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Lexical Semantics I
Semantic Theory: Lexical Semantics I Summer 2007 M.Pinkal/ S. Thater • 03-07-07 Lecture: Lexical Semantics I • 05-07-07 Lecture: Lexical Semantics II • 10-07-07 Lecture: Everything else • 12-07-07 Exercise: lexical Semantics • 17-07-07 Question time, Sample exam • 19-07-07 Individual question time • 25-07-07 Final exam, 11:00 (s.t.) Semantic Theory, SS 2007 © M. Pinkal, S. Thater 2 Structure of this course • Sentence semantics • Discourse semantics • Lexical semantics Semantic Theory, SS 2007 © M. Pinkal, S. Thater 3 Dolphins in First-order Logic Dolphins are mammals, not fish. !d (dolphin'(d)"mammal'(d) #¬fish'(d)) Dolphins live-in pods. !d (dolphin'(d)" $x (pod'(p)live-in'(d,p)) Dolphins give birth to one baby at a time. !d (dolphin'(d)" !x !y !t (give-birth-to' (d,x,t)give-birth-to' (d,y,t) " x=y) Semantic Theory, SS 2007 © M. Pinkal, S. Thater 4 Dolphins in First-order Logic Dolphins are mammals, not fish. !d (dolphin'(d)"mammal'(d) #¬fish'(d)) Dolphins live-in pods. !d (dolphin'(d)" $x (pod'(p)live-in'(d,p)) Dolphins give birth to one baby at a time. !d (dolphin'(d)" !x !y !t (give-birth-to' (d,x,t)give-birth-to' (d,y,t) " x=y) Semantic Theory, SS 2007 © M. Pinkal, S. Thater 5 The dolphin text Dolphins are mammals, not fish. They are warm blooded like man, and give birth to one baby called a calf at a time. At birth a bottlenose dolphin calf is about 90-130 cms long and will grow to approx. -
The Function of Phrasal Verbs and Their Lexical Counterparts in Technical Manuals
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1991 The function of phrasal verbs and their lexical counterparts in technical manuals Brock Brady Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Applied Linguistics Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brady, Brock, "The function of phrasal verbs and their lexical counterparts in technical manuals" (1991). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4181. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6065 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Brock Brady for the Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (lESOL) presented March 29th, 1991. Title: The Function of Phrasal Verbs and their Lexical Counterparts in Technical Manuals APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: { e.!I :flette S. DeCarrico, Chair Marjorie Terdal Thomas Dieterich Sister Rita Rose Vistica This study investigates the use of phrasal verbs and their lexical counterparts (i.e. nouns with a lexical structure and meaning similar to corresponding phrasal verbs) in technical manuals from three perspectives: (1) that such two-word items might be more frequent in technical writing than in general texts; (2) that these two-word items might have particular functions in technical writing; and that (3) 2 frequencies of these items might vary according to the presumed expertise of the text's audience. -
The Interaction of Suffixation with Synonymy and Antonymy a Thesis
University of Alberta The Interaction of Suffixation with Synonymy and Antonymy Laura L. Sabourin 0 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Psycholinguistics Department of Linguistics Edmonton, Alberta Fall, 1998 National Library Bibliothèque nationale l*l ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services senrices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1AW OttawaON K1AW canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distriilmer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur consenre la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheMnse de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract This thesis reports on two psycholinguistic experiments that explore the question of how synonyms and antonyrns are linked in the Mental Lexicon. The experirnental results confirm theoretical expectations that synonymic and antonymic links are fundamental cognitive relations among lexical items. The results also suggest that the nature of these relations may not be identical because it was found that synonymic and antonymic pairs behaved differently in the two experirnental paradigms and that they also showed differences in the way they interacted when suffixation was added as a factor. -
LEXADV - a Multilingual Semantic Lexicon for Adverbs
LEXADV - a multilingual semantic Lexicon for Adverbs Sanni Nimb Center for Sprogteknologi (CST) – Københavns Universitet Njalsgade 80, Copenhagen, Denmark [email protected] Abstract The LEXADV-project is a Scandinavian research project (2004-2006, financed by Nordplus Sprog) with the aim of extending three Scandinavian semantic lexicons building on the SIMPLE lexicon model (Lenci et al., 2000) with the word class of adverbs. In the lexicons of approx. 400 Danish, Norwegian and Swedish adverbs the different senses are described with a semantic type and a set of semantic features. A classification covering the many meanings that adverbs can have has been established and integrated in the original SIMPLE ontology. Similarly new features have been added to the model in order to describe the adverb senses. The working method of the project builds on the fact that the vocabularies of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are closely related. An encoding tool has been developed with the special purpose of permitting easy transfer of semantic types and features between entries in the three languages. The Danish adverb senses have been described first, based on the definition in a modern, comprehensive Danish dictionary. Afterwards the lemmas have been translated and the semantic data have been copied into the Swedish as well as into the Norwegian equivalent entry. Finally these copies have been evaluated and when necessary adjusted by native speakers. ’Telic’, ’Agentive’ and ’Constitutive’ has been extended 1. The Scandinavian SIMPLE Lexicons with three more semantic types. The first one, ’Functional’, covers adverb senses of 1.1. Background which the meaning must be described by logic expressions referring to sets, either in the context or in The Danish and the Swedish SIMPLE lexicons are the discourse. -
A New Semantic Lexicon and Similarity Measure in Bangla
A New Semantic Lexicon and Similarity Measure in Bangla Manjira Sinha, Abhik Jana, Tirthankar Dasgupta, Anupam Basu Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur {manjira87, abhikjana1, iamtirthankar, anupambas}@gmail.com ABSTRACT The Mental Lexicon (ML) refers to the organization of lexical entries of a language in the human mind.A clear knowledge of the structure of ML will help us to understand how the human brain processes language. The knowledge of semantic association among the words in ML is essential to many applications. Although, there are works on the representation of lexical entries based on their semantic association in the form of a lexicon in English and other languages, such works of Bangla is in a nascent stage. In this paper, we have proposed a distinct lexical organization based on semantic association between Bangla words which can be accessed efficiently by different applications. We have developed a novel approach of measuring the semantic similarity between words and verified it against user study. Further, a GUI has been designed for easy and efficient access. KEYWORDS : Bangla Lexicon, Synset, Semantic Similarity, Hierarchical Graph 1 Introduction The lexicon of a language is a collection of lexical entries consisting of information regarding words and expressions, comprising both form and meaning (Levelt,). Form refers to the orthography, phonology and morphology of the lexical item and Meaning refers to its syntactic and semantic information. The term Mental Lexicon refers to the organization and interaction of lexical entries of a language in the human mind. Depending on the definition of word , an adult knows and uses around 40000 to 150000 words. -
The Generative Lexicon
The Generative Lexicon James Pustejovsky" Computer Science Department Brandeis University In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical seman- tics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations. In addressing these issues, I will discuss what I think are some of the central problems facing the lexical semantics community, and suggest ways of best ap- proaching these issues. Then, I will provide a method for the decomposition of lexical categories and outline a theory of lexical semantics embodying a notion of cocompositionality and type coercion, as well as several levels of semantic description, where the semantic load is spread more evenly throughout the lexicon. I argue that lexical decomposition is possible if it is per- formed generatively. Rather than assuming a fixed set of primitives, I will assume a fixed number of generative devices that can be seen as constructing semantic expressions. I develop a theory of Qualia Structure, a representation language for lexical items, which renders much lexical ambiguity in the lexicon unnecessary, while still explaining the systematic polysemy that words carry. Finally, I discuss how individual lexical structures can be integrated into the larger lexical knowledge base through a theory of lexical inheritance. This provides us with the necessary principles of global organization for the lexicon, enabling us to fully integrate our natural language lexicon into a conceptual whole. 1. Introduction I believe we have reached an interesting turning point in research, where linguistic studies can be informed by computational tools for lexicology as well as an appre- ciation of the computational complexity of large lexical databases. -
Measuring Lexical Access During Sentence Processing
Perception & Psychophysics 1980,28 (1),1-8 Measuring lexical access during sentence processing MICHELLE A. BLANK Bell Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey 07981 The results from "on-line" investigations of sentence comprehension are often difficult to interpret since it is not always apparent what component processes are reflected in the re sponse measure. The results of two experiments reported here indicate that response latencies from phoneme-triggered lexical decision (PTLD) reflect the time needed for lexical access during sentence processing. Listeners were presented with sentences and were asked to make a word/nonword judgment for items beginning with a particular word-initial target phoneme. Speed of lexical access was manipulated by varying the semantic predictability of the target bearing word. WORD judgments were faster for words that were preceded by semantically related verbs than were WORD judgments for words that were preceded by neutral verbs. The present results are consistent with other studies showing semantic facilitation of lexical access during the processing of fluent speech. It is argued that the phoneme-triggered lexical decision task is a more suitable measure of lexical access during sentence processing than phoneme monitoring (Foss, 19691 or word monitoring (Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 1975l. In addi tion. it is pointed out that the phoneme-triggered lexical-decision task lends itself to modifica tions which should enable investigators to study various aspects of on-line sentence processing. The problem of discovering how listeners understand sentence processing. A few examples of tasks that have spoken language is unquestionably a formidable one. A been assumed to reflect ongoing sentence processing first step taken by psycholinguists toward solving this include speech shadowing (e.g., Marslen-Wilson, 1973), problem has been to view sentence comprehension in phoneme-monitoring (e.g., Foss, 1969), word monitor terms of several component processes. -
The Diachronic Semantic Lexicon of Dutch As Linked Open Data
The Diachronic Semantic Lexicon of Dutch as Linked Open Data Katrien Depuydt, Jesse de Does Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal Rapenburg 61, 2311GJ Leiden, The Netherlands [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This paper describes the Linked Open Data (LOD) model for the diachronic semantic lexicon DiaMaNT, currently under development at the Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal (INT; Dutch Language Institute). The lexicon is part of a digital historical language infrastructure for Dutch at INT. This infrastructure, for which the core data is formed by the four major historical dictionaries of Dutch covering Dutch language from ca. 500 - ca 1976, currently consists of three modules: a dictionary portal, giving access to the historical dictionaries, a computational lexicon GiGaNT, providing information on words, their inflectional and spelling variation, and DiaMaNT, aimed at providing information on diachronic lexical variation (both semasiological and onomasiological). The DiaMaNT lexicon is built by adding a semantic layer to the word form lexicon GiGaNT, using the semantic information in the historical dictionaries. Ontolex-Lemon is a good point of departure for the LOD model, but we need extensions to be able to deal with the historical dictionary content incorporated in our lexicon. Keywords: Linked Open Data, Ontolex, Diachronic Lexicon, Semantic Lexicon, Historical Lexicography, Language Resources 1. Background digital, based on a closed corpus, in digital format. Hav- Even though Dutch lexicography1 can be dated back to the ing four scholarly dictionaries of Dutch in digital format 13th century with the glossarium Bernense, a Latin-Middle opened up opportunities for further exploitation of the con- Dutch word list, we had to wait until the 19th century for tents of these dictionaries. -
The Distribution of the Lexical Component in ELT Coursebooks and Its Suitability for Vocabulary Acquisition from a Cognitive Perspective
International Journal of IJES English Studies UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA www.um.es/ijes The Distribution of the Lexical Component in ELT Coursebooks and its Suitability for Vocabulary Acquisition from a Cognitive Perspective. A Case Study 1 RAQUEL CRIADO LACELL RESEARCH GROUP – UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ABSTRACT The psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic perspective of language acquisition requires some essential conditions in vocabulary acquisition: a) repetitive practice, which allows for data to reach long-term memory, and thus become proceduralised and automatised; b) how relevant the lexical items are regarding the communicative needs of the learners insofar as communicative relevance is linked to frequency in general linguistic usage; c) the potential in vocabulary acquisition, which will necessarily relate to the amount of new lexical items introduced in each one of the units in textbook; d) the way words are taught, i.e. whether aimed at explicit or incidental learning. In order to analyse and evaluate these issues, we will study the lexical items presented in a specific textbook from the point of view of frequency, distribution along the manual, opportunities for rehearsal and repetition (which will depend on frequency), and the nature of the activities centred on vocabulary. The results of this case study will allow us to check whether or not they may stand a comparison against the findings of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic research on vocabulary acquisition. KEYWORDS : vocabulary acquisition, ELT, frequency, practice, corpus linguistics, -
Natural Language Processing
Chowdhury, G. (2003) Natural language processing. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 37. pp. 51-89. ISSN 0066-4200 http://eprints.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/2611/ This is an author-produced version of a paper published in The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology ISSN 0066-4200 . This version has been peer-reviewed, but does not include the final publisher proof corrections, published layout, or pagination. Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in Strathprints to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the url (http://eprints.cdlr.strath.ac.uk) of the Strathprints website. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to The Strathprints Administrator: [email protected] Natural Language Processing Gobinda G. Chowdhury Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XH, UK e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an area of research and application that explores how computers can be used to understand and manipulate natural language text or speech to do useful things. NLP researchers aim to gather knowledge on how human beings understand and use language so that appropriate tools and techniques can be developed to make computer systems understand and manipulate natural languages to perform the desired tasks. -
The Polysemy of PO in Mandarin Chinese
The Polysemy of PO in Mandarin Chinese Harvey Hsin-chang Ho National Taiwan Normal University [email protected] Abstract The present paper notes that the lexical item PO, literally meaning ‘to break’, bears multiple semantic imports in Mandarin Chinese. Given the lack of well-documented research on the semantics of the lexical item, this paper aims to explore the various meanings of PO. By examining the collocations of PO, thirteen meanings are identified, with predicative and attributive senses. It is proposed that the manifold meanings are interrelated with each other and that several meanings are derived from the core verbal meaning of the lexical item. Three generalized metaphors are observed to assume a mediating role in the semantic extensions of PO. In light of the semantic relatedness of the various meanings, the polysemous nature of the lexical item PO is substantiated. Key words: PO, polysemy, semantic extension, lexical semantics 1. Introduction Since a growing number of psychological studies shed new light on human cognition in 1970s, the field of semantics has witnessed flourishing cognitive-oriented approaches to semantic representations of lexicon and grammar—especially lexical semantics and cognitive semantics (Rosch 1973, 1977, 1978, Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Lakoff 1987, 2002, Johnson 1987, Langacker 1987, 1990, 1999, Geerearts 1993, Talmy 1985, 2000a,b, Taylor 1989, 2002a,b, 2003, among others). These cognitive-theoretic proposals have spawned a voluminous literature pertaining to conceptualization, categorization, semantic extension, and grammaticalization of polysemous lexical items in Mandarin Chinese, such as guo ‘to cross’ (Wang 2002, Hsiao 1997, 2003, Wu 2003), gei ‘to give’ (Huang 2004), and kai ‘to open’ (Tsai 2006). -
12208 Prokhorova 2020 E.Docx
International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 12, Issue 2, 2020 The Multistatutory Nature of the Adjective “Right” in Adjectival English Lexicon Olga N. Prokhorovaa, Igor V. Chekulaib, Marina N. Klochkovac, Elena V. Pupyninad, Anna I. Kononovae, a,b,c,d,eThe National Research University “Belgorod State University” This article provides an outline on an adjective in modern English language, and in particular, the multistatus lexical item “right”, which carries different meanings in different variants of combinatorics. The authors analyse the combinations used with the adjectival lexical item “right” and identify categories that determine the semantic content of each given statement. The need for a detailed study of this lexical item is caused by the necessity for a general theoretical understanding of its multi-categorial nature, identification and description of the mechanism that determines the change in categorial and functional statuses, the characteristics of this item at the formal-syntactic, semantic and conceptual levels and the criteria for the formation of its categorial meanings within the context, where it can be used. However, currently in most cases individual functional-semantic features of poly-status lexemes are studied without due regard to other categorial statuses. Key words: English adjective, polysemy, lexical item “right”, multistatus lexical item, multistatus lexeme, eurysemy, multistatutory. Introduction This linguistic study is devoted to identifying and studying the functional and semantic features of the polystatus lexical item “right” in modern English, determining its essential characteristics showing new categorical and functional statuses in this lexical unit. Polystatus lexemes in linguistics are usually those lexemes that exhibit the feature of grammatical status diversification, i.e.