DOCSLIB.ORG

SQL Is a Database Computer Language Designed for the Retrieval and Management of Data in a Relational Database

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

SQL i SQL About the Tutorial SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in a relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. This tutorial will give you a quick start to SQL. It covers most of the topics required for a basic understanding of SQL and to get a feel of how it works. Audience This tutorial is prepared for beginners to help them understand the basic as well as the advanced concepts related to SQL languages. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on the various components of SQL along with suitable examples. Prerequisites Before you start practicing with various types of examples given in this tutorial, I am assuming that you are already aware about what a database is, especially the RDBMS and what is a computer programming language. Compile/Execute SQL Programs If you are willing to compile and execute SQL programs with Oracle 11g RDBMS but you don’t have a setup for the same, do not worry. Coding Ground is available on a high-end dedicated server giving you real programming experience. It is free and is available online for everyone. Copyright & Disclaimer Copyright 2018 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected] i SQL Table of Contents About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i Compile/Execute SQL Programs ....................................................................................................................... i Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii 1. SQL ─ Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 What is SQL? .................................................................................................................................................... 1 SQL Process ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 SQL Commands ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2. SQL ─ RDBMS Concepts ............................................................................................................................. 5 What is RDBMS? .............................................................................................................................................. 5 SQL Constraints ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Data Integrity ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Database Normalization .................................................................................................................................. 7 Database – First Normal Form (1NF) ............................................................................................................... 8 Database – Second Normal Form (2NF) ........................................................................................................ 10 Database – Third Normal Form (3NF) ............................................................................................................ 11 3. SQL ─ RDBMS Databases ......................................................................................................................... 14 MySQL ........................................................................................................................................................... 14 MS SQL Server ............................................................................................................................................... 15 ORACLE .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 MS ACCESS ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 4. SQL – Syntax ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Various Syntax in SQL .................................................................................................................................... 19 5. SQL ─ Data Types .................................................................................................................................... 24 6. SQL – Operators ...................................................................................................................................... 28 What is an Operator in SQL? ......................................................................................................................... 28 SQL Arithmetic Operators ............................................................................................................................. 28 Arithmetic Operators – Examples ................................................................................................................. 29 SQL Comparison Operators ........................................................................................................................... 30 Comparison Operators – Examples ............................................................................................................... 31 SQL Logical Operators ................................................................................................................................... 34 Logical Operators – Examples........................................................................................................................ 35 7. SQL – Expressions ................................................................................................................................... 41 Boolean Expressions ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Numeric Expressions ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Date Expressions ........................................................................................................................................... 43 8. SQL – CREATE Database .......................................................................................................................... 45 9. SQL ─ DROP or DELETE Database ............................................................................................................. 46 10. SQL ─ SELECT Database, USE Statement .................................................................................................. 47 ii SQL 11. SQL ─ CREATE Table ................................................................................................................................ 48 SQL - Creating a Table from an Existing Table ............................................................................................... 49 12. SQL ─ DROP or DELETE Table ................................................................................................................... 51 13. SQL ─ INSERT Query ................................................................................................................................ 53 14. SQL ─ SELECT Query ................................................................................................................................ 56 15. SQL ─ WHERE Clause ............................................................................................................................... 59 16. SQL ─ AND & OR Conjunctive Operators ................................................................................................. 62 The AND Operator ......................................................................................................................................... 62 The OR Operator
Recommended publications
  • Documents and Attachments 57 Chapter 7: Dbamp Stored Procedure Reference

    Documents and Attachments 57 Chapter 7: Dbamp Stored Procedure Reference

    CData Software, Inc. DBAmp SQL Server Integration with Salesforce.com Version 5.1.6 Copyright © 2021 CData Software, Inc. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: Installation/Upgrading ................................................. 8 Upgrading an existing installation ......................................................... 8 Prerequistes ....................................................................................... 9 Running the DBAmp installation file...................................................... 9 Configure the DBAmp provider options ................................................. 9 Connecting DBAmp to SQL Server ...................................................... 10 Verifying the linked server ................................................................. 11 Install the DBAmp Stored Procedures ................................................. 11 Running the DBAmp Configuration Program........................................ 11 Setting up the DBAmp Work Directory ................................................ 12 Enabling xp_cmdshell for DBAmp ....................................................... 13 Pointing DBAmp to your Salesforce Sandbox Instance ......................... 13 Chapter 2: Using DBAMP as a Linked Server ................................ 14 Four Part Object Names .................................................................... 14 SQL versus SOQL .............................................................................
  • Cobol/Cobol Database Interface.Htm Copyright © Tutorialspoint.Com

    Cobol/Cobol Database Interface.Htm Copyright © Tutorialspoint.Com

    CCOOBBOOLL -- DDAATTAABBAASSEE IINNTTEERRFFAACCEE http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cobol/cobol_database_interface.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com As of now, we have learnt the use of files in COBOL. Now, we will discuss how a COBOL program interacts with DB2. It involves the following terms: Embedded SQL DB2 Application Programming Host Variables SQLCA SQL Queries Cursors Embedded SQL Embedded SQL statements are used in COBOL programs to perform standard SQL operations. Embedded SQL statements are preprocessed by SQL processor before the application program is compiled. COBOL is known as the Host Language. COBOL-DB2 applications are those applications that include both COBOL and DB2. Embedded SQL statements work like normal SQL statements with some minor changes. For example, that output of a query is directed to a predefined set of variables which are referred as Host Variables. An additional INTO clause is placed in the SELECT statement. DB2 Application Programming Following are rules to be followed while coding a COBOL-DB2 program: All the SQL statements must be delimited between EXEC SQL and END-EXEC. SQL statements must be coded in Area B. All the tables that are used in a program must be declared in the Working-Storage Section. This is done by using the INCLUDE statement. All SQL statements other than INCLUDE and DECLARE TABLE must appear in the Procedure Division. Host Variables Host variables are used for receiving data from a table or inserting data in a table. Host variables must be declared for all values that are to be passed between the program and the DB2. They are declared in the Working-Storage Section.
  • Declare Syntax in Pl Sql

    Declare Syntax in Pl Sql

    Declare Syntax In Pl Sql NickieIs Pierre perennates desecrated some or constant stunner afterafter pomiferousprojectional Sydney Alberto appreciatingconfabulate mourningly.so Jewishly? Abused Gordan masons, his hakim barged fasts reparably. Encircled It could write utility it an sql in the original session state in turn off timing command line if it needs to learn about oracle Berkeley electronic form, and os commands, declare syntax in pl sql syntax shows how odi can execute. To select in response times when it declares an assignment statement to change each actual parameter can be open in a declarative part. Sql functions run on a timing vulnerabilities when running oracle pl sql syntax shows how use? To learn how to performance overhead of an object changes made to explain plan chooses by create applications. Have an archaic law that declare subprograms, declaring variables declared collection of declarations and return result set cookies that references or distinct or script? Plus statements that column, it is not oracle pl sql syntax shows no errors have a nested blocks or a recordset. Always nice the highest purity level line a subprogram allows. The script creates the Oracle system parameters, though reception can be changed by the inactive program. If necessary to declare that are declared in trailing spaces cause a declarative part at precompile time. This syntax defines cursors declared in oracle pl sql. Run on that subprograms as columns and you use a variable must be recompiled at any syntax defines cursors. All procedures move forward references to it is executed at runtime engine runs for this frees memory than store.
  • An Array-Oriented Language with Static Rank Polymorphism

    An Array-Oriented Language with Static Rank Polymorphism

    An array-oriented language with static rank polymorphism Justin Slepak, Olin Shivers, and Panagiotis Manolios Northeastern University fjrslepak,shivers,[email protected] Abstract. The array-computational model pioneered by Iverson's lan- guages APL and J offers a simple and expressive solution to the \von Neumann bottleneck." It includes a form of rank, or dimensional, poly- morphism, which renders much of a program's control structure im- plicit by lifting base operators to higher-dimensional array structures. We present the first formal semantics for this model, along with the first static type system that captures the full power of the core language. The formal dynamic semantics of our core language, Remora, illuminates several of the murkier corners of the model. This allows us to resolve some of the model's ad hoc elements in more general, regular ways. Among these, we can generalise the model from SIMD to MIMD computations, by extending the semantics to permit functions to be lifted to higher- dimensional arrays in the same way as their arguments. Our static semantics, a dependent type system of carefully restricted power, is capable of describing array computations whose dimensions cannot be determined statically. The type-checking problem is decidable and the type system is accompanied by the usual soundness theorems. Our type system's principal contribution is that it serves to extract the implicit control structure that provides so much of the language's expres- sive power, making this structure explicitly apparent at compile time. 1 The Promise of Rank Polymorphism Behind every interesting programming language is an interesting model of com- putation.
  • 2020-2021 Course Catalog

    2020-2021 Course Catalog

    Unlimited Opportunities • Career Training/Continuing Education – Page 4 • Personal Enrichment – Page 28 • High School Equivalency – Page 42 • Other Services – Page 46 • Life Long Learning I found the tools and resources to help me transition from my current career to construction management through an Eastern Suffolk BOCES Adult Education Blueprint Reading course. The program provided networking opportunities which led me to my new job. 2020-2021 COURSE CATALOG SHARE THIS CATALOG with friends and family Register online at: www.esboces.org/AEV Adult Education Did You Know... • Adult Education offers over 50 Career Training, Licensing and Certification programs and 30 Personal Enrichment classes. • Financial aid is available for our Cosmetology and Practical Nursing programs. • We offer national certifications for Electric, Plumbing and HVAC through the National Center for Construction Education and Research. • Labor Specialists and Vocational Advisors are available to assist students with planning their careers, registration and arranging day and evening tours. • Continuing Education classes are available through our on-line partners. The Center for Legal Studies offers 15 classes designed for beginners as well as advanced legal workers. In addition, they provide 6 test preparation courses including SAT®, GMAT® and LSAT®. UGotClass offers over 40 classes in Business, Management, Education and more. • Internship opportunities are available in many of our classes to assist the students to build skills towards employment. Do you know what our students are saying about us? “New York State “Great teacher. Answered Process Server is all questions and taught a very lucrative “I like how the Certified Microsoft Excel in a way “I took Introduction to side business.
  • Operation in Xql______34 4.5 Well-Formedness Rules of Xql ______36 4.6 Summary ______42

    Operation in Xql______34 4.5 Well-Formedness Rules of Xql ______36 4.6 Summary ______42

    Translation of OCL Invariants into SQL:99 Integrity Constraints Master Thesis Submitted by: Veronica N. Tedjasukmana [email protected] Information and Media Technologies Matriculation Number: 29039 Supervised by: Prof. Dr. Ralf MÖLLER STS - TUHH Prof. Dr. Helmut WEBERPALS Institut für Rechnertechnologie – TUHH M.Sc. Miguel GARCIA STS - TUHH Hamburg, Germany 31 August 2006 Declaration I declare that: this work has been prepared by myself, all literally or content-related quotations from other sources are clearly pointed out, and no other sources or aids than the ones that are declared are used. Hamburg, 31 August 2006 Veronica N. Tedjasukmana i Table of Contents Declaration __________________________________________________________________ i Table of Contents _____________________________________________________________ ii 1 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 Motivation _____________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Objective ______________________________________________________________ 2 1.3 Structure of the Work ____________________________________________________ 2 2 Constraint Languages ______________________________________________________ 3 2.1 Defining Constraint in OCL _______________________________________________ 3 2.1.1 Types of Constraints ________________________________________________ 4 2.2 Defining Constraints in Database ___________________________________________ 4 2.3 Comparison of Constraint Language_________________________________________
  • Heritage Ascential Software Portfolio, Now Available in Passport Advantage, Delivers Trustable Information for Enterprise Initiatives

    Heritage Ascential Software Portfolio, Now Available in Passport Advantage, Delivers Trustable Information for Enterprise Initiatives

    Software Announcement July 18, 2006 Heritage Ascential software portfolio, now available in Passport Advantage, delivers trustable information for enterprise initiatives Overview structures ranging from simple to highly complex. It manages data At a glance With the 2005 acquisition of arriving in real time as well as data Ascential Software Corporation, received on a periodic or scheduled IBM software products acquired IBM added a suite of offerings to its basis and enables companies to from Ascential Software information management software solve large-scale business problems Corporation are now available portfolio that helps you profile, through high-performance through IBM Passport Advantage cleanse, and transform any data processing of massive data volumes. under new program numbers and across the enterprise in support of A WebSphere DataStage Enterprise a new, simplified licensing model. strategic business initiatives such as Edition license grants entitlement to You can now license the following business intelligence, master data media for both WebSphere programs for distributed platforms: DataStage Server and WebSphere management, infrastructure • consolidation, and data governance. DataStage Enterprise Edition. Core product: WebSphere The heritage Ascential programs in Datastore Enterprise Edition, this announcement are now WebSphere RTI enables WebSphere WebSphere QualityStage available through Passport DataStage jobs to participate in a Enterprise Edition, WebSphere Advantage under a new, service-oriented architecture (SOA)
  • SQL DELETE Table in SQL, DELETE Statement Is Used to Delete Rows from a Table

    SQL DELETE Table in SQL, DELETE Statement Is Used to Delete Rows from a Table

    SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases. What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL lets you access and manipulate databases SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987 What Can SQL do? SQL can execute queries against a database SQL can retrieve data from a database SQL can insert records in a database SQL can update records in a database SQL can delete records from a database SQL can create new databases SQL can create new tables in a database SQL can create stored procedures in a database SQL can create views in a database SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views Using SQL in Your Web Site To build a web site that shows data from a database, you will need: An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL) To use a server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP To use SQL to get the data you want To use HTML / CSS to style the page RDBMS RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems such as MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access. The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows. SQL Table SQL Table is a collection of data which is organized in terms of rows and columns.
  • SQL Server Express: Setting up for Unistream User Guide 3/17

    SQL Server Express: Setting up for Unistream User Guide 3/17

    Headquarters Unitronics (1989) (R"G). Unitronics Building, Airport City P.O.B. 300, Ben Gurion Airport, Israel 70100 Tel: + 972 (3) 977 8888 Fax: + 972 (3) 977 8877 SQL Server Express: Setting up for UniStream User Guide 3/17 Contents SQL Server Express: Setting up for UniStream ...................................................... 1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 1 Supported Controllers ...................................................................................... 1 First-time Installation & Configuration ................................................................. 2 Download ...................................................................................................... 2 Installing SQL Server ...................................................................................... 3 Setting up the Local Database .......................................................................... 5 Configuring SQL Server ................................................................................... 6 Activating the SQL Server Browser. ................................................................ 6 Enable TCP/IP, Assign Port ............................................................................ 7 Create a new Login ....................................................................................... 8 SQL Server Express—Existing Installation ........................................................... 10 Enable TCP/IP, Assign Port
  • Cohesity Dataplatform Protecting Individual MS SQL Databases Solution Guide

    Cohesity Dataplatform Protecting Individual MS SQL Databases Solution Guide

    Cohesity DataPlatform Protecting Individual MS SQL Databases Solution Guide Abstract This solution guide outlines the workflow for creating backups with Microsoft SQL Server databases and Cohesity Data Platform. Table of Contents About this Guide..................................................................................................................................................................2 Intended Audience..............................................................................................................................................2 Configuration Overview.....................................................................................................................................................2 Feature Overview.................................................................................................................................................................2 Installing Cohesity Windows Agent..............................................................................................................................2 Downloading Cohesity Agent.........................................................................................................................2 Select Coheisty Windows Agent Type.........................................................................................................3 Install the Cohesity Agent.................................................................................................................................3 Cohesity Agent Setup........................................................................................................................................4
  • SQL Stored Procedures

    SQL Stored Procedures

    Agenda Key:31MA Session Number:409094 DB2 for IBM i: SQL Stored Procedures Tom McKinley ([email protected]) DB2 for IBM i consultant IBM Lab Services 8 Copyright IBM Corporation, 2009. All Rights Reserved. This publication may refer to products that are not currently available in your country. IBM makes no commitment to make available any products referred to herein. What is a Stored Procedure? • Just a called program – Called from SQL-based interfaces via SQL CALL statement • Supports input and output parameters – Result sets on some interfaces • Follows security model of iSeries – Enables you to secure your data – iSeries adopted authority model can be leveraged • Useful for moving host-centric applications to distributed applications 2 © 2009 IBM Corporation What is a Stored Procedure? • Performance savings in distributed computing environments by dramatically reducing the number of flows (requests) to the database engine – One request initiates multiple transactions and processes R R e e q q u u DB2 for i5/OS DB2DB2 for for i5/OS e e AS/400 s s t t SP o o r r • Performance improvements further enhanced by the option of providing result sets back to ODBC, JDBC, .NET & CLI clients 3 © 2009 IBM Corporation Recipe for a Stored Procedure... 1 Create it CREATE PROCEDURE total_val (IN Member# CHAR(6), OUT total DECIMAL(12,2)) LANGUAGE SQL BEGIN SELECT SUM(curr_balance) INTO total FROM accounts WHERE account_owner=Member# AND account_type IN ('C','S','M') END 2 Call it (from an SQL interface) over and over CALL total_val(‘123456’, :balance) 4 © 2009 IBM Corporation Stored Procedures • DB2 for i5/OS supports two types of stored procedures 1.
  • Database SQL Call Level Interface 7.1

    Database SQL Call Level Interface 7.1

    IBM IBM i Database SQL call level interface 7.1 IBM IBM i Database SQL call level interface 7.1 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices,” on page 321. This edition applies to IBM i 7.1 (product number 5770-SS1) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This version does not run on all reduced instruction set computer (RISC) models nor does it run on CISC models. © Copyright IBM Corporation 1999, 2010. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents SQL call level interface ........ 1 SQLExecute - Execute a statement ..... 103 What's new for IBM i 7.1 .......... 1 SQLExtendedFetch - Fetch array of rows ... 105 PDF file for SQL call level interface ....... 1 SQLFetch - Fetch next row ........ 107 Getting started with DB2 for i CLI ....... 2 SQLFetchScroll - Fetch from a scrollable cursor 113 | Differences between DB2 for i CLI and embedded SQLForeignKeys - Get the list of foreign key | SQL ................ 2 columns .............. 115 Advantages of using DB2 for i CLI instead of SQLFreeConnect - Free connection handle ... 120 embedded SQL ............ 5 SQLFreeEnv - Free environment handle ... 121 Deciding between DB2 for i CLI, dynamic SQL, SQLFreeHandle - Free a handle ...... 122 and static SQL ............. 6 SQLFreeStmt - Free (or reset) a statement handle 123 Writing a DB2 for i CLI application ....... 6 SQLGetCol - Retrieve one column of a row of Initialization and termination tasks in a DB2 for i the result set ............ 125 CLI application ............ 7 SQLGetConnectAttr - Get the value of a Transaction processing task in a DB2 for i CLI connection attribute .........