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Triple Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles Culicifacies: a Practical Impediment for Malaria Control in Odisha State, India

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Triple Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles Culicifacies: a Practical Impediment for Malaria Control in Odisha State, India Indian J Med Res 142 (Supplement), December 2015, pp 59-63 DOI:10.4103/0971-5916.176621 Triple insecticide resistance in Anopheles culicifacies: a practical impediment for malaria control in Odisha State, India S.S. Sahu, K. Gunasekaran, T. Vijayakumar & P. Jambulingam Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Puducherry, India Received October 15, 2014 Background & objectives: In Odisha State, the control of malaria vectors has become dependent on synthetic pyrethroids, which are used for treatment of all approved long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The vast use of just one class of insecticide has led to the problem of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors. One of the major malaria vectors in Odisha State is Anopheles culicifacies Giles. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance status of An. culicifacies to deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid and other common insecticides used by the National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme (NVBDCP) for indoor residual spraying in Odisha State. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected during April 2014 - June 2014 from 15 randomly selected villages in five Plasmodium falciparum endemic southern districts of Odisha State. The blood-fed wild caught females were exposed to the diagnostic dosage of DDT (4.0%), malathion (5.0%) and deltamethrin (0.05%) for one hour. Mortality was recorded at 24 h after the exposure. Results: Results indicated that An. culicifacies was resistant to all the three insecticides used in the malaria control programme in the five districts of Odisha State. Interpretation & conclusions: Resistance management strategy by appropriate rotation of different groups of insecticides including carbamates and incorporating a synergist with synthetic pyrethroids for treating mosquito nets should be considered for the control of malaria vectors in the area, especially where An. culicifacies is predominant. Periodical monitoring of susceptibility/resistance status of An. culicifacies to different insecticides is warranted. Key words Anopheles culicifacies - India - insecticide resistance - malaria - Odisha - vector Use of insecticides for reducing populations with DDT/synthetic pyrethroids and use of long lasting of malaria vectors has been the main strategy for insecticide nets (LLINs)2,3. Anopheles culicifacies control of malaria in India. Currently, 12 insecticides (Diptera: Culicidae) is the widespread malaria vector belonging to four chemical classes are recommended species found throughout the rural and peri-urban by WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) for areas, contributing to about 65 per cent of malaria cases indoor residual spraying (IRS)1. The current strategy to in India4. In the beginning, indoor residual spraying control malaria vectors in India mainly includes IRS with DDT was used for the control of this species. 59 60 INDIAN J MED RES, DECEMBER (SUPPL.) 2015 But, gradually An. culicifacies developed resistance are characterized by presence of perennial streams, against DDT and it was the first mosquito species to rivulets, ponds and paddy fields, which are the major develop resistance against this insecticide5. Soon after breeding habitats of the two vector species. Majority the introduction of malathion in the country in 1969, of the villagers live in huts made of mud walls with especially in DDT resistant areas, double resistance was either thatched or tiled roofs. The walls of the hut are reported in An. culicifacies in Gujarat and Maharashtra usually of seven feet in height, with a gap of 2 to 3 States in 19776. In 1990s deltamethrin was introduced in feet between the side walls and roof. The cattle sheds the country for indoor residual spraying and treatment are kept close by human dwellings. Human dwellings of mosquito nets. Consequently, reduced susceptibility are sprayed with two rounds of DDT or synthetic to deltamethrin in An. culicifacies was reported for the pyrethroids every year. In addition, long lasting first time from Ramnathapuram district, Tamil Nadu in synthetic pyrethroid (deltamethrin) treated mosquito 7 2002 . nets (LLINs) have been distributed in these districts Studies have been carried out on the susceptibility since 2009 in a phased manner. status of An. culicifacies in different parts of Odisha One community health centre (CHC) from each State8. The studies carried out during 2004 in eight of the five districts was randomly selected. In each districts of the State reported that An. culicifacies CHC, three villages, representing the respective CHC was resistant to DDT in all the eight districts, to with reference to the density of An. culicifacies, were malathion in four districts (Mayurbhanj, Bolangir, randomly selected for collection of An. culicifacies to Nuapada and Kalahandi) and showed a tendency of 8 developing multiple resistance to DDT, malathion and determine its susceptibility/resistance status . deltamethrin in three districts (Bolangir, Nuapada and Mosquito collections and susceptibility test: Female Kalahandi)9. An entomological study was conducted in Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from cattle sheds ten southern districts of the State when LLINs were and human dwellings in the study villages during early just distributed and it showed that in eight districts, the morning hours using mouth aspirator and flash light. The response of An. culicifacies to deltamethrin was under collected mosquitoes were transported to the laboratory ‘verification required’ category indicating its tendency at Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, 8 towards development of resistance to deltamethrin . Koraput, Odisha, in a mosquito cage (one cubic foot) In view of this indication of tolerance of this species covered with a wet towel, identified to species based to the synthetic pyrethroid in the event of four to five on morphological characters using a standard key12 and years of field use of LLINs in the districts, a study separated according to their gonotrophic conditions. was undertaken in five of the ten southern districts WHO kits were used to conduct the susceptibility of Odisha State to verify the susceptibility/resistance test3. The temperature and relative humidity (RH) in status of An. culicifacies to deltamethrin and also to the the laboratory was maintained at 25 ± 2 °C and 70-85 other two commonly used insecticides i.e. DDT and per cent RH. Papers impregnated with DDT 4 per cent, malathion. malathion 5 per cent and deltamethrin 0.05 per cent Material & Methods were obtained from the University Sains Malaysia, The study was conducted in five southern districts Penang, Malaysia. The fully fed mosquitoes were of Odisha State viz. Rayagada, Nowrangpur, Kalahandi, exposed to the diagnostic dosage of the insecticides for Malkangiri and Koraput. An. culicifacies was tested one hour in 5 to 6 replicates, each replicate with 15 to against the diagnostic dosage of DDT, malathion and 25 mosquitoes. Parallel controls were maintained for deltamethrin during April to June 2014. Dry summer comparison (i.e. 2 to 3 replicates each with 15 to 25 (March-June), wet rainy (July-October) and dry mosquitoes)3. Number knocked down was recorded winter (November-February) are the three prevailing after one hour of exposure and after the exposure the seasons. The districts have been hyperendemic for mosquitoes were maintained in holding tubes with malaria since many years8. Plasmodium falciparum is access to glucose food for 24 h at the same temperature the predominant species, with a proportion of >90 per and relative humidity. Mortality was scored after 24 h cent of the total malaria cases8,10. Anopheles fluviatilis of holding. Since the control mortality in all the tests and An. culicifacies are the two malaria vector remained below 5 per cent, the test mortality was not species prevalent in the five districts8,11. The villages corrected using Abbott’s formula13. According to the in the districts are situated on foothills or plains and WHO criteria3, a corrected mortality of >98 per cent is to DDT, malathion and deltam and malathion DDT, to was susceptible study area the in vector malaria other five southern districts of the State. the in deltamethrin to species this in of resistance addition, the current study confirmed the development culicifacies WHO, 2013 district wassusceptible the ‘verification required’ category andwas under in Nawarangpurdistrict found toberesistant, in Koraput was districts and Malkangiri in Rayagada,Kalahandi to deltamethrin response ofthis species the 2010-2011 during 1995 in Koraput district. Subsequently, during and deltamethrin to malathion butsusceptible DDT phased manner. from 2009to2013ina in these districts distributed (deltamethrin) treated mosquito nets pyrethroid synthetic lasting long In addition, districts. (LLINs) were during 2001 to 2008 in some of the CHCs of the five treated mosquito nets Insecticide personalcommunication). Bhubaneshwar, (ITMNs) were Vector Borne introduced Diseases Control API district. (StateNational >10) inKalahandi Programme (where Office, in Rayagadadistrictandsevenofthe13CHCs for indoor residual spraying in five of the(deltamethrin/alphacypermethrin/lambdacyhalothrin) 11 CHCs pyrethroids synthetic with wasreplaced onwards, DDT districts the (API) was >2inall incidence parasite annual since spraying, residual indoor DDT to receive in 1977,thestudydistrictscontinued deltamethrin inallthefivedistricts. An. culicifacies showed that results The districts. these in 0.05 percent deltamethrin against and 72.684.0percent cent, 5 per per cent,60.4and76.2centagainstmalathion
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