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Fire and Road Disturbance Impacts on Forest Plant Species and Seed Rain in Table Mountain Fire Arai, Kittitas County, Washington

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Fire and Road Disturbance Impacts on Forest Plant Species and Seed Rain in Table Mountain Fire Arai, Kittitas County, Washington Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Spring 2019 Fire and Road Disturbance Impacts on Forest Plant Species and Seed Rain in Table Mountain Fire Arai, Kittitas County, Washington Jonathan A. Betz Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the Botany Commons, Forest Management Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Other Forestry and Forest Sciences Commons, Other Plant Sciences Commons, Plant Biology Commons, and the Weed Science Commons Recommended Citation Betz, Jonathan A., "Fire and Road Disturbance Impacts on Forest Plant Species and Seed Rain in Table Mountain Fire Arai, Kittitas County, Washington" (2019). All Master's Theses. 1254. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1254 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FIRE AND ROAD DISTURBANCE IMPACTS ON FOREST PLANT SPECIES AND SEED RAIN IN TABLE MOUNTAIN FIRE AREA, KITTITAS COUNTY, WASHINGTON __________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ___________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Biological Sciences ___________________________________ by Jonathan A. Betz June 2019 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Jonathan A. Betz Candidate for the degree of Master of Science APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY ______________ _________________________________________ Dr. Paul James, Committee Chair ______________ _________________________________________ Dr. Mary Poulson ______________ _________________________________________ Dr. Robert Hickey ______________ _________________________________________ Dr. Eric Graham ______________ _________________________________________ Dean of Graduate Studies ii ABSTRACT FIRE AND ROAD DISTURBANCE IMPACTS ON FOREST PLANT SPECIES AND SEED RAIN IN TABLE MOUNTAIN FIRE AREA, KITTITAS COUNTY, WASHINGTON by Jonathan A. Betz June 2019 Forest communities are in a constant state of change. Disturbance events can alter the physical landscape and create conditions favorable to some species while negatively impacting others. Fire has been a natural, reoccurring source of disturbance in Pacific Northwest forests. Over the past centuries the fire paradigm has changed in favor of fire suppression. Forest roads permit access provide greater access but further fracture forest community’s continuity. The 2012 Table Mountain Fire and road influence have altered the plant community’s seed rain and vegetation. This study measured dispersed seeds and understory vegetation cover as functions of roads and fire intensity. Significantly more wind dispersed seeds were collected in high intensity fire sites. The peak in seed release was later and more pronounced in the high intensity sites. Road proximity did not significantly affect the seed rain; however nonwind dispersed seeds were significantly higher near the road edge. Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) accounted for nearly 48% of the seed rain. When fireweed, the dominant species in both the vegetation cover and the seed rain, was excluded from the total seed rain, there was more seed rain in samples collected nearest to the road edge when compared to other distances from the road, there iii was no significant difference between the seed rain in sites with differing fire intensity, and the peak seed release in the phenology did not differ between fire intensities. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for the opportunity to complete this research project as I carry out my duties as a science technician for the Department of Biological Sciences at Central Washington University. This project was conceived through the previous, collaborative work of Dr. Tom Cottrell. His encouragement and guidance were instrumental in getting the project off the ground. I’m thankful for my committee members: Drs. Paul James, Mary Poulson, Bob Hickey and Eric Graham. They all have helped focus and refine this work. My fellow graduate students who spanned several cohorts have served as encouragers and examples. Notably Zach Lessig, Mark Young, and Brandon Rossi all were of support through the process. The biology department’s faculty and staff have all been understanding through my non-traditional graduate studies route. My family members, especially my wife Andrea, have given me motivation and purpose through the ‘countless’ hours of counting seeds. It was a delight to share my field time with my three sons: Noah, Levi, and Peter, who served as junior research assistants. Dr. Tom Cottrell, Dr. Raymon Donahue, Emil Babik, William Snelson, and Matthew Merz all generously offered their time in the scouting sites, field installing funnels, or sampling vegetation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1 Ecological Disturbance ........................................................................1 Fire Disturbance in Pacific Northwest Forests.......................................1 Fire History in the Pacific Northwest ....................................................2 Road Effects in the Forest Ecosystem ...................................................6 Study Aim and Research Question ........................................................9 Hypotheses ...........................................................................................9 II METHODS .............................................................................................. 10 Study Area.......................................................................................... 10 Site Selection ...................................................................................... 11 Seed Rain Collection .......................................................................... 14 Vegetation Cover Sampling ................................................................ 16 Data Processing .................................................................................. 18 Climate Comparison ........................................................................... 19 III RESULTS ................................................................................................ 22 Vegetation Cover ................................................................................ 22 Seed Rain Overview ........................................................................... 25 Road Proximity Analyses ................................................................... 32 Comparison of Vegetation and Seed Rain ........................................... 34 IV DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 36 Vegetation Cover ................................................................................ 36 Response to Fire by Individual Species ............................................... 37 Seed Rain ........................................................................................... 39 Road Proximity .................................................................................. 42 Hypotheses Revisited ......................................................................... 43 Study Limitations ............................................................................... 43 Applications for Land Management .................................................... 44 Climate Change Implications .............................................................. 47 Summary of Main Conclusions ........................................................... 48 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Chapter Page REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 49 APPENDIX ............................................................................................. 55 Appendix A - Select Seed Rain Reference Images .............................. 55 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Mean percent values for dominant vegetation cover species ..................... 24 2 Dominant 15 plant species found in the total seed rain. Each of these species accounted for greater than 1% of the total seed rain collected. .................................................................................................. 27 3 ANOVA results for seed rain dispersal (wind dispersed and non-wind dispersed) and distance from road factors. ................................................ 28 4 ANOVA results for seed rain by distance from the road and native status factors ............................................................................................ 30 5 ANOVA results for seed rain by distance from road and fire treatment factors. ..................................................................................................... 31 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Plant modes of colonization: novel seed rain, germination of seeds in the seed bank, and resprouting from underground tissues. ................................4 2 A model for the dynamic interplay of roads with the biotic and abiotic inputs and outputs in a forest system. .........................................................8 3 Study site locations on Table Mountain Fire Area. 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