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Early Flowers of Bartsia Alpina (Scrophulariaceae) and the Visitation by Bumblebees Kwak, MM; Bergman, P

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Early Flowers of Bartsia Alpina (Scrophulariaceae) and the Visitation by Bumblebees Kwak, MM; Bergman, P University of Groningen Early flowers of Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae) and the visitation by bumblebees Kwak, MM; Bergman, P Published in: Acta Botanica Neerlandica IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 1996 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Kwak, MM., & Bergman, P. (1996). Early flowers of Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae) and the visitation by bumblebees. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 45(3), 355-366. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 29-09-2021 Acta Bot. Neerl. 45(3), September 1996, p. 355-366 Early flowers of Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae) and the visitation by bumblebees Manja+M. Kwak and Peter Bergman * Department ofPlant Biology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren (Gn), The Netherlands and **Department of Chemical Ecology, University of Gdteborg, Reutersgatan 2C, S-413 20 Gdteborg, Sweden SUMMARY Phenology and insect visitation of early flowers of Bartsia alpina, a perennial herb, in a subalpine population in northern Sweden, were investigated to find causes for low seed set in early flowers. Bumblebees are the only visitors of B. alpina; they collect pollen and nectar. Flower phenologies of several bumblebee visited species and their nectar standing crops were measured. Flowering of Bartsia started simultaneously with Astragalus frigidus while Pedicularis lapponica was nearly out of flower. Early blooming flowers of Bartsia received fewer visits than later blooming ones. The large volumes of nectar with a high sugar concentration in early flowers indicate that bumblebees neglect or fail to discover early blooming flowers of Bartsia. Early in the season seven bumblebees species visited Bombus dominant. Bartsia but later on pascuorum was This species was also an important visitor of Astragalus. A rather low percentage of the pollen loads contained only Bartsia pollen, 27-28%, during early and peak flowering of Bartsia. Corbicular loads of B. pascuorum, the most frequent visitor of Bartsia, often contained Bartsia but also contained Astragalus pollen and to a lesser extent Ericaceae pollen (probably of Andromeda polifolia). The large variation in composition of corbicular loads indicated that bumblebees were not faithful to Bartsia only and that several plant species were visited by the same individuals. Bumblebee visitation of Pedicularis in Bartsia and during a single trip may result which lower seed set in heterospecific pollen deposition may Bartsia. Bumblebee visitation of Bartsia and Astragalus during a single trip may not result in heterospecific pollen deposition on Bartsia flowers due to the deposition of Bartsia pollen on the dorsal and Astragalus pollen on the ventral side of the body of bumblebees. Low seed set of early blooming flowers of B. alpina was probably due to low visitation rates by bumblebees. In addition, seed set of early flowers be low due to but this also may heterospecific pollen depositions may occur later in the season if the composition of corbicular loads is considered. After artificial heterospecific pollinations seed set decreased as compared with pure pollinations. ‘Correspondence author. © 1996 Royal Botanical Society of The Netherlands 356 M. M. KWAK AND P. BERGMAN Key-words: Bartsia alpina, bumblebees, nectar, phenology, pollen load, seed set. INTRODUCTION In entomophilous plants, pollen flow and seed set is determined by the visitation rates of insects and theirpollination efficiency. Phenology of both plants and visitors, size and shape of the population and flower density within the population have been demon- strated to be important for visitation rates (Zimmerman 1980; Handel 1983; Rathcke 1983). Visitation of seasonally early flowers when flower density is low and the actual flower population size is small is often unpredictable. According to Thomson (1982) visitation is generally low early in the flowering period, but then increases and remains high for the duration of the flower period. This pattern was observed in Melampyrum pratense (Jennersten & Kwak 1991) and Polemoniumfoliosissimum (Zimmerman 1980). the reversed that flowers received visits than flowers However, pattern, early more later in the found for Viscaria al. and blooming season, was vulgaris (Jennersten et 1988) Phyteuma nigrum (Kwak et al. 1991). Visitation rates and also seed set may change during the season due to competition with other flowering species (Motten 1982; Campbell 1985). The conspicuousness of early flowers may influence visitation rate (Jennersten & Kwak 1991), since pollinators fail to discover early flowers of a plant species that just starts to flower. Low seed set of early flowers can also be caused by the negative effects of heterospecific pollen depositions, due to competition with other flowering species (Campbell & Motten 1985). Deposition of heterospecific pollen on stigmas may negatively influence seed set due to several processes, for example limiting space on the stigma or allelopathic effects on conspecific pollen (Feinsinger 1987). In the and flow of Bartsia a study on mating system gene alpina (Scrophulariaceae), Molau et al. (1989a) found that fruit abortion was highest early and late in the flowering season. Fruit abortion and low seed set could be due to the lack of conspecific pollen during periods of low visitation rates, or to heterospecific pollen depositions due to the switch in the food of bumblebees. In another Molau al. major plant visiting paper et (1989b) emphasized the importance of seed set of early flowers for two reasons: first, seeds produced during low flower density (early and late in the flowering season of a species) are more outcrossed than seeds produced during peak flowering. Secondly, seed production of early flowers contributes largely to the total seed production in B. alpina because seed production of peak flowers suffers extremely intensive predation. of focus the of The aim the present study was to on early flowering period B. alpina to find reasons for low seed set in early flowers. It was hypothesized that competition for bumblebee visitation and heterospecific pollen deposition play a part. Special atten- tion was payed to Pedicularis lapponica (Scrophulariaceae), mentioned as possible competitor by Molau et al. (1989a). MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant species and study site Pedicularis this Bartsia alpina L. and lapponica L. (throughout paper we use generic names for plants and complete names for bumblebees) are perennial, hemi-parasitic © 1996 Royal Botanical Society of The Netherlands, Acta Bot. Neerl. 45, 355-366 BARTSIA FLOWERS AND BUMBLEBEES 357 Table I. Main differences between flowers of Bartsia alpina and Pedicularis lapponica Character Bartsia alpina Pedicularis lapponicalapponica Flower colour Deep purplepurple Light yellow length 19-2019-20mm 15-16mm life time 5-8 ±±1-21-2 daysdays (*) 3-3 ±±1111 daysdays (**) Fragrance Weak Very strong Corolla tube length 16-1716-17mm 9-10 mm Pollen presentation Visible Concealed colour Whitish Light yellowyellow flower grains per 21 600 (*) 55 600 (**) diameter 32 pm 19 pm morphology Tricolpate Dicolpate Nectar (***) volume after 24 h 0-99 ±016 pi 0-43 ±0-10pi production (mean(mean ± SE) concentration after 15-1151 ±0-5% 19-6 ± 1-0% 24 h production Visitors (***) Bombus alpinusalpinus Bombus alpinusalpinus B. balteatus B. balteatusbalteatus B. jonellus B. jonellus B. lapponicuslapponicus B. lapponicus B. B. pascuorum pascuorum B. pratorum B. pratorum *From Molau **from Eriksen al. data in this 1991; et 1993; ***presented as paper. Fig. 1. The flowers of Bartsia alpina (a) and Pedicularis lapponica (b), both with a protruding pistil herbs with zygomorphic flowers. Bartsia has an amphi-atlantic and Pedicularis a circumpolar distribution. A large population of Bartsia was intermingled with Pedicu- laris in the study area. The most obvious difference between the two bumblebee pollinated species is flower colour: deep purple in Bartsia and light yellow in Pedicularis. Other differences important for pollination are listed in Table I; the flower morphology is shown in Fig. 1. The field work was carried out mainly from 22 June to 10 July 1991 during the stay author records continued until in of the first (phenology were 24 July) a subalpine open © 1996 Royal Botanical Society ofThe Netherlands, Acta Bot. Neerl. 45, 355-366 358 M. M. KWAK AND P. BERGMAN field of creeping soil at about 400 m a.s.l. near Abisko
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