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The Topographer, His Instruments and Methods, Designed for the Use Of THE HEART OF THE ALLEGHANIES CHEAT RIVER. TE H THE ( TOPOGRAPHER, HIS INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS, AMATEUR TOPOGRAPHERS, SURVEYORS, ENGINEERS. AND ALL PERSONS INTERESTED IN THE LOCATION AND CON- STRUCTION OF WORKS BASED UPON TOPOGRAPHY, ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS PLATES, . MAPS, AND ENGRAVINGS. BY LEWIS M. HAUPT, A. M., C. E., PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, TOWNE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; AUTHOR OF ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS AND CONTRACTS, WORKING DRAWINGS, ETC. HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND IMPORTERS, 810 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE SCIENTIFIC, PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS & BOOKSELLERS, 87 PARK PLACE, *iEW YORK- Entered in the Office of the Librarian of Congrea, Washington, D. C, October I, 1883, BY LEWIS M. HAUPP, A. M., C. E. PREFACE, THE recent large and growing demand for topographers, reveals a void in this department of engineering believed to arise from inefficient instruction in this direction. In fact, there is found to exist, strange as it may appear, no publication laying special stress upon the practical duties and requirements, as well as the theoretical qualifications of the topographical engineer. Success has, heretofore, only been attainable from the study of standard works on surveying, in connection with others treating of the drawings, and a third series on military reconnaissances, supplemented largely by actual experience in the field It has been the author's aim, therefore, to prepare a compact manual of practical value to the embryo topographer, freed from all information so readily obtainable from ordinary sources, and containing in condensed form, a complete course for the guidance of the amateur. The latest improvements in instruments are mentioned, with time devices the lim- their numerous and labor-saving ; practical its of error are given for the various instruments in use, as deter- the scale of the and character of the the mined by map survey ; for all classes of work the forms of record are clearly shown ; corrections and reductions given with a resume of the computa- tions and formulas, all followed by a general outline of some of the numerous applications that may be made of this important study. Among the special features of the work may be mentioned the in section (23) on barometric hypsometry, chapter II, prepared by Mr. Ashburner, Geologist in Charge of the Anthracite Regions, Pa., which the author desires gratefully to acknowledge. (iii) PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. In revising this work the author has made such changes and additions as have been suggested by subsequent experience to keep it fully up to the requirements of recent American practice. The azimuth tables to A. D, the tables have been extended 1905 ; of map equivalents and for stadia reduction have been printed separately as well as in the body of the book, for convenient reference in the field, and a chapter on Submarine has been sub- stituted for that on Underground Topography. This is a new and, it is believed, valuable addition, and, as an important adjunct to the topographer, enabling him to discover the relation existing between physical forms and the forces producing them, an appendix has been added, chiefly from the classic writings of Mr. Grove K. Gilbert, Geologist-in-Chief of the United States Geological Survey. As many inquiries have been made concerning the application of Photography to Surveying, an abstract relative to this subject has also been added stating the fundamental principles, with reference to more extended works, written by Charles Herman Haupt, Instructor in Civil Engineering. Aside from the above references, and others in the text, the author desires to make his personal acknowledgments to the Chief of U. S. A. the of the U. S. Engineers, ; Superintendent Coast and Geodetic as well as the Assistant in Survey, Charge ; Prof. P. State Edw. V. Assistant J. Lesley, Geologist ; d'Invilliers, Second Geological Survey, Pennsylvania, and all others who have contributed to the material embraced within this work. L. M. H. University of Pennsylvania, Phila. June, 1891. iv CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. WHAT AND HOW TO OBSERVE. I. Qualifications of the Topographer 15 2. Personal units, the basis of observations 15 3. Exercise for correcting judgment 16 4. Difficulties arising from position of point of sight 16 ANALYSIS OF SURFACE LINES. 5. Guiding lines and details to be specially noted 17 THE THALWEGS OR WATER COURSES. 6. Deductions from plan of bed of stream 17 7. Analysis of topography based upon direction of streams 18 8. THE WATER SHED OR RIDGE LINES. ig 9. ANALYSIS OF SLOPES. 20 10. Definitions, technical (a) of a plane, glacis, etc 21 (b) of a hill .' 21 (c) parts of a slope 21 (d) combinations of slopes 21 land 21 (e) slides, etc (/) sink holes, etc 22 () valleys 22 11. The project 22 12. Three classes of reconnaissance linear, chorographical and orographical . 22 CHAPTER II. THE INSTRUMENTAL OUTFIT. \ 13. Hand instruments required 23 14. The Casella compass 23 15. To reduce readings to compass bearings 23 16. The protractor 23 17. The chronometer 23 1 8. The barometer, aneroid 24 19. Sensibility of 24 20. Formulae and tables for reduction 25 21. Method of reading ... 27 22. Simultaneous observations to eliminate atmospheric disturbances .... 27 23. Graphical method with but one instrument and observer. Illustrated by notes and profile 27 (v) VI CONTENTS. PACE \ 24. To reduce the observations by the above method (23) 29 25. Note on relative value of various forms of aneroids 29 26. The odometer 30 27. Description of Hunter's, and its range 30 28. Barrow odometers 30 29. Another form in ordinary use 30 30. The pedometer 31 31. Inclinometer 31 32. The hand-level 32 33. The Abney level and clinometer 32 34. The Sextant 33 35. To make an observation 34 36. The pocket-sextant 34 37. The index error , 34 38. To determine inaccessible distances 35 39. Verniers, and how to read them 35 40. A simple formula 35 41. To graduate a vernier for a given least count 36 42. Exercises on verniers 36 43. The right-angled reftector 36 44. To use it 36 45. The Pratt rangefinder 37 46. Gautier's telemetrical telescope ; 38 47. Rejlecting telemeter of Piozzi Smith 39 48. The heliotrope 40 49. Code of signals for heliotropers 42 CHAPTER III. SCALES OF MAPS, g 50. Queries to be determined before starting 44 5 1 . Definition of a scale ....' 44 52. Relation between different scales 45 53. Methods of expressing the scale 46 54. Selection for various stages of work 46 55. Foreign practice and scales 46 56. Scales of Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania 47 57. Cadastral maps 47 58. Table of map equivalents and their reciprocals, also number of acres to the square inch for various scales 47 59. Drawing the scale on the map 56 60. Exercises 56 CHAPTER IV. FORMS OF RECORD. 2 61. For aneroid barometer 57 62. For reconnaissance (with Casella) 57 63. For an itinerary survey 5^ CONTENTS. Vli PACK \ 64. For a linear survey with transit 58 65. For a topographical survey 59 66. For a triangulation (repeating theodolite) 60 67. For computing probable error 60 68. For triangulation (direction instrument) 60 69. For levelling (with Y level) 61 70. For soundings 62 71. For soundings in tidal waters (tide record) 62 72. For trigonometrical levelling by double zenith distances 63 73. Formula for reductions .' 64 74. For trigonometrical levelling by micrometer 64 75. For trigonometrical levelling by reciprocal zenith distances 65 76. For cross sections or slopes 65 77. For the gradienter 66 CHAPTER V. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS. \ 78. Conventional signs 67 79. Hachures and contours 67 80. Contours defined 68 81. To reduce degrees of slope to their horizontal equivalents 69 82. To find the degree of slope on any contour map 69 83. Remarks on drawing contours 69 84. The two methods combined in Olsen's system 70 85. On use of colors with conventional table 70 86. Exercises on contours 71 87. Reading contour maps 72 88. To determine the intervisibility of two stations or points 72 89. Exercises on Sheet 4 (Mauch Chunk) 73 90. Projections of the Geodetic Position 73 91. Polyconic projection 74 92. Ordinary projection for limited areas 74 93. Lettering 75 CHAPTER VI. RECONNAISSANCE, Linear. \ 94. Governing conditions for a line of communications 76 95. General adaptability of line to country 76 96. The memoir or report for roads 77 97. Reconnaissance for river improvement 77 98. Reconnaissance for construction of a canal 77 99. Reconnaissance of a road already opened 78 100. Extracts from Fremont's report 78 Chorographical Reconnaissance. 101. Defined 80 102. Method of proceeding 8l Vlil CONTENTS. MM \ 103. Plotting results Th'ree-point problem Si 104. Special expedients at Principio 8l 105. Selection of a system of triangles 82 106. Primary and other systems 82 107. Adjustment of the system 82 108. The forms of polygons in the series 83 109. Comparison of their relative values 84 no. Station marks, surface and underground 84 % An Orographical Reconnaissance, 111. Defined, and methods described 85 112. Determination of heights of distant peaks by barometric levelling ... 86 Military Reconnaissance. 113. Special objects and conditions 86 114. Units of comparison 87 115. Distances by visibility 87 1 1 6. Limiting slopes for various arms of service 88 CHAPTER VII. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS. \ 117. The Stadia 89 u8. Formulae for corrections 90 119. When they may be neglected 91 120. The rod 92 121. Self-reading rods 92 122. Five forms of marking 92 123. For instruments with fixed wires 93 124. For instruments with adjustable wires 94 125. Tables for reductions 94 126. Corrections by Winslow's tables 94 127.
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