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Johnny Hodges: an Analysis and Study of His Improvisational Style Through Selected Transcriptions
HILL, AARON D., D.M.A. Johnny Hodges: An Analysis and Study of His Improvisational Style Through Selected Transcriptions. (2021) Directed by Dr. Steven Stusek. 82 pp This document investigates the improvisational style of Johnny Hodges based on improvised solos selected from a broad swath of his recording career. Hodges is widely considered one of the foundational voices of the alto saxophone, and yet there are no comprehensive studies of his style. This study includes the analysis of four solos recorded between 1928 and 1962 which have been divided into the categories of blues, swing, and ballads, and his harmonic, rhythmic, and affective tendencies will be discussed. Hodges’ harmonic approach regularly balanced diatonicism with the accentuation of locally significant non-diatonic tones, and his improvisations frequently relied on ornamentation of the melody. He demonstrated considerable rhythmic fluidity in terms of swing, polyrhythmic, and double time feel. The most individually identifiable quality of his style was his frequent and often exaggerated use of affectations, such as scoops, sighs, and glissandi. The resulting body of research highlights the identifiable characteristics of Hodges’ style, and it provides both musical and historical contributions to the scholarship. JOHNNY HODGES: AN ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF HIS IMPROVISATIONAL STYLE THROUGH SELECTED TRANSCRIPTIONS by Aaron D. Hill A Dissertation Submitted to The Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Musical Arts Greensboro 2021 Approved by __________________________________ Committee Chair 2 APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation written by AARON D. HILL has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. -
Pioneers of the Concept Album
Fancy Meeting You Here: Pioneers of the Concept Album Todd Decker Abstract: The introduction of the long-playing record in 1948 was the most aesthetically signi½cant tech- nological change in the century of the recorded music disc. The new format challenged record producers and recording artists of the 1950s to group sets of songs into marketable wholes and led to a ½rst generation of concept albums that predate more celebrated examples by rock bands from the 1960s. Two strategies used to unify concept albums in the 1950s stand out. The ½rst brought together performers unlikely to col- laborate in the world of live music making. The second strategy featured well-known singers in song- writer- or performer-centered albums of songs from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s recorded in contemporary musical styles. Recording artists discussed include Fred Astaire, Ella Fitzgerald, and Rosemary Clooney, among others. After setting the speed dial to 33 1/3, many Amer- icans christened their multiple-speed phonographs with the original cast album of Rodgers and Hammer - stein’s South Paci½c (1949) in the new long-playing record (lp) format. The South Paci½c cast album begins in dramatic fashion with the jagged leaps of the show tune “Bali Hai” arranged for the show’s large pit orchestra: suitable fanfare for the revolu- tion in popular music that followed the wide public adoption of the lp. Reportedly selling more than one million copies, the South Paci½c lp helped launch Columbia Records’ innovative new recorded music format, which, along with its longer playing TODD DECKER is an Associate time, also delivered better sound quality than the Professor of Musicology at Wash- 78s that had been the industry standard for the pre- ington University in St. -
John Cornelius Hodges “Johnny” “Rabbit”
1 The ALTOSAX and SOPRANOSAX of JOHN CORNELIUS HODGES “JOHNNY” “RABBIT” Solographers: Jan Evensmo & Ulf Renberg Last update: Aug. 1, 2014, June 5, 2021 2 Born: Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 25, 1906 Died: NYC. May 11, 1970 Introduction: When I joined the Oslo Jazz Circle back in 1950s, there were in fact only three altosaxophonists who really mattered: Benny Carter, Johnny Hodges and Charlie Parker (in alphabetical order). JH’s playing with Duke Ellington, as well as numerous swing recording sessions made an unforgettable impression on me and my friends. It is time to go through his works and organize a solography! Early history: Played drums and piano, then sax at the age of 14; through his sister, he got to know Sidney Bechet, who gave him lessons. He followed Bechet in Willie ‘The Lion’ Smith’s quartet at the Rhythm Club (ca. 1924), then played with Bechet at the Club Basha (1925). Continued to live in Boston during the mid -1920s, travelling to New York for week-end ‘gigs’. Played with Bobby Sawyer (ca. 1925) and Lloyd Scott (ca. 1926), then from late 1926 worked regularly with Chick webb at Paddock Club, Savoy Ballroom, etc. Briefly with Luckey Roberts’ orchestra, then joined Duke Ellington in May 1928. With Duke until March 1951 when formed own small band (ref. John Chilton). Message: No jazz topic has been studied by more people and more systematically than Duke Ellington. So much has been written, culminating with Luciano Massagli & Giovanni M. Volonte: “The New Desor – An updated edition of Duke Ellington’s Story on Records 1924 – 1974”. -
The Descending Diminished 7Ths in the Brass in the Intro
VCFA TALK ON ELLINGTON COMPOSITION TECHNIQUES FEB.2017 A.JAFFE 1.) Clarinet Lament [1936] (New Orleans references) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FS92-mCewJ4 (3:14) Compositional Techniques: ABC ‘dialectical’ Sonata/Allegro type of form; where C = elements of A + B combined; Diminution (the way in which the “Basin St. Blues” chord progression is presented in shorter rhythmic values each time it appears); play chord progression Quoting with a purpose (aka ‘signifying’ – see also Henry Louis Gates) 2.) Lightnin’ [1932] (‘Chorus’ form); reliance on distinctively individual voices (like “Tricky Sam” Nanton on trombone) – importance of the compositional uses of such voices who were acquired by Duke by accretion were an important element of his ‘sonic signature’ – the opposite of classical music where sonic conformity in sound is more the rule in choosing players for ensembles. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XlcWbmQYmA (3:07) Techniques: It’s all about the minor third (see also discussion of “Tone Parallel to Harlem”) Motivic Development (in this case the minor 3rd; both harmonically and melodically pervasive) The descending diminished 7ths in the Brass in the Intro: The ascending minor third motif of the theme: The extended (“b9”) background harmony in the Saxophones, reiterating the diminished 7th chord from the introduction: Harmonic AND melodic implications of the motif Early use of the octatonic scale (implied at the modulation -- @ 2:29): Delay of resolution to the tonic chord until ms. 31 of 32 bar form (prefigures Monk, “Ask Me Now”, among others, but decades earlier). 3.) KoKo [1940]; A tour de force of motivic development, in this case rhythmic; speculated to be related to Beethoven’s 5th (Rattenbury, p. -
The Highest Note in the Century Since His Birth, Duke Ellington Has Been the Most Important Composer of Any Music, Anywhere Blumenthal, Bob
Document 1 of 1 The highest note In the century since his birth, Duke Ellington has been the most important composer of any music, anywhere Blumenthal, Bob. Boston Globe [Boston, Mass] 25 Apr 1999: 1. Abstract The late Duke Ellington, whose 100th birthday will be celebrated on Thursday, disliked the word "jazz." As he famously remarked, the only subsets of music he recognized were good and bad. Rather than stress categorical distinctions, Ellington preferred to celebrate artists and works that were, in another of his oft-quoted phrases, "beyond category." The magnitude of Ellington's legacy should be clear to all who can hear, and even to those who can only count. Just look at the numbers. From 1914, when he wrote "Soda Fountain Rag" as an aspiring pianist in his native Washington, D.C., until shortly before his death, on May 24, 1974, Ellington was responsible for nearly 2,000 documented compositions. From 1923, when he first gained employment in New York for his Washingtonians at Barron Wilkins's Harlem nightclub, he kept an orchestra together through boom andbust. The notion of writing for specific individuals as part of an ensemble reached its highest form of expression with Ellington. Rather than simply creating music for a three-piece trombone section, he crafted lines that fit the plungered growl of Joe "Tricky Sam" Nanton, the fluency of Lawrence Brown, and the warmth of Jual Tizol's valved instrument; and he applied this practice to every chair in the band. This led Ellington to collect musicians whose "tonal personality" (another favor-ite image) inspired him, ratherthan those who might simply blendinto an undifferentiated orchestral mass. -
Black, Brown and Beige
Jazz Lines Publications Presents black, brown, and beige by duke ellington prepared for Publication by dylan canterbury, Rob DuBoff, and Jeffrey Sultanof complete full score jlp-7366 By Duke Ellington Copyright © 1946 (Renewed) by G. Schirmer, Inc. (ASCAP) International Copyright Secured. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted by Permission. Logos, Graphics, and Layout Copyright © 2017 The Jazz Lines Foundation Inc. Published by the Jazz Lines Foundation Inc., a not-for-profit jazz research organization dedicated to preserving and promoting America’s musical heritage. The Jazz Lines Foundation Inc. PO Box 1236 Saratoga Springs NY 12866 USA duke ellington series black, brown, and beige (1943) Biographies: Edward Kennedy ‘Duke’ Ellington influenced millions of people both around the world and at home. In his fifty-year career he played over 20,000 performances in Europe, Latin America, the Middle East as well as Asia. Simply put, Ellington transcends boundaries and fills the world with a treasure trove of music that renews itself through every generation of fans and music-lovers. His legacy continues to live onward and will endure for generations to come. Wynton Marsalis said it best when he said, “His music sounds like America.” Because of the unmatched artistic heights to which he soared, no one deserves the phrase “beyond category” more than Ellington, for it aptly describes his life as well. When asked what inspired him to write, Ellington replied, “My men and my race are the inspiration of my work. I try to catch the character and mood and feeling of my people.” Duke Ellington is best remembered for the over 3,000 songs that he composed during his lifetime. -
The Development of Duke Ellington's Compositional Style: a Comparative Analysis of Three Selected Works
University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Master's Theses Graduate School 2001 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUKE ELLINGTON'S COMPOSITIONAL STYLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE SELECTED WORKS Eric S. Strother University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Strother, Eric S., "THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUKE ELLINGTON'S COMPOSITIONAL STYLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE SELECTED WORKS" (2001). University of Kentucky Master's Theses. 381. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/381 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF THESIS THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUKE ELLINGTON’S COMPOSITIONAL STYLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE SELECTED WORKS Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington’s compositions are significant to the study of jazz and American music in general. This study examines his compositional style through a comparative analysis of three works from each of his main stylistic periods. The analyses focus on form, instrumentation, texture and harmony, melody, tonality, and rhythm. Each piece is examined on its own and their significant features are compared. Eric S. Strother May 1, 2001 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUKE ELLINGTON’S COMPOSITIONAL STYLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE SELECTED WORKS By Eric Scott Strother Richard Domek Director of Thesis Kate Covington Director of Graduate Studies May 1, 2001 RULES FOR THE USE OF THESES Unpublished theses submitted for the Master’s degree and deposited in the University of Kentucky Library are as a rule open for inspection, but are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. -
Jazzreach Study Guide.Indd
1906 05/06 Centennial Season 2006 SchoolTime Study Guide JazzReach Hangin’ with the Giants Wednesday, January 25, 2006 at 11:00 am Zellerbach Hall Welcome January 9, 2006 Dear Educator and Students, Welcome to SchoolTime! On Wednesday, January 25, 2006 at 11:00 a.m., you will attend the SchoolTime performance of Hangin’ with the Giants by JazzReach. This study guide will help you prepare your students for their experience in the theater and give you a framework for how to integrate the performing arts into your curriculum. Targeted questions and activities will help students understand the history of jazz and will introduce them to some of the personalities who will be represented in the performance. Please feel free to copy any portion of this study guide. Study guides are also available online at http://cpinfo.berkeley.edu/information/education/study_guides.php. Your students can actively participate at the performance by: • OBSERVING how the musicians play their instruments. • LISTENING attentively to the music. • THINKING ABOUT improvisation and how the instruments relate to one another. • REFLECTING on what they have experienced at the theater after the performance. We look forward to seeing you at the theater! Sincerely, Laura Abrams Rachel Davidman Director Education Programs Administrator Education & Community Programs About Cal Performances and SchoolTime The mission of Cal Performances is to inspire, nurture and sustain a lifelong appreciation for the performing arts. Cal Performances, the performing arts presenter and producer of the University of California, Berkeley, fulfi lls this mission by presenting, producing and commissioning outstanding artists, both renowned and emerging, to serve the University and the broader public through performances and education and community programs. -
Mount Harissa Full Score
Jazz Lines Publications Presents Mount harissa From ‘IMPRESSIONS OF THE FAR EAST SUITE’ Arranged by duke ellington Prepared for Publication by Peter Jensen, Dylan Canterbury, Rob DuBoff, and Jeffrey Sultanof full score jlp-7405 By Duke Ellington Copyright © 1967 (Renewed) by Tempo Music, Inc., Music Sales Corporation All Rights for Tempo Music, Inc. administered by Music Sales Corporation (ASCAP) International Copyright Secured. All Rights Reserved. Used by Permission. Logos, Graphics, and Layout Copyright © 2015 The Jazz Lines Foundation Inc. Published by the Jazz Lines Foundation Inc., a not-for-profit jazz research organization dedicated to preserving and promoting America’s musical heritage. The Jazz Lines Foundation Inc. PO Box 1236 Saratoga Springs NY 12866 USA duke ellington/billy strayhorn series mount harissa [from impressions of the far east suite] (1964) Biographies: Duke Ellington influenced millions of people both around the world and at home. In his fifty-year career, he played over 20,000 performances in Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East as well as Asia. Simply put, Ellington transcends boundaries and fills the world with a treasure trove of music that renews itself through every generation of fans and music-lovers. His legacy continues to live onward and will endure for generations to come. Wynton Marsalis said it best when he said, “His music sounds like America.” Because of the unmatched artistic heights to which he soared, no one deserves the phrase “beyond category” more than Ellington, for it aptly describes his life as well. When asked what inspired him to write, Ellington replied, “My men and my race are the inspiration of my work. -
Duke Ellington American Jazz Pianist and Composer (1899 -1974)
Hey Kids, Meet Duke Ellington American Jazz Pianist and Composer (1899 -1974) Duke Ellington was born Edward Kennedy Ellington in Washington, D.C. on April 29, 1899. His father, James Ellington, made blueprints for the United States Navy. James and his mother Daisy were both pianists. At the age of seven Duke's parents enrolled him in piano lessons. His parents encouraged Duke to practice every day, even though Duke would have preferred to play baseball. Daisy also encouraged Duke to have good manners and elegance. A friend nicknamed him "Duke" because his elegant manner and dapper dress gave him the character of a young aristocrat. In the summer of 1914, Duke wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag, while working as a soda jerk. Soda Fountain Rag was written by ear, however, as Duke had not yet learned to read and write music. Duke's high school music teacher gave him lessons in harmony. With additional tutoring from pianist and band leader Oliver "Doc" Perry, Duke learned to read and write music, develop a professional style, and improve his technique. Jazz musicians were in demand in New York, and by 1923 Ellington had moved there and formed his own band, which he named, The Washingtonians. Musicians and critics were noticing that Ellington's music was special, and four years later Ellington was offered an engagement at Harlem's hottest jazz spot - The Cotton Club. In 1943, Carnegie Hall hosted a concert series with the Duke Ellington and his big band, which had since become named, The Duke Ellington Orchestra. -
Jazz at the Crossroads)
MUSIC 127A: 1959 (Jazz at the Crossroads) Professor Anthony Davis Rather than present a chronological account of the development of Jazz, this course will focus on the year 1959 in Jazz, a year of profound change in the music and in our society. In 1959, Jazz is at a crossroads with musicians searching for new directions after the innovations of the late 1940s’ Bebop. Musical figures such as Miles Davis and John Coltrane begin to forge a new direction in music building on their previous success earlier in the fifties. The recording Kind of Blue debuts in 1959 documenting the work of Miles Davis’ legendary sextet with John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley, Bill Evans, Paul Chambers and Jimmy Cobb and reflects a new direction in the music with the introduction of a modal approach to composition and improvisation. John Coltrane records Giant Steps the culmination of the harmonic intricacies of Bebop and at the same time the beginning of something new. Ornette Coleman arrives in New York and records The Shape of Jazz to Come, an LP that presents a radical departure from the orthodoxies of Be-Bop. Dave Brubeck records Time Out, a record featuring a new approach to rhythmic structure in the music. Charles Mingus records Mingus Ah Um, establishing Mingus as a pre-eminent composer in Jazz. Bill Evans forms his trio with Scott LaFaro and Paul Motian transforming the interaction and function of the rhythm section. The quiet revolution in music reflects a world that is profoundly changed. The movement for Civil Rights has begun. The Birmingham boycott and the Supreme Court decision Brown vs. -
Duke Ellington 4 Meet the Ellingtonians 9 Additional Resources 15
ellington 101 a beginner’s guide Vital Statistics • One of the greatest composers of the 20th century • Composed nearly 2,000 works, including three-minute instrumental pieces, popular songs, large-scale suites, sacred music, film scores, and a nearly finished opera • Developed an extraordinary group of musicians, many of whom stayed with him for over 50 years • Played more than 20,000 performances over the course of his career • Influenced generations of pianists with his distinctive style and beautiful sound • Embraced the range of American music like no one else • Extended the scope and sound of jazz • Spread the language of jazz around the world ellington 101 a beginner’s guide Table of Contents A Brief Biography of Duke Ellington 4 Meet the Ellingtonians 9 Additional Resources 15 Duke’s artistic development and sustained achievement were among the most spectacular in the history of music. His was a distinctly democratic vision of music in which musicians developed their unique styles by selflessly contributing to the whole band’s sound . Few other artists of the last 100 years have been more successful at capturing humanity’s triumphs and tribulations in their work than this composer, bandleader, and pianist. He codified the sound of America in the 20th century. Wynton Marsalis Artistic Director, Jazz at Lincoln Center Ellington, 1934 I wrote “Black and Tan Fantasy” in a taxi coming down through Central Park on my way to a recording studio. I wrote “Mood Indigo” in 15 minutes. I wrote “Solitude” in 20 minutes in Chicago, standing up against a glass enclosure, waiting for another band to finish recording.