CNES and ESA CAROLS Airborne Campaigns at the Valencia Anchor Station and Los Monegros Site in the Framework of SMOS Validation

PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

Ernesto Lopez-Baeza & CAROLS@VAS Team

[email protected]

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

CAROLS@VAS Team

Ernesto Lopez-Baeza (University of Valencia, Spain), M. C. Antolin (Center for Desertification Research, Spain), C. Bouzinac (ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands), E. Carbo (Center for Desertification Research, Spain), C. Castaneda (Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon, Spain), M. Davidson (ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands), M. Drusch (ESA-ESTEC, The Netherlands), J. Herrero (Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD), Spain), S. Juglea (Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphere (CESBIO), France), Y.H. Kerr (Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphere (CESBIO (CNRS/IRD/CNES/UPS)), France), S. Mecklenburg (ESA-ESRIN, Italy), C. Millan-Scheiding (Center for Desertification Research, Spain), N. Novello (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), EPHYSE, France), M. Pardé (LATMOS (UVSQ/CNRS/UPMC), France), K. Saleh (University of Valencia, Spain), J.-P. Wigneron (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France), and M. Zribi (CESBIO (CNRS/IRD/CNES/UPS), France)

PIERS Validation of SMOS Products Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposiumover Mediterranean Ecosystem PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 Natural Vegetation at the

Valencia Anchor Station Reference Area SMOS Cal/Val AO Proposal no. 3252 L-Band Airborne Experiments over Land and Ocean SMOS Cal/Val AO Proposal no. 3252

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium

PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

(Courtesy C. Castañeda) PIERS

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium

PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

CNES CAROLS Campaign @ the Valencia Anchor Station (2009)

Significant Environmental Units in the Study Area

PIERS 2009 CAROLS Campaign @ VAS Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 27th April, 19th May, 28th May PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

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SMOS 50x50 km2

CAROLS 2009 7 15 15 15 PIERS 8 8Team Type Description 5 Mobile Vineyard Clay soil a 2 Eq.12 Eq.11 6 Progress In Electromagnetics88 Research6 SymposiumMobile Vineyard Sandy texture a 7 Mobile Mixed forest-vineyard PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 720-23 March, 2011 8 Mobile Mixed subarbustive shrubland and forest South aspect 13 6 7 8 8 9 Mobile Mixed subarbustive shrubland and forest North aspect 4 10 Mobile Cereal 17 11 Stationary Cereal Sandy texture 7 67 4 12 Stationary Forest 11 Team Type Description 7 13 Stationary Vineyard Clay soil 1 14 Stationary Matorral 17 2 15 Stationary Matorral 7 Eq.13 Eq. 5 16 Stationary Vineyards Loam texture a 1 17 Stationary Vineyards Sandy texture 14 18 Stationary Slope Shrubland 7 19 Stationary Cereal Loam texture 20 Stationary Cereal Loam texture a Venta del Moro Eq.14 a El Pontón Eq.15 Eq.16 ade Requena Casas 16 de Eufemia Total of 20 Teams Casas de Prada EqLos. 6 Duque 8 9 a 6 Eq. 7 Los Cojos Eq.17 10 Stationary: 2 cilinders every 20 Los Isidros 5 min & ThetaProbe every 10 min 9 6 Mobile: [3 cilinders + 3 a 9 ThetaProbe] X more or less 20-30 Eq. 8 5 5 Eq.18 9 2 4 plots each (areas of 1 x 1 km ) Villatoya 88 12 4 Transects: [3 cilinders + 3 3 ThetaProbe] X more or less 20-30 Eq. 9 3 Casas Ibañez plots each, in 10 x 10 km2 control a Alborea 4 Eq.19 66 El Viso 4 Cantoblanco area 3 Casas de Ves 0 1,5 3 6 Kilometers 11 a 3 Eq.20 3Eq. 10 3 66 PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

± 0 0,125 0,25 Km

Unit 1: Vineyard on stony- sandy soil PIERS

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Unit 9: Mixed vineyards and forest vegetation PIERS

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All Data

The three campaign days present low values although significant differences in SM, with values of 0.105, 0.081 and 0.048 m3/m3, respectively PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

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27th April 19th May 28th May Unit 1

Unit 2 PIERS

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27th April 19th May 28th May Unit 3 Irrigation?

Unit 9 PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

Two different Teams EU8 (Southward) and EU9 (Northward) for the same Unit 5

The difference is that sub-arbustive matorral of Team EU8 is much drier than any from Team EU9

The Southern hillside is sunnier PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

Environmental Unit studied Fixed-station Team representative of the Environmental Unit where it is placed

isolated, uncoupled highest SM value

not representative of Team EU06, far away, it rained, lower temperature PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

Team EU6 Unit 1: Vineyard on stony-sandy soil

Team 6 Day 1 (27/04/09) Day 2 (19/05/09) Day 3 (28/05/09) Color 1 0,066 0,032 0,034 Color 2 0,056 0,036 0,021

Cuadradostodo Cuadradostodo Cuadradostodo Humedad3 Humedad1 Humedad2 0,000000 0,000000 0,000000 0,000001 - 2,000000 0,000001 - 2,000000 0,000001 - 2,000000 2,000001 - 3,000000 2,000001 - 3,000000 2,000001 - 3,000000 3,000001 - 4,000000 3,000001 - 4,000000 3,000001 - 4,000000 4,000001 - 5,000000 4,000001 - 5,000000 4,000001 - 5,000000 5,000001 - 6,000000 5,000001 - 6,000000 5,000001 - 6,000000 6,000001 - 7,000000 6,000001 - 7,000000 6,000001 - 7,000000 7,000001 - 8,000000 7,000001 - 8,000000 7,000001 - 8,000000 8,000001 - 9,000000 8,000001 - 9,000000 8,000001 - 9,000000 9,000001 - 10,000000 9,000001 - 10,000000 9,000001 - 10,000000 10,000001 - 12,000000 10,000001 - 12,000000 10,000001 - 12,000000 12,000001 - 13,000000 12,000001 - 13,000000 12,000001 - 13,000000 13,000001 - 13,000000 13,000001 - 15,000000 13,000001 - 15,000000 13,000001 - 15,000000 15,000001 - 16,000000 15,000001 - 16,000000 15,000001 - 17,000000 16,000001 - 17,000000 16,000001 - 17,000000

0 0,1 0,2Km ± 0 0,1 0,2Km ± 0 0,1 0,2Km ± PIERS Legend

Progress In ElectromagneticsCuadradoEq7 Research Symposium Uso PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco,1 20-23 March, 2011 2 3 Team 7 Unit 9: Mixed vineyards and forest vegetation

Team 7 Day 1 (27/04/09) Day 2 (19/05/09) Day 3 (28/05/09) 1 Vineyard 0,148 0,091 0,057 2 Almond Trees 0,096 0,067 0,068 0 0,1 0,2Km ± 3 Forest 0,101 0,083 0,050

0 0,1 0,2Km ± 0 0,1 0,2Km ± 0 0,1 0,2Km ± PIERS m3/m3 Value Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium High : 0,25 PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

Low : 0

27/04/2009 19/05/2009 28/05/2009

± 0 1 2 4 Kilometers

m3/m3 Value High : 0,25

Low : 0

± ± ± 0 1 2 4 Kilometers 0 1 2 4 Kilometers 0 1 2 4 Kilometers PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

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ESA – CNES CAROLS Campaign @ the Valencia Anchor Station (2010)

Significant Environmental Units in the Study Area

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

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V. Business Activities

Space Research Today, Volume 179, December 2010, Pages 25-48 PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 S o i l m o i s t u r e i s different during the 4 days of the campaign PIERS

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Geomorphological aspects within each environmental unit PIERS

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Geomorphological aspects within each environmental unit Legend cuartsmos2008 Value

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 High : 30 1st day 5/5/2010 3 /m 3 m

Low : 0 0

0 1 2 4 Kilometers± Legend cuartsmos2008 Value

PIERS 0.4

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 High : 30 28/5/2010 3 /m 3 m

Low : 0 0 Legend cuartsmos2008 Value

PIERS 0.4

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 High : 30 10/6/2010 3 /m 3 m

Low : 0 0 Legend cuartsmos2008 Value

PIERS 0.4

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 23/6/2010 High : 30 3 /m 3 m

Low : 0 0 PIERS

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5/5/2010 28/5/2010

10/6/2010 23/6/2010 PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 Evolution of each land use within units separately

Uso Clase Viña 1 Almendro 2 Olivos 3 Baldío 4 Cereal 5 Matorral 6 Forestal 7

The more humid the field the smaller the differences are among the d i f f e r e n t l a n d uses in each unit PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011

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Three playa lakes have been sampled namely Guallar, La Playa, and Salineta in the four days of the 2010 CAROLS Campaign (5 and 28 May; 10 and 23 June). Due to preceding rainfall, La Playa was the only one sampled on 10/06/2010. Gravimetric soil moisture and electrical conductivity ave been determined in soil:water extracts CE1:5 and CE1:10. the soil was humid and sticky, thus not permitting to carry out the necessary sampling for volumetric soil moisture. 49 samples were taken in total in the areas agreed to be observed by the plane. Gravimetric soil moisture varies between 13.4% and 54.4%. Electrical conductivity in the soil:water extract 1:5 varies between 10.7 dS m-1 and 50.8 dS m-1. PIERS

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Thanks to the good correlations found in the CNES CAROLS Campaign of 2009, both in the representative sampling of the Environmental Units and in the transect sampling of the 1 km x 1 km control area, transects along the Environmental Units delimited in the 400 km2 aircraft observed area have been carried out in the ESA-CNES CAROLS Campaign of 2010. The sampling plots were selected as a function of the different geomorphological aspects prevailing in each Environmental Unit. In this Campaign, 3 volumetric cylinder soil samples have been obtained for every sampling plot. The transects of the 10 km x 10 km control area have been repeated again, as well as the sampling of the meteorological station areas, representative of the corresponding Environmental Units. This Campaign is currently in the process of evaluation after the last CAROLS flight on 23 June 2010. PIERS

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PIERS 2011 in Marrakesh, Morocco, 20-23 March, 2011 Acknowledgments • Spanish Research Programme on Space, Ministry for Science and Education • Directorate General for Climate Change, Regional Ministry for Environment, Water, Urban Planning and Housing, Generalitat Valenciana • European Space Agency (ESA) • Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) • Institut Pierre Simon Laplace des Sciences de l’Environnment (IPSL)) • Servicio de Licencias a Operadores Aéreos y Servicios Aeroportuarios, Agencia Estatal de Seguridad Aérea (AESA) • Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea (AENA) • Valenciana de Aprovechamiento Energético de Residuos S.A. (VAERSA) • Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet) • Servicio de Tecnología del Riego, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). Regional Ministry for Agriculture, Fishing and Food, Generalitat Valenciana. • Jucar River Basin Authority. Hydrological Planning Office and Automatic Service for Hydrological Planning (SAIH) • Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Utiel. Concejalía de Medio Ambiente • Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Caudete de las Fuentes • Bodegas IRANZO, Caudete de las Fuentes • Bodegas y Viñedos de Utiel • Bodega La Cubera, Utiel • Nicolás Guaita, Caudete de las Fuentes