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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Die ‚Watch List‘-Entscheidung betreffend Dr. Kurt Waldheim – Rechtsgrundlagen und Immigrationsfallrecht mit NS-Bezug“ Verfasser Mag. Maximilian Schnödl angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. iur.) Wien, im Sommer 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 083-101 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Rechtswissenschaften Betreuerin / Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Ilse Reiter-Zatloukal Meinen Eltern. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungsverzeichnis (Begriffe und Literatur) 9 1. Abkürzungsverzeichnis (Begriffe) 9 2. Abkürzungsverzeichnis (Literatur) 11 Abbildungsverzeichnis 14 Danksagung 15 I. Beschreibung des Forschungsprojekts sowie seiner Methoden 17 1. Die Forschungsfrage(n) 17 2. Forschungsstand und Quellenlage 18 A. Die Watch List-Entscheidung im Lichte der 1987 geltenden Rechtslage 18 B. Die Watch List-Entscheidung im Lichte der von 1987 bis 2007 geltenden Rechtslage 21 C. Rechtsvergleichende bzw. rechtsphilosophische Aspekte 22 3. Angewendete Forschungsmethoden 22 4. Struktur der Arbeit 23 II. Inhaltliche Einführung 25 1. Vorbemerkungen 25 2. Registrierungsmechanismen und Übereinkommen der Alliierten 25 A. Initiale Konzeptionen 25 B. Die United Nations War Crimes Commission 26 C. Das Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects 28 D. Die Moskauer Deklaration und ihre Folgen 28 3. Relevante internationale Rechtsvorschriften in Kurt Waldheims Fall 30 A. Die Nürnberger Charta 30 B. Das Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 10 30 4. Exkurs: Gesetzeslage und Gerichtspraxis in Österreich ab 1945 32 A. Einführung 32 B. Rechtspolitische Zielsetzungen im Jahr 1945 32 C. Umsetzung der 1945 geschaffenen Gesetzesbestimmungen 34 D. Konsolidierung der Entnazifizierungsbemühungen 35 E. Die ab 1948 geschaffenen Amnestiebestimmungen 38 F. Weiterentwicklung der NS-Judikatur nach 1955/57 39 III. Gesetzliche Bestimmungen („Statutory Law“) 45 1. Vorbemerkungen 45 A. Rechtsgeschichtliche Einführung in das U.S.-Einwanderungsrecht 45 B. Der Nationalsozialismus im U.S.-Einwanderungsrecht 46 2. Der Displaced Persons Act of 1948 47 3. Der Refugee Relief Act of 1953 48 4. Akteure (bis 1979): Das Immigration and Naturalization Service 49 5. Akteure (ab 1979): Das Office of Special Investigations 52 6. Struktur des U.S.-Einwanderungsrechts; Einreisebeschränkungen 53 A. Exkurs: Der U.S.-amerikanische Gesetzgebungsprozess 54 7. Interpretation des Holtzman Amendment 56 A. Gesetzesentwürfe 56 B. Hearings des Repräsentantenhauses 57 C. Ausschussbericht des Repräsentantenhauses 60 D. Floor debates und Gesetzesbeschluss 65 IV. Fallrecht („Case Law“) 69 1. Einführung 69 2. Überblick über das U.S.-Immigrationsfallrecht mit Nazi-Bezug 70 A. Chronologie 70 B. Materiellrechtliche Grundlagen 72 2 3. Prozessrechtliche Fragestellungen 73 A. Der Ausgangspunkt: OSI-interne Ermittlungen 73 B. Das staatsbürgerschaftsrechtliche Verfahren 74 C. Das Deportationsverfahren 75 D. Das Immigrations- bzw. Watch List-Verfahren 75 E. Veröffentlichung von Entscheidungen 76 4. Vorgeschichte: Deutscher Bund und Klärung der Beweislastfrage 77 A. Einführung 77 B. Prozesse gegen die Bund-Führung (U.S. vs. Kuhn) 79 C. Vergleichbare Entscheidungen (1942-1944) 82 D. Timing und Beweiswürdigung: U.S. vs. Baumgartner (1944) 82 E. Konsequenzen des Baumgartner-Urteils (1944-1949) 84 F. Parallele zum Strafrecht: U.S. vs. Klapprott (1949) 86 A. Von 1945 bis zur Schaffung einer eigenen INS-Dienststelle 86 B. Project Control Office und Special Litigations Unit (1973-1978) 88 6. Wiederauflebendes Interesse an Nazi-Kriegsverbrechen (1978-1987) 89 A. Richtungsweisende Höchstgerichtliche Entscheidung: U.S. vs. Fedorenko 89 B. Vergleichbare Fälle: Nazi-Kollaborateure in Osteuropa (1978-1987) 94 C. Auf Grundlage des Holtzman Amendment entschiedene Fälle 103 D. OSI-interne Ermittlungen in den achtziger Jahren 110 V. Die Watch List-Entscheidung betreffend Kurt Waldheim 115 1. Vorgeschichte der Watch List-Entscheidung 115 A. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchungen gegen Kurt Waldheim 115 B. Einbindung des World Jewish Congress 116 C. Zunehmendes mediales Interesse 117 3 D. Antrag auf Aufnahme in die OSI-Watch List 118 E. Die österreichische Präsidentschaftswahl 120 F. Weitere Entwicklung der Untersuchungen über Waldheim im Jahr 1986 121 G. Die letzten Etappen der Watch List-Entscheidung 122 2. Analyse des der Watch List-Entscheidung zu Grunde liegenden OSI-Reports 123 A. Eingangsbemerkungen des Office of Special Investigations 123 B. Waldheims Wehrmachteinsatz im „Unabhängigen Staat Kroatien“ (1942) 129 B. (i) Kampfgruppe Bader (März 1942 - Mai 1942) 130 B. (ii) Kampfgruppe Westbosnien (Mai 1942 - August 1942) 131 C. Waldheims Beteiligung an der Operation Schwarz (1943) 134 D. Waldheims Dienst im Deutschen Generalstab in Athen (1943) 135 E. Waldheims Dienst im Stab des Oberkommandos der Heeresgruppe E (1943-1945) 136 E. (i) Beteiligung an der Verfolgung griechischer Juden 138 E. (ii) Rolle in der Verbreitung antisemitischer Propaganda 139 E. (iii) Mitwirkung an der Behandlung von Kriegsgefangenen 139 E. (iv) Beteiligung am griechischen und jugoslawischen Anti-Guerilla-Kampf 140 F. Schlussbemerkungen des Berichts 143 3. Folgen der Watch List-Entscheidung 145 A. Initiale mediale und politische Reaktionen 145 B. Weitere Bemühungen und das Weißbuch des Außenamts 147 C. Die internationale Historikerkommission 148 D. Fernseh-Prozess und Ermittlungen des U.K.-Verteidigungsministeriums 151 4. Die Beweiswürdigung des Weißbuchs, der Historikerkommission, des Fernseh-Tribunals und des U.K.-Verteidigungsministeriums im Vergleich 153 A. Eingangsbemerkungen 154 B. (i) Kampfgruppe Bader 160 4 B. (ii) Kampfgruppe Westbosnien 162 C. Operation Schwarz 165 D. Generalstab Athen (11. italienische Armee) 166 E. (i) Gegen die jüdische Bevölkerung Griechenlands gerichtete Maßnahmen 169 E. (ii) Verbreitung antisemitischer Propaganda 172 E. (iii) Behandlung von Kriegsgefangenen 173 E. (iv) Anti-Guerilla-Kampfmaßnahmen 176 F. Schlussbemerkungen 179 VI. Ausblick und Rechtsvergleich 185 1. Einführung 185 2. Weitere Entwicklungen in Kurt Waldheims Fall 186 A. Veröffentlichung des der Watch List-Entscheidung zu Grunde liegenden Beweismaterials 186 B. Publikation von Waldheims CIA-Dokumenten 189 3. Ausblick: Weiterentwicklung des U.S.-Immigrations- und Staatsbürgerschaftsrechts 191 A. Seit Ende April 1987 bis 1989 neu geschaffenes Fallrecht 192 B. Evolution des Fallrechts von 1990 bis 1999 195 C. Ab dem Jahr 2000 neu geschaffenes Fallrecht 205 4. Ausblick: Weitere Entwicklung der OSI-internen Fälle sowie des Aufgabenbereichs des OSI 216 A. Vorbemerkungen 216 B. Zusammenfassung OSI-interner Ermittlungen nach 1987 217 C. Das OSI und der IRTPA 2004 219 5. Rechtsvergleich: Kanada 221 A. Vorbemerkungen 221 B. Die Rechtslage in Kanada 222 5 C. Schlussfolgerungen 226 D. Folgen 229 6. Rechtsvergleich: Großbritannien 229 A. Vorbemerkungen 229 B. Die Rechtslage in Großbritannien 232 C. Schlussfolgerungen 234 D. Folgen 236 VII. Schlussfolgerungen 239 1. Einführung 239 2. Überblick des in Kurt Waldheims Fall relevanten Sachverhalts 240 3. Beurteilung der Watch List-Entscheidung betreffend Kurt Waldheim im Jahr 1987 245 A. Tatbestandsmerkmale des Holtzman Amendment 245 B. Überblick über die bis 1987 entwickelten Prozessregeln 251 C. Subsumption des in Kurt Waldheims Fall relevanten Sachverhalts unter die Bestimmungen des Holtzman Amendment 254 D. Conclusio 266 4. Evaluierung der Rechtsentwicklung von 1987 bis Waldheims Tod 2007 269 A. Materiellrechtliche Neuerungen von 1987 bis 2007 270 B. Prozessrechtliche Änderungen zwischen 1987 und 2007 271 C. Conclusio 272 5. Rechtsphilosophische Fragestellungen 273 A. Der Watch List-Eintrag einer Privatperson 273 B. Prozessrechtliche Erwägungen 275 C. Rechtspolitische Erwägungen 277 6. Epilog 278 6 VIII. Bibliographie 281 1. Quellen 281 A. Gesetzesbestimmungen und Gesetzesmaterialien 281 B. Relevantes Fallrecht 283 C. Sonstige Quellen 297 2. Literatur 299 A. Historische und juristische Fachpublikationen 299 B. Kommentierung durch Presse und andere Medien 310 C. Besuchte Websites (Auswahl) 313 IX. Anhang 315 1. Zusammenfassung (Abstract) 315 2. Lebenslauf 316 7 8 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS (BEGRIFFE UND LITERATUR) 1. ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS (BEGRIFFE) a. a. O. am angegebenen Ort BIA Board of Immigration Appeals bzw. beziehungsweise CIA Central Intelligence Agency CROWCASS Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects d. h. das heißt D.V.K. Deutsches Verbindungs-Kommando DoJ Department of Justice DoS Department of State DPA Displaced Persons Act of 1948 ebd. ebenda FBI Federal Bureau of Investigations FN Fußnote GAO General Accounting Office Gestapo Geheime Staatspolizei GFP Geheime Feldpolizei H. R. (Rep.) House Report HBO Home Box Office INA Immigration and Nationality Act INS Immigration and Naturalization Service IRO Internationale Flüchtlingsorganisation 9 KZ Konzentrationslager N.S.D.S.B. Studentenbund der nationalsozialistischen Partei Nr., No. Nummer O.D. Ordnungsdienst OKW Oberkommando der Wehrmacht OSI Office of Special Investigations OSS Office of Strategic Services P. L. Public Law POW prisoner of war RRA Refugee Relief Act of 1953 SA Sturmabteilung SD Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS SLU Special Litigations Unit SS Schutzstaffel U.S.C. U.S. Code, kodifiziertes U.S.-Gesetzesrecht U.S.C.C.A.N. United States Code Congressional and Administrative News UNWCC U.N. War Crimes Commission vgl. vergleiche Vol. Volume (Band) WJC World Jewish Congress z. B. zum Beispiel
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  • Introouction

    Introouction

    inTROOUCTIOn On December 5, 1982, an Israeli citizen, Avraham Tory, arrived in Tampa, Florida, from Israel. With him he brought his diary from the years 1941-1944, when he had lived in Lithuania, in the Kovno Ghetto, where the Germans had incarcerated more than thirty thousand Jews. On trial in Tampa was a naturalized U.S. citizen, Kazys Palciauskas, who was accused of having entered the United States shortly after World War II on a false declaration. In July 1941, Palciaus­ kas had been mayor of Kovno, appointed to that position by the German occu­ pation forces, and had acted with the Germans in the mass murder of tens of thousands of Jews. At the time of his entry to the United States, he had failed to mention his wartime position to U.S. immigration authorities. At the outset of his trial, Palciauskas denied that he had ever been mayor of Kovno. Avraham Tory had come to show that this denial was false, for Tory’s diary, about to be presented to the court, was a full, often day-to-day, account, written at the time, of the fate of the Jews of Kovno, including the part Palciaus­ kas had played in their destruction. The diary Tory had brought to Tampa was the original, written in Yiddish in the Kovno Ghetto. Before his journey to the United States it had been authen­ ticated by four survivors of the Ghetto. The first was Lucia Elstein-Lavon, who had been Tory’s secretary in the Ghetto throughout the period during which he had written the diary.