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Endemism, Provincialism, and Disjunc*On Endemism, Provincialism, and Disjunc4on 1 Endemism, Provincialism, and Disjunc4on Major kinds of distribu0on pa2erns: Endemism: the occurrence of taxa with nave distribu4ons restricted to a par4cular geographic locaon (e.g., taxon X is endemic to locaon Y). Endemism can be variable in scale from a small area (e.g., a species of fish that is endemic to a specific lake) to whole con4nents. Provincialism: geographic overlap of endemism across mul4ple taxa. Alternavely, the delineaon of geographic areas with par4cular bio4c characteris4cs based on the dis4nc4veness of species assemblages. Disjuncon: two or more related (usually monophyle4c) taxa or populaons occurring in geographically separated areas (and absent from the intervening area). Note: a single species can be part of a disjunct distribu4on within its family, can be endemic to a specific area, and, along with other taxa endemic to the same area, can characterize provincialism for that area 2 Endemism, Provincialism, and Disjunc4on Outline of topics in this secon: Endemism Provincialism Disjuncon 3 Endemism Examples: Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi) Pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) 4 Endemism Endemism is typically hierarchical (or nested): Kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice, and pocket mice (family: Heteromyidae) are endemic to southwestern North America, Central America, and extreme northwestern South America. Within Heteromyidae, kangaroo mice (genus: Microdipodops) are endemic to the Great Basin Desert region in western North America Within Microdipodops, the pale kangaroo mouse (M. pallidus) is endemic to the sandy habitats of the Lahontan Trough in south-central Nevada. Within M. pallidus, there are two separate mitochondrial DNA lineages endemic to the western and eastern por4ons of the range. 5 (from Hafner et al. 2008) Endemism Endemics can be classified by their locaon of origin: Autoendemics: evolved in an area Alloendemics: originated somewhere within their current distribu4on. else, dispersed to their current locality and subsequently have gone ex4nct elsewhere. Also known as relicts. 6 Endemism Endemism can be related to long-term temporal paerns of diversity: Taxonomic relicts: remnants of, at Biogeographic relicts: taxa that at one one 4me, a much more diverse taxon. 4me had much wider geographic (e.g., coelacanth) distribu4ons. (e.g., lungfish) 7 Endemism Endemism may have originated recently or long ago: Neoendemics: endemics of recent Paleoendemics: endemics that origin (e.g., s4ckleback bethic and originated long ago (e.g., Olympic limne4c species pairs) mudminnow) 8 Provincialism Endemic taxa in different groups of organisms tend not to be randomly distributed, but rather tend to co-occur in specific areas. Provincialism: geographic overlap of endemism across mul4ple taxa. Or, the delineaon of geographic areas with par4cular bio4c characteris4cs based on the dis4nc4veness of species assemblages. Generally, provinces fit into a hierarchy of areas of endemism: Realms (terrestrial or marine) Regions (recall Sclater’s zoogeographic regions) Subregions Provinces Districts 9 Provincialism Concordance suggests common historical events have shaped biotas within a given area (e.g., geological, climatological or oceanographic events). Example: 91% of Australian mammal species are endemic to Australia (compared to 19% for the holarc4c). Long term isolaon of Australia from other landmasses has probably driven high degree of endemism. 10 Provincialism Concordance suggests common historical events have shaped biotas within a given area (e.g., geological, climatological or oceanographic events). Example: High degree of endemism in the North American Great Basin. 11 Provincialism Provinces, like regions, may be separated by biogeographic lines 12 (from Miller 1966) Provincialism Provinces, like regions, may be separated by biogeographic lines Freshwater fish provinces of Middle America, showing numbers of families, genera, and species of freshwater fishes in each area (from Miller 1966). 13 Provincialism Marine provincialism is generally less well developed than terrestrial. Higher connec4vity among marine habitats, plus high dispersal poten4al for many marine organisms during par4cular life stages (e.g., planktonic larvae in fish and invertebrates). Spalding et al. (2007) classified the world’s con4nental shelves into a nested system of 12 realms (colours), 62 provinces (numbers), and 232 ecoregions. 14 Provincialism Marine provincialism is generally less well developed than terrestrial. (Barber et al. 2000) 15 Provincialism Provinces may be defined by geographic features and paerns of diversity, irrespecve of endemism. Fish faunal regions of Canada based on similarity of species between secondary watersheds. (from N.E. Mandrak) 16 Provincialism Provinces may be defined by geographic features and paerns of diversity, irrespecve of endemism. Recall Amazonian ecoregions, which are divided by large river systems and also delineate range limits across species groups Disjuncon Disjuncons can occur at any spaal scale e.g., Lepidosireniformes (lungfishes) in South America, Africa, and Australia. 18 Disjuncon Disjuncons can occur at any spaal scale e.g., Cudhroat trout in western North America. 19 Disjuncon Three potenal causes of disjuncon: 1. Vicariance Flightless birds 20 Disjuncon Three potenal causes of disjuncon: 2. Exncons Tailed frog (Ascaphus truei) Cudhroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) Both taxa associated with high-gradient streams in mesic forests. This habitat disappeared with climate change following glacial retreat (now xeric). 21 Disjuncon Three potenal causes of disjuncon: 3. Long distance dispersal Galaxias, aka inanga (Galaxias spp.) Origin likely in New Zealand 23 mya. (from McDowall 2002) 22 Disjuncon The noon of disjuncon relies on the idea that taxa are closely related. e.g., Freshwater crayfish (from Crandall et al. 2000): 23 Endemism, Provincialism, and Disjunc4on References for this sec0on: Barber, P.H., et al. 2000. A marine Wallace's Line? Nature 406: 692-693. Crandall, K.A., D.j. Harris, and j.W. Fetzner jr. 2000. The monophyle4c origin of freshwater crayfish es4mated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 267: 1679-1686. Hafner, J.C., et al. 2008. Phylogeography of the pallid kangaroo mouse, Microdipodops pallidus: a sand-obligate endemic of the Great Basin, western North America. J. Biogeography 35: 2102–2118. Lomolino, M.V., B.R. Riddle, R.j. Whidaker, & j.A. Brown. 2010. Biogeography (4th ed., Chapter 2). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. McDowall, R.M. 2002. Accumulang evidence for a dispersal biogeography of southern cool temperate freshwater fishes. J. Biogeography 29: 207-219. Miller, R.R. 1966. Geographical distribu4on of Central American freshwater fishes. Copeia 4: 773-802. Rahel, F.j. 2000. Homogenizaon of fish faunas across the United States. Science 288: 854-855. Spalding, M.D., et al. 2007. Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalizaon of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57(7): 573-583. Taylor, E.B. 2004. An analysis of homogenizaon and differen4aon of Canadian freshwater fish faunas with an emphasis on Bri4sh Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61: 68-79. 24 .
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