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Full Article in the European Journal of Palliative Perspective From pioneer days to implementation: lessons to be learnt Mary Baines reflects on the pioneering days of palliative care, when she worked with Cicely Saunders at St Christopher’s Hospice, in an article reproducing the talk she gave in Lisbon last May at the 12th Congress of the European Association for Palliative Care want to start by showing you this Cicely Saunders photograph of Cicely Saunders, and I am in 2001, four years before I grateful to Avril Jackson, previously of the her death Hospice Information Service,* for it. I like it because of her smile and because it shows her still at work – in fact giving prizes to hospice staff – though it was taken in 2001 when she N O S was 83, just four years before her death. k C A J L I Cicely Saunders was, of course, the founder R V A F O of St Christopher’s Hospice in London and she Y S E T is generally recognised as the founder of the R U O palliative care movement. C She trained as a nurse, then as a social worker, and it was then that she met David these patients would have been scattered – in Tasma, a young Polish Jew, who was dying of various hospital wards or at home. There were cancer. It was through her friendship with a few hospices, mostly opened around 1900. him that God called her to devote her life to The patients in them received excellent improving the care of the dying – a most nursing and spiritual care but there was neglected group. She then trained in medicine minimal medical input, for it was generally and that was where I met her – we were believed that the doctor’s role was to cure. contemporaries at medical school. These patients were, of course, incurable. I wish, for your sake, that she could have I was a medical student at St Thomas’s given this talk on pioneering days. But this Hospital in London in the same year as Cicely talk will be full of what she taught me and Saunders. She was much older than the rest of countless others. It is dedicated to her, Dame us, having been a nurse and a social worker. Cicely Saunders – an honour given by Her When St Christopher’s opened, I was working Majesty the Queen – the founder of our as a part-time general practitioner. Cicely specialty and my dear friend. asked me to join her on the staff and, very fearfully, I did. Medical friends said it was The beginning professional suicide. When Cicely Saunders opened I found myself entering a branch of medicine St Christopher’s in 1967 she brought together, with no books or conferences. Symptom for the first time in the world, a large number control was contained in a single sheet entitled of patients with terminal illness and staff who Drugs most commonly used at St Christopher’s were committed to discover and then teach Hospice, which was given to all staff. Yet, the best ways of caring for them. Previously I suggest, this sheet contains the single most EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE CARE, 2011; 18(5) 223 Perspective important advance in end-of-life care that has to be on diamorphine. Those who were sick ever been made. It comes, of course, from and drowsy we judged to be on morphine. In Cicely herself. To understand its importance, fact, we were right 50% of the time! The trial we have to go back to medical practice in the was then started with 700 patients entering 1950s and 1960s, when it was generally over two years. On completion, when the data believed that strong opioids were only effective were analysed, they showed that there was no when given by injection and that tolerance significant difference between them. 2 Cicely and addiction would inevitably occur if they Saunders’ impression was wrong. Of course, were given regularly. So, in practice, patients we too have impressions but, like her, we were given injections of morphine but only should be keen to have them tested out – even when their pain became unbearable. if we too are proved wrong. If you had joined our ward round in the The revolution in symptom control early years, you would have found that the Cicely Saunders had seen the value of regular most common word used was ‘why’. ‘Why is oral morphine in a small London home for this patient having this particular pain?’; the dying that she often visited. After ‘Why has his breathlessness suddenly become qualifying, she obtained a research much worse?’; and, relating to my own special scholarship to study pain control in terminal interest, ‘Why has this patient with proven illness and she went to St Joseph’s Hospice , intestinal obstruction stopped vomiting?’. where she was allowed to put her ideas into This last question was fascinating. We practice. She was permitted only four patients admitted many patients who had had an to start with because of the fear that regular ‘open and close’ operation for intestinal giving caused addiction! But, to the surprise obstruction and nothing could be done. We and delight of the staff, these patients became treated them simply, with a combination of So the practice painfree and remained alert. So the practice of analgesics, anti-emetics and antispasmodics of giving a giving a strong opioid by mouth, regularly and with no nasogastric tube, and the vomiting strong opioid in adequate doses became accepted at the either stopped or was reduced to once a day by mouth, hospice. When Cicely Saunders left with no nausea. In addition, sometimes, after regularly and St Joseph’s, she had carefully documented weeks, the bowels opened. Why was this? in adequate records of over 1,000 patients dying of What was happening? It had never been doses became cancer – quite a series. The first research described before. accepted at project in what was to become palliative care. 1 Fortunately, when St Christopher’s was the hospice The strong opioid used at St Christopher’s at designed, Cicely Saunders included a post- the beginning and listed in the hospice’s mortem room and we had a senior symptom control leaflet is diamorphine or pathologist, Richard Carter, from the Royal heroin, because it was widely believed to be Marsden Hospital, who came to perform superior to morphine, giving better pain limited symptom-directed post-mortems. control with fewer side-effects. Cicely Some of you here today attended them. Saunders herself said ‘Diamorphine does the I wonder if you, like me, remember that they greatest good to the greatest number’. But she mostly seemed to happen on a Saturday also knew that this was only her impression morning! The first 63 autopsies were written and had never been researched. And so she up in the first edition of the journal Palliative invited Robert Twycross to join Medicine .3 Eighteen autopsies were in St Christopher’s as a research fellow to connection with our study of patients with conduct studies into many aspects of pain malignant intestinal obstruction and, in each control, including a comparison between case, the obstruction was confirmed, with morphine and diamorphine given orally. 14 patients showing it at multiple sites. This Because of the strongly held belief that study, with 40 patients, was published in The diamorphine was the better drug, the only Lancet in 1985. 4 [It included the 18 autopsied ethical way to proceed was to do a pilot study patients and 22 on which it was not possible first. Half the patients were given morphine or not appropriate to conduct post-mortems.] and half diamorphine, and people like me I hope that, if I joined your ward round next were asked to guess which drug they were on. week, I would often hear the question ‘why?’. Not surprisingly, everyone who had good pain The hospice’s symptom control leaflet has control with minimal side-effects we guessed grown into the Oxford Textbook of Palliative 224 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE CARE, 2011; 18(5) Perspective of life. The physical component usually needs Mary Baines treatment with appropriate drugs, given worked for many years alongside regularly. Helping the emotional and social Cicely Saunders at components of pain involves recognising and St Christopher’s treating anxiety and depression when they are Hospice; she was present, and spending time with patients and one of the founders of the families, encouraging them to talk and ask first UK palliative questions, and giving kind but truthful home care service answers. Spiritual pain may be due to guilt about the past or a fear of what happens after death. It was explored with all patients on admission by asking about the importance (or not) of faith, so that spiritual anxieties could be addressed. Time will not allow me to mention all the dimensions of total pain that were studied in the pioneer days but I will highlight just two. One important early study conducted by Professor John Hinton compared the experience of care of patients in the radiotherapy ward of a teaching hospital with those who were receiving hospice care either as an inpatient or at home, looking especially at levels of anxiety and depression. 6 Perhaps the best known of early studies are the work and writings of Colin Murray Parkes on bereavement. He had met Cicely Saunders before St Christopher’s opened and she H C U R B invited him to start a bereavement service D A R S from the beginning. Colin developed an A k U L F assessment card to be filled in after death by O Y S E T the staff member who knew the family best.
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