DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Five Years of Injury Data with Training Loads and Travel As Co-Variates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Five Years of Injury Data with Training Loads and Travel As Co-Variates INJURIES IN PROFESSIONAL RUGBY UNION: A STUDY OF FIVE YEARS OF INJURY DATA WITH TRAINING LOADS AND TRAVEL AS CO-VARIATES Dr Stephen Kara FRNZCGP / Dip Sports Med / Dip Obs. A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) August 2013 Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS Attestation of authorship ........................................................................................................... 4 Candidate contributions to co-authored papers .......................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 6 Ethical approval ........................................................................................................................ 7 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction, rationale for the studies based on critique of the literature, and structure of the thesis (Preface) ............................................................................................................................. 9 Background ................................................................................................................. 9 Rationale for the studies based on the critique of the literature ........................................ 10 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................ 17 Epidemiological injury data from Super 14 Rugby Union – an observational study over five years (2006-2010) ...................................................................................................................... 17 Overview ................................................................................................................... 17 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 17 Methods .................................................................................................................... 18 Results ...................................................................................................................... 20 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 24 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................ 28 The temporal effect of prior cumulative team training and match-load and acute training load on in- season injury risk in elite contact sports ................................................................................ 28 Overview ................................................................................................................... 28 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 28 Methods .................................................................................................................... 29 Results ...................................................................................................................... 32 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 34 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................ 37 The effect of travel on injury risk – how much is this a factor? ................................................ 37 Overview ................................................................................................................... 37 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 37 Methods .................................................................................................................... 38 Results ...................................................................................................................... 40 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 43 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................ 45 Discussion and conclusions ................................................................................................. 45 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 46 Future directions ....................................................................................................... 46 Key findings .............................................................................................................. 47 References ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 1 .............................................................................................................................. 55 Epidemiological studies from rugby union ............................................................................ 55 Appendix 2 .............................................................................................................................. 70 Summary of studies assessing injury risk as a function of load in contact running team sports .... 70 1 Appendix 3 .............................................................................................................................. 79 Summary of studies assessing the effect of airline travel and sleep deprivation on performance .. 79 Appendix 4 .............................................................................................................................. 85 AUT Ethics Committee approval – October 2011 .................................................................. 85 Appendix 5 .............................................................................................................................. 87 Health and Disability Ethics Committee approval – 22 July 2011 ............................................ 87 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The relationship between training load, training phase and likelihood of injury in elite collision sport athletes. Reproduced from Gabbett1 with permission. ........................ 12 Figure 1.2: Overview of thesis chapter flow. .................................................................................. 16 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Player characteristics (mean ±SD) for five years of rugby union play. ................................ 19 Table 2.2: Match and training injuries per season. ........................................................................... 20 Table 2.3: Injury counts according to playing position per year. ........................................................ 21 Table 2.4: Injury counts for incidence type and mechanism according to playing position (injuries adjusted for the number of playing positions in each positional group). .................... 22 Table 2.5: Injuries according to anatomical site. .............................................................................. 23 Table 2.6: Injury severity by prevalence per year. ........................................................................... 23 Table 2.7: Injury duration (mean ±SD) according to anatomical site. ................................................. 24 Table 3.1: 10-day cumulative smoothed daily team load and acute daily team load (intensity-minutes) over five years (mean ±SD). ................................................................................ 32 Table 3.2: Match and training-related injuries in each season. .......................................................... 33 Table 3.3: Effect of 2 SD of 10-day cumulative smoothed daily load expressed as a factor effect on match-related injuries. ........................................................................................ 33 Table 3.4: Effect of 2 SD of actual daily load and of 10-day cumulative smoothed daily load expressed as factor effects on training-related injuries. .............................................................. 34 Table 4.1: Location, match-related injuries and cumulative smoothed daily team load from 2006-2010 (mean ±SD). ...................................................................................................... 40 Table 4.2: Difference between locations on match-related injury data expressed as a factor effect (using a fixed time constant of 10 days for training load).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Legacy – the All Blacks
    LEGACY WHAT THE ALL BLACKS CAN TEACH US ABOUT THE BUSINESS OF LIFE LEGACY 15 LESSONS IN LEADERSHIP JAMES KERR Constable • London Constable & Robinson Ltd 55-56 Russell Square London WC1B 4HP www.constablerobinson.com First published in the UK by Constable, an imprint of Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2013 Copyright © James Kerr, 2013 Every effort has been made to obtain the necessary permissions with reference to copyright material, both illustrative and quoted. We apologise for any omissions in this respect and will be pleased to make the appropriate acknowledgements in any future edition. The right of James Kerr to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. A copy of the British Library Cataloguing in Publication data is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-47210-353-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-47210-490-8 (ebook) Printed and bound in the UK 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Cover design: www.aesopagency.com The Challenge When the opposition line up against the New Zealand national rugby team – the All Blacks – they face the haka, the highly ritualized challenge thrown down by one group of warriors to another.
    [Show full text]
  • Here We Come 14
    “For anyone who is interested in looking beyond the names, the dates, the half-truths and the mythologies and entering the realm of rugby’s place in our history, this is a must read.” — Chris Laidlaw Rugby is New Zealand’s national sport. From the grand tour by the 1888 Natives to the upcoming 2015 World Cup, from games in the North African desert in World War II to matches behind barbed wire during the 1981 Springbok tour, from grassroots club rugby to heaving crowds outside Eden Park, Lancaster Park, Athletic Park or Carisbrook, New Zealanders have made rugby their game. In this book, historian and former journalist Ron Palenski tells the full story of rugby in New Zealand for the first time. It is a story of how the game travelled from England and settled in the colony, how Ma¯ori and later Pacific players made rugby their own, how battles over amateurism and apartheid threatened the sport, how national teams, provinces and local clubs shaped it. But above all it is a story of wing forwards and fullbacks, of Don Clarke and Jonah Lomu, of the Log of Wood and Charlie Saxton’s ABC, of supporters in the grandstand and crackling radios at 2 a.m. Ron Palenski is an author and historian and among the most recognised authorities on the history of sport, and especially rugby, in New Zealand. He has written numerous books, among them an academic study, The Making of New Zealanders, that placed rugby firmly as a marker in national identity. Contents Acknowledgements 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Out of Your Zone? 21 Years of Travel and Performance in Super Rugby
    Out of your zone? 21 years of travel and performance in Super Rugby This is the Accepted version of the following publication Lo, Michele, Aughey, Robert, Hopkins, William, Gill, N and Stewart, Andrew (2019) Out of your zone? 21 years of travel and performance in Super Rugby. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37 (18). pp. 2051-2056. ISSN 0264-0414 The publisher’s official version can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02640414.2019.1620427 Note that access to this version may require subscription. Downloaded from VU Research Repository https://vuir.vu.edu.au/39253/ 1 Out of your zone? 21 years of travel and performance in Super Rugby 2 Michele Lo ([email protected]) a, Robert J. Aughey (+61 3 9919 3 6329, [email protected]) a, William G. Hopkins 4 ([email protected]) a, Nicholas Gill (+64 274 888 699, 5 [email protected]) b,c, Andrew Stewart (+61 3 9919 5200, 6 [email protected] ) a* 7 aInstitute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; 8 bAdams Centre for High Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; 9 cNew Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand 10 1 11 Out of your zone? 21 years of travel and performance in Super Rugby 12 The extent to which travel has affected Super Rugby teams’ performances was 13 analysed using outcomes of all matches played from the beginning of the 14 competition in 1996 to the end of the 2016 season. Points difference and matches 15 won or lost were predicted with general and generalized mixed linear models The 16 predictors were the linear effects of number of time zones crossed and travel 17 duration based on the teams’ locations for each match and their locations in the 18 previous week.
    [Show full text]
  • The Comparison of Competitive Balance
    International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge Issue 1/2016, Volume 4 DOI: 10.1515/ijek-2016-0009 THE COMPARISON OF COMPETITIVE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPER RUGBY (SANZAR) AND ENGLISH PREMIERSHIP RUGBY: A CASE STUDY FROM 1996-2014 SEASON OR NOT ATTRACTIVE NO PEOPLE NO MONEY Robert KUCHAR1and Andy MARTIN2 ABSTRACT Most sports are attractive because they are almost unpredictable. The more the competitiveness of league teams, the harder to predict the games and as a result, that league will be more attractive. Message is: more attractive leagues= bigger audience= more attractive for sponsorship= more money in sport. Competitive balance (CB) refers to the balance in sport capabilities of teams. The aim of this paper was to compare the competitive balance between Super Rugby league named SANZAR, which consist of three nations (New Zealand, Australia and South Africa) and English Premiership Rugby League in 1996-2014 seasons and compare them. The data were secondary and collected from the final tables. It was used five models in this study: the three-club and five-club concentration ratio (C3 and C5) and C3/C5 index of competitive balance (C3ICB/C5ICB) were used to analyse the data. The less the index C3ICB/C5ICB and C3/C5 are, the more competitive balance is, and conversely. Standard deviation of game results, the ratio of actual and ideal standard deviation wins, numbers of winners and a placement in the k-th place. The results showed that the Salary cap in Premiership League does not work very effectively and the competitive balance is in last few seasons still worst and worst.
    [Show full text]
  • Unexpected Events & Brand Loyalty the Case Of
    UNEXPECTED EVENTS & BRAND LOYALTY THE CASE OF CRUSADERS RUGBY CLUB by Paula Rochelle Ash A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Marketing Victoria University of Wellington 2020 Abstract Prompted by the Christchurch mosque massacres of March 2019, considerable concern was expressed by society around the world, and New Zealand in particular, about anything that might provoke further attacks on Muslims. Consequently, the branding of the Crusaders rugby club in Christchurch came under scrutiny - and became the topic of this research. The research questions were: which brand elements of a sports team would have the greatest impact on attitude to that brand and consequently the brand loyalty; and how will time and an unexpected event change attitudes to a brand, especially the influence of brand elements? Although indications are that sports related brand elements should influence brand attitude and in turn positively influence brand loyalty, this has never been researched against the backdrop of an unexpected event. Adopting a post-positivist approach, a quantitative study was undertaken to answer the research questions. An anonymous online survey yielded 361 usable responses, of which 103 were from Crusaders fans. The analysis was conducted as two studies: (1) the whole participant group and (2) only the Crusaders fans. Study one provided demographic data and consumer views on sports brand elements influencing brand attitudes, either side of an unexpected event. For study two, factor analysis and structural equation modelling provided an indication of the hypothesized relationships between certain brand elements (name, logo, characters, pageantry) and past success on attitude to the brand and thence to brand loyalty.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistics - Super 12 - Page 1
    STATISTICS - SUPER 12 - PAGE 1 1996 Teams Won Lost Draw Log 1st Queensland Reds 9 2 0 41 2nd Auckland Blues 8 3 0 41 FINAL 3rd Northern Transvaal 8 3 0 33 Auckland Blues 45 4th Natal 6 5 0 28 Natal 21 10th Transvaal 3 8 0 16 Top try scorers for series 11th Western Province 3 7 1 15 James Small 13 1997 Teams Won Lost Draw Log 1st Auckland Blues 10 0 1 50 2nd ACT Brumbies 8 3 0 41 FINAL 3rd Wellington Hurricanes 6 5 0 34 Auckland Blues 27 4th Natal Sharks 5 4 2 30 ACT Brumbies 7 5th Gauteng Lions 5 5 1 28 Top try scorers for series 7th Freestate Cheetahs 5 6 0 25 Joe Roff 14 8th Northern Transvaal 3 5 3 22 1998 Teams Won Lost Draw Log 1st Auckland Blues 9 2 0 43 2nd Canterbury Crusaders 8 3 0 41 FINAL 3rd Coastal Sharks 7 4 0 36 Canterbury Crusaders 20 4th Otago Highlanders 7 4 0 34 Auckland Blues 13 9th Western Province 3 8 0 18 Top try scorers for series 11th Bulls 3 8 0 16 Stephan Terblanche 10 12th Cats 2 9 0 14 Joeli Vidiri 1999 Teams Won Lost Draw Log 1st Queensland Reds 8 2 1 36 2nd Stormers 8 3 0 36 FINAL 3rd Otago Highlanders 8 3 0 35 Canterbury Crusaders 24 4th Canterbury Crusaders 7 4 1 33 Otago Highlanders 19 7th Coastal Sharks 5 5 1 25 Top try scorers for series 11th Cats 4 7 0 22 Conrad Stoltz 8 12th Bulls 1 10 0 7 Joe Roff 2000 Teams Won Lost Draw Log 1st ACT Brumbies 9 2 0 45 2nd Canterbury Crusaders 8 3 0 39 FINAL 3rd Otago Highlanders 6 5 0 32 Canterbury Crusaders 20 4th Cats 7 6 0 32 ACT Brumbies 19 5th Stormers 6 6 1 31 Top try scorers for series 11th Bulls 1 9 2 11 Andrew Walker 13 12th Coastal Sharks 1 10 1 9 2001
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of Living with the Consequences Allegations of Racism Within a Professional Rugby Union Franchise
    “TELLING IT AS I SEE IT” - A CASE OF LIVING WITH THE CONSEQUENCES ALLEGATIONS OF RACISM WITHIN A PROFESSIONAL RUGBY UNION FRANCHISE Chantelle Te Haara, Tahirih McLaren-Brown, John Davies Victoria Management School, Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand; email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This case examines allegations of racist selection within a professional rugby union franchise team made by a well known former All Black and sport media personality on a popular TV sporting show. The focal actor’s prominent role as a Rugby World Cup 2011 Ambassador provides a context for a consideration of stakeholder analysis in matters of risk, media and crisis management. It also provides opportunity for consideration of ethical behaviour, and a multi-level exploration of the reaction, and moral and ethical reasoning of a diverse group of political, sporting and other stakeholders. Key words: rugby, racism, Crusaders, stakeholder analysis, ethical behaviour. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Rugby Union and SuperRugby Rugby Union is a global sport played in more than 120 counties at an amateur or professional level. There are two primary versions of the game – played as 15-aside and 7-aside by men and women. The 15s version is played at school, club, provincial and international level – with a Rugby World Cup (RWC) held every four years, with qualifying tournaments played on a continental basis. The game of Rugby Sevens is also played at international level, with an annual World Series of nine two-day competitions contested by national teams playing successively at venues on five different continents.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 - Game Analysis in Rugby Union: a Review of the Literature
    GAME ANALYSIS IN RUGBY UNION by Marcus SB Agnew (BSR) A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfillment of Masters of Health Science Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences February 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Attestation of Authorship................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ii List Of Figures............................................................................................................................... iii List Of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iii Preface............................................................................................................................................iv Background ............................................................................................................................... iv Organisation of the Thesis...........................................................................................................v Chapter 1 - Game Analysis in Rugby Union: A Review of the Literature ..................... 1 Abstract............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Todd Worthy of Henry's Nod for All Blacks Squad
    D2 WEEKENDSPORT Saturday, June 18, 2011 THE PRESS, Christchurch RUGBY Crusaders hosting final in Auckland? It just wouldn’t be right Can the Crusaders in all Eden Park was the franchise’s look elsewhere. He says the many have the wherewithal Wellington? Westpac Stadium Crusaders’ requirements to Christchurch for whom a conscience consider hosting a Tony preferred venue for the July 9 Super rugby final is ‘‘a for an air fare or a ferry has around 35,000 capacity pay match fees of between Super rugby victory would be Super rugby final in grand final should they make different beast’’ to a playoff crossing and hotel accommo- and the capital is cheaper and $97,500 and $165,000 to visiting a tiny ray of sunshine in a Auckland? Smith the last dance. Riach was at match and it needs an arena dation when so many in this easier to get to than Auckland teams for Super rugby playoff fairly gloomy year? I’m not talking about any pains to point out that the of Eden Park’s magnitude. city are facing uncertain for South Island-based fans. matches. After all, the And, what’s wrong with a silly superstitious stuff here; Crusaders weren’t counting This isn’t a time for economic futures in post- This is an extraordinary Crusaders are technically a Super rugby final in Nelson – how it’s wrong to whisper The bald facts their kakapo chicks before parochialism to rear its ugly earthquake Christchurch? season when the Crusaders visiting team, too, now they’re the Crusaders’ second city? about a final, let alone they’d hatched and that it was head.
    [Show full text]
  • Wendell Sailor
    Wendell Sailor Dual Code International football player Wendell Sailor is an exceptional sportsman who is revered as one of Australia’s best dual code rugby football players and one of rugby league’s greatest wingers of all time. During his rugby league career, Wendell Sailor played 19 Tests for Australia, five of which were in Super League, and 17 State of Origin matches for Queensland, three of them Super League. During his time in rugby union, Wendell played 37 Tests for the Wallabies, including the 2003 World Cup final. A charismatic sportsman and an articulate speaker, Wendell Sailor inspires and entertains audiences with anecdotes of the challenges he has overcome and his unique playing experiences. A natural public speaker, he has commentated NRL games for television and regularly speaks at charity and community occasions as well as corporate seminars, product launches and awards events. More about Wendell Sailor: Wendell Sailor’s large frame and bullocking style changed the way wingers played rugby league in the late nineties. His big-money move from the Brisbane Broncos to the Queensland Reds in 2001 created many headlines, as did his move at the end of the 2005 Super 12 season to the New South Wales Waratahs. He has often attracted public attention during his career, none more so than in 2006 after he was found to have used cocaine before a football match. This put an end to his rugby union career as he received a two year suspension from all forms of professional sport. In carrying out his ban, Wendell was heavily involved in charity work and alcohol and drug awareness programs with young people in an attempt to make amends for his actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Scheduling Super Rugby
    Scheduling Super Rugby Mark Johnston School of Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand [email protected] Mike Wright Department of Management Science University of Lancaster, United Kingdom [email protected] Abstract We develop scheduling models of Super Rugby, the existing Super 14 (2006–2010) and the proposed Super 15 (from 2011), and the revised national provincial ITM Cup competition (from 2011). Developing schedules for these competitions involves a large number of competition design decisions and scheduling compromises between team welfare, travel, television, and revenue management. We show that Super 15 addresses some of the complications that arose in scheduling Super 14. The 2011 ITM cup features a very tight scheduling window due to the Rugby World Cup, with 10 matches per team over a 7 week period. The schedules developed show that it is possible to accommodate most of the (assumed) preferences of teams and organisers. Key words: Scheduling, rugby. 1 Introduction Operations Research is playing an increasing role in sport, both in terms of strategy and scheduling (Wright 2009) (Kendall et al. 2010). Scheduling of sports com- petitions is a difficult combinatorial optimisation problem with a large number of conflicting objectives involving travel, team welfare, television and revenue manage- ment. It is very difficult to please everyone involved, or perhaps anyone (Cleaveland Live 2009) (Herald Scotland 2010). Problem description. In designing a new national or international sports competi- tion, there are a number of design decisions that can only be addressed by proposing candidate schedules. In this paper we look at two examples of new and relatively small competition formats planned to begin in 2011: the Super 15 and the ITM Cup.
    [Show full text]
  • Professionalization and Competitive Balance in NZ Rugby Union
    ISSN 0111-1760 University of Otago Economics Discussion Papers No. 0214 December 2002 Professionalization of New Zealand Rugby Union: Historical Background, Structural Changes and Competitive Balance* P. Dorian Owen and Clayton R. Weatherston University of Otago New Zealand Treasury Abstract The transformation of rugby union from an amateur to a professional sport since 1995 has led to significant changes in the structure of the game. This paper documents the changes in the organizational structures that have occurred since professionalization, with a particular focus on New Zealand. We provide a brief historical overview of the development of rugby union in New Zealand, including a discussion of the forces that led to professionalization. We outline the changes that have occurred in the labour market and to the organization of competitions, including the new cross-national franchise-based Super 12 and Tri-Nations competitions and their relationship to the more traditional National Provincial Championship (NPC). The roles and objectives of the various national and cross-national organizing bodies are examined. The main focus is on the degree of competitive balance in the different competitions under the current organizational structure and any effects this has had on the overall performance of New Zealand’s national team, the All Blacks. Current issues of relevance to administrators of rugby in New Zealand (such as financial and competitive balance in the NPC and possible reconfiguration of the Super 12 competition) are also discussed.
    [Show full text]