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SQL Is a Database Computer Language Designed for the Retrieval and Management of Data in a Relational Database

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SQL Is a Database Computer Language Designed for the Retrieval and Management of Data in a Relational Database SQL i SQL About the Tutorial SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in a relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. This tutorial will give you a quick start to SQL. It covers most of the topics required for a basic understanding of SQL and to get a feel of how it works. Audience This tutorial is prepared for beginners to help them understand the basic as well as the advanced concepts related to SQL languages. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on the various components of SQL along with suitable examples. Prerequisites Before you start practicing with various types of examples given in this tutorial, I am assuming that you are already aware about what a database is, especially the RDBMS and what is a computer programming language. Compile/Execute SQL Programs If you are willing to compile and execute SQL programs with Oracle 11g RDBMS but you don’t have a setup for the same, do not worry. Coding Ground is available on a high-end dedicated server giving you real programming experience. It is free and is available online for everyone. Copyright & Disclaimer Copyright 2018 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher. We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected] i SQL Table of Contents About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i Compile/Execute SQL Programs ....................................................................................................................... i Copyright & Disclaimer ..................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii 1. SQL ─ Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 What is SQL? .................................................................................................................................................... 1 SQL Process ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 SQL Commands ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2. SQL ─ RDBMS Concepts ............................................................................................................................. 5 What is RDBMS? .............................................................................................................................................. 5 SQL Constraints ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Data Integrity ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Database Normalization .................................................................................................................................. 7 Database – First Normal Form (1NF) ............................................................................................................... 8 Database – Second Normal Form (2NF) ........................................................................................................ 10 Database – Third Normal Form (3NF) ............................................................................................................ 11 3. SQL ─ RDBMS Databases ......................................................................................................................... 14 MySQL ........................................................................................................................................................... 14 MS SQL Server ............................................................................................................................................... 15 ORACLE .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 MS ACCESS ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 4. SQL – Syntax ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Various Syntax in SQL .................................................................................................................................... 19 5. SQL ─ Data Types .................................................................................................................................... 24 6. SQL – Operators ...................................................................................................................................... 28 What is an Operator in SQL? ......................................................................................................................... 28 SQL Arithmetic Operators ............................................................................................................................. 28 Arithmetic Operators – Examples ................................................................................................................. 29 SQL Comparison Operators ........................................................................................................................... 30 Comparison Operators – Examples ............................................................................................................... 31 SQL Logical Operators ................................................................................................................................... 34 Logical Operators – Examples........................................................................................................................ 35 7. SQL – Expressions ................................................................................................................................... 41 Boolean Expressions ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Numeric Expressions ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Date Expressions ........................................................................................................................................... 43 8. SQL – CREATE Database .......................................................................................................................... 45 9. SQL ─ DROP or DELETE Database ............................................................................................................. 46 10. SQL ─ SELECT Database, USE Statement .................................................................................................. 47 ii SQL 11. SQL ─ CREATE Table ................................................................................................................................ 48 SQL - Creating a Table from an Existing Table ............................................................................................... 49 12. SQL ─ DROP or DELETE Table ................................................................................................................... 51 13. SQL ─ INSERT Query ................................................................................................................................ 53 14. SQL ─ SELECT Query ................................................................................................................................ 56 15. SQL ─ WHERE Clause ............................................................................................................................... 59 16. SQL ─ AND & OR Conjunctive Operators ................................................................................................. 62 The AND Operator ......................................................................................................................................... 62 The OR Operator
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