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Universityofcape Town HOW AND WHY DO STATES PROVIDE FOR CHILDREN? COMPARING SOCIAL GRANTS FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ISAAC CHINYOKA Thesis presented for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Sociology, Graduate School of Humanities ty of Cape Town UNIVERSITYsi OF CAPE TOWN Univer June 2018 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive licensety ofgranted Cape to UCTTown by the author. si Univer Declaration I, Isaac Chinyoka, hereby declare that the work on which this thesis is based is my original work (except where acknowledgements indicate otherwise) and that neither the whole work nor any part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree in this or any other university. I authorise the University to reproduce for the purpose of research either the whole or any portion of the contents in any manner whatsoever. Signature…… ……. Date…19/02/2018…………………………………. i Dedication I dedicate this thesis to the Chinyoka family, especially my mother, Marinda Chinyoka, and my late father, Themba Veryson Chinyoka. ii Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................................ i Dedication ................................................................................................................................................ ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... iii List of Maps, Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. ix Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction: The logic of comparison ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 How does state social provision differ? .............................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 International literature perspective .............................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 A focus on Southern Africa ......................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Why does state social provision differ? Comparative theoretical perspectives ................................ 21 1.3.1 Industrialised capitalist democracies ......................................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Global South and Southern Africa perspectives ........................................................................ 30 1.4 Research methodology and design ................................................................................................... 44 1.4.1 Research design ......................................................................................................................... 44 1.4.2 Study delimitation ..................................................................................................................... 48 1.5 Structure of the thesis ....................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix 1.1: Social Cash Transfers for Children in Southern Africa- Selected countries ................... 52 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 55 Pro-poor child welfare regimes: The case of South Africa, 1994-2017 ................................................. 55 2.1 Distinctive characteristics of South Africa’s child welfare regime .................................................. 55 2.1.1 Coverage ................................................................................................................................... 58 2.1.2 Poverty-targeting ....................................................................................................................... 61 2.2 The evolution of South Africa’s child welfare regime: changes and choices, 1994-2017 ................ 63 2.2.1 Democracy and the dismantling of discriminatory apartheid social grants legacy under Nelson Mandela presidency, 1994-1999 ........................................................................................................ 64 iii 2.2.2 ANC conservatism, civil society mobilisation, and social grants under Thabo Mbeki presidency, 1999-2008 ....................................................................................................................... 72 2.2.3 The ‘left’ and social grants reforms under Jacob Zuma presidency since 2009 ........................ 81 2.3 Explaining South Africa’s Child Welfare Regime ........................................................................... 85 2.3.1 ‘Structural’ factors ..................................................................................................................... 86 2.3.2 Ideological factors ..................................................................................................................... 87 2.3.3 Political factors .......................................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 93 Mixed (familial-poverty) child welfare regimes: The case of Namibia, 1990-2017 .............................. 93 3.1 Distinctive characteristics of Namibia’s child welfare regime ......................................................... 93 3.1.1 Coverage ................................................................................................................................... 96 3.1.2 Targeting ‘broken’ families ....................................................................................................... 99 3.2 The evolution of Namibia’s child welfare regime: changes and choices, 1990-2017 .................... 101 3.2.1 Social grants reforms under President Sam Nujoma, 1990-2005 ............................................ 102 3.2.2 Social grants reforms under President Hifikepunye Pohamba, 2005-2014 ............................. 108 3.2.3 Social grants reforms under President Hage Geingob, since 2014 .......................................... 119 3.3 Explaining the distinctive characteristics of Namibia’s child welfare regime ................................ 121 3.3.1 'Structural' factors .................................................................................................................... 122 3.3.2 Ideological factors ................................................................................................................... 124 3.3.3 Political factors ........................................................................................................................ 128 Appendix 3.1: Existing child-focused social grants in Namibia ........................................................... 135 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 136 Familial child welfare regimes: The case of Botswana, 1966-2017 ..................................................... 136 4.1 Distinctive characteristics of Botswana’s child welfare regime ..................................................... 136 4.1.1 Coverage ................................................................................................................................. 138 4.1.2 Familial-targeting .................................................................................................................... 144 4.2 The evolution of Botswana’s child welfare regime: changes and choices, 1966-2017 .................. 145 4.2.1 Social grants provision under a politically secure Botswana Democratic Party, 1966-1994 ... 146 4.2.2 Social grants reforms under a politically insecure Botswana Democratic Party, mid-1990s- 2002 .................................................................................................................................................. 147 4.2.3 Botswana Democratic Party’s political insecurity, (un)employment and vulnerability induced social transfer reforms, 2007-9 ......................................................................................................... 161 iv 4.2.4 Social transfer (failed)reforms
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