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History of Color Systems

History of Color Systems

APPENDIX A 1766 1810 1853 1868 1889 1905 1929 1947 1976 BC350 FIRE 1646 W 0.60 550 [ 570

William Benson Arthur Pope CIE L*u*v system 590 British architect William Benson published 600 This is the double cone-shaped color The XYZ color system is A 650

History of ColorHistory Systems A feature in this chapter covering 500 DRY 0.50 700nm the Cube of model in his work an excellent system for D50 solid devised by art teacher Pope. 15 D65 HOT Principles of the Science of Colour, likely C color circles omits a large number From above, it features 12 pure colors expressing individual 490 the first three-dimensional color system. 0.40 as in Itten’s work, but when viewed colors, but is not suited to EARTH A number of center axes intersect to form of other important color system from the side, it features a center expressing mutual color the interior of the solid. 10 differences. This is because 0.30

AIR achromatic axis in nine gradations The colors at the intersections are 480 diagrams, since the selection from to , numbered in physical does indicated on the periphery of the diagram. Charles Henry Albert Henry Munsell Hermann Günther Grassmann reverse of Munsell's scheme. The not appear uniform to the Moses Harris Despite a distant resemblance to the Henry's color circle placed black at the Art teacher Munsell divided color space into , 0.20 of illustrations focused on WET Otto Philipp Runge Grassmann's color circle developed Newton's color pure color equator is inclined in Julio Villalobos: PURE human eye. The color space In his work , 216-color Web safe RGB color cube, the circumference, a clear debt to Chevreul. The , and chroma. The color samples initially This acorn-shaped color solid was devised by created in 1964 by MacAdam 470 Athanasius Kircher Runge, an artist, corresponded with Goethe about circle, moving the division between the and accordance with darkness, producing 5 entomologist and engraver Harris devised two colors are not assigned numerical values. pure colors for each hue were presumably created to be perceptually uniform were later refined 0.10 diagrams. We therefore arranged Aristotle Learned illusion scientist Kircher color. He assigned the three primary colors of to the 12 o'clock position, and including an irregular shape. This solid was Argentinean chromatic researcher Villalobos. by converting an xy color different color circles using red, , and The colors at the intersections are given arranged midway in the circle, but this is and corrected based on color measurements to 450 Four-element, four-characteristic explained the diversity of color by yellow (The Holy Ghost), red (The Son), and (The intermediate colors on the inside aligned with the created based on Pope's color order Among his works, Villalobos proposed a diagram was used by the CIE blue (prismatic color circle) and , , 400nm Father) to the Holy Trinity. His color sphere was 12 o'clock position of B and H on the Fraunhofer color names. unclear due to limitations involving printing become the representative color system for expressing hexagonal color circle called the Chromatic to create the CIE L*u*v color diagram created by Aristotle, the expanding on Aguilonius's diagram, system and color harmony theory. 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 the color system diagrams in WATER and (compound color circle). polymath of Ancient Greece. which was itself based on Aristotle’s later praised and adopted by the Bauhaus. spectrum resolution diagram. technologies. colors using the interchangeable XYZ format. Hexagon and published the Villalobos Atlas. S system in 1976. chronological order. Studying color systems reveals a wide range of forms devised 1611 1650 1772 1810 1861 1876 1890 1916 1931 1955 S 1976 during the past 3,000 years, with Wilhelm von Bezold: CIE 1931 Robert Luther & N.D. Nyberg DIN color system Closed three-stimulus value vector (Deutsche Industrie-Norm Color circle published in The CIE (Commission Internationale de DIN space color solid devised by the Farb Color System) bridge support styles, cones, 1876 by Bezold in his work l’Eclairage) produced a color system is a modified (right). The expressing colors in two dimensions Austrian physiologist Luther and German industrial standard pyramids, triangular columns, center diagram provides an on a graph independent of intensity. Russian mathematician Nyberg. based on Ostwald's color system. exterior view of the color Plotting the wavelengths of the visible All object colors can be contained This system was established in cubes, spheres, hemispheres, solid, while the diagram spectrum converted to x-y coordinates within this solid shaped like a 1955. As part of this system, a shark egg sac. This color solid Johann Wolfgang von Goethe above shows the base. The creates a horseshoe-shaped spectral featuring 589 colors Michel-Eugène Chevreul apex of the cone is black. involves angular edges rather determined by hue, saturation, and petal shapes, in addition to The color circle devised by Goethe used the six Charles Lacouture Wilhelm Ostwald figure on which all visible colors can Johann Heinrich Lambert Chemist and early color harmony theorist The diagram on the left than smooth surfaces. M2 and intensity was issued in Forsius colors of , orange, yellow, green, blue, Botanist Lacouture created a color The color solid devised by Ostwald used an abacus be plotted. CIE 1931 is one of the circles, pointing to the fertile German physicist and mathematician Johann Chevreul devised a color solid to express predicts mixed colors on 1960. The DIN color system Color solid devised by the Swedish Francis Glisson and violet, minus the forced into the chart evoking flower petals, clearly bead shape comprising pure color levels, white levels, most widely used of color systems. Heinrich Lambert is renowned for his Lambert hue, tone lightness and darkness, and color the color circle based on D65 resembles a cut diamond. mathematician Forsius. This is the world's Color scale devised by the British physicist system by Newton. This was the first diagram intended to serve as a chart for and black levels for 24 hues. It was designed using ground of human imagination. projection for mapping. This pyramid-shaped turbidity. This color solid was hemispherical, Newton's laws on gravity. first color solid. The color names are written Francis Glisson. Blue, red, and yellow are to pair residual (crimson/ practical use rather than as a color Hering's four-color theory and the Weber-Fechner law color sample is said to have been created to with white at the center, pure colors at by hand, with the center axis representing located between extremes, green, orange/blue, and violet/yellow). system. for correlations between and stimulus in allow textile craftsmen to check textile stocks. midpoints, and black at the periphery. * The diagrams included here are achromatic colors. with the horizontal line forming the . the grayscale. M1 representative, not exhaustive. For further information, please refer to more specialized books or documents. 1613 1704 1772 1830 1867 1876 1893 1918 1934 1960 1979 Ignaz Schiffermüller Greece Albert Bourges OSA-UCS System: Aguilonius Austrian entomologist Schiffermüller A pioneer of standardization of An ideal color system published in 1960 theory scientist created what was probably the world’s colors in this field, American by the Optical Society of America based Aguilonius devised a first color circle to use continuous Sweden photographer, sculptor, and on research begun in 1947. Under this color diagram based gradations. The four primary colors red, inventor Bourges published A system, all perceptually uniform colors on Aristotle's theory, blue, green, and yellow are indicated Holland Notation System in 1918, which can be expressed by points at uniform s also incorporating around the circumference of the color used the system to

] distances in color space. The structure ideas borrowed from circle, together with secondary colors, Faber Birren distinguish colors and explain described by this system was an eight- Belgium Pythagorean musical for a total of 12 colors. Charles Hayter Color solid devised by Faber Birren, who Helmholtz reevaluated 's three- Irozu-Mondou Hermann Ebbinghaus how these colors could be used in contributed to industrial color research in the sided solid formed of 12 equidistant scale relationships. The diagram includes allegories with Hayter created a color circle arranged like NCS (Natural Color System) theory, which did not win wide Color circle published in the early Meiji German psychologist graphic art. 20th century. It consists of uniform hue patches colors (A to L) with color 0 at the center of Phase-transforming themes at each of the four petals. He used the three primary Emphasizing colors as experienced subjectively, Frence Sir Isaac Newton recognition or acclaim when first published, Period Irozu-Mondou textbook. The Ebbinghaus devised a color for pure color, white, and black, with the center a rhombohedral lattice. The system did this diagram suggests corners, suggesting Schiffermüller colors of red, yellow, and blue, three this color system (a Swedish industrial standard) Newton's color circle with the seven colors of the spectrum appearing publishing the Young-Helmholtz theory. The illustration is Field's color circle, which solid formed of two square not enter widespread use. confused mixtures of light and secondary colors of orange, green, and turbid colors named as tones. The upper left a six-color color solid. around the circumference, demonstrating how mixing the seven colors of diagram on the right was created by overlaying reached Japan via elementary school pyramids arranged base to extends the ideas of Goethe. It is widely used in Austria mixtures of pigment colors. purple, and three tertiary colors of olive, diagram indicates the relationship for the seven light creates white (in the center of the circle) and drawing an explicit parallel Maxwell's physiological three-primary color textbooks written by an American named base. Europe and is especially easy to use in design , and slate gray (bluish gray). elementary terms within the hue cross-section. to the seven tones of the musical scale. triangular shape and spectrum locus. Wilson. applications. Russia

Germany

United Kingdom 1629 1745 Water 1809 1841 1867 1878 r 1895 1923 1944 1975 1999 August Kirschmann: Douglas L. MacAdam J. Frans Gerritsen German psychologist Michel Jacobs United States of America MacAdam, a member of the Optical Society of Dutch chromatic researcher and Kirschmann, a descendant Canadian-born sculptor and artist Jacobs America, was a chromatic researcher whose work G （Yellow） （Yellow） teacher Gerritsen published a GB orpiment of the great Wundt, devised published a book entitled The Art of Color orpiment contributed to CIE evaluations. three-dimensional hue-intensity- a color solid involving an in 1923, proposing a color circle which he Canada With its manta ray shape, this figure is surely saturation perceptual diagram in inclined color circle on the called “open petals.” It featured spectral one of the most unusual designs used for color his work Color: Optical Appearance, center equator (with yellow closer primary colors on the periphery, with Argentina b y systems. Physical Phenomenon, Art Expression M GR Black to white) three secondary colors yellow, blue, and , based on the notion Medium. The center axis varies from positioned at opposing positions that purple was darker and white to black in 20 gradations, Japan Ewald Hering b:r= 0.75:0.25 therefore closer to black than from the center to the periphery. The hue Thomas Young George Field: while the primary colors rise and fall Charles Blanc Physiologist Ewald Hering's arrangement used opposing concave and yellow B Akira Kitabatake Robert Fludd The able British physician Young proposed a Chromatic researcher Field is renowned Art critic and historian Blanc included in a rollercoaster-like locus. R （Yellow）orpiment psychological four-color diagram. The convex shapes, forming complementary A chromatic researcher with an arts background, Akira Kitabatake was involved in devising International Standard British physician and mystic Fludd Tobias Mayer theory of the three primary colors RGB based on for achievements in developing the color circle called Chromatic Rose, b:r= 0.5:0.5 two color circles created by Hering are color pairs, resulting in six color mixtures. numerous color order systems and color name systems in Japan. The diagram shows one such devised a seven-color (red, orange, In addition to contributing to methods for determining longitude, the his research on the nature of perception. This . His color circle largely resembling a flower, in his practical guide easily understood when overlaid as b:r= 0.25:0.75 system: The Hue & Tone Color System: CCIC (Chamber of Commerce and Industry Color Coordination Chart yellow, white, black, blue, green) color astronomer Mayer devised a color solid expressing the three primary diagram is a color diagram published as part of incorporates Aristotle’s theory and Grammaire des Arts due Dessin. shown on the right. g 285). wheel. colors, using pigment names and combining dark and light tones. his lecture materials. Goethe's color circle. MacAdam's color system broken down into 21 parts. Reprinted from Klaus Stomer's FARBSYSTEME.

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