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Eurythenes Gryllus K Meta bolism and physiological traits of the deep sea amphipod Eurythenes gryllus K. Premke, M. Graeve To cite this version: K. Premke, M. Graeve. Meta bolism and physiological traits of the deep sea amphipod Eurythenes gryllus. Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment, Observatoire Océanologique - Laboratoire Arago, 2009, pp.251-260. hal-03253736 HAL Id: hal-03253736 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03253736 Submitted on 8 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. VIE ET MILIEU - LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT, 2009, 59 (3/4): 251-260 MetaBOLISM AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF THE DEEP SEA AMPHIPOD EURYTHENES GRYLLUS K. PREMKE 1,2,*, M. GRAEVE 2 1 Present address: Uppsala Universitet, Limnology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Husargatan 3, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden 2 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany * Corresponding author: [email protected] METABOLIC RATE ABSTRACT. – Laboratory experiments were carried out to measure standard (starved animals) OXYGEN CONSUMPTION LIPID and active (animals exposed to food odour) metabolic rates of the deep-sea amphipod Eury- DEEP SEA thenes gryllus. Six individuals could be kept alive and in good condition in the lab for several AMPHIPOD months and were used for measuring respiration rates. A considerable increase in oxygen con- EURYTHENES GRYLLUS sumption was observed following the addition of food odour. Mean specific oxygen consump- -1 -1 tion rate ranged from 0.11 to 2.05 ml O2 g AFDW h for standard animals and 0.45 to 1.51 ml -1 -1 O2 g AFDW h for active animals. Amphipods are adapted to a sporadic food source in a food limited environment by having two levels of metabolism: a standard (minimal) rate much like a state of dormancy and an active rate for optimal utilisation of food fall. The active rate was three times higher than the standard rate. Total lipid content (ranging from 22.1 to 37.6 % DW) of individuals collected from the Arctic Fram Strait was measured to calculate food energy stores. Oxygen consumption rates can be combined with lipid content analyses to estimate the energy reserves. We calculated that scavenging amphipods such as Eurythenes gryllus have energy stor- age capabilities for long term sustenance, up to 76 d for an active rate and for up to 203 d at standard rate of metabolism. INTRODUCTION The arctic deep-sea scavenging amphipod community is an important energy mediator from carcasses to other One of the most important scavenging amphipods in organisms of all trophic levels (Jones et al. 1998). There- the deep sea is the cosmopolitan lysianassoid Eurythenes fore, this study focused on the conjunction of deep-sea and gryllus (Lichtenstein 1822), which seems to play an high-latitude conditions and its effect on the metabolic important role in biological processes in the deep-sea eco- rates and energy storage capacities of scavengers. It aims system (Desbruyères et al. 1985). As for other benthic or to answer questions related especially to Eurythenes gryl- bentho-pelagic scavengers the impact of any large food lus as a main scavenging consumer in the Arctic deep-sea fall is unpredictable both in space and in time. Food falls ecosystem; providing additional data to the limited amount in the deep sea represent extremely large local energy of information of the energetics of deep-sea communities. enrichment, given mostly low input rates of other organic matter to the deep sea (Smith 1985). When a food fall is available, scavengers must be able to sense its presence MATERIAL AND METHODS almost immediately and locate the food fall directionally and efficiently. Previous studies showed that the scaveng- Sampling and experimental set-up: The amphipods were col- ing amphipod E. gryllus approached a food fall mostly lected in summer 2001 in the Fram Strait, off Spitsbergen, within 30 min and occurred in high numbers (Witte 1999, (79°21’N, 02°59’E) (Fahrbach 2002) with baited traps fixed on Janssen et al. 2000, Premke et al. 2003). Additionally, the a free falling tripod lander at 1468 m water depth where temper- marked seasonality of high latitude marine ecosystems ature varied between –0.5 and 1.5°C and salinity was close to implies that the relationship between nutrition and meta- 34 ‰. Surface water temperature was cold enough (1.5-2.5°C) bolism is of specific significance for many polar organ- to recover animals in good condition. isms, since they must survive long periods without major Generally it is difficult to keep deep-sea organisms in aquaria food supply (e.g. Clarke 1983, Sainte-Marie 1984). at surface pressure and temperature. Eurythenes gryllus is a very Lipids are important, since they have the capability to eurybathic but also an extremely stenothermic animal which is store energy in a very efficient way. As a storage fuel lip- difficult to handle (George 1979). Therefore, only six animals ids are advantageous, because they can be stored in anhy- could be used for measuring oxygen consumption rates of Eury- drous form and represent more energy for less bulk (Gurr thenes gryllus. Other individuals collected alive died in the & Harwood 1991). In the Arctic marine food web lipids aquarium or were not in good condition for measurements. The play an important role to buffer the seasonality of food six animals studied survived up to five months in a cooled circu- availability (Graeve et al. 1997, 2001). lar tank. 252 K. PREMKE, M. GRAEVE Other individuals collected from the traps were used for to keep individuals for a period of several weeks in aquaria. length-weight measurements (n = 948) and lipid analyses During starvation (70 to 148 d) and acclimatisation metabolism (n = 21). of amphipods were going into standard rate. The standard metabolism is defined as a time when amphi- Body mass, length and lipid content: All animals used for pods were unexposed to bait scent (in a state of dormancy, Smith length-weight measurements (n = 948) were fixed on board in & Baldwin 1982) whereas the active metabolism reflects exer- 4 % buffered formaldehyde and 96 % filtered sea water. In the cising activity (exposed to food odour) up to the maximum pos- laboratory, the animals were identified to species level. Sex was sible level of maximum metabolic rate (Willmer et al. 2000). determined by external characters. Specimens with oostegites For each individual Eurythenes gryllus the calculated mean -1 visible under a stero microscope were considered to be females. of oxygen consumption rate (ml O2 h ) and specific oxygen -1 -1 Presence of genital papillae between pereonite 7 and pleonite 1 consumption rate (O2 g AFDW h ) (three to five measure- identified males. Individuals without external sexual characters ments) was determined from the decrease of oxygen concentra- were considered to be juveniles. The length of each individual tion. Oxygen consumption was measured by oxygen microop- was measured to the nearest millimetre from the apex of the todes (PreSens). The sensor consisted of a fiber optic cable sup- head to the tip of the telson under a stereo-microscope while plied with a standard glass fiber plug to a one-channel optode gently straightening the dorsal curvature of the animal (Chris- array (Microx TX3). The sensor end, trapped in a syringe, was tiansen et al. 1990). Presented values are averages of three read- kept in a sensor block. Air and water tightness of syringe in the ings. All individuals were blotted dry and their wet weight mea- block were ensured by double o-rings. The sensor block as well sured individually on a micro balance. as the specifically designed respiration chambers for amphipods The animals used for lipid analyses originated from the same was connected to a closed recirculating flow system. The respi- geographical area (same stations) and belonged to similar size- ration chamber was immersed in a water bath to maintain stable classes as those in the respiration studies. Twenty-one individu- temperature. All data (oxygen saturation, time, phase angle, sen- als of Eurythenes gryllus were lyophilized for 48 h in order to sor number, and control for background lighting) were transmit- determine their dry body mass, followed by extraction in a solu- ted directly to a computer for quasi continuous (every 30 sec) tion of dichloromethane: methanol (2:1) after Folch et al. (1957) data registration. Further, technical details and backgrounds can and Bligh & Dyer (1959). The total lipid content was measured be found in Holst et al. (1997), Klimant et al. (1995, 1997) and gravimetrically after Hagen (2000). For the presentation of the Gatti et al. (2002). Two-point calibration of the optode was per- results, total lipid content was calculated as percentage of indi- formed with all microoptodes connected to the same water res- vidual dry weight (% DW). Lipid values were converted to ervoir. Nitrogen bubbling and air bubbling were used to cali- energy content using the caloric equivalent of 39.58 kJ g-1 brate the 0% and 100% air saturation points, respectively. (Gnaiger & Bitterlich 1984). Twenty hours before experimental measurements started amphipods were individually kept for acclimatisation in 175 ml Metabolic rate: The transport of live specimens to the lab respiration chambers. For every amphipod, three to five repeat- was carried out in refrigerated boxes by plane and animals were ed cycles of oxygen measurements were done.
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