Coal Mine Fire and Temporal Change in Landuse Landcover Pattern of Raniganj Coal Field Areas in West Bengal Using Rs and Gis Technique
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Print ISSN: 2277–7741 International Journal of Asian Economic Light (JAEL) SJIF Impact Factor(2018) : 6.028 Volume: 7 July-June 2019- 2020 COAL MINE FIRE AND TEMPORAL CHANGE IN LANDUSE LANDCOVER PATTERN OF RANIGANJ COAL FIELD AREAS IN WEST BENGAL USING RS AND GIS TECHNIQUE Dr. Chhanda Karfa Asst. Professor in Geography, Dr. Gour Mohan Roy College, Monteswar, Purba Burdwan, West Bengal, India Dr. Sandip Tah Asst. Professor in Geography, Khandra College, Paschim Burdwan,West Bengal, India ABSTRACT Mining is one of the bases of economic development in one hand and leads to environmental degradation on the other hand. Coal fire is normal incident in most mining operation. The change in land cover as a result of anthropogenic activities has played a major role in global environmental change and hence has become a hot spot for researchers. The main objective of the paper is to identify and monitoring the coal fires hotspot zones through the use of multi temporal satellite data and show the changes of Landuse Landcover pattern of the study area. The Raniganj Coal Belt area of Paschim Barddhaman district of West Bengal, has been taken as study area in a macro scale. This study adopts the RS and GIS technique as methodology for identify the mine fires depending on the temperature anomaly and also analyse the land use land cover changes of the study area. KEYWORDS: Mine fire, hotspot, land use, land cover, RS and GIS technique INTRODUCTION Mining is one of the primary activities in the world, combustion of coal. Oxidation of coal is an exothermic process particularly in the developing countries. It assumes great and if the heat generated is allowed to accumulate, then the importance for many reasons. Mining is one of the bases of accumulated temperature ignites the coal. This natural process economic development in one hand and leads to environmental is called spontaneous combustion and is one of the major to degradation on the other hand. Coal fire is normal incident in its exploitation. Hence, there is need for detection and most mining operation. Surface and subsurface coal fire is a monitoring of coal fires in coalfields in order to control them major problem in many coals producing country like India, effectively. The change in land cover as a result of Australia, china etc. Mine fire is the normal phenomena of all anthropogenic activities has played a major role in global collieries in the world. Raniganj coalfield, west Bengal is the environmental change and hence has become a hot spot for largest coalfield in India, belonging to the gondwana super researchers (Liu et al., 2002). In the present study three group. Initially coal mining was confined to open cast mines different times satellite images of the four blocks in Raniganj only, but gradually it was extended to the underground also. coalfields belonging to 1990, 2000 and 2010 is used to Today coal burns more than 152 meters underground, and is identification the coal fire and related land use land cover steel slowly spreading in the coal seam. In India, Raniganj change. The land use and land cover maps for all the three some of the subsurface coal fires have already burning over time periods is created taking into account the various major many decades, and now they spreading .coal fire in Raniganj components that have been affected by the mining activities coalfield is either because of fire infection from adjacent fire at Raniganj Coal Field. affected coal seams or anthropogenic activities or spontaneous 18 Volume - 7 July - June 2019-2020 Coal Mine Fire and Temporal Change in Landuse Landcover Pattern of Raniganj ........ Dr. Chhanda Karfa & Dr. Sandip Tah Coal mining in the coalfield was started in the last decade A proper algorithm for retrieving LST from the only one of the 19th century. The coalfield having an area of about 450 thermal band of the sensor still remains unavailable due to sq km belongs to Gondwanasuper group of Permian age and many atmospheric correction (Qin,et al.2001). Studying comprises Talchir, Barakar, Barren measures and Raniganj changes in land-use pattern using remotely-sensed data is formations. It is a sickle shaped coalfield occurring in the based on the comparison of the time-sequential data. form of a basin truncated with a major boundary fault on the Differences in surface phenomenon over time can be northern flank. determined and evaluated visually or using digital techniques Remote sensing technique has proven to be a reliable (Garg et al. 1988, SAC 1990). In an area like the Jharia coal tool for studying earth surface and atmosphere in many field (JCF), where extensive and rapid underground and applications. In case of high temperature object conditions, opencast mining is going on continuously, land-use studies such as forest or mine fire, remote sensing can give a good are of paramount importance. This paper discusses the remote synoptic view of the area under consideration. Borehole sensing-GIS techniques used for identification of various land- temperature was the main tool to detect subsurface coal fire use classes on satellite imagery and enhanced products and until the 1960s.The main advantage of this method was that identification of time sequential changes in land-use patterns temperature measurement can be done very close coal fires (A. parkas and R. P.gupta 25 March 1997). coal mine fire is a but it was nearly impossible to gather enough data over a major problem in Jharia coal field (JCF).The surface and large area. In early 60’s when airborne and later satellite borne subsurface mine fire areas can be detected with different types data started to became available, the detection and monitoring of techniques. One of them remote sensing techniques is used of coal fires become easier. (Guha, et al 2008). to detect coal fires covering a large area using multi-spectral OBJECTIVE and multi-temporal data. In this paper Landsat-7 Enhance This paper aims to: Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Thematic Mapper (TM) Identify and monitoring the coal fires through the use of multi band 6 thermal data is used for detection of surface and – temporal satellite data; subsurface coal fires (Mishra, et al.2010). Land surface Indentify the hotspot mining zones of the study area; and temperature (LST) is an important factor controlling most Analyses the changes of Land use Land cover pattern of the physical and biological processes of the earth. Knowledge of study area. LST is necessary for many environmental studies and LITERATURE REVIEW management activities of the earth resources .This extensive Coal mining destroys or significantly alters all the physical requirement of LST for environmental studies and management features that influence the capabilities of the land. Mining is activities of the earth resources has made thermal remote sensing the only land uses for a long time without reclamation mining an importance academic topic the last two decades operations usually produce large qualities of wastes, (alavipanah,et al 2007). Surface coal fires which occur either overburden and under grade ore materials etc. (Avadhesh within the coal seam, in piles of stored coal or in spoil dumps Kumar Koshal, Hyderabad, India). Coal as a fossil fuel can on the surface may cause degradation of the land and catch fire by both natural and manmade causes. spontaneous vegetation, serious environmental pollution, health risk for combustion of coal ,one of the main causative factor for coal miners, and local residents etc.(Gangopadhyay et al.2005). fires ,is a natural phenomenon that has occurred repeatedly STUDY AREA during the recent geological past , it can occur at any site The Raniganj Coal Belt area of Paschim Barddhaman where deformation, uplift and dissection have exposed coal district of West Bengal, has been taken as study area in a to the air, several geological processes ,such as faulting ,folding macro scale. It is known as the birthplace of Indian Coal and erosion by river action ,can being the coal to the surface Mining Industry. It is also second largest supplier of good thus lead to coal fires (Roy,et al.2007). Mining operations, quality coal in the country at present next to Jharia Coalfield which involves mineral extraction from the earth’s crust, tends of Jharkhand state. The Raniganj Coal Belt area is located to make a notable impact on the environment, landscape and within the Geographical limit of 23046' north to 23089' north biological communities of the earth (Bell et al. 2001).The latitude and 86078' east to 87043'east longitude. Major parts impacts can be seen in the form of deforestation, water and of Jamuria, Pandabeswar and Andal blocks, where mine fire air pollution, changing pattern of rainfall and the local and changing the land use land cover is a prominent problem, climate,depleting water balance and many others (Mehta 2002; has also been considered as areas under special emphasis. Reddy 1993). Remote sensing of land surface temperature This study area is bounded by river Ajay in north and river (LST) from the thermal band of Landsat Thematic Mapper Damudar in the south. (TM) still remains unused in comparison with the extensive studies of its visible and NIR bands for various applications. Print ISSN: 2277–7741 19 International Journal of Asian Economic Light (JAEL)|SJIF Impact Factor(2018) : 6.028 GEOLOGY Most of the coal in Raniganj coal belt has been deposited belong to the Lower Gondwana. This sedimentary succession in the Gondwana period. Different depositional strata, coal is complicated by the presence of crystalline metamorphic thickness, quality of coal have been occurred by different and intrusive rocks. They are present with two phases of geological formation.The Raniganj coal belt belongs to the igneous activity resulting in the intrusion of the numerous Damudar Valley coal fields, in the Gondwana system.