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Dust Bowl Disaster LEVELED BOOK • X a Reading A–Z Level X Leveled Book Word Count: 1,937 Dust Bowl Disaster
Dust Bowl Disaster LEVELED BOOK • X A Reading A–Z Level X Leveled Book Word Count: 1,937 Dust Bowl Disaster Written by Brian Roberts Visit www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. Photo Credits: Front cover, pages 3, 10, 11, 12, 14: courtesy of NOAA; back cover: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, [LC- DIG-ppmsca-03054]; title page (top): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div Dust Bowl [LC-USF34-016263-C]; title page (center): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC-USE6-D-009364]; title page (bottom), page 4 (right): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC-USF34-016109-E]; pages 4 (left), 15: courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC-USF34-016962-E]; pages 6, 7, 13: © Jupiterimages Corporation; page 8: © Everett Collection, Inc/Alamy; page 9: Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, [LC- USF33-011684-M1]; page 16 (top): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC- Disaster DIG-nclc-00681]; page 16 (bottom): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC-DIG-stereo-1s01228]; page 17 (top): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC-USZ62-69109]; page 17 (bottom): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC-USZ62-56051]; page 18 (main): © Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy; page 18 (inset): © The Granger Collection, NYC; pages 19 (left): © Bettmann/Corbis; page 21: © CBS/ Landov; page 19 (right): courtesy of Library of Congress, P&P Div [LC-USZ62-117121]; page 20: © AP Images; page 22: © iStockphoto.com/Marek Uliasz; page 24: courtesy of U.S. -
October to December 2012 Calendar
October to December 2012 DIVISION OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS EVENTS, EXHIBITIONS, AND PROGRAMS EXHIBITION OPENINGS OCTOBER Fall The huge Black Sunday storm—the LOWER EAST SIDE TENEMENT worst storm of the decade-long Dust MUSEUM, New York, NY Bowl in the southern Plains—just before it engulfed the Church of God Shop Talk in Ulysses, Kansas, April 14, 1935. Long-term. www.tenement.org Daylight turned to total blackness in mid-afternoon. From the October to January 2013 documentary film The Dust Bowl PORT DISCOVERY CHILDREN’S airing November 18 on PBS (check MUSEUM, Baltimore, MD local listings). Courtesy,Historic Adobe Museum. Gods, Myths, and Mortals: www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl Discover Ancient Greece Traveling. Organized by the Children’s Museum of Manhattan. www.cmom.org October 1 to January 6, 2013 STEPPING STONES MUSEUM FOR CHILDREN, Norwalk, CT October 10 to December 7 October 10 to November 30 Native Voices: New England UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, CULVER EDUCATIONAL Tribal Families AMHERST W.E.B. DUBOIS LIBRARY, FOUNDATION, Culver, IN Traveling. Organized by the Children’s Museum of Boston. www.bostonkids.org Amherst, MA Lincoln: The Constitution and Pride and Passion: The African the Civil War October 3 to November 2 Traveling. American Baseball Experience LOURDES COLLEGE, Sylvania, OH Traveling. Organized by the American Library October 10 to November 30 Manifold Greatness: The Association. www.ala.org HOWARD COUNTY LIBRARY, Creation and Afterlife of the October 10 to November 30 Columbia, MD King James Bible CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY Traveling. Organized by the Folger Lincoln: The Constitution and Shakespeare Library and the American Library CHANNEL ISLANDS, Camarillo, CA the Civil War Association. -
The Settlement of Blackwood Township, Hayes County, Nebraska, 1878-1907
Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: The Settlement of Blackwood Township, Hayes County, Nebraska, 1878-1907 Full Citation: Robert D Clark. “The Settlement of Blackwood Township, Hayes County, Nebraska, 1878-1907,” Nebraska History 66 (1985): 74-110 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1985Blackwood.pdf Date: 12/05/2013 Article Summary: The first settlers of Blackwood Township mistakenly believed that “the rain follows the plow.” Drought caused them to mortgage and subsequently lose their property. By 1985 descendents of only two of the original Blackwood families still lived in the township. Cataloging Information: Early Settlers: Miles J Abbott, Michael Brennan, Warren Clark, Charley Coburger, Joab Copeland, Angus Crucklaw, Charles Deuter, David Fuller, Oscar Gruver, Dock Gruver, Franklin Hanks, John Heitkamp, John S and Mary Hughes, Ellsworth and Maggie Jeffries, William -
Rangelands the Worst Hard Time
BOOK REVIEW The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl. By Timothy Egan. 2006. Mariner Books, Houghton Miffl in Co., Boston, MA, USA. 340 p. US $14.95. paper. ISBN-13 978-0-618-77347-3. Those discussing future rangeland climates would do well to consider the challenges of the past. For Americans, the drought disaster that most haunts our national imagination is the “Dust Bowl,” encom- passing over 100 million acres of the American heartland just over 75 years ago. A coinage of a clever newspaper reporter, the Dust Bowl was an unprecedented economic, social, and ecological catastrophe that followed close upon one of the most rapid transformations of resilient native rangeland into intensive dry-land agriculture that shortly sowed the seeds of its own destruction. What had once been a vast shortgrass steppe, teeming with huge herds of migratory buffalo, and, for a short interval following, an “open range” (often overstocked with Texas Longhorn), became, with the arrival of the railroads, open to settlement and the sod-busting plow of determined, land-hungry immigrants. “Rain follows the plow!” was the clarion call of the day, and for a couple of remarkable decades of “the Great Plow-up,” precipitation was indeed reasonably reliable; the farms took root, and the com- munities grew and prospered, producing “the biggest wheat crop the world had ever seen” that para- doxically contributed to the market’s collapse. When the inevitable multi-year drought inexorably arrived, much of this dryland domain was bare and exposed without perennial cover; the stage was set for it all to just blow away. -
Journal the Center for Regenerative Practice
SUMMER 2021 JOURNAL THE CENTER FOR REGENERATIVE PRACTICE Field of the Future New Definition of Nutrient Growing a New Crop SUSAN JENNINGS Density Goes Beyond Labels of Regenerative Farmers DAN KITTREDGE AMY HARPER & KAT CHRISTEN CONTRIBUTORS Matan Mazursky, Educator AGRARIA JOURNAL SUMMER 2021 Gabby Amrhein, Megan Bachman, Beth Bridgeman, Jyoti Miller, Database Coordinator Ariella Brown, Caressa Brown, Kat Christen, Scott Montgomery, Webmaster CONTENTS Sheryl Cunningham, David Diamond, Emily Foubert, Pam Miller, Office Manager Rose Hardesty, Amy Harper, Bob Huston, Rachel Isaacson, Teddy Pierson, Asst. Landuse Coordinator Susan Jennings, Dan Kittredge, Jim Linne, Peggy Nestor, Kaylee Rutherford, Miller Fellow An Invitation to Pay Attention— and Thrive, SHERYL CUNNINGHAM 4 Teddy Pierson, Kenisha Robinson, Rich Sidwell, Kenisha Robinson, Farmer Training Assistant What’s In a Name? Cheryl Smith Xinyuan Shi, Americorps VISTA 5 McKenzie Smith, Miller Fellow Field of the Future, PHOTOGRAPHY SUSAN JENNINGS 6 Mark Thornton, Educator Dennie Eagleson, Amy Harper, Rose Hardesty, New Definition of Nutrient Density Goes Beyond Labels, Tiffany Ward, Educator DAN KITTREDGE 9 Susan Jennings, Teddy Pierson, Renee Wilde Joseph Young, Melrose Acres Grant Coordinator Edible Ethics: To Harvest or Not to Harvest, GABBY LOOMIS-AMRHEIN 12 ILLUSTRATION FARMER PARTNER Natural Foods – Native Edible Plants, BY TEDDY PIERSON Bob Huston 14 Jason Ward Black Farming and Beyond, ARIELLA J. BROWN HORN 15 EDITORS COMMUNITY SOLUTIONS Amy Harper and Susan Jennings Farmer -
Redeeming the West Colleagues
Thoughts on “Redeeming the West” Redeeming the West: A History of the Scientific Approach Richard Kohler April 1st, 2013 Dixie State University Colleagues Presentation Albert Bierstadt, On the Oregon Trail, 1867 Albert Bierstadt, Surveyors Wagon in the Rockies, 1859 The pioneers of science in the American West were more often than not those trained in the “art” of surveying. Exploration surveys were funded by Congress, led by military officers (King, Hayden, Wheeler, Ives, Powell), and necessarily included surveyors, photographers and artists many of whom achieved fame in their own right. Thoughts on “Redeeming the West” 1870!! William Hooper before Congress opposing Anti-Mormon bill Thoughts on “Redeeming the West” 1873!! Elizabeth Wood Kane’s Journal!! Elizabeth Wood Kane kept a journal during her stay in St. George, Utah during the winter of 1872 - 1873. ! “She noted that she often felt she was living in an old Syrian world among pastoral folk fulfilling Isaiah’s promise of making a fertile land of the desert plains.” Thoughts on “Redeeming the West” 1879!! Report on the Lands of the Arid Region, JW Powell Thirty years of data concerning climate change were analyzed by the J. W. Powell Survey in 1877. Powell and other government scientists were aware of claims by Mormon settlers that the increased precipitation was a result of their prayerful requests to the Almighty. G. K. Gilbert provided this explanation of the rise of the level of Great Salt Lake over the thirty year period following the Mormon’s arrival. John W. Powell believed that the phenomena was a result of the actions of man. -
Great Plains. in Respiration and Increase in Net Primary Productivity Due Source: Adapted from Anderson (1995) and Schaefer and Ball (1995)
Great Plains Gary Bentrup and Michele Schoeneberger Gary Bentrup is a research landscape planner, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, USDA National Agroforestry Center; Michele Schoeneberger is research program lead and soil scientist (retired), USDA Forest Service, USDA National Agroforestry Center. Description of the Region generates a total market value of about $92 billion, approx- imately equally split between crop and livestock production Extending from Mexico to Canada, the Great Plains Region (USDA ERS 2012). Agricultural activities range in the northern covers the central midsection of the United States and is Plains from crop production, dominated by alfalfa, barley, corn, divided into the northern Plains (Montana, Nebraska, North hay, soybeans, and wheat to livestock production centered on Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming) and the southern Plains beef cattle along with some dairy cows, hogs, and sheep. In (Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas). This large latitudinal range the southern Plains, crop production is centered predominantly leads to some of the coldest and hottest average temperatures in on wheat along with corn and cotton, and extensive livestock the conterminous United States and also to a sharp precipitation production is centered on pastureland or rangelands and inten- gradient from east to west (fig. A.6). The region also experi- sive production in feedlots. Crop production is a mixture of 82 ences multiple climate and weather hazards, including floods, percent dryland and 18 percent irrigated cropland, with 34 and droughts, severe thunderstorms, rapid temperature fluctuations, 31 percent of total irrigated cropland in the region occurring in tornadoes, winter storms, and even hurricanes in the far Nebraska and Texas, respectively (USDA NRCS 2013). -
Planting and Care of Trees in South Dakota E
South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Extension Circulars SDSU Extension 2-1936 Planting and Care of Trees in South Dakota E. R. Ware Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_circ Recommended Citation Ware, E. R., "Planting and Care of Trees in South Dakota" (1936). Extension Circulars. Paper 355. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_circ/355 This Circular is brought to you for free and open access by the SDSU Extension at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Extension Circulars by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extension Circular 356 F'ebruary 1936 Planting and Care of TreeS:in0 J South Dakota Fig. 1.-Large specimen of a Russian olive tree. SOUTH DAKOTA STATE COLLEGE EXTENSION SERVICE A. M. Eberle, Director, Brookings, South Dakota ( South Dakota State Planning Board Board Members Forestation Committee W. R. Ronald, Mitchell, Chairman Robert D. Lusk, Huron, Chairman Robert D. Lusk, Huron, Vice Chair. Walter Webb, Mitchell S. H. Collins, Aberdeen, Secretary A. L. Ford, Brookings I. D. Weeks, Vermillion Theodore Krueger, Deadwood Theodore Reise, Mitchell Robert G. Fair, Huron Nick Caspers, Rapid City Emil Loriks, Arlington Judge J. R. Cash, Bonesteel Theo W osnuk, Aberdeen Dr. P. B. Jenkins, Pierre C. A. Russell, Pierre Dr. James C. Clark, Sioux Falls Dr. Chas. W. Pugsley, Consultant Charles Entsminger, Chamberlain Dr. T. H. Cox, Associate Consultant Charles Trimmer, Pierre Walter Slocum, Researc;h Assistant EXPLANATION OF COVER CUT Fig. -
Research Connects Soil Moisture to Next-Day Rainfall
Research connects soil moisture to next- day rainfall 9 August 2016, by Barbara Moran western United States indicates a higher probability of rain the next day. But surprisingly, the opposite is true in the eastern United States, where dry soil today means more likely rain tomorrow. People have looked at this link between soil moisture and rainfall for a long time," says Guido Salvucci, Boston University professor of earth and environment and co-author of the Science paper. "But we felt like scientists didn't necessarily use the right statistical techniques, and they also didn't have as high quality and long a data set as we had. So we revisited it." Samuel Tuttle (GRS'11, '15), now a postdoctoral Are soil and rain somehow linked? New research in research scientist in civil and environmental Science shows that they are—in a surprising way. Credit: engineering at the University of New Hampshire, cgouin/iStock began the work as a PhD candidate under Salvucci. After completing a project examining soil moisture data from NASA's Aqua satellite, Tuttle decided to take the work one step further. In 1881, a land speculator named Charles Dana Wilber wrote a book called The Great Valleys and "We had this nice satellite data set of soil moisture, Prairies of Nebraska and the Northwest, in which nine years long, every day from 2002 to 2011," he, stumping for western settlement, coined a says Tuttle. He decided to use the data in a new phrase: "rain follows the plow." way, "to diagnose the relationship between soil moisture on one day and rainfall on the next day." The phrase captured a popular theory of climatology—that homesteading and farming could permanently change the climate of the arid West, increasing rainfall and turning the Great American Desert, as it was known, into a verdant paradise. -
The "Great Plains Shelterbelt" and Its Development Into "The Prarie States
(con) THE "GREAT PLAINS SHELTERBELT" AND ITS DEVEWPM!NT iiro "THE PRAIRIE STATES FORESTRY PROJECT" by Lester C. Dunn A Thosis Presented to the Faculty JAN 7 1958 of the School of Forestry Oregon State College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Decree Bachelor of Science March 1914 Approved: Professor of Forestry Table of Contents Pago Introduotion Part One i The'Groat Plaina Shelterbelt" Project I The Inception of the Plan i II. Reasons for the Prorsn 2 III. The Scopo of the Proram Iv. Development of the Project V. The Aims und Pror&n of the Forat Sorvice in the light of the investigations made 9 VI. Organisation of the Sholterbolt Administration when planting was started 13 VII. Work Conzpleted by the "Groat Plaine Sheiterbolt Project" 13 Part Two 15 "The Prairie States Forestry Project" 15 I. The Establishment of the Treo Planting Project on a Secure Basis 15 Ii. The Organization and Provisions of the Now Program 15 Part Three Results of the Plantings Under Both Systems 17 I, General Results 17 II. Specific Results 10 Part Four The Major Difforencea Between the Oriina1 and Present Shelterbelt Planting Programs I. Sise and Location of the Shelterboits 19 II . The Type of Belts to be Planted 19 III. The Permanence of the Program 19 IV. The Distribution of Expense 20 V.. Rho Representation in the Planning 20 Part Five Conclusions 21 Appendix Table i 22 Table 3 23 Table 14 214 Bibliography I NTRODUCT IO' The purposc of this thesis is the presentation of a olear, understand- able review of the original "Great Plain8 Sheltorbelt" and its successor tIThe Prairie Stateß Forestry Project." Due to the rather unfortunate publioity attendant to the announcement of the oriina1 shelterbelt ,1an, and the many and varied ideas pained concerning it, there is often a somewhat confused conception of the entire program in the minds of those who hear "he1terbe1t" mentioned. -
The Shelterbelt “Scheme”: Radical Ecological Forestry and the Production Of
The Shelterbelt “Scheme”: Radical Ecological Forestry and the Production of Climate in the Fight for the Prairie States Forestry Project A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY MEAGAN ANNE SNOW IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. Roderick Squires January 2019 © Meagan A. Snow 2019 Acknowledgements From start to finish, my graduate career is more than a decade in the making and getting from one end to the other has been not merely an academic exercise, but also one of finding my footing in the world. I am thankful for the challenge of an ever-evolving committee membership at the University of Minnesota’s Geography Department that has afforded me the privilege of working with a diverse set of minds and personalities: thank you Karen Till, Eric Sheppard, Richa Nagar, Francis Harvey, and Valentine Cadieux for your mentorship along the way, and to Kate Derickson, Steve Manson, and Peter Calow for stepping in and graciously helping me finish this journey. Thanks also belong to Kathy Klink for always listening, and to John Fraser Hart, an unexpected ally when I needed one the most. Matthew Sparke and the University of Washington Geography Department inspired in me a love of geography as an undergraduate student and I thank them for making this path possible. Thank you is also owed to the Minnesota Population Center and the American University Library for employing me in such good cheer. Most of all, thank you to Rod Squires - for trusting me, for appreciating my spirit and matching it with your own, and for believing I am capable. -
Chalk Bluff Line Camp, Constructed in 1867 by J.W. Iliff. Perspective and Primary Views
History of the Pawnee National Grassland During the early stages of American expansion, the high plains of northeastern Colorado were prime grazing land for large populations of deer, antelope, elk and buffalo. The human population consisted of Indians and a few fur trappers. Before 1850, a fur trader named Elbridge Gerry settled where Crow Creek joined the South Platte River east of present-day Greeley. In 1861, John Wesley Iliff started his first cow camp on Crow Creek. The next year, Iliff established a cow camp approximately five miles down Crow Creek from above the Uhl Homestead to provide beef to the railroad crews and also establish a shipping point to the East. Chalk Bluff Line Camp, constructed in 1867 by J.W. Iliff. Perspective and Primary views. In 1868, he bought $40,000 worth of cattle from Charles Goodnight, who trailed them north from Texas. This established the Goodnight-Loving trail through this area. Goodnight continued trailing herds for Iliff through 1876. By 1877, Iliff's domain stretched from the South Platte River north to the Chalk Bluffs by the Colorado- Wyoming border, and from the mountains east to the present Kansas border. He was the biggest cattleman in Colorado. The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed only 160 acres per homestead, and at least one-quarter (40 acres) of that had to be tilled. Later Acts allowed a total of 320 acres. One of these was the Timber Culture Act, en- acted in 1873, allowing the settler to pick up an additional 160 acres by agreeing to plant 2,700 seedlings on 10 acres, of which 675 should be alive and healthy at the time of final proving, five years later.