Introduction to Himalayan Tectonics: a Modern Synthesis
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Mid-Cretaceous Thick Carbonate Accumulation in Northern Lhasa (Tibet): Eustatic Vs
Mid-Cretaceous thick carbonate accumulation in Northern Lhasa (Tibet): eustatic vs. tectonic control? Yiwei Xu1, Xiumian Hu1,†, Eduardo Garzanti2, Marcelle BouDagher-Fadel3, Gaoyuan Sun4, Wen Lai1, and Shijie Zhang5 1 State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano 20126, Italy 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK 4 College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 5 School of Tourism, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Moreover, their thickness does not exceed a few hundreds of meters, because carbonate Widespread accumulation of thick car- The Lhasa terrane, lying between the In- production is hampered in orogenic settings bonates is not typical of orogenic settings. dus–Yarlung suture to the south and the Ban- where tectonic uplift and erosion produce During the mid-Cretaceous, near the Ban- gong suture to the north (Fig. 1A), is the latest abundant terrigenous detritus (Wilson, 1975; gong suture in the northern Lhasa terrane, microcontinent accreted to Asia before colli- Dorobek, 1995). However, in a few cases (e.g., the shallow-marine carbonates of the Lang- sion between the Indian and Asian continental the Papua–New Guinea foreland basin) car- shan Formation, reaching a thickness up to margins. The timing of collision between the bonate thickness may reach 1.2 km (Sinclair, ∼1 km, accumulated in an epicontinental Qiangtang and Lhasa terranes along the Ban- 1997). Finally, carbonates generally occur only seaway over a modern area of 132 × 103 km2, gong suture (Fig. -
The East Greenland Rifted Volcanic Margin
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 24 • 2011 The East Greenland rifted volcanic margin C. Kent Brooks GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND DANISH MINISTRY OF CLIMATE, ENERGY AND BUILDING 1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 24 Keywords East Greenland, North Atlantic, rifted volcanic margin, large igneous province, LIP, Palaeogene, basalt, syenite, nephelinite, carbona- tite, uplift. Cover Sundown over the nunataks in the Main Basalts (Skrænterne Fm) to the south of Scoresby Sund. Camped on the glacier, the 1965 Ox- ford University East Greenland Expedition travelled and collected from this area on foot, manhauling equipment on the sledge to the left. The expedition results were published in Fawcett et al. (1973). Frontispiece: facing page Mountains of horizontally layered basalt flows rising to about 2000 m on the south side of Scoresby Sund. Typical trap topography as found throughout most of the Kangerlussuaq–Scoresby Sund inland area. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Scientific editor of this volume: Adam A. Garde Editorial secretaries: Jane Holst and Esben W. Glendal Referees: Dennis K. Bird (USA) and Christian Tegner (DK) Illustrations: Eva Melskens with contributions from Adam A. Garde Digital photographic work: Benny Schark Graphic production: Kristian A. Rasmussen Printers: Rosendahls · Schultz Grafisk A/S, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscript received: 1 March 2011 Final version approved: 20 September 2011 Printed: 22 December 2011 ISSN 1604-8156 ISBN 978-87-7871-322-3 Citation of the name of this series It is recommended that the name of this series is cited in full, viz. -
Variation of Moho Depth Across Bangong-Nujiang Suture in Central Tibet—Results from Deep Seismic Reflection Data
International Journal of Geosciences, 2015, 6, 821-830 Published Online August 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijg http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2015.68066 Variation of Moho Depth across Bangong-Nujiang Suture in Central Tibet—Results from Deep Seismic Reflection Data Zhanwu Lu1,2,3*, Rui Gao1,2,3, Hongqiang Li1,2,3, Wenhui Li1,2,3, Xiaosong Xiong1,2,3 1Key Laboratory of Earthprobe and Geodynamics, Ministry of Land and Resources of PRC, Beijing, China 2State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Beijing, China 3Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China Email: *[email protected] Received 10 June 2015; accepted 4 August 2015; published 7 August 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract There is a long-term dispute at Moho depth across the Bangong-Nujiang suture (BNS). Due to the complicated and changeable seismic geological condition, it is not easy to acquire images of the reflective Moho in central Tibet. In the support of the SinoProbe project, a series of deep seismic reflection profiles were conducted to image Moho structure across the BNS and the Qiangtang ter- rane. These profiles extend from the northern Lhasa terrane to the Qiangtang terrane crossing the BNS. Both shot gathers and migration data show clear Moho images beneath the BNS. The Moho depth varies from 75.1 km (~24 s TWT) beneath the northmost Lhasa terrane to 68.9 km (~22 s TWT) beneath southmost Qiangtang terrane, and rises smoothly to 62.6 km (~20 s TWT ) at ~28 km north of the BNS beneath the Qiangtang terrane. -
Crustal–Lithospheric Structure and Continental Extrusion of Tibet
Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 168, 2011, pp. 633–672. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492010-139. Crustal–lithospheric structure and continental extrusion of Tibet M. P. SEARLE1*, J. R. ELLIOTT1,R.J.PHILLIPS2 & S.-L. CHUNG3 1Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK 2Institute of Geophysics and Tectonics, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK 3Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Crustal shortening and thickening to c. 70–85 km in the Tibetan Plateau occurred both before and mainly after the c. 50 Ma India–Asia collision. Potassic–ultrapotassic shoshonitic and adakitic lavas erupted across the Qiangtang (c. 50–29 Ma) and Lhasa blocks (c. 30–10 Ma) indicate a hot mantle, thick crust and eclogitic root during that period. The progressive northward underthrusting of cold, Indian mantle lithosphere since collision shut off the source in the Lhasa block at c. 10 Ma. Late Miocene–Pleistocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks in northern Tibet require hot mantle. We review the major tectonic processes proposed for Tibet including ‘rigid-block’, continuum and crustal flow as well as the geological history of the major strike- slip faults. We examine controversies concerning the cumulative geological offsets and the discrepancies between geological, Quaternary and geodetic slip rates. Low present-day slip rates measured from global positioning system and InSAR along the Karakoram and Altyn Tagh Faults in addition to slow long-term geological rates can only account for limited eastward extrusion of Tibet since Mid-Miocene time. -
In Memoriam 343
IN MEMORIAM 343 IN MEMORIAM Year of THE ALPINE CLUB OBITUARY : Election Carr-Saunders, Sir A. M. • • • • 1911 Hingston, R. W. G. • • • • • 1924 Dowbiggin, Sir H. L. • • • • • 1933 Figari, B. • • • • • • • 1948 Harris, R. G. • • • • • • 1964 TIMOTHY BYABASAKUZI BAZARRABUSA 1912-1966 TrM BAZARRABUSA, Uganda's first High Commissioner in London and the first African to be elected (in 1964) to the Alpine Club, was killed in a motor accident in April while on leave in his own country. He had recently returned to Kampala, where the accident occurred, after a holiday spent climbing and walking in the hills and mountains of nor thern and eastern Uganda. Except for an occasional week-end in this country all Tim's climbing had been in East Africa. He was of Mukonjo parentage (the tribe which lives among the Ruwenzori foothills and forests) but his family had moved to the plains about the time of his birth. He himself, however, was a true mountain man in every sense, with a mystic feeling for the hills, particularly the Ruwenzori, which was certainly not unconnected with his background the Bakonjo used to look upon the peaks as the thrones of tribal Gods although I doubt if he had ever really tt·ied to interpret his feelings even to himself. He had climbed in the Birunga volcanoes and elsewhere, but it is with the Ruwenzori that his name will chiefly be connected. He first appears in the record in 1951 when he climbed Johnston Peak with Henry Osmaston and spent a night out with an injured South African climber who was a member of a party met casually on the mountains. -
Late Jurassic Sodium-Rich Adakitic Intrusive Rocks in the Southern Qiangtang Terrane, Central Tibet, and Their Implications for the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean Subduction
Lithos 245 (2016) 34–46 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Late Jurassic sodium-rich adakitic intrusive rocks in the southern Qiangtang terrane, central Tibet, and their implications for the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean subduction Yalin Li a,⁎,JuanHea,b, Zhongpeng Han a, Chengshan Wang a, Pengfei Ma a,AorigeleZhoua, Sheng-Ao Liu a,MingXua a State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China b Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chengdu 610082, China article info abstract Article history: The lack of magmatic records with high-quality geochronological and geochemical data in the central segment of Received 31 March 2015 the southern Qiangtang subterrane in central Tibet inhibits a complete understanding of the subduction polarity Accepted 22 October 2015 of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean lithosphere during the Mesozoic. In this study, we present the zircon U–Pb age as Available online 10 November 2015 well as geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for the Late Jurassic pluton from the Kangqiong area in the cen- tral segment of the southern Qiangtang subterrane. The Kangqiong pluton primarily consists of granodiorites Keywords: (SiO =62.87–65.17 wt.%) and was emplaced in the Late Jurassic (147.6 ± 2.4–149.9 ± 2.1 Ma). The granodio- Adakitic granodiorites 2 – – Late Jurassic rites display high Na2O numbers (Na2O/K2O = 1.75 2.24) as well as high MgO (2.21 3.14 wt.%) and Mg- Bangong–Nujiang Ocean numbers (53–58), are characterized by a low abundance of heavy rare earth elements (e.g., Yb = Northward subduction 1.05–1.92 ppm) and Y (12.63–17.52 ppm), and high Sr/Y (29–61) and La/Yb (14–18) ratios, which are compara- Central Tibet ble in composition to those of slab-derived adakitic rocks. -
Hero Or Houdini? He the Origin, Transport and Accumulation of Helium
VOLUME 27 NO 11 ◆ DEC 17/JAN 18 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST The Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95 READ GEOLSOC BLOG!] [ GEOLSOC.WORDPRESS.COM Hero or Houdini? He The origin, transport and accumulation of helium THE ANTHROPOCENE ONLINE SPECIAL DEADLINE TIME Jan Zalasiewicz on the current ‘Sociohydrogeology’ Ted Nield ponders stratigraphical state of play in water-stressed India ‘anytime’ submission GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS Geoscientist is the ADVERTISING SALES Fellowship magazine of the Jonny Knight Geological Society T 01727 739 193 of London E jonathan@ centuryonepublishing.uk The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, ART EDITOR London W1J 0BG Heena Gudka T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 DESIGN & PRODUCTION E [email protected] Jonathan Coke (Not for Editorial - Please contact the Editor) PRINTED BY Century One Publishing House Publishing Ltd. The Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7, Copyright Brassmill Enterprise Centre, The Geological Society of Brassmill Lane, Bath London is a Registered Charity, BA1 3JN number 210161. T 01225 445046 ISSN (print) 0961-5628 F 01225 442836 ISSN (online) 2045-1784 Library The Geological Society of London 16 25 T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 F +44 (0)20 7439 3470 accepts no responsibility for the views expressed in any article in this E [email protected] publication. All views expressed, except where explicitly stated otherwise, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF represent those of the author, and not Professor Peter Styles The Geological Society of London. All All rights reserved. No paragraph of this EDITOR publication may be reproduced, copied Dr Ted Nield or transmitted save with written permission. -
Preliminary Investigation of the Geometry and Kinematics of The
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2014 Preliminary Investigation of the Geometry and Kinematics of the Bangong-Nujiang Suture at the Basu Metamorphic Massif, SE Tibet Chase Michael Billeaudeau Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Billeaudeau, Chase Michael, "Preliminary Investigation of the Geometry and Kinematics of the Bangong-Nujiang Suture at the Basu Metamorphic Massif, SE Tibet" (2014). LSU Master's Theses. 4249. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4249 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE GEOMETRY AND KINEMATICS OF THE BANGONG-NUJIANG SUTURE AT THE BASU METAMORPHIC MASSIF, SE TIBET A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Geology in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Chase Michael Billeaudeau B.S., Louisiana State University, 2012 December 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to all the wonderful people who have contributed to the completion of this project. I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Alexander Webb for his valuable advice and project guidance. My committee members, Dr. Peter Clift and Dr. -
Loretto Borealis Expeditionary Society East Greenland 2019
Loretto Borealis Expeditionary Society East Greenland 2019 In the footsteps of the 1930-31 British Arctic Air Route Expedition Expedition Chief Leader: Nigel Bidgood FRGS email:[email protected] Expedition co-Leader: Dr Richard Phillips ML, FRGS email:[email protected] Deputy Leader: David Howie MIC, MBE email:[email protected] Expedition Assistant Leaders: Anna Bidgood ML & Jen Howie ML INTRODUCTION In the summer of 2019 the fifth expedition of the Loretto Borealis Expeditionary Society will be to East Greenland. This follows on from a successful expedition to North-West and Central Iceland that took place this summer (2017). The Borealis Expeditionary Society is dedicated to furthering the education of Sixth Form pupils in matters relating to the arctic and sub-arctic areas of our planet and, at its core, exists the opportunity for members of the Society to experience major mountaineering and trekking expeditions to these boreal areas. This document is intended to provide details of the background to this major and challenging expedition and hopefully to answer many of the questions that immediately spring to mind. If you have any queries then please do not hesitate to contact Dr Richard Phillips in the first instance. LOCATION East Greenland – Angmagssalik and Sermilik Fjords Complex 66°N ETHOS The emphasis will be on self-sufficiency, allowing lightweight exploration of the remote wilderness areas of East Greenland. The entire trip will be under canvas, apart from the use of a mountain hut for a few days, and our activities will include trekking, mountain and glacial ascents. There will be a strong academic research undercurrent to this essentially arctic mountaineering and trekking expedition (see below). -
Vol 16, Issue 3, September 2017
GA MagSept2017ver2_mag41.qxd08/09/201712:08Page1 | The incredible Ichthyosaurus: a reassessment of a British Jurassic icon | Geologists’ Association Student Symposium 2017 (GASS2017): Geology & Societal Change; what difference does your research make? | Geo-Viticultural Traverse Part 1 | Flint; a sea floor formation | London’s Theatreland Building Stones walk | The Mysterious Case of the Rhomb Porphyry Erratic | Herefordshire’s Rocks & Scenery - A Geology of the County | Italy - The Five Volcanoes Tour | Portland | Enigmas of the Himalayas | North Lincolnshire Museum | How can we mobilise the geoscience community behind an outreach initiative? | Raising Horizons exhibition: two centuries of women in geology, archaeology and palaeontology | GA Mag Sept 2017 ver 2_mag41.qxd 08/09/2017 12:08 Page 2 Magazine of the Geologists’ Association Published by: Volume 16, No 3 September, 2017 The Geologists’ Association. The GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION does not accept any responsibility for views and opinions expressed by Four issues per year. ISSN 1476-7600 individual authors in this magazine. Production team: LIAM GALLAGHER, John Crocker, CONTENTS John Cosgrove & Nikki Edwards 3 From the President 4 Report from Council Printed by: Newton Printers 8 Evening Lecture, June 2017: The incredible Ichthyosaurus: a reassessment of a British Jurassic The Geologists’ Association icon: Dean R. Lomax By: David Brook OBE Founded in 1858 The Geologists’ Association serves the 10 Geologists’ Association Student Symposium 2017 interests of both professional and amateur geologists, as (GASS2017): May 19th 201; Geology & Societal well as making geology available to a wider public. It is a Change; what difference does your research make? national organisation based in London, but is represented By: Dr David Brook OBE by local and affiliated groups around the country. -
How and When Did the Tibetan Plateau Grow?
Russian Geology and Geophysics © 2019, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS Vol. 60, No. 9, pp. 957–977, 2019 DOI:10.15372/RGG2019126 Geologiya i Geofizika How and When Did the Tibetan Plateau Grow? S. Guillot a, F. Goussin a, L. Airaghi a,b, A. Replumaz a, J. de Sigoyer a, C. Cordier a a University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France b Sorbonne Université, ISTeP, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France Received 11 February 2019; accepted 22 May 2019 Abstract—Due to its size and high altitude, the growth of the Tibetan Plateau remains an enigma. Based on a synthesis of anterior collisions, paleoaltimetric data, geochemistry of ultrapotassic lava and their rare mantle enclaves, combined with a reinterpretation of tomographic data, we suppose that Tibet’s growth took take place in two main stages. Initially, the accretion of Gondwana terranes to the margin of South Asia, especially during the Early Triassic–Cretaceous period, resulted in the first episode of plateau growth, which affected an area of about 2/3 of the current plateau. We suppose that during the Late Cretaceous, the Tibetan crust reached a thickness of about 50–55 km, which is equivalent to an altitude of about 2500 to 3000 m, with local landforms that could have exceeded 4000 m. Another important consequence of these successive accretions was a strong metasomatism and a softening of the upper part of the Tibetan cover. The P wave low-velocity anomaly currently observed under the central part of Tibet would correspond not to a temperature anomaly but to a composition anomaly. -
Topographic Growth of the Jishi Shan and Its Impact on Basin and Hydrology Evolution,NE Tibetan Plateau Joel E
EAGE Basin Research (2017) 1–20, doi: 10.1111/bre.12264 Topographic growth of the Jishi Shan and its impact on basin and hydrology evolution,NE Tibetan Plateau Joel E. Saylor,* Jessica C. Jordan,†,1 Kurt E. Sundell,* Xiaoming Wang,‡ Shiqi Wang§,¶ and Tao Deng§ *Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA †School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA ‡Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA §Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,China ¶Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ABSTRACT Previous research demonstrates that large basins on the periphery of the northern edge of the Tibe- tan Plateau were partitioned during development of intrabasin mountain ranges. These topographic barriers segregated basins with respect to surface flow and atmospheric circulation, ponded sedi- ments, and formed rain shadows. However, complex mixing between airmasses and nonsystematic isotope-elevation lapse rates have hampered application of quantitative paleoaltimetry to determine the timing of development of critical topographic barriers. We address the timing and drivers for changes in surface connectivity and atmospheric circulation in the Linxia and Xunhua basins using a multidisciplinary approach incorporating detrital zircon geochronology, Monte Carlo inverse flexu- ral modelling, and published stable isotope data. Disruption of surface flow between the two basins during exhumation of the Jishi Shan preceded development of topography sufficient to intercept moisture-bearing airmasses. Detrital zircon data point to disruption of an eastward-flowing axial flu- vial network between 14.7 and 13.1 Ma, coincident with the onset of exhumation in the Jishi Shan.