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Volcanoes of the Portland Area, Oregon

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Volcanoes of the Portland Area, Oregon NI 01 • LIBRARY Laboratory Marine 1-e Oregon State University $CT 0 9 1975 • Vol. 37, No. 9 September 1975 • 411 STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES • The Ore Bin Published Monthly By STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Head Office: 1069 State Office Bldg., Portland, Oregon - 97201 Telephone: [503] - 229-5580 FIELD OFFICES 2033 First Street 521 N. E. "E" Street Baker 97814 Grants Pass 97526 XX X XX X XX X X XXXX X X XX XX Subscription Rate 1 year - $3.00; 3 years - $8.00 Available back issues - $.25 at counter; $.35 mailed Second class postage paid at Portland, Oregon 'X 'X 'X X 'X 'X X' 'SZ 5t X, tir Sr 5Z 'X 'X X 'X 5Z X. X GOVERNING BOARD R. W. deWeese, Portland, Chairman Leeanne MacColl, Portland H. Lyle Van Gordon, Grants Pass STATE GEOLOGIST R. E. Corcoran GEOLOGISTS IN CHARGE OF FIELD OFFICES Howard C. Brooks, Baker Len Ramp, Grants Pass 58 5Z 5Z X 'k X X X, Permission is granted to reprint information contained herein. Credit given the State of Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries for compiling this information will be appreciated. State of Oregon The ORE BIN Department of Geology Volume 37,No. 9 and Mineral Industries September 1975 49 State Office Bldg. Portland Oregon 97201 VOLCANOES OF THE PORTLAND AREA, OREGON John Eliot Allen Emeritus Professor of Geology, Portland State University Introduction In our present concern with possible volcanic activity in the Cascades, it seems appropriate to summarize what we know about past volcanic activity in the Portland area and its possible structural significance. A recent paper (Allen, 1974) noted that several vents and lava tubes on the west side of the Portland Hills represented the westernmost group of large Plio-Pleistocene • Allters of volcanic activity in the Northwest. This, however, by no means suggested the total extent of late vol- canism in the Portland area. Within a 13-mile radius of Kelly Butte (Plate 1) there are over 32 volcanic vents; within c 20-mile radius centered at Troutdale there are 90 volcanic centers. Most of these were originally small cinder cones like Pilot Butte and Lava Butte near Bend, Oregon, but some of them, such as Mount Sylvania in southwest Portland, Highland Butte 10 miles southeast of Oregon City, and Larch Mountain south of the Col- umbia River Gorge, were low, broad lava domes of the type called "shield volcanoes." The densest concentration of volcanic vents lies west of the town of Boring, where 20 centers occur within an area of about 36 square miles. Because of this grouping near Boring, Ray Treasher (1942) first gave the name "Boring lava" to the lava, cinders, and ash which emanated from vol- canic centers in the Portland area within a time span of from perhaps 10 million to less than 1 million years ago (Trimble, 1963). Some, like Bob's Mountain in Washington, may be very young indeed.* • *More exact dating of the Boring Lava is urgently needed. Potassium- argon analyses are very expensive, but even five or six would help to deter- mine the age range. Beeson (pers. commun., 1975) and his students have already determined from geochemical studies that Boring Lava from differ- ent localities falls into at least three types - a suggestion that its extrusion might span a long time range. 145 • O _c w a) 0 0 > 0 o . c >• co 0 0 3 n -c 0) C • — (1) > +- S 0 0) 4— a) 4— VI to O -I- (.1.) 0 < 0 • 0 _c O CI_ if • C(D• U O C O -a, 3 0 v, • — _C (1) . O•_ O E 0 C 'n7 0 (1.) ▪ an O D_ E -a • 0 '6' 0 c 17, O • 0 0 _C 146 Trimble (1963) mapped the areal extent of the Boring lava in the 4fortland area and mentioned (p. 36-42) that it erupted from 30 centers, buave the exact location of only a few vents. Geomorphologic study of irle new 71-minute quadrangles (not available to Trimble) allows fairly accurate location of many of these and also other vents. The degree of assurance attributed to the identification given is indicated by the legend symbols (certain, probable, possible) used on Plate 1. I wish to thank my colleagues at Portland State University for their suggestions while I was writing this paper and for their careful review of it. Types of Volcanoes Depending upon the viscosity of the lava, and, in turn, upon the chemical composition and gas content, molten volcanic material may pro- duce a variety of different landforms (MacDonald, 1972; Williams, 1948). Figure 1 summarizes these variations in form which accompany differences in gas content, viscosity, and composition. As the silica content in the magma increases from basalt to andesite to rhyolite, the violence of the eruption usually increases along with the viscosity in the order presented. The Boring Lava landforms are restricted to types 2 and 3 (Figure 1). e4kype of activity was well described by Foshag and Jenaro (1956) in their •paper on the birth and development of a recent volcano, Paricutin, in cen- tral Mexico. Between 1943 and 1947, the volcano built up to over 1,000 feet and emitted lava flows from its base that eventually totalled a thick- ness of 500 to 800 feet and covered over 10 square miles. Volcanism in the Paricutin area (Figure 2-B) during the last 100,000 years has nearly duplicated what occurred in the Portland area a million or more years ago. Like the northern Willamette Valley, the Paricutin area lies adjacent to a line of great composite volcanoes which extends for 500 miles. Identification Procedures In identifying the Portland area vents on topographic maps, judgments were made as to the degree of erosion of the original landform. For example, relatively recent cinder cones (e.g., Bob's Mountain, No. 9, Plate 1) show a crater outlined by an arcuate ridge, usually lower on one side as the result of breaching by erosion. Within the vent area of a cinder cone, there is •q tly a hardened plug of massive lava surrounded by outward-dipping layer of cinders which are less resistant to erosion than the plug. Upon further erosion, if the plug stood high within the cone, the resistant plug may eventually stand out as a distinct promontory above the lava surround- ing the cone. If the plug did not rise above the lava, erosion of the cone may leave only the dome of lava. The latter is true for many of the Port- land area vents. Since the period of activity in the Portland area lasted for 1 47 `2.ag_211/ pi gifli 441 I 41 ii)J1 i MN/4 li o li4 1 i IIA irst.,. ielll I f• 'fn 4'..4 *04 r * A 'GI munairk pr_.---f ---.i4 wen wain ./...- ' iil d pm ‘ot, •.,,' =.„„-s.•...%,., yrIt „OW 511ii III Ti4 • It4 . cu a 0' ..... C ..- 4,. = 4- 7 ./ ti C V, DC co c . 0o 8 0 0 C ° 'Es o 3 _c –v x .,... o — > N J0 41 k tr, ., U t 9 -o > ..- •• _0 — C.. t v) o - 4s -5 wn.. C2 h E - 0 4- t (1;. 0 c° >c. -0 0 4) 6 402 VI14 0 61.0 -V 0 -C : 0 0 (.) , 0 ->.• I— U D = C0 ...I 0 ...! tr) I z 12o -'2 .., , co .. o E g _c 0 c = 4C" '2 0 b_0 '5 c -1-_ .1.• . LI -c n 3 3 C 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 = 0 • 0 0 0 U 0- -.I = = RI O: /v) / 8 / 6 z .. 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