v. Firearms and shooting are prohibited at all times (except if authorised by Council for management purposes). vi. All livestock and domestic animals, with the exception of dogs on leads are prohibited in Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

3.5.3.4 Access Points, Signs and Tracks i. Access points will be maintained and developed as follows:

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

(a) Main access points Information Centre - Te Marae o Tane Entrance, Wilton Road (car park) Banks Entrance, Wilton Road (pedestrian) North Picnic Area, Churchill Drive (car park) (b) Secondary access John Witton Drive, Chartwell (limited parking) Ian Galloway Park, Wilton Road (limited parking) Job Wilton Memorial Gate, Wilton Road (pedestrian)

(c) Other Links with tracks from Karori Cemetery and - Johnston’s Hill Reserve (pedestrian) Links with the Outer Green Belt Skyline track (pedestrian) ii. Tracks will be at appropriate grades and specifications (as per the Open Space Access Plan guidelines), and cause minimum impact to the forest ecosystem and individual trees, and will provide: (a) Access through the garden areas to enable easy plant viewing (graded to Path specifications) (b) Access to picnic sites, scenic vantage points, heritage sites (graded to Short Walk specifications where topographically possible) (c) Access between the garden areas and the Wilton Road carpark (graded to Path specifications) (d) Loop trails from main suburban entrances (graded to Walking Track specifications) (e) Links to the Outer Green Belt Skyline Track (graded to Tramping Track specifications) iii. The Circular Walk, Nature Trail and access alongside Kaiwharawhara Stream to Ian Galloway Park will be specifically maintained as the primary high use tracks, with particular consideration to the educational role of the Nature Trail and Wilton Park area. iv. An upgrade and maintenance programme will be developed and implemented in order of priority based on usage and need, and in accordance with the Open Space Access Plan and Parks and Gardens Asset Management Plans. v. All new tracks must be consistent with the goals, objectives and policies of this management plan and approved by the Curator/Manager. vi. Before any new tracks are created, or existing tracks upgraded, full consideration must be given to: (a) User demand (b) Environmental impact (c) Risks created (eg illegal mountain biking access) (d) Track function (eg education, heritage appreciation) vii. Existing tracks (both open and closed) will be promoted or upgraded to cope with increased visitor pressure in preference to forming new tracks. viii. Those tracks which offer wheelchair access and easy gradient walking will be clearly identified in publicity material and on-site information. ix. Clear maps of tracks will be provided at major access points, the Troup Picnic Area and Ian Galloway. x. Clear reserve entry signs will be provided at all access points. xi. Consideration will be given to featuring the path names commemorating well-known botanists as bestowed by Cockyane (refer to Appendix 4). xii. Recognition and preference shall be given to maintaining and developing links to nearby reserves, specifically to Trelissick Park and Karori Wildlife Sanctuary.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.5.3.5 Facilities i. The current picnic areas (the Troup Picnic Area and North Picnic Area) will be maintained and upgraded, including the erection of structures and maintenance of barbeque facilities in accordance with user need and in a manner that does not compromise the natural beauty of the area. See also Section 3.7.6 Facilities. ii. A new South Picnic Area adjacent to the Kaiwharawhara Stream and Project Kaiwharawhara planting area (within ‘Wilton Park’ acquisition area) shall be maintained in accordance with user need and in a manner that does not compromise the natural beauty of the area.

3.5.3.6 Sports ground i. Wilton Park sports field will continue to be managed in accordance with the Parks & Gardens Asset Management Plan and shall remain as Recreation Reserve.

3.5.4 IMPLEMENTATION (in priority order) 1. To develop the circular walkway so that the lower section is accessible to prams, push chairs and wheelchairs from the North Picnic Area car park. 2. Provide access to the Outer Green Belt Skyline Track, and highlight the circular routes already in place. 3. Advocacy and signage advising dog walkers of their responsibilities, and mountain bikers that the area is closed to mountain biking.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

MARKETING AND 3.6 MARKETING AND PROMOTION PROMOTION In 2004 a Marketing Strategy and Brand Concept Development report2 was prepared for Otari-Wilton’s Bush. This was developed in order to move towards positioning Otari-Wilton’s Bush as a national and international destination.

The Marketing Strategy and Brand Concept Development report identifies four key steps for Otari-Wilton’s Bush; (1) gain greater public visibility, (2) to position itself as a lead organisation, (3) to create specific visitor and audience objectives and targets, and (4) to build a network of relationships.

3.6.1 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Greater visibility Identifying what Otari-Wilton’s Bush is to excel at and be known for is the first step towards increasing its visibility. The vision identified through this Management Plan recognises what makes Otari-Wilton’s Bush unique and describes what staff and the community wish Otari-Wilton’s Bush to be known for. The vision recognises two distinct roles, one is to inspire visitors to value and appreciate New Zealand’s native plant taonga (treasure), and the second is to provide a window into and experience of New Zealand’s natural heritage through a unique combination of cultivated gardens and original and regenerating forest. Essentially, these are the ‘products’ of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Any branding and promotion should focus on these aspects.

Leadership position The Marketing Strategy and Brand Concept Development report3 recommends that Otari-Wilton’s Bush acts and thinks like a national organisation and that it takes a leadership position in the public eye, for example, Otari-Wilton’s Bush could become the place people first think of when they want to know about native plants. Opportunities for doing this are to build relationships with national agencies (eg conservation and research organisations), seek opportunities for national and international positioning (eg Garden of National Significance), position staff as experts in their relevant fields, seek out relevant media opportunities, and look for opportunities to facilitate national networks.

Visitor targets The importance of clearly targeting audiences was discussed with regard to education (see Section 3.4.1). For marketing and promotion it is equally important. As with education, there are a number of potential target groups: Wellingtonians, national tourists, international tourists, specialist tourist groups (eg. nature based tourism). Further research into visitor groups needs to be carried out, and clear targets set.

Relationships A network of strategic relationships will play a strong role in positioning and enhancing Otari-Wilton’s Bush. These relationships may be internal, for example with Recreation Wellington, or external. The relationship with the Otari-Wilton’s Bush Trust is a good example of the importance of external relationships, where the Trust is a key partnership and has been supporting Otari-Wilton’s Bush in many ways including funding, assistance with programmes and volunteer work.

2 Carr, Gisella (2004). Otari-Wilton’s Bush Marketing Strategy and Brand Concept Development: Recommended Actions. Unpublished report prepared for Wellington City Council, December 2004. 3 Ibid.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

These relationships will function at different levels; they may be advisory, they may be about improving networks and linkages, recognising and capitalising on common interests, or they may offer more hands-on involvement eg. fundraising, working bees.

Stakeholders or potential stakeholders with whom Otari-Wilton’s Bush should recognise, foster and formalise relationships include: Otari-Wilton’s Bush Trust The Wellington Tenths Trust and Te Runanga o Toa Rangatira. Volunteers and local community Specialist organisations (eg. Te Papa, New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, Historic Places Trust, Tapu te Ranga ethno-botanical gardens, Landcare Research, Sports and Recreation New Zealand, public or private threatened plant collections) Central and local government agencies (eg. Department of Conservation, Greater Wellington Regional Council) Education institutions (eg. Otari School, Victoria University of Wellington) Allied local organisations (eg. Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust, Trelissick Park/Ngaio Gorge Working Group, Otari Wilton Environment and Heritage Protection Society, Wellington Botanical Society, Friends of Wellington’s Botanic Gardens) Tourism organisations (eg. Positively Wellington Tourism)

3.6.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

To promote Otari-Wilton’s Bush as a nationally and internationally unique opportunity to experience New Zealand’s flora by: 1. Actively promoting Otari-Wilton’s Bush as a top destination for international and domestic visitors. 2. Actively promoting Otari-Wilton’s Bush as an inspirational place to go to experience and learn about New Zealand plants. 3. Increasing the number of Wellingtonians who know about Otari-Wilton’s Bush 4. Increasing the number of Wellingtonians visiting Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

To work with botanical, research and conservation organisations to share knowledge and promote the values of New Zealand’s native flora by: 1. Developing and maintaining relationships with key organisations. 2. Promoting the natural and knowledge-based research resources available at Otari-Wilton’s Bush. 3. Collaborating with conservation organisations in promoting values of New Zealand’s flora and participating in joint programmes where appropriate.

3.6.3 POLICIES

3.6.3.1 Visibility i. Whenever possible and appropriate, staff will take the opportunity to promote New Zealand flora and Otari-Wilton’s Bush through relevant media. ii. Otari-Wilton’s Bush will be actively promoted as a tourist destination with relevant tourism bodies both internationally, nationally and locally. iii. Opportunities for promoting Otari-Wilton’s Bush as an education and recreation destination for Wellingtonians shall be actively sought.

3.6.3.2 Leadership i. Strategic relationships with botanical, research and conservation organisations shall be actively sought and maintained, with priorities on information sharing partnerships and collaborative plant conservation programmes.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007 ii. Whenever possible and appropriate, opportunities will be taken to promote staff knowledge and expertise in native flora to external groups and general public.

3.6.3.3 Visitor targets i. Promotional activities shall be targeted to specific audiences and evaluated and reviewed against their expected outcomes. ii. Promotional activities may include commercial interest, for example specialised guided tour packages which are booked and paid for. These shall not be inconsistent with the Reserve status of Otari-Wilton’s Bush and should be developed in conjunction with key partners.

3.6.3.4 Relationships i. Relationships with volunteers, community and relevant organisations shall be actively fostered and managed.

3.6.4 IMPLEMENTATION (in priority order)

1. Develop a Relationship Management Plan including, but not limited to, those organisations listed in Section 3.6 2. Form Memorandum’s Of Understanding with key partners, including Otari- Wilton’s Bush Trust, to build a shared understanding of expectations and responsibilities. 3. Develop a detailed Marketing and Promotion Strategy unique to Otari- Wilton’s Bush and based on the recommended actions from the Carr (2004) report. Key messages must be consistent with the vision for Otari- Wilton’s Bush, include specific audience objectives and strategies and the evaluation of these. The focus will be on strategies for promoting the ‘products’ and ‘services’ unique to Otari-Wilton’s Bush. It must be unique to Otari-Wilton’s Bush but consistent with Wellington City Council standards, with Parks and Gardens Business Plan, and with the integrated promotion of the Botanic Garden Cluster. 4. Liaise with Karori Wildlife Sanctuary and other relevant nature based tourism ventures and open space attractions over opportunities for collaborative promotion and tourism activities. 5. Investigate public transport options from Karori, including public transport links with Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. 6. Investigate opportunities for an improved web presence for tourism 7. Investigate opportunities for commercial guided tour packages. 8. Investigate product development opportunities for Otari-Wilton’s Bush eg. endangered plants for home gardens, native plant guides.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

MANAGEMENT 3.7 MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION: AND ISSUES, OPPORTUNITIES AND POLICIES ADMINISTRATION The policies in this section deal with administration and a range of issues, including policies which span matters set out in the previous section.

3.7.1 LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

In the preceding sections there has been discussion around the need for creating a sense of continuity between the forest and the plant collections (see Section 3.1), the need for improved education and interpretation facilities (see Section 3.4.1) and the need for recreation links (see Section 3.5.1). In order to tie each of these needs together into a cohesive experience of Otari-Wilton’s Bush, a Landscape Development Plan is required.

The Landscape Development Plan will set out the overall concept for the development of the area, including main character areas, key focal points, the track network and location of functional uses such as visitor and management facilities. It will include consideration of the following issues: How well existing buildings and facilities meet current usage and future needs, including an assessment of the best use of the Curator’s House, and a feasibility study for a café (see Education implementation 3.4.4 (2) and Facilities Section 3.7.6). Relationships within the site such as track connections, visitor and management facilities, the plant collections and forest, and key focal points (for example see Policy 3.5.3.4 ix). Opportunities for leading visitors through the different stories of Otari- Wilton’s Bush (see Section 3.4.1). Opportunities for extension of the track network in accordance with the priorities detailed in this plan (see Section 3.5.4). Principles of sustainability; making efficient use of energy, water, and other resources.

The Landscape Development Plan will ensure that the development of Otari- Wilton’s Bush is carried out in a consistent manner in accordance with the goals, objectives and policies set out in the management plan.

3.7.1.1 POLICIES i. The Landscape Development Plan shall be notified for public comment. ii. The Landscape Development Plan shall be consistent with the findings of Collections Review (see Section 3.1.1). iii. The Landscape Development Plan shall be consistent with the goals, objectives and policies set out in this management plan. iv. The Landscape Development Plan shall give full consideration to those issues listed in Section 3.7.1 above. v. The Landscape Development Plan shall incorporate principles of sustainability, including consideration of energy efficiency in building design, water conservation, and low impact stormwater management.

3.7.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION 1. Prepare and implement a comprehensive Landscape Development Plan for Otari-Wilton’s Bush, giving consideration to the above policies.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.7.2 BOUNDARY MANAGEMENT AND LAND ACQUISITION

It is important that land adjacent to Otari-Wilton’s Bush is managed in a compatible manner for the protection of the natural and cultural values of the area.

The major parcels of land which bound the reserve are: ‘Wilton Park’ Recreation Reserve to the south – this runs alongside the Kaiwharawhara Stream to Ian Galloway Park and is a key restoration site. Karori Cemetry to the south-west. Wellington City Council owned pine/native block to the south-west. Outer Green Belt ‘skyline’ to the west. ‘Ex-Transpower’ land to the north-east, currently Department of Conservation stewardship land. Wilton Bowling Club (Open Space A - Recreation Reserve). Private land (medium to low density housing) to the east.

This management plan recommends that ‘Wilton Park’ recreation reserve (aside from the area of sports field) is reclassified as Scenic Reserve and incorporated into the Otari-Wilton’s Bush management area. The area is already perceived to be part of Otari-Wilton’s Bush and staff time goes into the management of this area. In addition it is contiguous with Otari-Wilton’s Bush and helps create the Otari-Wilton’s Bush Kaiwharawhara Stream biodiversity pocket, it is a key recreational access route, and its environment is in keeping with the rest of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. This is consistent with the recommendations of the Outer Green Belt Management Plan (2004). Policies applying to this additional area would be consistent with those described in this management plan. It should be noted that this area already sits within Wellington City Council management.

The Skyline Track, and ‘ex-Transpower Land’ currently remain distinct to Otari-Wilton’s Bush, being more closely associated with the Kilmister Tops and Outer Green Belt experience. However, this may be reviewed in the future as visual continuity strengthens. Currently, management at the interface of these areas should not be inconsistent with the policies for the management of natural areas outlined in this management plan.

The Wellington City Council owned pine/native block to the south-west also acts as a buffer. Additional resources would be required for this to be added to Otari-Wilton’s Bush, including managing the current pine forest and pest populations. It is recommended that over next 10 years it is managed by the Parks and Gardens Business Unit as a buffer – in accordance with the Outer Green Belt Management Plan. Its practicability as an addition to Otari-Wilton’s Bush will be considered in the next management plan review.

The land on which the Wilton Bowling Club (122 Wilton Road) sits was sold to the Wellington City Council by the Curtis family in 1950 for the purposes of creating a bowling green. The first green was open for play in 1951 and the first lease was established with the Wilton Bowling Club. A second green was opened in 1955. In 1989 the Wilton Bowling Club applied to the Wellington City Council to use part of Otari-Wilton’s Bush to accommodate a third bowling green. This was granted, and in 1992 a 0.2824 hectare area was reclassified from Scenic Reserve to Open Space A - Recreation Reserve. The Wilton Bowling Club lease was renewed in 1994, and again in 2002. This current lease expires in 2012, with a right of renewal for a further 10 years (less one day). When this right of renewal term has been fulfilled, or should the lease be otherwise terminated in accordance with the Lease Agreement, then the normal process for lease renewal will be followed in accordance with the Council's Leases Policy for Community and Recreational Groups (2001). Part of this process includes consideration of the following assessment criteria: strategic fit and activity sustainability. Unless there is evidence that these are not met to a significant extent a fresh lease will be available to the lessee. In

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007 the event that the lessee cannot provide sufficient evidence to meet the above criteria or elects not to renew their lease then consideration of the area as an addition to Otari-Wilton's Bush should be considered with regard to its potential to act as a buffer to the Wilton's Bush forest remnant, and as a potential space to enhance public benefit and enjoyment of the reserve. At the time of the lease renewal process, public consultation of the use of this land will be required in accordance with the Reserves Act (1977).

The private land and houses to the east all have potential to impact on Otari- Wilton’s Bush, and opportunities to educate the residents about ‘good neighbour’ behaviour should be sought.

3.7.2.1 POLICIES i. Continuity of conservation management on lands adjacent to Otari- Wilton’s Bush will be sought. ii. Council shall seek the co-operation of adjacent land owners and occupiers in the compatible management of their land, in particular with respect to animal and plant pest control, regeneration, riparian protection and fire control. iii. Those portions of Otari-Wilton’s Bush identified in this management plan for inclusion to the management area as Scenic Reserve (see Appendix 1) shall be gazetted as part of Otari-Wilton’s Bush Scenic Reserve.

3.7.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION (in priority order) 1. The addition of road reserve contiguous with Otari-Wilton’s Bush (CT D1/75, ex-Curtis estate) off Churchill Drive to Otari-Wilton’s Bush shall be investigated. 2. Gazette the additional areas identified in this management plan as Otari-Wilton’s Bush.

3.7.3 FUNDING AND SPONSORSHIP

Otari-Wilton’s Bush is managed as part of the Wellington Botanic Garden cluster, and sits within the Parks and Gardens Open Space Asset Management Plan. The collective management of the Gardens is to help rationalise management practices and optimise their close relationship. All four gardens have significant conservation, heritage and recreational value and it is intended that they be managed and promoted to provide complementary interest and attractions. Funding for each is influenced by overarching strategies (eg Capital Spaces, Recreation Strategy), relevant management plans, implementation plans, and formalised through the Long Term Council Community Plan and annual planning process.

There is potential for Otari-Wilton’s Bush, in liaison with its key partners, to seek funding through other sources for special one-off projects. This should be encouraged where appropriate and possible.

Any sponsorship opportunities must be in accordance with the Wellington City Council Sponsorship standards.

3.7.3.1 POLICIES i. Sponsorship agreements shall be subject to the conditions set out in the Wellington City Council Sponsorship Standard and shall ensure that: (a) The reputation of potential sponsors is not in conflict with the goals of Otari-Wilton’s Bush and the particular project. (b) On-site advertising of the sponsorship is discrete and does not compromise the character of the surrounding area(s). ii. The potential for funding from grants shall be considered for special projects as they arise.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.7.3.2 IMPLEMENTATION 1. A long term sponsorship programme and potential grant application for supplementary funding and special projects shall be developed in conjunction with developing a marketing strategy (see Section 3.6).

3.7.4 COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES

There are two kinds of potential commercial activities for Otari-Wilton’s Bush, those that add to the services provided by the reserve, and those that capitalise on the products of the reserve.

Those commercial activities that add to the services provided by the reserve, have potential to add value to the reputation of Otari-Wilton’s Bush, for example, commercial specialist guided tours will add value to it as a tourism destination. However, these commercial enterprises must not conflict with its Scenic Reserve status, nor the vision and goals for the reserve. In addition, they must be developed only through consultation with the reserves volunteers and key allies. Permanent or temporary refreshments for visitors may be another example of appropriate commercial use that would enhance the public’s benefit and enjoyment from the reserve.

Those commercial activities that capitalise on the products of the reserve, for example, commercial nurseries harvesting seed, will only be permitted if it can be proven that they are for public good rather than private gain (eg research purposes) and will be granted at the discretion of the Curator/Manager.

3.7.4.1 POLICIES i. Commercial uses that provide a service or attraction to the public may be permitted at the discretion of the Curator/Manager, provided that they contribute to the public use and enjoyment of the area and do not conflict with its role. ii. Commercial uses that make use of the facilities may be permitted at the discretion of the Curator/Manager provided that they are not in conflict with heritage conservation values and vision of the area and do not significantly interfere with normal public use. iii. Commercial uses that capitalise on the products of the reserve (eg commercial nurseries harvesting seed), will only be permitted if it can be proven that the uses are for public good rather than private gain. These may be permitted at the discretion of the Curator/Manager. iv. Short-term commercial uses may be granted at the discretion of the Curator/Manager, where short term is defined to be 6 or less consecutive days). v. Concession fees shall be charged for all commercial operations. vi. No commercial tourism operation shall claim to be the foremost, primary or authorised tour or interpretive service for any part of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. vii. The Curator/Manager, as a condition of the concession, shall approve the information and interpretation content of tours by commercial operators. viii. Commercial filming or photography may be permitted at the discretion of the Curator/Manager when it does not interfere with normal public use, or with staff operations, and is not detrimental to heritage conservation values. A permit will be issues and fee will be charged in accordance with Council policy for filming on Council reserves and a bond may be required. ix. Concession applications for all other types of commercial use, including trial permits, appropriate to the role of Otari-Wilton’s Bush will be considered under Section 56 of the Reserves Act 1977 (this requires public notification and the consent of the Minister of Conservation).

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

3.7.5 AVAILABILITY OF PLANT MATERIAL

Seeds and cuttings are sought from the plant collections and forest area by researchers, conservation groups and home gardeners, as well as commercial nurseries. Whilst Otari-Wilton’s Bush has a role to encourage the public to make use of native plants, the relevant provision of the Reserves Act 1977 (Section 49: Taking of Specimens) must also be taken into account. In addition the propagation work of Otari-Wilton’s Bush must not be hindered. Uncontrolled collection of plant material could put some rare plant or propagation programmes at risk. It is therefore more efficient to continue to provide the general public with material on specified ‘open days’. In addition, care must be taken in relation to certain restricted material collected under permit from areas administered by the Department of Conservation. Such restricted material or derivatives may not be distributed for commercial use.

3.7.5.1 POLICIES i. All requests for plant material must be approved by the Curator/Manager. ii. Restricted material collected from Department of Conservation areas will not be provided for commercial use. iii. Promotional ‘open days’ will continue when practical, as a way of making native plant and seeds, and in particular those of uncommon species, available to the public. iv. Members of the public requesting plant material for home garden use will be encouraged to instead attend Otari-Wilton’s Bush ‘open days’. v. Seed and plant material availability will not be generally advertised to the public, with the exception of ‘open days’ (see above). vi. Requests for plant material will be treated as follows: (a) Requests are subject to availability of plant material and will be granted at the Curator/Manager’s discretion. (b) Plant material for commercial purposes and home use will incur charges. (c) Plant material will be free for research with no commercial applications, education, cultural and conservation purposes. (d) Maori requesting plant material for non-commercial use will in the first instance be offered seeds or propagating material from which to cultivate their own supplies. The exception is the cultural harakeke collection – refer to Policy 3.1.3.1 (xi).

3.7.6 FACILITIES

The Information Centre (Te Marae o Tane) is the current primary facility. This is a two storey building, including an interpretation area, a meeting room, staff offices, and public toilets; there are also garages for equipment storage at ground level.

For Otari-Wilton’s Bush to fulfil its educational role, more space is required. The Curator’s House may present one opportunity to meet these needs. Currently the Curator’s House is used as a Parks and Gardens private residence. There is potential to convert this building into a use better suited to the Reserve’s purpose; such as education facilities (eg classroom, larger meeting area), or for administrative purposes. This use will need to be carefully assessed as part of the Landscape Development Plan (see Section 3.7.1). In addition, a predicted increase in visitor numbers will put added pressure on current facilities; again this should be assessed as part of the Landscape Development Plan.

A café located in one of the current buildings on the reserve could also be an effective utilisation of space and improve visitor’s experience.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

The challenge will be integrating existing and future facilities into a cohesive Otari-Wilton’s Bush experience, and this will be addressed by the Landscape Development Plan.

Other facilities, such as picnic tables, shelters and barbeques, are an important part of enhancing the visitor experience, and Otari-Wilton’s Bush will aim to provide these as required and in response to public demand. Any such facilities will be in keeping with the purpose of the Reserve and complementary of the surrounding environments and that will not compromise or harm the natural environment.

In addition, the Council aims to provide clean, well-maintained public conveniences that are accessible, safe and strategically situated. The methodology for achieving this is set out in the Public Conveniences (Wharepaku) Policy 2002. Public conveniences are managed under the Public Conveniences and Pavilions Asset Management Plan.

3.7.6.1 POLICIES i. The Information Centre and public education space may be hired for appropriate private functions and uses after normal closing times, and bookings made through the Otari-Wilton’s Bush booking system. Bookings for conservation and educational activities will be favoured. ii. Hiring of the facilities shall be charged at publicly notified market rates. iii. Provision of facilities that enhance visitor experience (eg picnic tables, rubbish bins, shelters) will be built in already cleared areas and where there is demand for them. iv. Facilities shall be in keeping with the surrounding environment and landscape and shall be as consistent in appearance as possible. v. Council shall maintain all reserve toilets in a clean and hygienic state in keeping with the expectations of the users of these reserves by ensuring that the toilets are cleaned in accordance with their frequency of use and maintenance contracts. vi. Public convenience sites shall be managed in accordance with the Council’s Public Conveniences Policy. They will be safe and secure, located near to adjacent pedestrian paths, roads and facilities with entrances facing onto active spaces and considerate of surrounding vegetation.

3.7.6.2 IMPLEMENTATION 1. Landscape Development Plan (see Section 3.7.1) to include a Facilities Needs Assessment and how facilities are integrated into a cohesive experience.

3.7.7 COMMEMORATIVE MEMORIALS

From time to time members of the public seek to memorialise deceased relatives in parks and reserves by donating a tree, plant or item such as a park seat.

This reveals the close association that people feel for many of the city’s parks and reserves. The Council aims to ensure that commemorative memorials in the City’s parks and reserves are well placed and complementary to the surrounding environment, while meeting the needs of the sponsor and parks and reserves management activities. The process for applying for commemorative memorials is outlined in the Council’s Commemorative Policy (2003). This includes applications for commemorative furniture and plantings. An appropriate type of commemorative tree planting for Otari-Wilton’s Bush, is Trees for Wellington, where sponsors are invited to contribute to revegetation or enhancement planting, in this case, at Otari-Wilton’s Bush. In general,

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Trees for Wellington recognises a visitor’s time in Wellington or a person’s relationship to the city. For Otari-Wilton’s Bush it is about recognising a person’s relationship to the reserve. Commemorative furniture or plaques may also be appropriate, and applications for internments and scatterings may also be made in accordance with the Commemorative Policy.

Opportunities for sponsors to contribute to other suitable projects will also be encouraged. These might include, contributing to education programmes or publications, or contributing to aspects of development programmes.

3.7.7.1 POLICIES i. Members of the public may donate money to revegetation planting or an item of park furniture in remembrance of a deceased relative, subject to the following conditions: (a) The item purchased shall be selected from a list of options compiled by the Council from its planting programme and intended park furniture acquisitions. (b) The Council shall supply the item purchased. (c) The item purchased shall be placed at a location approved by the Curator/Manager. (d) The Council shall retain the right to move or remove the donated item at its discretion. (e) The amount of the donation shall be set to cover the cost of plant propagation or, in the case of seats, the cost of construction and installation. (f) Family members shall be invited to assist with the planting of any tree or plant donated. ii. Remembrance plaques may be permitted on donated built items such as park furniture (at cost to the relatives), subject to the following conditions: (a) Where a plaque is installed on an item of park furniture, the donation must cover the cost of the plaque and of attaching it to the furniture. (b) The Council shall supply the plaque and it shall be of the size and style deemed appropriate by the Council. (c) The Council shall carry out the installation, and maintain the furniture to which it is attached, but maintenance of the plaque remains the responsibility of the sponsor. iii. Remembrance plaques will not be permitted on, or adjacent to individual trees or plants. iv. Dedications may be permitted on items such as publications subject to approval by the Curator/Manager v. Members of the public will also be invited to memorialise deceased relatives by making donations towards suitable special projects. vi. Burial of pets is not permitted within Otari-Wilton’s Bush. vii. Otari-Wilton’s Bush will keep a record of each commemorative memorial, capturing the following information: (a) Name and contact details of sponsor (b) Area of reserve in which memorial occurs (c) Type of commemorative memorial.

3.7.8 VANDALISM AND SAFETY

Vandalism, theft and anti-social behaviour is a risk for Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Council aims to minimise these risks where possible, provide safe experiences for visitors, and to protect key assets, including plant collections from wilful damage.

3.7.8.1 POLICIES i. All practicable measures shall be taken to ensure the safety of staff, visitors and assets.

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ii. Public entry to Otari-Wilton’s Bush shall be discouraged during night time hours, except for attending pre-arranged meetings, functions and events. Normal opening hours shall be clearly displayed at all main entrances. iii. Damage from vandalism shall be promptly remedied to maintain a high standard of presentation and to discourage ‘copy-cat’ vandalism. iv. Adequate outdoor lighting shall be provided where most after-hours functions occur to ensure that after-hours visitors feel safe. v. All structures will be built and maintained to comply with Health and Safety standards. vi. Visitors will be made aware of hazards through the use of signage and barriers where necessary.

3.7.8.2 IMPLEMENTATION 1. A security and risk assessment, including security around the Visitors Centre, shall be carried out to provide guidance on future security measures.

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4. IMPLEMENTATION

The actions listed in this section are all the implementation actions identified in Section 3.

Actions identified will be funded through the budgets that are developed for the Long Term Financial Strategy and year by year annual plans. Available funding will be directed to the highest priority areas.

Actions are identified as one of three types;

Strategic Development and Special Projects (SD/SP) are actions key to the overall development and the strategic growth of Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Costs (including likely budget sources) and timeframes have been estimated where possible. Where an alternative budget source is identified, this means funding from sources such as sponsorship and grants will be sought in liaison with key internal and external partners.

Maintenance activities (MA) are actions that occur as part of the day to day management and development of the reserve. These activities are included within general service levels (although relevant budgets are still identified) and timeframes have been estimated.

STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS & MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES Costs are estimates only and may be subject to change

Plant collections Action Ref. Budget Year Year Year Year Year Source 1 2 3 4 5 Implementation of the 3.1.4 Existing 5k 5k 5k 5k 5k Collections Review, taking into (C560) consideration the themes described in Section 3.1.1 and ensuring these are clearly represented by collections

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Natural ecosystems Action Ref. Budget Year Year Year Year Year Source 1 2 3 4 5 Development and 3.2.4 MA 3.5k 5k 8k 8k 8k implementation of weed (1) (C509) management plan Development and 3.2.4 MA 5k 5k 5.5k 5.5k 5.5k implementation of animal pest (2) (C510) management plan Advisory group of experts 3.2.4 Officer established to offer advice on (3) time ecological management, (C560) including forest health monitoring, enhancement and wildlife habit restoration (refer to Section 3.2.3.1(i)). Collaboration with Victoria 3.2.4 Officer University, Karori Wildlife (5) time Sanctuary and other (C560) conservation and research organisations on developing initiatives for researching the wildlife (including vegetation) and urban ecology of Otari- Wilton’s Bush Implementation of wildlife and 3.2.4 New/ * * * ecological research initiatives (5) alternative *Cost dependent on outcomes of collaboration

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Cultural heritage Action Ref. Budget Year Year Year Year Year Source 1 2 3 4 5 Work with Otari-Wilton’s Bush 3.3.4 New/ * Trust and iwi to collate and (1) alterna- publish a history of Otari- tive Wilton’s Bush Work with the Wellington Tenths 3.3.4 Officer Trust in identifying trees of (2) time significance and developing (C560) protocols to ensure appropriate rites and ceremonies are observed in the case of the tree falling.

Collaborate with the Wilton 3.3.4 Officer Family with regard to exhibiting (3) time artefacts of interest from the (C560) Wilton Farmhouse and joint open days Engage an archaeologist to 3.3.4 New/ 15k carry out an investigation (4) alterna- identifying archaeological sites tive within Otari-Wilton’s Bush and providing management recommendations for these; addressing the Burling House site as a priority. A thorough assessment of the 3.3.4 Officer Otari-Wilton’s Bush heritage (5) time values, including more recent (C560) cultural features, shall be carried out. A descriptive list and location map of all the items considered to have historic or cultural value shall be prepared and included in future management plans as an appendix. This shall be carried out as part of the asset management planning for the Garden. Assistance from local historians and the New Zealand Historic Places Trust shall be sought in preparing the list. *Cost of publication to be confirmed

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Education Action Ref. Budget Year Year Year Year Year Source 1 2 3 4 5 Investigate the need for an 3.4.4 Existing Education Officer or similar to (1) coordinate Otari-Wilton’s Bush community and school educational programmes and resources. Work is currently underway to develop an environmental education strategy for the Botanic Gardens, including Otari-Wilton’s Bush. Implement findings of Education 3.4.4 New * * * * Officer investigation as (1) (C560) appropriate Plant labelling implemented in 3.4.4 MA educational zones of native (3) (C560) forest (refer to Section 3.2.3.1) as specified in Policy 3.4.3.2 (i). Interpretation Plan further 3.4.4 Re- 10k 10k developed that recognises the (4) prioritise educational themes listed in existing Section 3.4.1, and that funding incorporates the opportunities (CX348)/ for story telling identified alterna- through the Landscape tive Development Plan (see Section 3.7.1). Consideration must be given to: (a) Plant collection themes listed in Section 3.1, and interpretation requirements for collections (see Policy 3.1.3.1 (viii)). (b) Natural ecosystems and forest management zones (see Policy 3.2.3.1 iii) (c) Cultural heritage (see Section 3.3).

Implementation of Interpretation 3.4.4 Re- 50K 50K * Plan (4) prioritise existing funding (CX348)/ alternative Continue to develop and 3.4.4 Existing 15K provide web-based plant (5) (C560) information to both on-site visitors and off-site internet users Enhance reference library by 3.4.4 Existing * * * recording and documenting all (6) (C560)/ resources in an easily alterna- accessible manner tive *Cost dependent on outcomes of investigation/plan

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Recreation and Access Action Ref. Budget Year Year Year Year Year Source 1 2 3 4 5 To develop the circular walkway 3.5.4 (1) Existing 15k so that the lower section is (CX348) accessible to wheelchair users and prams from the North Picnic Area car park. Provide access to the Outer 3.5.4 (2) MA 6k 6k Green Belt Skyline Track, and (CX348) highlight the circular routes already in place. Advocacy and signage advising 3.5.4 (3) MA 2k dog walkers of their (CX348) responsibilities, and mountain bikers that the area is closed to mountain biking.

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Marketing and Promotion Action Ref. Budget Year Year Year Year Year Source 1 2 3 4 5 Develop a Relationship 3.6.4 (1) Officer time Management Plan including, but (C560) not limited to, those organisations listed in Section 3.6 Form Memorandum’s Of 3.6.4 (2) Officer time Understanding with key partners (C560) to build a shared understanding of expectations and responsibilities. Develop a detailed Marketing 3.6.4 (3) Officer time and Promotion Strategy unique (C560) to Otari-Wilton’s Bush and based on the recommended actions from the Carr (2004) report. Key messages must be consistent with the vision for Otari-Wilton’s Bush, include specific audience objectives and strategies and the evaluation of these. The focus will be on strategies for promoting the ‘products’ and ‘services’ unique to Otari-Wilton’s Bush. It must be unique to Otari- Wilton’s Bush but consistent with Wellington City Council standards, with Parks and Gardens Business Plan, and with the integrated promotion of the Botanic Garden Cluster.

Implementation of Marketing and 3.6.4 (3) New 15k 15k 15k 15k 15k Promotion Strategy, (C560)/ alternative Including: (e.g. key Liaise with Karori Wildlife 3.6.4 (4) internal Sanctuary and other relevant and nature based tourism ventures external and open space attractions over partners) opportunities for collaborative promotion and tourism activities Investigate public transport 3.6.4 (5) options from Karori, including public transport links with Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. 3.6.4 (6) Investigate opportunities for an improved web presence for tourism 3.6.4 (7)

Investigate opportunities for commercial guided tour 3.6.4 (8) packages

Investigate product development opportunities for Otari-Wilton’s Bush eg. endangered plants for home gardens, native plant guides. *Cost dependent on outcomes of Strategy

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Management and Administration Action Ref. Budget Year Year Year Year Year Source 1 2 3 4 5 Prepare a comprehensive 3.7.1.2 Existing 100k 25k Landscape Development Plan for (CX348) Otari-Wilton’s Bush giving consideration to the Policies of 3.7.1.1 and including a Facilities Needs Assessment. Implement Landscape 3.7.1.2 New * * Development Plan (CX348) Major projects: * Landscape development of collection areas * House reconfiguration The addition of road reserve 3.7.2.2 Officer time contiguous with Otari-Wilton’s (1) (C560) Bush (CT D1/75, ex-Curtis estate) off Churchill Drive to Otari-Wilton’s Bush shall be investigated. Seek the formal gazettal as 3.7.2.2 Officer time Otari-Wilton’s Bush for additional (2) (C560) areas identified in this management plan. A long term sponsorship 3.7.3.2 Officer time programme and potential grant (C560) application for supplementary funding and special projects developed in conjunction with developing marketing strategies (see Section 3.6). A security and risk assessment, 3.7.8.2 MA 5k including security around the (C560) Visitors Centre, shall be carried out to provide guidance on future security measures. *Cost dependent on outcomes of investigation

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007 APPENDIX 1 LEGAL DESCRIPTION AND

RESERVE STATUS

Map Certificate of Title Transfer Legal Description Area (ha) Note on Acquisition Status of Land/Date No. to Council 1 CT WN255/167 Otari 1-5, Pt Sbdn VI-VIII Kaiwharawhara District & Pt Sec 2 57.7689 Formerly Native Reserve. Acquired by Crown for Scenic Reserve in Classified Scenic 17 October 1918 Kaiwharawhara Distict, alson know as Sbdn 1-5 Lot IX Otari 1905-06. Acquired by Council under s62 of the Reserves and land Reserve on Native Reserce, Pt Lot VI, Pt Lot VII and Pt Lot VIII Otari Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act 1917… “in Trust for 19/2/1998, transfer Native Reserve and Pt Sec 2 Blk VI Port Nicholson Survey Recreation purposes and for the preservation of Native flora”. B651009.1 District 2 CT WN176/113 Lot 1 A/2512, also known as Pt Sec 1 Kaiwarra District, 1.4113 Purchase ex Chapman estate (Chapman acting as trustee for his Classified Scenic 22 May 1925 Block IV, Port Nicholson Survey District deceased brother’s estate. It was noted that his brother had been Reserve on careful of preserving much of the native bush on his property). 7/2/1983, transfer no. 539565.1 3 CT WN158/218 Lot 3 DP 3647. All of land contained in WN248/171 (now 0.1209 Purchase ex Chapman estate. Classified scenic 22 May 1925 cancelled). Now held in gazette notice 539565.1 reserve on 7/2/83. Gazette notice 539565.1 4 CT WN158/218 Pt Sec 1 Kaiwharawhara District. Used to be known as Lot 1 5.0796 Purchase ex Chapman estate. Originally 5.362 ha. 0.2824m2 to the Classified scenic 22 May 1925 Plan A/2216 situated in Block VI, Port Nicholson Survey Wilton Bowling Club. reserve on 7/2/83. District Gazette notice 539565.1 5 CT WND1/76 Pt Sec 12 Kaiwharawhara District, situated in Block IV, Port 0.0033 Originally held by Council as road. Road stopped on 21 August 161 Classified scenic 18 February 1970 Nicholson Survey District and current CT issued. reserve on 7/2/83. Gazette notice 539565.1 6 CT WN5A/1080 Lot 1 DP 27801 situated in Block VI, Port Nicholson Survey 0.5413 Transferred to Council by Humphrey, Archibald and Kilgour. Classified scenic 4 September 1969 District Purchased ex Chartwell subdivision (and no longer required for reserve on 7/2/83. commercial development). Gazette notice 539565.1 7 CT D1/75 Lots 1 & 2 DP 25475 & Pt Sec 2 & Pt Sec 12 Kaiwharawhara 0.5929 Purchase ex Curtis Estate Classified scenic 18 February 1970 District, situated in Block VI, Port Nicholson Survey District. reserve on 7/2/83. SO plan 24211 Gazette notice 539565.1 8 CT 6D/1259 Lot 2 DP 30270, situated in Block VI, Port Nicholson Survey 0.9247 Purchase ex Curtis Estate Classified scenic 18 February 1970 District reserve on 7/2/83. Gazette notice 539565.1 9 CT 20D/1093 Lot 54 DP 46309 situated in Block VI, Port Nicholson Survey 6.55 Land (recreation reserve) transferred to Council from Archibald, Classified as scenic 16 December 1980 District Kilgour and Humphrey and was transferred as the reserves reserve on 19/2/98. contribution for the subdivision carried out by the owners – ex Gazette notice Chartwell subdivision B651009.1 10 CT 20D/1094 Lot 1 DP 32083 situated in Block VI, Port Nicholson Survey 1.8234 Land (recreation reserve) transferred to Council from Archibald, Classified scenic 16 December 1980 District Kilgour and Humphrey and was transferred as the reserves reserve on 7/2/83. contribution for the subdivision carried out by the owners – ex Gazette notice Chartwell subdivision 539565.1 11 CT WN44C/557 Lot 3 DP 77941 0.1201 Purchase ex Rouse. Land was acquired specifically for reserve Classified as a 15 February 1995 purposes as an addition to Wilton Bush. The owner was concerned scenic reserve when that the bush be preserved. transferred to Council on 15/2/95.

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12 CT 227325 Section I Survey Office Plan 318813 0.4977 Purchase ex Wilton School Classified as scenic 2005 reserve when transferred to Council. 13 CT 108430 Section 2 Survey Office Plan 316459 0.04649 Wilton Bush Road stopped for the purpose of car parking Fee Simple 5 August 2003 14 CT 64279 Lot 2 Deposited Plan 316442 0.01557 Purchase ex Wilton House. Subject to a rights to drain water over Scenic Reserve 4 April 2003 specified parts and drain sewage over specified parts. 15 Izard Park areas Part CT Parts Section 2, Kaiwharawhara District, Block IV, Port 0.1545 Part of land gifted to Council by the Honourable Charles Hayward 314/128 Nicholson Survey District Izard, as a memorial park to his son Keith for the purposes of a pleasure ground. Recommended addition to Scenic Reserve in accordance with 1996 Otari Management Plan and Izard Park Management Plan (1992) 16 Izard Park areas Part CT Parts Section 2, Kaiwharawhara District, Block IV, Port 0.7233 Part of land gifted to Council by the Honourable Charles Hayward 314/128 Nicholson Survey District Izard, as a memorial park to his son Keith for the purposes of a pleasure ground. Recommended addition to Scenic Reserve in accordance with 1996 Otari Management Plan and Izard Park Management Plan (1992) 17 Izard Park areas Part CT Parts Section 2, Kaiwharawhara District, Block IV, Port 0.1472 Part of land gifted to Council by the Honourable Charles Hayward 314/128 Nicholson Survey District Izard, as a memorial park to his son Keith for the purposes of a pleasure ground. Recommended addition to Scenic Reserve in accordance with 1996 Otari Management Plan and Izard Park Management Plan (1992) 18 CT WN52A/734; Lot 5 DP 64470 & Lot 9 DP 84537; Lot 6 DP 64470; Lot 1 9.8743; Recommended addition to Scenic Reserve in current management WN33C/886; WN33C/807 DP 59984 5.23; 7.42 plan.

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APPENDIX 2 HISTORICAL OUTLINE

From: Otari Native Botanic Garden Management Plan 1996: 2-22

This section outlines key elements of the history of Otari Native Botanic Garden, from early known records up to the preparation of this management plan. It is evident that there is much more to be researched, particularly the time leading up to acquisition of the area as a reserve in 1904. A more thorough investigation would presumably refine the history recorded here.

Pre-1847 Traditional occupation rights over the Otari area are claimed by Te Atiawa/Taranaki Whanui which includes Ngati Tama. Te Kaeaea, a Ngati Tama chieftain, lived at Kaiwharawhara Pa at the mouth of the Kaiwharawhara Stream. A trail wound through the forest from Thorndon, crossed the Kaiwharawhara Stream near the current lower picnic site in Otari, headed up the spur that is now Chartwell and continued on to Makara. This section of the Kaiwharawhara Stream was then known as Te Mahanga. The track linked Taranaki Whanui settlements at Makara and Kaiwharawhara. European settlers recorded gardens on north-facing slopes in the vicinity of Otari in the 1840s (probably on what became "Kaiwarrawarra" Section No.1) and "a Maori and his wife [who caught kaka in a clearing across the stream] living in a whare near Wilton's Bush"1 in the 1850s. This may have been the Maori known as Otere Hepapa, subsequently described as living "at the foot of the Wadestown Hill where the two creeks of Wilton's Bush join to form the Kaiwharawhara Stream" and where, in about 1843, he was raising pigs for the immigrant market.2 Otere Hepapa befriended Henry Burling who had arrived in Wellington in 1842 with his large family. Hepapa offered him land and Burling built a wattle and daub cottage "on a rise at the back to Wilton's Bush" where he lived for five or so years and gained the title "Otere Henare".

Colonisation by the New Zealand Company occurred first in Port Nicholson and Nelson. Land was subdivided into 1,100 sections, each section comprising one town acre and 100 country acres. Priority of choice was determined by drawing lots. The Company sought to preserve Maori society in the course of colonisation, by apportioning one tenth of the colonised area to the chiefly families of local tribes, thus giving them a chance of retaining the same relative superiority of position they had in pre-colonisation times. These Native Reserves were also allocated by drawing lots for priority of choice.

The first sales went through in 1839. Only 43 of the country lots allocated to Maori were formally taken up.3 Maori continued to cultivate what in many cases had become settlers' properties. Te Kaeaea moved his people from Kaiwharawhara to Heretaunga as settlers plundered his clearings and their cattle trampled his cultivations.4 The situation became difficult. In 1844 an effort was made by the Spain Commission to guarantee Maori their pa, wahi tapu and cultivation areas, but those areas were not well defined. Governor Grey had Te Kaeaea and his people forcibly removed from Heretaunga in 1846. McCleverty was employed to settle the impasse and by 1847 he had designated further Native Reserve land as compensation for loss of cultivations on the land allocated to, but not necessarily occupied by, European settlers.

1 Albert Kilmister, Kilmister Reminiscences 1932, Alexander Turnbull Library. 2 The Henry Burling Saga 1801-1911. R.M.L in Otaki Historical Society Journal Vol. 8 3 J. Pyatt, The McCleverty Commission, 1846-1847 Research Essay VUW. 4 WAI 474 #1.1 Ngati Tama Claim to Waitangi Tribunal.

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Otari Native Reserve 1847 McCleverty allocated a previously unsurveyed block of 500 acres (202 hectares) "at Kaiwharawhara" to the families of the local pa. He awarded by deed 167 acres of the 500 acre block to the Natives of Ohariu and Makara (Ngati Tama), 134 acres to the Natives of Pipitea and 200 acres to the Kaiwharawhara Natives (Ngati Tama) (plus section No 4 purchased on their account.5 This latter hapu had been cultivating an unoccupied section on the other side of the stream "Kaiwarrawarra" Section No.1 (which a few years later would be taken up by Maxton). 6 Figure 1 shows these areas in relation to the current boundary of Otari Native Botanic Garden. The 500 acre block was called Otari Native Reserve. It was the custom to name such reserves after local landmarks. The 359m height on the modern 1:50000 topographical map on the west of the Te Wharangi ridge was an early survey point, named Otari. In Maori, Otari can mean "the place of snares". Otari was also the name of the peak on Tinakori Ridge known by settlers as Wireless Station Hill.

Henry Burling had to relinquish his house and land (which is understood to have been in the '"Pipitea" block). He was not compensated, although his neighbour, James Smith, received 75 pounds.

Statistics show that the decline of the Maori population around Wellington was rapid during the 1850s. Some returned to Taranaki, others moved to fertile land in the Hutt Valley. Between 1842 and 1861 the Maori population at Kaiwharawhara pa halved and at Pipitea pa it had dropped from 134 to five (see footnote 7). In 1860 Kemp remarked that there were no Maori cultivations around the outskirts of Wellington at all most Maori were leasing good cultivation land from settlers in the Hutt Valley.

Crown Grants 1171 and 1172 reveal that the land owned by "Ohariu Natives" was auctioned in 1856, Lot II going to William Bowler and the remaining Lots to William Shaw. In 1859, Samuel Maxton formally took up his Crown Grant country section No. 1 in Kaiwarrawarra District on the flanks of Tinakori Hill. It is likely that he had already been farming the land, and indeed several fires had raged out of control across this area in 1851. At this time living off the land in the upper Kaiwharawhara offered more than sheep meat. Through the 1860s pigeon, kaka, tui and weka were shot in great numbers and there were wild pigs and cattle to hunt.

Maxton sold his 108 acres (43 hectares) to Job Wilton in 1860. The Wiltons cleared and farmed most of their land which stretched almost to the top of Tinakori Hill, but fenced off an area of 17 acres (7 hectares) of forest near their homestead. Job Wilton was happy for picnickers to enjoy the stream and views and bush walks and, with easy road access from 1877, the area became a popular leisure-time destination for town folk. One member of the family was always at home during weekends and the bush was patrolled to make sure any picnic fires had been extinguished. The entire area in forest on both sides of the Kaiwharawhara Stream, became known as "Wilton's Bush". The "Kaiwharawhara Natives" leased their 200 acres (81 hectares) in 1862 to three settlers Bidmead, Norris and Walker. Whether they developed the land is not known, but in 1877 before their lease expired 50 acres (20 hectares) of the block were sold to John Kilmister. The rest was leased the following year to Henry Brown. One of the conditions of the lease was that the land be "laid down in English grasses" and have a "good, sufficient fence". By now the

5 Deeds No. 9, 10, 11. 6 McCleverty’s Interim Report, 1848.

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Maori owners had returned to Taranaki. It appears Brown sub-leased or re- leased the land in 1890 to John Witton for a seven-year term.7

Samuel Woodward took up a 14-year lease on "Pipitea Natives" land8 in 1874. This must have been relinquished early, for the son of one of the Maori owners, Hare Piti (Harry Pitt), took up a formal lease of Lot I of this block in 18799. At the time it was in heavy bush. Next door, John Witton purchased the Ohariu Natives' block in 1876 and soon had his property cleared of forest. (The property was passed to Thomas Witton in 1891 and remained in the family until subdivided in the 1960s and 1980s.) Confusion between the names of neighbours Witton and Wilton continues today.

When the lease over the Kaiwharawhara Natives' Reserve expired, parts of the land were sold to Arthur Kilmister, parts to Frederick Kilmister and the Otari 4 and 5 blocks left in Maori ownership. (Note that the Otari 4 block was purchased by Council in 1984.) Survey maps show that by this stage the original Kilmister land was being grazed, and both flanks of what is now Chartwell were also cleared of bush. Fires on J. Kilmister's property had obviously continued down the spurs into the Pipitea Native Reserve below.10

The Heighton family built a whare on the edge of the bush clearing probably developed by Hare Piti. Apparently they lived there for fifteen years, initially at least, in a hut built of ponga logs plugged with clay. (The dates have not been ascertained for this resume, but may be from 1880 onwards.)11 Their track from the Kaiwharawhara Stream up the spur to a well and their whare is now the red/yellow trail to the Flax Clearing.

Otari Scenic Reserve 1906 By the turn of the century the almost total demise of natural vegetation around Wellington city was concerning many residents. Otari, or "Wilton's Bush" as both the forested sides of this stretch of the Kaiwharawhara Stream had become known, was also a popular recreation area, even though only the area on the true right was actually owned by the Wilton family. When it was realised in 1902 that the "Pipitea Natives" of Otari Native Reserve were keen to sell their block, a delegation of prominent citizens approached the Minister of Lands, asking him to take steps to preserve this forested area. The response was favourable, with the Minister expressing the hope that Job Wilton would also ensure his forest remained protected. Wilton assured the Minister this was also his desire.

7 Survey Map WD 846 shows land leased to Brown and later to Witton and land conveyed to Kilmister. 8 1874 Report of Commissioner of Native Reserves. 9 Survey Map WD 336 shows the area surveyed in 1976 and approved in 1879. 10 WD 1482 shows approved subdivision of Lts 1-7 of Otari A. 11 References in M. Alington Unquiet Earth: A History of the Bolton St Cemetery, Wellington City Council and Ministry of Works & Developments 1978, and notes of Allan Wilton (from Wilton Family archives).

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The matter was forwarded to the Department of Lands and Survey in 1903 and also soundly endorsed by the Scenery Preservation Commission. The Department then enquired if Wellington City Council would match the Government's vote of 500 pounds to purchase the land. Early in 1904, one of the Councillors moved that Council itself acquire the land. The most suitable mechanism available was the Public Works Act.

When it became clear later that year there would be legal difficulties with this method of Council achieving ownership, the appropriate government department was requested to issue a proclamation and approve the expenditure of 500 pounds. The Department of Tourist and Health Resorts responded in September.12 About this time administration of reserves became the responsibility of the Department of Lands and Survey. In 1905 the Council contributed it share of 500 pounds.

The reserve was finally gazetted in August 1906 as a Scenic Reserve under the Scenery Preservation Act 1903. The Native Land Court awarded compensation for the 135 3 /4 acres amounting to approximately 882 pounds plus interest. This was finally paid to the Public Trustee in 1907 and distributed to the hapu concerned.13

Shortly after the reserve was gazetted, the Wittons made available the steep gully slopes covered with scrubby bush adjacent to the reserve. The Department of Lands and Survey purchased this additional seven and a half acre (three hectare) area in 1907 and added it to the reserve. It is interesting to note that the 1904 survey map indicates that Wilton's Bush itself was "a proposed reserve" probably in response to the Minister's request that Job Wilton also ensure protection of his forest remnant. The Council would have to wait twenty years for legal protection to eventuate.

In 1902 Job Wilton and his family created the Wilton Estate Company with the intention of auctioning off a subdivision of the farm. The sale went through in 1906, but to a syndicate of Turnbull, Watkins and Williams, who themselves subdivided the farm (apart from the homestead which Job Wilton continued to live in). It is understood that the intention to maintain the forest area intact was part of the agreement.

With subdivision the forest owned by Wilton became the property of Martin Chapman, son of Henry Chapman (Wellington's first judge) and a lawyer himself.

The 17 acres (6.8 hectares) he purchased included some flat, cleared land. Although he excavated a house site, he never built. His gardener "Old Mac" (James MacDonald) lived in a small whare on the property. Chapman was happy to let visitors use the tracks he made and share the pleasures of the forest and exotic flowering shrubs he planted. The property became known locally as "Chapman's Gardens".

By 1915 the Department of Lands and Survey decided a Board was required to manage Otari Scenic Reserve. The seven member Board was chaired by the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Wellington District and included the Council's Reserves Committee Chairman, L. Cockayne, M. Chapman, B. Molineaux, W. Morris and L. Tripp. Lack of funds for the Board proved a continual frustration, so a year later the Department suggested the reserve be vested in Wellington City Council. This was agreed to by the Council on the condition that it own rather than merely administer the reserve.

12 Town Clerk’s Office 19 October 1904 response to Councillor Barber No. 1041; Scenery Preservation Commission Minute Book April 1904-Nov. 1905; newspaper clippings from 1902 (Scenery Preservation) and opening of Otari Open-Air Native Plant Museum, 1926. 13 Register of Reserves, Wellington Land District; Maori Land Court Minute Books 13 and 14, Ikaroa District.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Acquisition by Wellington City Council 1918 It took another year for the situation to be settled, with the issue of who was going to pay the caretaker's salary proving the final catalyst. In January 1918 the existing reservation for scenic purposes was cancelled and a Certificate of Title issued under s62 of the Reserves and Land Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act 1917. Otari thus became a reserve "in Trust for Recreation purposes and for the preservation of Native Flora."

During the early 1920s Otari's popularity grew, and the Council responded with improved road and track access, carparking, bridging of the stream, relinquishment of grazing leases within the reserve boundaries and possum control. There were even suggestions of a band rotunda.

Acquisition of Chapman's Gardens (Wilton's Bush) 1925 Martin Chapman, the then owner of Wilton's Bush and former Board member of the Otari Scenic Reserve Board, died in 1924. His main beneficiary and brother, Sir Frederick Chapman, asked that the Trustees of the Will offer his brother's 6.8 hectares of land and the small cottage on it to the Council as an addition to Otari Scenic Reserve. A very reasonable price was negotiated, with settlement delayed until 1925. The acquisition of the five to five and a half hectares of mature forest ensured the permanent protection of the last sizeable remnant of podocarp northern rata forest on the Wellington Peninsula. The property included other remnants of the Wilton's lifestyle: a lime kiln constructed about 1890 (fed with oyster shells from Lyall Bay) which has since been buried by track construction; the sawpit site where the Wilton's milled totara for their six- bedroom homestead; and the cow and horse paddock which were later to become the Wilton Bowling Club greens14.

A caretaker's residence was erected near the Banks Entrance in 1926.

Otari Open-Air Native Plant Museum 1926 During the 1920s the germ of an idea began to grow amongst citizens interested in indigenous vegetation. This was to create a collection of indigenous plants within easy reach of the city that could be enjoyed by the public and provide material for study. The idea was discussed intermittently by the New Zealand Institute of Horticulture. Then public interest was fired by an article in the Daily Press by the City's Director of Parks and Reserves, J.G. MacKenzie, who promoted the Otari Reserve as a logical site.

The Institute of Horticulture responded to the stimulus in 1926 with a formal proposal to the Council's Reserves Committee, presented by its Honorary Botanist, Dr Leonard Cockayne. The proposal submitted was accepted in its entirety and published in all the Wellington daily papers.

Otari Open-Air Native Plant Museum was officially opened by the Mayor, C.J.B. Norwood, on the 12th October 1926. By this time, with the purchase of the Chapman Estate, the reserve had grown to 143 acres (approximately 58 hectares). About half that area was forested, the other half in pasture or reverting to native vegetation.

Dr Cockayne was appointed Honorary Botanist to the Wellington City Council and effectively became the Director of the Plant Museum under the control of Director of Parks and Reserves, J.G. MacKenzie.

Assisting Dr Cockayne with scientific guidance and development of the collections were the botanists B.C. Aston and Mrs M.M. Martin on a gratuitous basis. Andrew Anderson McKay was employed as Officer-in-Charge of the Museum and resided on site from 1926 to 1946.

14 Notes from article researched by David McGill, 1980 (Evening Post).

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Dr Cockayne introduced possum control in 1928 and began collecting plants in earnest. His report of work in hand dated 1931 describes the Alpine Garden as already having 300 species, several other specialist beds being developed and planting of forest species well underway. The rockery around the caretaker's residence had been established and a nursery area provided.

Cockayne set very clear guidelines for Otari in "A Scheme for the Development and Arrangement of the Otari Open-Air Plant Museum" which was published in 1932.

The first serious botanical study of the natural vegetation was undertaken by Stan Reid for an MSc thesis completed in 1934 (see Section 1.4.1 for details of this study).

Dr Cockayne died in 1934. However, the momentum he had given the Museum was not lost. In 1937 the Native Plant Preservation Society asked that Otari become the headquarters for the Society's propagation and planting work. The Council was supportive and an Advisory Committee was established which included three members from Council, to assist in carrying out the objectives of the Society.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Throughout this period until the 1940s the cultivated area continued to expand. McKay planted the hebe collection, and later the Gresley Lukin Alpine Garden at Otari’s main entrance on Wilton’s Bush Road. This was the garden’s main feature and was tendered and developed for fifteen years. The public facilities were also improved. Public toilets had been provided in 1929. The wooden seat at the lookout near Cockayne's grave which overlooks the reserve, was presented to Otari in 1932 by Her Excellency Lady Bledisloe, wife of Lord Bledisloe, then Governor General of New Zealand. More seats were provided at the request of the Wilton's Bush Residents Association in 1945.

Hares were becoming a problem in Otari in the late 1930s. New plantings were suffering and collections had to be protected with wire netting.

Walter Brockie Appointed Curator 1947 The special role of Otari continued to be recognised by Council with the appointment of a curator, Walter Brockie, early in 1947. The following summer Brockie added 264 species to the collection. Further donations by other collectors boosted Otari's cultivated beds. Brockie retired in 1962. The rock garden and the impressive number of alpine plants in the collection were probably the most significant contributions he made to the plant collections.

Otari Gardens 1949 Council resolved to change the name in 1949 from Otari Open -Air Native Plant Museum to Otari Gardens (at Councillor Gilmer's initiative).

Wilton Memorial Gate 1952 In 1949, a granddaughter of Job and Ellen Wilton approached Council with a proposal to erect memorial gates at the entrance to Otari Gardens which had once formed the access road to the Wilton homestead. By 1952 the gates on Wilton Road were completed, funded by the family and designed and built by Council. A Wilton family gathering was held for their opening, and Mayor Sir Robert Macalister officiated.

Cockayne Memorial Also in 1952 another memorial was put in place a large rock bearing an inscription was placed over the graves of Dr Cockayne and his wife Maud. The graves overlook the Kaiwharawhara Stream with a view to the north across to the mature forest of Bledisloe Gorge. It is a site of contemplation and a natural vantage point for views across the reserve. Visitors will read on the inscription Dr Cockayne's own words "Will our descendents prize this unique heritage from the dim past and preserve these sanctuaries intact?".

The 1950s seemed to be a period where fire was a constant threat, probably because neighbouring properties were reverting to gorse and owners were trying to control it with burnoffs.

Raymond Mole Appointed Curator 1962 Brockie's successor as Curator was Raymond Mole who managed Otari for almost 30 years. During this time he was awarded the Loder Cup in recognition of his substantial contribution to horticulture. His role also expanded to include other Wellington reserves although he concentrated his efforts at Otari, developing specialist beds including flax and hebe cultivars. He developed the Wild Garden following the Wahine Storm and promoted the educational potential of Otari generally. Curator Raymond Mole retired in 1991.

Chartwell Acquisitions In 1967 a major subdivision of land owned by Witton and Archibald descendants commenced, creating the suburb of Chartwell. Council received two areas of bush overlooking Kaiwharawhara Stream, of 6.5 hectares and 1.8 hectares, as reserves contribution (although it took until 1980 for a satisfactory settlement). In 1969 a flat section beside Wilton's Bush Road of 0.5 hectares was purchased outright by Council.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Fencing Stock from adjacent rural properties made frequent incursions into the forest. In 1967, Council fenced the top boundary from Johnston's Hill, and improvement in the forest vegetation was observed.

In April 1968 Wellington was hit by the "Wahine Storm", a deep cyclonic storm that moved down from the tropics. It passed to the east of Cook Strait, bringing with it very severe southerly winds the strongest winds ever recorded in New Zealand. Otari's forest was badly damaged. There were immediate losses of hinau, rimu and rata, especially in the mature forest beside Wilton Road. As a result the Wild Garden was created under the opened canopy. Ongoing losses continue as a result of canopy weakening and crown damage.

Outer Town Belt Further threat to Otari's forests came from Council proposals in the early 1970s, first to create a North West Connector road which would cut across part of Otari, and then plans to establish landfill sites north and west of the ridge above Otari, using the new connector road for access. Council began acquiring about 920 hectares of adjacent land for this purpose. Vigorous opposition to the scheme by scientists and local residents ensued. At the same time planning studies suggested linking clusters of reserves into an "Outer Town Belt". The southern cluster comprised Otari, Johnston Hill and Karori Cemetery.

By the early 1980s the landfill sites had still not been developed and the Council began negotiating the exchange of the designated land for land on the urban side of the ridge. As a result about 200 hectares adjoining the southern cluster of reserves was acquired as public land and for an "Outer Town Belt".

Curtis Acquisition 1970 In 1970 Council purchased 1.5 hectares of land from the Curtis family. This area below Churchill Drive lies adjacent to the area of forest originally owned by Job Wilton.

Management Plan 1980 A second management plan prepared by Council in 1980 reaffirmed Cockayne's original objectives and also recognised changing recreation and educational trends. Subsequently, the building now known as the Information Centre - Te Marae o Tane was built in 1980, providing a small lecture room that is also used as an information centre, library, toilets, storage, workshop and offices.

Reserves Act Status 1982 Council resolved in 1980 that areas added since the original acquisition of 1918 should be brought under the Reserves Act 1977. In November 1982 10.5 hectares were gazetted as scenic reserve under Section 19(1)(b) of the Act. (This included 262 m2 of non-Otari land which was intended for leasing to the Wilton Bowling Club. A further gazette notice in 1989 rectified this error.) Note that the 57.7 hectares acquired "in Trust for Recreation purposes and for the preservation of Native Flora" and the 6.5 hectares of the Chartwell subdivision vested in Council as Recreation Reserve were already subject to the Reserves Act 1977 (refer to Appendix II).

Curator of The Botanic Gardens of Wellington Appointed 1991 In February 1991, Council appointed one curator for all its Botanic Gardens, the position being held by Mike Oates with Otari as only one of his wider responsibilities. Day-to-day operations at Otari are managed by a supervisor.

Three small adjacent areas of bush in Wilton Bush Road associated with Izard Park were in 1992 considered to be more appropriately placed under Otari management. Change of tenure is still underway. These areas include the strip between Churchill Drive and Wilton Bush Road where various beech species have been planted.

Plant Records Computerised 1992 The all-important plant records were computerised in 1992.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Otari Native Botanic Garden 1993 Another name change occurred in 1991 (formally gazetted in September 1993). The new name "Otari Native Botanic Garden" was thought to define the role of the reserve more clearly, especially for visitors to the city.

Major Possum Control Programme 1993 By the 1990s, the possum population has built up to an estimated 12 possums per hectare. A major possum poisoning programme was undertaken in 1993 and by 1995 significant recovery of the vegetation was evident.

Rouse Acquisition 1994 The most recent addition to Otari Native Botanic Garden, in 1994, was 0.1 hectares of regenerating bush alongside the previous Curtis acquisition below Churchill Drive, purchased from Mrs K. Rouse.

THE ROLE OF DR LEONARD COCKAYNE

Dr Leonard Cockayne 1855-1934

Otari Native Botanic Garden crystallises not just the botanical history of the New Zealand floristic region, but the life and work of one of the world's leading plant ecologists.

Cockayne started life in England but emigrated in 1876, first to Australia, and then to New Zealand, where he taught for several years. A legacy allowed him to pursue his main interest - a large, experimental garden near Christchurch.

Ecology was a new science in 1900 but Cockayne was already an ecologist, waiting for the term to be adopted by botanists. At 42 he published his first scientific paper. Encouraged by visiting botanist Dr Ritter von Goebel, he extended his interest in ecology and began to travel widely throughout New Zealand.

Cockayne led the way in ecology, not just in New Zealand but in the world. Described as "the most provocative influence in New Zealand botany", he was also heralded as "playing the most conspicuous part in the development of modern field botany in the British Empire during the first third of the twentieth century". He divided the country into botanical districts, recording "virgin" vegetation associations and studying the succession of plant associations after disturbances. Cockayne was particularly interested in wild hybrids and became a pioneer in the modern field of experimental taxonomy.

Vigorous campaigning for reserves and protection from introduced animals brought support from local bodies and government departments. His prolific publishing both in scientific circles and for the lay reader gave his ideas a high profile, helping them become assimilated quickly into botanical teaching. The late Dr Lucy Moore, botanist, wrote: "Many of his ideas are now so familiar that it is easy to forget that they originated in his fertile brain."

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Cockayne moved to Wellington in 1914. He became President of the New Zealand Institute for two years in 1918, Honorary Botanist to the New Zealand Forest Service from 1923 and Honorary Botanist to the Wellington City Council.

In New Zealand, Cockayne was awarded the Hector and the Hutton medals for research in botany. From Australia he was awarded the Mueller Memorial Medal. Finland, Britain, America and Sweden gave him honorary membership to their botanical societies. Later in life he was awarded the prestigious Darwin Medal by the Royal Society, being the first southern hemisphere scientist to receive it. Two years later he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (C.M.G.) - a rare distinction for a scientist.

Cockayne shared his practical horticultural experience with native plants at every opportunity. Late in life, with his eyesight failing, Cockayne found an ideal outlet for his enthusiasm for using native plants in gardens and public open spaces. Prepared jointly with J.G. MacKenzie, Director of Parks and Reserves for Wellington City Council, his Scheme for an Open-Air Native Plant Museum at Otari (MacKenzie & Cockayne, 1927) was immediately accepted.

Cockayne's Scheme for Otari Open-Air Native Plant Museum

Cockayne directed the philosophy and development of Otari and set it on the path to being New Zealand's primary collection of native plants. It was a symbol of everything he believed in - the conservation of primeval New Zealand, advocating the use of native plants in horticultural settings and teaching New Zealanders about ecological groupings of native vegetation. The outline below of his scheme for an Open-Air Plant Museum is abridged from his 1927 and 1932 publications15:

(a) The Flora A collection shall be made of all the New Zealand species possible to cultivate in the Museum. The species will be arranged as far as practical according to their families. As well as species, the hybrids between such will be cultivated, and their presence in cultivation will be of the greatest moment for the plant-classifier and the student of evolution.

(b) The Vegetation Examples shall be artificially produced of various types of the primitive vegetation of New Zealand - to cite a few - kauri forest, southern- beech forest, tall and low tussockgrassland, and subalpine scrubs of different kinds.

(c) Restoration of the Forest The forest of the Museum shall be brought back as far as possible to its original form, both as to its structure and

15 Cockayne, L. 1932. A Scheme for the Development and Arrangement of the Otari Open- Air Native Plant Museum, and Other Matters Connected Therewith. Published by the direction of His Worship the Mayor, Mr T.C.A. Hislop (Wellington City Council). MacKenzie, J.G.; Cockayne, L. 1927. The Otari Open-Air Native Plant Museum. Bulletin of the New Zealand Institute of Agriculture 34: 309-321.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007 composition. The forest in the vicinity of the Bledisloe Gorge is virtually of a primeval character, and it seems best to let it severely alone.

(d) Horticulture The use of indigenous plants for horticultural purposes shall be illustrated in various ways for the information of those desirous of using such plants in their gardens.

Cockayne's Path Names

One of Cockayne's contributions to the vision of an Open-Air Museum, was to name paths and certain features after eminent botanists. "It has been decided that such names, with but few exceptions, shall be those of the botanists who, by their researches, have brought about the present knowledge of the flora and vegetation of New Zealand, so that the history of our botany from the first voyage of Captain Cook up to the present time may be chronicled in the Museum," wrote Cockayne in 1932.

This was not simply an exercise of applying a name to a stretch of track. Cockayne applied a bit of whimsical symbolism to his scheme. Darwin's name, for example, is given to a large rock mass that interrupts the flow of the Kaiwharawhara Stream. Cockayne liked to dwell on the analogy of Darwin having changed the course of biological thought in the same way the rock forced the water to change course.

Another example is the Hooker Path which becomes the Cheeseman Path at a bridge. Cheeseman in real life had carried on the role in systematic botany after Hooker. Significantly, another path originates at the bridge the Kirk Path, giving recognition of Kirk's work in the same field, pre-dating Cheeseman.

A copy of an undated map found in Dr Lucy Moore's archives features a great many more names than Cockayne's original list. Some of those were used by Brockie, but few of any of these early names have survived into current day usage. Much of the development of New Zealand's botanical science is captured in these names and their interpretation would be a valuable contribution to the botanic garden. See Appendix 4 for a map showing the main paths with these names and for the list of Cockayne's path names recalled by Stan Reid.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANT COLLECTIONS AND FOREST MANAGEMENT 1926-1995

When Otari Open-air Native Plant Museum was officially opened in 1926 a kauri was planted just inside Banks Entrance. Several other trees were planted at the same time probably the kahikatea beside the nursery and the totara in the present Gymnosperm Collection.

A report on work achieved in 1931 (in Cockayne, 1932) describes several cultivated areas established by Dr Cockayne. These were:

the Hebe Collection (instigated when the New Zealand Institute of Horticulture became the international registration authority of the genus Hebe for the International Society for Horticultural Science) the beginnings of the Olearia, Carmichaelia, Pittosporum, Senecio and Grass Collections Asplenium Collection gifted by Mrs Martin (including 150 distinct hybrids) the Gresley Lukin Alpine Garden at the Solander Entrance on Wilton Bush Road an area near to this representing Otira Gorge Scrub Forest and one of Nothofagus Forest.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Ground preparation for a Kauri Grove and a North Auckland Coastal Forest was begun. The Kowhai Border (now removed) was planted and around the caretaker's residence a large rockery was started. The Pittosporum Border had been started by Cockayne, but was not named the Pittosporum Border until the early 1980s.

Additional tracks were made through the forest. Cockayne intended planting 50 young rimu into the forest "so as to eventually become a grove about two acres in extent." Stan Reid's 1934 thesis on Otari notes that rimu and nikau palms had been planted in the forest but the numbers and positions were not recorded.

The Kauri Grove was developed during the 1930s, close to what is now called the Flax Clearing, on a spur reverting from pasture to native bush. Occasional akeake mark the old hedge along the northern margin of the intended kauri forest. Storms shortly after planting the kauri damaged many of the juveniles, however, and subsequent invasion by local native plants suppressed their growth. This also made maintenance difficult and later on Ray Mole made a decision to let nature take its course. Today many of the kauri are still there and can be seen looking across the valley from the Lady Bledisloe Lookout. A survey of these kauri was carried out by Bill Winstanley and John Waugh in 2002. 156 kauri trees were recorded with sizes ranging from 48.5 cm to 1 cm diameter at breast height.

The Flax Clearing - an open, grassy spur - has plantings of flax, toetoe, pohutukawa and Olearia paniculata.

The original New Zealand Gymnosperm Collection was begun by Cockayne towards the bottom of this grassy spur. A few specimens of Libocedrus plumosa, kauri, Phyllocladus spp, totara, kahikatea, Halocarpus kirkii, Ackama rosaefolia, taraire and more recently planted rimu persist. Native regrowth was vigorous here and the Gymnosperm Collection was continued near the current Information Centre - Te Marae o Tane building.

The Rock Garden, complete with fish pond, was commenced in 1948 under Brockie's direction. The huge boulders were shifted into position with winch and tackle. Prior to its construction flowering cherries (from Chapman's gardens) grew on the site. The Gresley Lukin Alpine Garden at the Solander Entrance was abandoned in favour of the new Rock Garden. Some of Brockie's original plantings are still growing here. A rock mulch was introduced in 1990 for water retention, to keep the soil cool and to make it look more natural.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

In 1947, Walter Brockie, who was then the Curator at Otari, proposed plantings of 200 rimu and 100 each of miro, matai, kahikatea and totara be planted annually for the following five years through the forest to replenish podocarps. His actual recorded plantings include 43 rimu and 50 kahikatea (it is not clear where) and 100 totara on the banks north and south of the Troup Picnic Area in 1948 and 100 rimu in the bush below Wilton Road in 1950.

Willow, plane, cherry, sycamore, gum and walnut trees were removed from the reserve during this period.

The Fernery was developed in the early 1960s. Preparation of the man-made beds of river sand and peat, edged with ponga logs, took several years to complete. Planting began in the 1970s using species from the surrounding bush, private collectors and the Wildlife Service.

In the early 1960s a number of karo and ngaio trees formed a grove near Cockayne's grave.The karo were transplanted to form the hedge between Otari and Otari School. The gaps were filled with native grasses and in 1980 the space was formally developed into a Grass and Sedge Collection.

A Pomaderris Collection was started in 1975, fitted in around other plants.

The Main Cultivar Border alongside the lawn was begun after the 1968 Wahine storm, under Raymond Mole's supervision. A cultivar is a variant within a species which is bred or selected to emphasise a particular feature. Most of the plants were obtained from garden centres and the Wellington City Council nursery at Berhampore. The golden totaras, a Pseudopanax hybrid and some cultivars of Corynocarpus, Pittosporum and Griselinia were already present. The north-facing extension of the cultivar bed was started in the late 1970s.

A Flax Cultivar Collection was developed between 1975 and 1980. Prior to that the border had held Coprosma species and hybrids.

The Wahine Storm also resulted in the establishment of the Wild Garden where the worst storm damage was sustained, opening up the canopy. Garden areas were created by adding soil to the forest floor rather than digging it in, to avoid root disturbance. The Wild Garden mainly consists of tree and shrub species from other parts of New Zealand that grow well under a forest canopy.

In the mid-1970s the area between Wilton Bush Road and Churchill Drive dominated by gorse, broom, pines and macrocarpas was cleared, sprayed, tracked and developed. The five types of Nothofagus which occur in New Zealand are represented by some 500 specimens. (Note this land, once part of Izard Park, is managed as part of Otari but is not yet formally gazetted as such.)

The Dracophyllum Garden was started in the late 1970s. Chatham Island forget-me –nots make a dramatic ground cover here.

The Olearia Border was moved from its original site in 1989 because of problems caused by unsuitable soil, replacing the Hebe Cultivar Collection. Their performance has improved as a result of the change.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

The Hebe Cultivar Collection was moved closer to the main cultivar border. They had suffered from mildew in the old site and the new site had more sun and air movement. Hebe 'Otari Delight' and Hebe 'Mauve Fingers' are two Otari-bred cultivars.

The former Olearia garden was turned into a new Hebe Species Border. Although there was already a Hebe species collection, the huge number of species in this genus simply demanded that more space be made available. The old Hebe Species Border, dating back to Cockayne's days, included many species obtained from botanist Norman Potts in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as other collectors and staff collection trips.

Raymond Mole developed a colourful collection of Leptospermum Cultivars. Over the years, problems with scale insects forced this collection to be abandoned. It was replaced with a Divaricate Border in about 1985.

What is now the Volcanic Plateau Section with alpine species was first developed into an Alpine Bog Garden but the work required to maintain it was too great. The alpine gardens in this area are shaded from the heat of the afternoon sun, and an artificially prepared substrate ensures adequate drainage.

An Asteraceae Collection was begun in 1992.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

The Kowhai Border adjacent to Otari School was removed in 1994 because of Armillaria mellea infection. The bed will be left fallow for all remaining woody root material to break down before being replanted. A Clematis Collection was also started in 1994.

In 1996 several new collections were formed: a Marlborough Collection, a Pseudopanax Collection and a Juvenile/Adult Collection. Subsequently a Coprosma Collection and a Threatened Species Collection have also been developed.

In 2004 a duplicate collection was initiated of the Dench Collection, a private plant collection held by Arnold and Ruth Dench; and in 2005 a duplicate of the Druce Collection (A. P. Druce), held at Percy Scenic Reserve, Lower Hutt was initiated. These were predominantly alpine plants, several of which were threatened species in the wild, and rare in cultivation.

A list of current plant collections is contained in Appendix 3.

Detailed records of plant accessions and movements have always been kept. The Otari archives record the development of the plant collections and also introductions into the forest area. These records are thus of considerable scientific value.

THE FOREST AREA

The Forest

Records of pre-European and early European settlement vegetation are sketchy. Botanical studies suggest the forest on the north-western flanks of the Te Wharangi Ridge was young when European settlers arrived. At that time Maori clearings were recorded on the true right of the Kaiwharawhara Stream and a track led up a spur on the true left.

As soon as European settlement began, podocarps were felled for milling prior to broadscale land clearance for pasture. It is understood that even Job Wilton's "protected" patch of forest probably lost some totara for housing timber (a sawpit found within the reserve was used for this purpose).

It is not known what timber was removed from the Native Reserve prior to clearance. However, it was the custom for Maori to remove timber to sell as firewood to the settlers, and nikau was particularly popular in this respect. Cockayne later noted an overall depletion of nikau in gullies. Even as late as the 1940s, hinau was being felled in Otari for use as boundary fence posts. As well as land clearance fires on the higher ridges, there were accidental fires. Some fires occurred around the turn of the century in the bush in the "Pipitea Native" block which was to become Otari Scenic Reserve, with newspaper articles declaring that "the best part of the bush is being destroyed".

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

The first botanical survey of Otari was undertaken by Stan Reid for a thesis produced in 1934. He recognised four broad vegetation zones and tried to determine the reasons for them. The four zones were: 1. High up the valley on western hill slopes exposed to frequent, strong salt- laden winds from the north and the south, Reid recognised a coastal forest association predominantly of kohekohe, but also with karaka and pigeonwood. He considered this to be induced following some previous disturbance. Where there had been recent clearance, an association of coastal shrubs was an initial successional sere in revegetation. 2. The other main factor influencing vegetation associations in this valley is frost (for example, kohekohe and kawakawa are only common above the frost level of the valley floor). Thus the lower valley, originally sheltered from strong winds, has the predominantly podocarp/northern rata/tawa rainforest association typical of much of early Wellington's inland forest at this altitude. Pukatea and hinau are present in the most sheltered parts of this forest. The north-facing remnant of mature forest beside the main gardens has more light-tolerant species than the steep, shaded podocarp forest patches in gullies the other side of the stream. 3. Between these two extremes of forest type, Reid recognised a semi- coastal association across much of the reserve where tawa and kohekohe are found in more or less similar volumes in the canopy, and rimu, rewarewa, matai and hinau are thinly scattered. 4. Across the stream from the mature rimu-rata forest was a steep area of forest Reid regarded as intermediate between rain forest and the semi- coastal forest which contained many shade-tolerant species.

In 1934 Reid noted that kohekohe was increasing and displacing tawa- dominated canopies. He reasoned that clearance of surrounding, protecting forest effected an increase in the coastal influence of the climate here, inducing kohekohe associations.

His study concentrated on the successional phases following land clearance. It was then, in the thirties, that he noted Darwin's barberry beginning to creep into the area and warned of this aggressive threat to revegetation of the hillsides. Darwin's barberry is now a major component of reversion. Reid was also aware that rimu was not regenerating in the reserve.

Studies undertaken fifty years later by Reid himself (in 1982), and sixty years later by Yvonne Marjot (in 1992), show that kohekohe has continued to increase at the expense of tawa, and that rimu is not regenerating. With the loss of many hinau during and subsequent to the 1968 Wahine Storm, this means that there is an overall decline of the species and a change in forest structure, allowing kohekohe and karaka to spread.

Reid suggests the main reason for high hinau and rimu mortality from storm events is the change in wind characteristics through the Kaiwharawhara catchment brought about by construction of playing fields upstream and general loss of protective forest from the surrounding hills. Trees grown in relative shelter are now exposed to gusts they have not been built to withstand.

A significant aspect of forest regeneration is the absence of juvenile podocarps, even within mature areas. This was first noted by Brockie in his 1947 report16. He felt although low seed viability (caused perhaps by conditions resulting from land clearance) and low bird numbers might contribute, the absence of young seedling trees was "inexplicable". As noted

16 Wellington City Council. Various File Series relating to Otari-Wilton’s Bush, including Walter Brockies 1947 report.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007 in the previous section, Brockie set about replenishing the forest with juvenile podocarps (known areas of planting are noted in Figure 2).

Wildlife

Bird life greatly diminished with the loss of mature forest in the catchment and with intense hunting of kaka, kereru (New Zealand pigeon) and tui last century. Huia were present here until the middle of last century. Sir James Allen, our High Commissioner in London in the 1920s, visited Otari and was reputed to have commented, "Talking of our native birds, where are they?". Brockie made diary entries of kereru sightings in the 1940s which suggests numbers were very low then.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

APPENDIX 3 PLANT COLLECTIONS (CURRENT)

Alpine Rock Garden Asteraceae Canterbury Border Carmichaelia Clematis Coprosma Cordyline Divaricate Dracophyllum Fernery Front Entrance Gymnosperm General Rock Garden Grass & Sedge Hebe Cultivar Hebe species (old) Hebe species (new) Juvenile/Adult Kaka Kowhai Main Cultivar Border Marlborough North Auckland Nothofagus Olearia Phormium Pittosporum Pomaderris Pseudopanax Threatened Species Wellington Coastal Wild Garden

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

APPENDIX 4 Cockayne’s Path Names

Figure showing Track Development in 1934. In 1934 spurs were still grassed and there was little need for tracks. Source: Otari Native Botanic Garden Management Plan 1996.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

List of Cockayne’s Path Names (as recalled by Stan Reid)

From: Otari Native Botanic Garden Management Plan 1996: 60-61

Banks Entrance (on Wilton Road): Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820, was an English naturalist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage. He was President of the Royal Society from 1778-1820.

Solander Entrance (the Wilton Bush Road entrance at the bottom of the reserve): A Swedish botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage.

Hooker Path: J.D. Hooker visited New Zealand in 1840 and is remembered for his comprehensive volumes on the New Zealand flora published 1852-1855.

Gresley Lukin Alpine Garden: Lukin was a nature lover and editor of the Evening Post in the early 1900s.

Darwin Rock: Named after the eminent scientist who theorised about species evolution – he had also visited New Zealand.

Haast Path: Sir Julius von Haast, 1822-1887, was a well-known geologist, explorer and botanical collector in New Zealand in the 1860s and 1870s. He founded the Canterbury Museum in 1869 and became its Director.

Cheeseman Path: T.F. Cheeseman (1846-1923) was a systematic botanist who published New Zealand’s first comprehensive Flora in 1906. He was Curator of the Auckland Museum from 1874 to 1904.

Kirk Path: Thomas Kirk, 1828-1898 worked in the field of systematic botany from 1863 (when he emigrated to New Zealand) until 1888. He was Curator of the Auckland Institute and Museum from 1868 to 1873, then lectured at Wellington College from 1874 to 1880 in natural sciences, and Lincoln Agricultural College from 1881 to 1885. He was Chief Conservator of State Forests from 1885 and worked on the New Zealand flora – which remained unpublished when he died.

MacKenzie Burn: MacKenzie was the Director of Parks and Reserves, Wellington City Council and worked closely with Cockayne to establish the Otari Reserve as a botanic garden.

Travers Path: W.T. Travers is recognised for his active collection of alpine plants, especially in the Nelson district, from 1854 on.

Petrie Path: D. Petrie (1846-1925) published many papers relating to systematic botany.

Bledisloe Gorge/Lady Bledisloe Lookout: Governor-General and Lady Bledisloe were in office when the Open-air Native Plant Museium was created. They were advocates for native plant preservation and Lord Bledisloe was awarded the Loder Cup in 1934.

Troup Picnic Area: G.A. Troup was Mayor of Wellington from 1927-1931.

Hislop Path: T.C.A. Hislop was Mayor of Wellington in 1932 when Cockayne’s scheme for the Museum was published.

Lady Alice Fern Walk: Lady Alice Fergusson was wife of Sir Charles Fergusson, Governor General from 1924-1930.

Aston Bank: B.C. Aston was an accomplished field botanist who helped Cockayne build up the first collections in the Museum.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

Martin Fern Gully: Mrs M.M. Martin was also a colleague of Cockayne’s who contributed greatly to the first collections in the Museum.

Forster Path: One of the botanists on Captain Cook’s second voyage.

Cunningham Path: Allan Cunningham, from Sydney Botanical Gardens, and his brother collected a large amount of material from North Auckland from 1826 to 1838.

Richard d’Urville Path: Richard and d’Urville were two of the group of French collectors and botanists working during the period 1824 to 1842. D’Urville published a work in 1832 on New Zealand’s flroa. The Cunningham Path links the Richard d’Urville Path, symbolising Cunningham’s recognition of d’Urville’s work which he included in material prepared for publication.

Cockayne Heights: Dr Leonard Cockayne (1855-1934) often enjoyed the view from this site which overlooked the entire reserve.

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007

APPENDIX 5 BIOBLITZ 2007 SUMMARY

Category Total Species

Algae 91 Beetles 82 Birds 19 Fish 5 Flies 95 Freshwater invertebrates 6 Fungi 30 Insects and other bugs 340 Lichens 10 Liverworts and hornworts 51 Lizards and Frogs 4 Mammals (bats & exotics) 2 Molluscs 19 Mosses 73 Moths / butterflies 11 Nematodes 1 Spiders 40 Vascular plants - adventive 153 Vascular plants - native 208 Wasps, bees and ants 26 Zooplankton/Protozoa 79

Total Species Count 1345

Otari Native Botanic Garden and Wilton’s Bush Reserve – August 2007