Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Land at Rush Lane, Dosthill, Tamworth

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

LAND AT RUSH LANE DOSTHILL TAMWORTH STAFFORDSHIRE/ WARWICKSHIRE BORDERS

FEBRUARY 2017 Planning G Heritage Specialist & Independent Advisors to the Property Industry

Planning Authority: Tamworth Borough Council North Warwickshire Borough Council

Site centred at: SP 21647 99523

Author: Lorraine Mayo BA MA MCIfA

Approved by: Matthew Smith BA MA MCIfA

Report Status: Final

Issue Date: February 2017

CgMs Ref: LM/23012

No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent.

Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however, CgMs Limited cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report.

CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction and Scope of Study 2.0 Planning Background and Development Plan Framework 3.0 Geology and Topography 4.0 Archaeological and Historical Background, including Assessment of Significance 5.0 Site Conditions, the Proposed Development, and Impact on Archaeological Assets 6.0 Summary and Conclusions

Sources Consulted

APPENDIX 1: HER Distribution map (Staffordshire and Warwickshire HERs)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location Fig. 2 1787-9 Sharp Map of Warwickshire Fig. 3 1839 Dosthill District Kingsbury Parish Tithe Map Fig. 4 1883 Ordnance Survey Fig. 5 1923 Ordnance Survey Fig. 6 1965 Ordnance Survey Fig. 7 1976-77 Ordnance Survey Fig. 8 2017 Ordnance Survey

PLATES Plate 1 Google Earth image 2017 Plate 2 LIDAR Image 2017

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Land at Rush Lane, Dosthill, Tamworth, Staffordshire/Warwickshire borders is proposed for development.

There are no designated or non-designated archaeological assets on or adjacent to the site.

The site is considered to have a low archaeological potential for evidence of all past periods, in particular due to 19th and 20th century Coal and Clay extraction, the construction of Works buildings, and levelling of the site in the late 20th century.

In these circumstances, it is considered that the proposed development will not to have any archaeological impact.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STUDY

1.1 This archaeological desk-based assessment has been prepared by Lorraine Mayo of CgMs Consulting, on behalf of Summix BLT Developments Ltd.

1.2 The subject of this assessment is land at Rush Lane, Dosthill, Tamworth, Staffordshire/Warwickshire borders (Fig. 1). The site is centred at SP 21647 99523 and is approximately 8 hectares in extent. The site is bounded to the north by houses fronting onto Ascot Drive, the Birmingham to Derby railway to the east, Rush Lane and a depot to the south, and High Street to the west (Fig. 1). The majority of the study site lies within Warwickshire and a narrow strip extending northwards along the line of the railway lies within Staffordshire.

1.3 In accordance with government planning policy (NPPF), this desk-based assessment has been undertaken to establish the presence/absence of designated and non-designated assets, to establish the significance of any assets on the site, to consider the archaeological potential of the site and to assess any impacts from the proposed development on the significance of heritage assets.

1.4 Because the study site lies across the boundaries of Warwickshire and Staffordshire, this desk-based assessment comprises an examination of evidence in both the Warwickshire and Staffordshire Historic Environment Records (HER), the National Archives, the National Heritage List, and various online sources.

1.5 Data gathering to inform this desk-based assessment has established that no Scheduled Monuments, Conservation Areas, Registered Battlefields or other designated archaeological assets lie on or immediately adjacent to the study site. The Dosthill Conservation Area lies c. 300m north of the study site.

1.6 The study therefore provides an assessment of the archaeological assets and potential assets on the site and enables relevant parties to assess the impacts on any heritage/archaeological assets, and to consider the need for design, engineering or other archaeological mitigation measures.

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2.0 PLANNING BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK

2.1 In March 2012, the government published the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). More recently (March 2014), government published Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) online.

2.2 Section 12 of the NPPF, entitled Conserving and enhancing the historic environment provides guidance for planning authorities, property owners, developers and others on the conservation and investigation of heritage assets. Overall, the objectives of Section 12 of the NPPF can be summarised as seeking the:

 Delivery of sustainable development  Understanding the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits brought by the conservation of the historic environment  Conservation of England's heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, and  Recognition of the contribution that heritage assets make to our understanding of the past.

2.2.1 Section 12 of the NPPF recognises that intelligently managed change may sometimes be necessary if heritage assets are to be maintained for the long term. Paragraph 128 states that planning decisions should be based on the significance of the heritage asset, and that level of detail supplied by an applicant should be proportionate to the importance of the asset and should be no more than sufficient to review the potential impact of the proposal upon the significance of that asset.

2.2.2 Heritage Assets are defined in Annex 2 of the NPPF as: a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. They include designated heritage assets (as defined in the NPPF) and assets identified by the local planning authority during the process of decision-making or through the plan- making process.

2.2.3 Annex 2 also defines Archaeological Interest as a heritage asset which holds or potentially could hold, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the

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primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.

2.2.4 A Designated Heritage Asset comprises a: World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area.

2.2.5 Significance is defined as: The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. This interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.

2.2.6 In short, government policy provides a framework which:

 Protects nationally important designated Heritage Assets (which include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields or Conservation Areas)  Protects the settings of such designations  In appropriate circumstances seeks adequate information (from desk based assessment and field evaluation where necessary) to enable informed decisions  Provides for the excavation and investigation of sites not significant enough to merit in-situ preservation.

2.3 In considering any planning application for development, the planning authority will be mindful of the framework set by government policy, in this instance the NPPF, current Development Plan Policy, and by other material considerations.

2.4 The Local Plan framework for the north of the site within Staffordshire is provided by the Tamworth Borough Council Local Plan 2006-2031 (adopted February 2016). The Plan contains the following policy relating to archaeology:

EN6 PROTECTING THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT

Development that affects designated heritage assets including conservation areas, listed buildings, scheduled monuments and non- designated heritage assets including locally listed buildings and undesignated archaeology, will be required to assess the impact of the development on the asset through a heritage statement and statement of

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significance and clearly demonstrate how the significance, including its setting, will be protected, conserved and, where possible, enhanced. Where sites are located in a conservation area or an area of high archaeological potential, particularly the historic town centre core, the Council’s Conservation Officer and Staffordshire County Council Environment Team (Historic Environment) should be consulted at an early stage. Proposals will be required to pay particular attention to:

a) the scale, form, height, massing, detailing and materials of the development, the existing buildings and physical context to which it relates. b) historically significant boundaries, street layouts, open spaces, landscape features and structures identified in the conservation area appraisals including walls, railings, street furniture and paved surfaces. c) important views of listed buildings, scheduled monuments and historic townscape as identified in the conservation area appraisals.

2.5 The relevant Local Plan framework for North Warwickshire is provided by the North Warwickshire Local Plan Draft for Consultation (August 2016). The Plan contains the following policy relating to archaeology:

LP15 Historic Environment

The Council recognises the importance of the historic environment to the Borough’s local character, identity and distinctiveness, its cultural, social, environmental and economic benefits. The quality, character, diversity and local distinctiveness of the historic environment will be conserved and enhanced. In particular:

• Within identified historic landscape character areas development will conserve, enhance and where appropriate, restore landscape character as well as promote a resilient, functional landscape able to adapt to climate change. Specific historic features which contribute to local character will be protected and enhanced and, • The quality of the historic environment, including archaeological features, Listed Buildings, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens, Conservation Areas and any non- designated assets; buildings, monuments, archaeological sites, places, areas or landscapes positively identified in North Warwickshire’s Historic Environment Record as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, will be protected and enhanced, commensurate to the significance of the asset. • Wherever possible, a sustainable reuse of redundant historic buildings will be sought, seeking opportunities to address those heritage assets identified as most at risk.

All Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Parks and Gardens, Conservation Areas are shown on the Proposals Map.

Understanding the Historic Environment All development proposals that affect any heritage asset will be required to provide sufficient information and an assessment of the impacts of those proposals on the significance of the assets and

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their setting. This is to demonstrate how the proposal would contribute to the conservation and enhancement of that asset. That information could include desk-based appraisals, field evaluation and historic building reports. Assessments could refer to the Warwickshire Historic Environment Record, Conservation Area Appraisals, The Warwickshire Historic Towns Appraisals, The Heritage at Risk Register and Neighbourhood Plans or other appropriate report.

Conserving the Historic Environment Where a proposal affects the significance of a heritage asset, including a non-designated heritage asset, or its setting, the applicant must be able to demonstrate that: i) all reasonable efforts have been made to sustain the existing use; find new uses or mitigate the extent of the harm to the significance of the asset; and, ii) the works proposed are the minimum required to secure the long term use of the features of the asset that contribute to its heritage significance and interest are retained.

Additional evidence, such as marketing details and/or an analysis of alternative proposals will be required where developments involve changes of use, demolitions, sub-divisions or extensions.

Where a proposal would result in the partial or total loss of a heritage asset or its setting, the applicant will be required to secure a programme of recording and analysis of that asset and archaeological excavation where relevant and ensure the publication of that record to an appropriate standard.

Traffic and the Historic Environment

New transport infrastructure including surface treatments, street furniture, signage, road markings and lighting will be expected to be designed so as to conserve and where appropriate enhance the significance of affected heritage assets and their settings.

Where Transport Assessments accompany development proposals, they must include an assessment of how townscape and the historic environment has been assessed and addressed within their respective proposals

2.6 No Scheduled Monuments, other nationally important assets or archaeological sites and monuments identified as being of special local importance occur on the site.

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3.0 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

3.1 Geology

3.1.1 The solid geology along the western boundary of the site comprises Pennine Lower Coal Measures Formation - Mudstone, within the centre of the study site the solid geology comprises Pennine Middle Coal Measures- Mudstone, the eastern extent of the site is occupied by Etruria Formation – Mudstone, as shown by the British Geological Survey Online Geology Viewer.

3.1.2 There are no drift deposits recorded on the study site according to the BGS Survey.

3.2 Topography

3.2.1 The topography of the study site occupies a slope from c. 89m AOD (Above Ordnance Datum) at the western boundary of the study site down to c. 77m AOD (Above Ordnance Datum) on the eastern boundary of the study site.

3.2.2 However the natural topography of the study site and its immediate vicinity has been significantly modified by modern Clay, Ironstone and Coal extraction due to the construction of the Dosthill Colliery to the north of the site, and a Stoneware Works on the study site itself.

3.2.3 The River Tame flows northwards c. 1km to the west of the study site.

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4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, INCLUDING ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Timescales used in this report.

Prehistoric Palaeolithic 450,000 - 12,000 BC Mesolithic 12,000 - 4,000 BC Neolithic 4,000 - 1,800 BC Bronze Age 1,800 - 600 BC Iron Age 600 - AD 43

Historic Roman AD 43 - 410 Saxon/Early Medieval AD 410 - 1066 Medieval AD 1066 - 1485 Post Medieval AD 1486 - 1799 Modern AD 1800 - Present

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Examination of data in the Warwickshire and Staffordshire Historic Environment Records (HERs) and various published and unpublished sources within a 1.5km radius of the study site boundary (the study area) indicates that there are no designated archaeological assets on or immediately adjacent to the site (Appendix 1). Non-designated heritage assets are recorded in close proximity to the study site.

4.1.2 This chapter reviews existing archaeological evidence for the site and the archaeological/historical background of the general area and, in accordance with the NPPF, considers the potential for as yet undiscovered archaeological evidence on the site.

4.1.3 Chapter 5 subsequently considers the site conditions and whether the theoretical potential identified in this chapter is likely to survive.

4.2 Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic & Bronze Age

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4.2.1 The Staffordshire HER records a series of palaeochannels representing the former courses of the River Tame c. 1.5km north-west of the study site. Environmental analysis revealed a mixed woodland landscape in the early Holocene giving way to a wetter environment of alder carr by the mid Holocene. By the late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age the landscape was dominated by grassland indicating agricultural activities (MST12936 SK 2081 0083).

4.2.2 A prehistoric flint tool was recorded in Middleton, c. 1.5km south-west of the study site (MWA10343 SP 20327 98874).

4.2.3 Overall, the likelihood of prehistoric material being found on the study site is considered to be low.

4.3 Roman

4.3.1 The study site lies remote from the main Roman road Watling Street, the Roman road from London to Wroxeter which passes 2km south of Tamworth, running approximately east-west.

4.3.2 No Roman findspots or sites are recorded on either the Warwickshire or Staffordshire HER’s within the study area.

4.3.3 The study site probably lay within a Roman agricultural landscape. There is no evidence to suggest the occurrence of a Roman settlement in the vicinity of the study site.

4.4 Anglo-Saxon and Medieval

4.4.1 No Anglo-Saxon findspots or sites are recorded on either the Warwickshire or Staffordshire HER’s within the study area.

4.4.2 The earliest evidence for a settlement at Tamworth itself is likely to be a reference to Tomtun in a document of AD 675-92. If this is a reference to Tamworth, as is suggested by most commentators, the settlement was already an important centre for the tun element at this period was generally used to denote a royal vill or estate centre. By the 8th century it lay at the heart of the kingdom of Mercia; the three adjacent sites of Tamworth, Lichfield and Repton forming the main residential, ecclesiastical and burial places respectively of the Mercian rulers.

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4.4.3 The Domesday Survey of 1086 records a settlement at Dosthill, a short distance to the north of the study site, in the Hundred of Coleshill and County of Warwickshire, as comprising 9 households.

4.4.4 The remains of a medieval moated site are recorded from Lodge Farm, Dosthill, c. 500m north of the study site (MST1180 SP 2111 9994).

4.4.5 A succession of watermills, documented from the Medieval to the post-medieval period are recorded at Fishers Mill, Middleton c. 1.5km south-west of the study site (MWA123 SP 2028 9880).

4.4.6 Whateley is recorded as a shrunken medieval village c. 1km east of the study site (MWA19752 SP 2286 9926). The possible site of a deserted medieval hamlet is recorded at Holt Farm south of Whateley, c. 1km south-east of the study site (MWA21 SP 2271 9875). The site of a probable deserted medieval settlement is recorded at Cliff Farm, c. 1.5km south-west of the study site (MWA24 SP 2092 9802).

4.4.7 A farmstead located at Church Farm, Church Lane, Dosthill may have been established by the late medieval period and remodelled and expanded in the 17th century (MST14595 SP 2128 9982). The farm includes a mid 15th - mid 16th century listed Cruck Barn providing a possible date for the establishment of the farmstead.

4.4.8 A series of post holes and ditches or gullies interpreted as medieval or post- medieval in date, relating to former boundaries or stock management, identified during an archaeological watching brief at Bullocks End Farm, c. 1.5km north of the study site (MST12938 SK 2080 0086). A series of pits of probable medieval date were also recorded.

4.4.9 The possible earthwork remains of medieval ridge and furrow were identified on aerial photography from 2000 in the Dosthill area, c. 300m west of the study site (MST18109 SP 2107 9968).

4.4.10 During the early Medieval period, the site lay remote from the settlement at Tamworth to the north which was focussed around the confluence of the Rivers Anker and Tame, and lay within an agricultural landscape. The low density of evidence in the HER reflects the agricultural background to the site. Therefore, a low potential is identified for medieval evidence.

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4.5 Post-Medieval

4.5.1 During the post-medieval period the study site remained within agricultural land to the south of the hinterland of Tamworth.

4.5.2 An 18th century toll road is recorded on the route of High Street along the western boundary of the study site on the Staffordshire HER as (MST22387 SK 1875 0555), and on the Warwickshire HER (MWA4818 SP 2150 9920).

4.5.3 The 1787-9 Sharp Map of Warwickshire shows the study site occupying fields to east of High Street, the village of Dosthill is shown a short distance to the north (Fig. 2).

4.5.4 The 1839 Dosthill District Kingsbury Parish Tithe Map records the study site occupied by predominantly Arable fields between the railway to the east and High Street to the west (Fig. 3). Two Pasture fields are recorded in the north of the study site.

4.5.5 The Ordnance Survey map of 1883 shows the north of the study site occupied by the Dosthill Colliery comprising buildings slag heaps and a railway line, the remainder of the south and north-east of the study site is occupied (Fig. 4).

4.5.6 The site of Hockley Hall Colliery, Dosthill is recorded on the HER adjacent to the eastern boundary of the study site (MST18159 SP 2188 9982), which existed by the late 19th century and which was disused by circa 1920. The site of Whateley Colliery is recorded on the Warwickshire HER c. 100m east of the study site (MWA6490 SP 2188 9919).

4.5.7 By 1923 a Stoneware Works is shown in the centre of the site, comprising Kilns, a Works Building and Clay extraction pits (Fig. 5).

4.5.8 By 1965 the Stoneware Works was expanded and the extraction pits extend across the south and north of the study site, with a levelled area for Works buildings shown in the west of the site (Fig. 6).

4.5.9 No further significant changes were shown on the study site between 1965 and 1976-77 (Figs 6-7).

4.5.10 Between 1977 and 2017 the quarry pits were backfilled and all the Works buildings were demolished and cleared, and the whole site levelled (Fig. 8).

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4.5.11 An aerial photograph of the study site in 2017 and LiDAR data show the extent of levelling across the site with an east-west bank across the northern boundary of the site and partially backfilled quarry in the north-east of the study site (Plates 1-2).

4.5.12 Overall, the archaeological potential of the study site for Post-Medieval evidence is low/nil due to the extent of 19th and 20th century Coal and Clay extraction, the construction of Works buildings, and levelling of the site in the late 20th century.

4.6 Assessment of Significance

4.6.1 In March 2012 the government published the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) which uses the concept of ‘significance’ of heritage assets. Significance as defined in the NPPF, centres on the value of an archaeological or historic asset for its ‘heritage interest’ to this or future generations.

4.6.2 There are no designated or non-designated archaeological assets on the study site itself.

4.6.3 The study site is considered to have a low archaeological potential for all past periods. Any potential for archaeological evidence is considered to have been removed as a result of 19th and 20th century mineral extraction, a Stoneware Works and recent demolition and site levelling.

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5.0 SITE CONDITIONS, THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSETS

5.1 Site Conditions

5.1.1 The study site comprises land approximately 8 hectares in extent at Rush Lane, Dosthill, Tamworth, Warwickshire/Staffordshire borders (Plates 1-5).

5.1.2 The study site occupies the site of a demolished Stoneware Works and backfilled extraction pits and is currently grassland.

5.1.3 Medieval and Post-Medieval ploughing would have had a widespread but superficially damaging impact on any sub-surface horizons.

5.1.4 The construction of a Colliery in the 19th century in the north of the site and a Stoneware Works in the 20th century, and the extraction of Clay across the north and south of the site are considered to have removed all archaeological deposits within these areas. The demolition of the Stoneware Works and the levelling of the site in the latter half of the 20th century is considered to have removed archaeological potential within the west of the study site.

5.2 The Proposed Development

5.2.1 Details of the proposed development are not currently available although it would likely comprise a residential scheme.

5.3 Impact on Heritage Assets

5.3.1 Proposed development on the study site would not impact any designated heritage assets or their settings.

5.3.2 Proposed development of the study site will not have any archaeological impact due to the impact of past land use on the site itself.

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6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Land at Rush Lane, Dosthill, Tamworth, Warwickshire/Staffordshire borders is proposed for redevelopment.

6.2 A review of available archaeological and historical sources, and the results of archaeological evaluation nearby, indicates that the site has a low archaeological potential for evidence of all past periods.

6.3 There are no designated archaeological assets on or near to the study site.

6.4 The extent of archaeological impacts from past land use on the site is considered to be severe and widespread, due to 19th and 20th century Coal and Clay extraction, the construction of Works buildings, and levelling of the site in the late 20th century.

6.5 Proposed redevelopment of the study site is considered unlikely to have any archaeological impact.

6.6 In these circumstances, it is considered that no further archaeological work would be necessary on the site.

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SOURCES CONSULTED

British Library National Archives Staffordshire and Warwickshire Historic Environment Record (HER) Historic England National Heritage List for England

Bibliographic

Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Oct 2013 Scheduled Monuments and Nationally Important but non-scheduled Monuments

English Heritage & Staffordshire County Council April 2011 Tamworth Historic Character Assessment

English Heritage & Staffordshire County Council April 2014 Staffordshire Extensive Urban Survey

1976 Domesday Book 24: Staffordshire Phillimore Translation

Victoria County History 1947 A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 4, Hemlingford Hundred, London

Cartographic

1787-9 Sharp Map of Warwickshire 1839 Dosthill District Kingsbury Parish Tithe Map 1883 Ordnance Survey 1923 Ordnance Survey 1965 Ordnance Survey 1976-77 Ordnance Survey 2017 Ordnance Survey

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Cheshire Kettlebrook Nottinghamshire Bonehill

Derbyshire A5(T)

Fazeley Staffordshire Two Gates A453 Wilnecote

TAMWORTH DISTRICT LICHFIELD DISTRICT Birchmoor

Rutland J10 Drayton Bassett Shropshire Leicestershire

Dosthill

A4091 West Midlands

A51

Middleton Piccadilly Wood End

NORTH WARWICKSHIRE DISTRICT Northamptonshire Worcestershire Warwickshire M42

Kingsbury Herefordshire A446(T) Hurley 300000 299500 299000

421000 421500 422000 422500 Scale at A4: 1:12,000 0 300m

Site Boundary ± Figure 1: Site Location

PlanningHeritage● www.cgms.co.uk

© Ordnance Survey maps reproduced with the sanction of the controller of HM Stationery Office. Licence No: AL 100014723 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [2017] N:\23000-23999\23012 - Rush Lane, Dosthill, Tamworth\Figures\Mapping\CAD\Figures.dwg KP / 08.02.17