DOCSLIB.ORG

Competency of Professional Lawyers: an Innovative Model of National Professional Development for Free Movement in the Asean Economic Community

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Competency of Professional Lawyers: an Innovative Model of National Professional Development for Free Movement in the Asean Economic Community International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 7, July 2020, pp. 544-555, Article ID: IJM_11_07_050 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.7.2020.050 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed COMPETENCY OF PROFESSIONAL LAWYERS: AN INNOVATIVE MODEL OF NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR FREE MOVEMENT IN THE ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY Paseuth Savangdy Faculty of Business Administration, North – Chiang Mai University, Thailand Phithagorn Thanitbenjasith Faculty of Business Administration, North – Chiang Mai University, Thailand ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to examine the competency of professional lawyers in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) nowadays and present the competency model of professional lawyers in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos PDR) in order to support the ASEAN Economic Community. The population who are informants consists of 2 groups which are the group of people giving information about the competency of professional lawyers in Lao PDR and the group of people giving examination and certification of competency model of professional lawyers in order to support the ASEAN Economic Community. Data were collected by using questionnaires as an in-depth interview tool. The results show that the competency model of professional lawyers in order to support the AEC consists of the core competency, professional competency and AEC perspective competency of professional lawyers. All 3 types of competencies will be an important pattern for the development of professional lawyers in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) to be ready and able to develop themselves appropriately, being in accordance with the needs and necessities as well as being able to professionally work as a lawyer both in the country and in the ASEAN region. Key words: ASEAN Economic Community, Competency Development, Professional Lawyers, Lao PDR Cite this Article: Paseuth Savangdy and Phithagorn Thanitbenjasith, Competency of Professional Lawyers: An Innovative Model of National Professional Development for Free Movement in the Asean Economic Community, International Journal of Management, 11(7), 2020, pp. 544-555. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=7 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 544 [email protected] Competency of Professional Lawyers: An Innovative Model of National Professional Development for Free Movement in the Asean Economic Community 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Background and significance of the modern economic development trend that uses technology and knowledge as the basis for development, causing each country to hurry to prepare and create the mechanism for human resource development in order to be able to adjust and step forward to the new economy system quickly. It is to be a strong foundation for strengthening the competency and competitiveness of the country (Edvinsson & Malone, 1997; O'Sullivan, 2000), not even the 10 ASEAN countries, including Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia who have established an economic cooperation organization in ASEAN which leads to grouping of members called "ASEAN Community" under the cooperation framework of 3 pillars, namely ASEAN Political-Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. By integrating these groups, Asia has become one of the 3 important economic regions in the world which has a total population of over 580 million people and gross domestic product (GDP) is more than 1.7 trillion US dollars. At the same time, every member country is alert and develop personnel in every sector to be more prepared because human resources can be considered as an important basic factor and a factor that creates the country's competitive advantage (Roos, Pike & Fernstrom, 2005; Ulrich & Dulebohn, 2015). Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a member of the ASEAN Community with the economic growth rate of the country that is continuously growing, as the value of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country between 2015-2017 was at 7.0 percent while the average inflation rate was at 3.2 percent. It is expected to continue growing in accordance with the country's economic structure (IMF, 2018), which is based on the mining industry, electricity and water power. In addition, the government party of the country has supported foreign investment with a special economic zone, which is an opportunity to expand investment into a wider market for foreign investors. It is to stimulate the country's economy and change it from a resource base to the diversity management for becoming a modern industrial country according to national development strategies in order to liberate the country from being the least developed country by 2020 (IPD, 2018). However, the integration of the cooperation framework within the ASEAN Community results in a region to have high competitiveness as well as the member countries to have the economic, society and culture progress which is created by greater cooperation and trade between them. One of the pillars of cooperation that is important and affecting the economy of Laos now is the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) (ASEAN, 2012). Although economic integration is based on coordination of member countries for benefits as having the same markets and production bases and there is free movement of goods, services, investments, skilled labor and free capital movements, but the operation is still under the legal process of the country and between countries. It is adopted as a framework for solving business conflicts that may occur (DFDL, 2015). In addition, Lao PDR does not allow foreigners to practice lawyers and with the Law NO.10 / NA Law on Lawyers, which states that foreign lawyers do not have legal rights to consult the law of Laos and prosecute in the court of Lao (Nichibenren, 2016). However, the foreign law firm that employs Lao lawyers can provide legal advice to Laos and prosecute in Lao courts through Lao lawyers. Therefore, if Lao PDR does not prepare personnel to support economic liberalization, it may affect the credibility of investors who see opportunities from the potential of Lao PDR on the business in many areas. Especially human resources that provide professional services such as a professional lawyer who is involved in carrying out legal activities on the basis of economic integration and free movement in member countries. As a result, those who practice such http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 545 [email protected] Paseuth Savangdy and Phithagorn Thanitbenjasith professions have to be especially skilled in order to enter the fiercer competition in ASEAN (Torraco & Swanson1995; Hassan, 2007). However, from a preliminary study by the Lawyer Council of Lao PDR which considers the fundamental of the operation of lawyers in Lao PDR, was found that lawyers in Lao PDR still have issues that need to be considered urgently which are researching, creating and developing training courses for lawyers that are not yet a true course. Some lawyers lack the knowledge, ability and experience to be a lawyer or lack of professionalism because some of them are not just lawyers, they have only had the justice works (Lawyers Council of Laos, 2017). In addition, professional lawyers lack the development of professional standards comparable to other countries including special characteristics of professions that require language to communicate in order to understand the content and interpretation of the law, domestic legal consultations, international legal consultations and court litigation (Nichibenren, 2016) which must be developed to be equipped with the knowledge, ability and qualification to be professional. Therefore, it is an interesting issue in the study of guidelines to develop competency for professional lawyers in Lao PDR according to the integration of the ASEAN Economic Community. However, the results from the study will enable organizations of lawyers, the institute where is responsible for practicing lawyers as known as the lawyers council, educational institution and relevant agencies in the development of personnel competency of the country to be able to develop competency of professional lawyers in accordance with the needs and necessities which are to increase the potential and upgrade human resources to have higher professional capability and be ready to meet the changing situation. Therefore, it will be able to compete in the ASEAN Economic Community continuously and sustainably. 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objective of this research is to study the competency of professional lawyers in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) nowadays and present the competency model of professional lawyers in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos PDR) in order to support the ASEAN Economic Community. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1. Professional Lawyer Concepts in Lao PDR Professional lawyer concepts in Lao PDR, "Lawyer" is one profession that has a legal role to act as a facilitator for justice, creates fairness and provide service in the matter of conduct a case or defense in a lawsuit that may arise from the operation as well as having the duty to provide justice to the society. The person who has the right to use the term "lawyer" and has the right to conduct a case must be a member of the Lawyers Council and must be licensed by the Lawyers Council to be a lawyer only (Lawyers Council of Laos, 2017a). In the practice, the lawyer must provide legal assistance to the client which is the duty of the professional lawyer to do correctly and straightforwardly according to the law provided. But for the straightforward practice, sometimes it will not benefit the client so the lawyers must maintain justice for society, perform duty with integrity to the law, do not prioritize personal benefits before common benefits including fair use of the law, be knowledgeable in academics, have freedom to operate and also have the courage to express opinions, not under the influence. Therefore, lawyers are people who play an important role in creating justice for those who have to get involved in a lawsuit.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic C.182
    International Labour Conference Conférence internationale du Travail Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo Committee on the Application of Standards C.App./Lao People’s Commission de l’application des normes Democratic Republic/C182 Comisión de Aplicación de Normas 108th Session, Geneva, June 2019 108e session, Genève, juin 2019 108.a reunión, Ginebra, junio de 2019 Lao People’s Democratic Republic (ratification: 1956) Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Discussion by the Committee Government representative – I would like to thank the Committee for inviting to this session the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) to deliver our statement in response to the comments made by the Committee of Experts. I will allow my delegate to deliver the statement on my behalf. Another Government representative – The comment on which the Government of Lao PDR is invited to respond today is an observation of the Committee of Experts on the application of the Convention, which Lao PDR ratified in 2005. This was the first ever observation on the application of the Convention by Lao PDR as previous comments were at the level of direct requests. The Lao PDR is fully committed to the cause of eliminating the worst forms of child labour as a matter urgency. The commitment is also demonstrated by my country’s accession to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in 2006. My country has received valuable technical assistance from the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour in the past, and I thank our international cooperation partners for realizing this assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Leaders' Messages Get Visit Laos-China Year 2019 Off to a Great
    VientianeThe First National English Language NewspaperTimes www.vientianetimes.la Visit Laos-China Year 2019 Special Edition 2019年老-中旅游年特别版 Leaders’ messages get Visit Laos-China Year 2019 off to a great start 两国领导人祝愿2019年中国-老挝旅游年开门红 Lao and Chinese leaders sent messages of goodwill when the Visit Laos-China Year 2019 tourism promotion officially began in January this year. The official opening ceremony was given the seal of approval by Lao President Bounnhang Vorachit and Chinese President Xi Jinping, who each sent congratulatory messages hailing the joint tourism campaign. Laos’ Minister of Information, Culture and Tourism, Prof. Dr Bosengkham Vongdara, and China’s Minister of Culture and Tourism, Luo Shugang, delivered the messages from the two presidents at the ceremony to officially launch Visit Laos-China Year 2019, which took place at the National Culture Hall in Vientiane on January 25. 在今年1月的2019年中国-老挝旅游年宣传活动正式开始时，老挝和中国领导人都发来贺词。官方开幕式得到了老挝国家主席本扬•沃拉吉和中国国家 主席习近平的首肯，两位领导人都为此次共同举办的旅游活动致贺词。1月25日在万象国家文化宫，老挝新闻文化旅游部部长保森坎•冯达拉博士和 中国文化和旅游部部长雒树刚在开幕式上宣读了两位主席的贺词，正式开启了2019中国-老挝旅游年。 中共中央总书记、中国国家主席习近平 President Bounnhang, who is also Secretary 代表中国政府和人民并以他个人名义， General of the Central Committee of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party, expressed his 热烈祝贺2019中国-老挝旅游年开幕。 delight on behalf of the Party and government 习近平主席赞扬过去58年里老挝和 of the Lao PDR and on his own behalf at the inauguration of Visit Laos-China Year 2019. 中国不断加深的关系和合作，表示中 President Bounnhang said the joint hosting 国视老挝为好邻居、好朋友、好同志、 of Visit Laos-China Year reflected the strong 好伙伴。 longstanding relations and cooperation between the two neighbours in the spirit of 习主席在贺词中表示，中国愿同老 their comprehensive strategic cooperation 方一道，加强发展战略对接，深化共 partnership. He said this cooperation had been 建“一带一路”合作，推动两国全面战 strengthened in line with the “four good” 略合作伙伴关系取得新成果。 directions - good neighbours, good friends, 他表示，希望双方以举办旅游年为 good comrades and good partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of WTO Accession for Insurance Sector of Laos
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Implications of WTO Accession for Insurance Sector of Laos Lord, Montague J. World Bank, Ministry of Industry and Trade of Government of Lao PDR July 2010 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/41150/ MPRA Paper No. 41150, posted 09 Sep 2012 18:19 UTC Implications of WTO Accession for Insurance Sector of Laos Prepared by Montague Lord Team Leader and Trade Specialist Bounma Vongxay Domestic Consultant Presented to Ministry of Industry and Commerce Trade Development Facility July 2010 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables and Figures ....................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction and Coverage of the Study ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Government’s Vision for the Insurance and Banking Sector ................................................................... 1 1.3 Study Coverage ........................................................................................................................ 2 2. Industry
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Stress on Family Businesses in Laos
    Information Management and Business Review Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 12-18, Jan 2011 Understanding and strengthening the health of family businesses in Laos *John Walsh1, Nittana Southiseng2 1,2School of Management, Shinawatra University, Thailand *[email protected] Abstract: More than 90% are family-businesses and are concentrated in retail, handicrafts, and personal services sectors. More than half are female-owned and managed, although baseline information about business and family management are limited. This paper reports on qualitative research aimed at understanding family business practices, impact of education in family businesses in a range of activities in Laos. Most such businesses remain based at or very close to home, and along the main road with any growth managed by hiring additional family members. Firms were run on traditional lines, while the management decisions were generally taken by senior family members depending on their existing prejudices. Although family businesses in Laos are still largely disorganized, they play critical roles in creating job opportunities and boosting household income for local residents as well as helping family members to utilize their existing talents, time, and resources. In promoting this sector, the Government of Laos has significant roles in developing policies, establishing a relevant governing agency, and encouraging training and involvement from the private sectors and from key international organisations. Keywords: Business development, Entrepreneurial development, Family business, Laos, SMEs 1. Introduction Despite recent evidence to the contrary, Laos remains a small and poor country. For example, in 2009, the World Bank reported that the real GDP growth of Laos reached 6.4%, which was the second highest in the East Asian region after China.
    [Show full text]
  • POST REPORT Vientiane, Laos 19 6 6 POST REPORT
    POST REPORT Vientiane, Laos 19 6 6 POST REPORT U.S. MISSION r·o LAOS :· 1966 CHIN A NORTH VIETNAM BURMA GULP' O' TONkiN T H A L A N 0 SOUTH VIETNAM I ··,, \ CAMBODIA \ \ .' i ' EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Vientiane 1 Laos May 28 1 1966 A WORD FROM THE AMBASSADOR Laos is a nation of gracious and attractive people who have long suffered from the ambitions and aggressions of other nations. Despite the turmoil and the privations which have been inflicted upon them for these many years, the Laotians retain their gentle manners, their hopes for peace, and their devotion to the Buddhist way of life. The United States i s a signatory to the fourteen-nation Geneva agreements of 19 62 which endorse the stated desire of the Royal Government of Laos "to build a peaceful, neutral, independent, democratic, unified and prosperous" nation. The work of American officials assigned to Laos is directed towards the accomplishment of these several objectives. Americans working in Laos can feel a real sense of satisfaction in working with our Laotian friends towards these aims . At the same time 1 because of the difficulties inherent in t heir accomplishment , all these objectives pose formidable challenges both to the Laotians 1 and to t he Americans and other friends of Laos who assist them in their task . Therefore, I can assure a ny American official assigned here to Laos an interesting, rewarding and challenging tour of duty among a pleasant people and in a worthy country. This post report is designed to present some impressions of the sort of life which Americans in Laos can expect to live.
    [Show full text]
  • Lao People's Revolutionary Party
    Lao Politics Since 1975 A compilation of articles from Wikipedia, April 2014 PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Tue, 22 Apr 2014 10:59:04 UTC Contents Articles Political System 1 Politics of Laos 1 Constitution of Laos 5 Law of Laos 9 Foreign relations of Laos 11 The Party 16 Lao People's Revolutionary Party 16 Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party 21 Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party 26 Lao Front for National Construction 30 Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union 31 Party Congress 32 6th Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party 32 8th Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party 34 9th Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party 36 National Assembly 39 National Assembly (Laos) 39 Laotian parliamentary election, 2011 41 Military 43 Lao People's Army 43 Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force 47 Lao People's Navy 49 General Secretary 50 General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party 50 Kaysone Phomvihane 52 Khamtai Siphandon 55 Choummaly Sayasone 57 Presidents 59 President of Laos 59 Souphanouvong 62 Phoumi Vongvichit 64 Nouhak Phoumsavanh 66 Prime Ministers 68 Prime Minister of Laos 68 Sisavath Keobounphanh 72 Bounnhang Vorachith 73 Bouasone Bouphavanh 74 Thongsing Thammavong 76 Other Influential People 77 Alounkeo Kittikhoun 77 Asang Laoly 78 Bountiem Phissamay 78 Cheng Sayavong 79 Douangchai Phichit 79 Mounkeo Oraboun 80 Nam Viyaket 80 Somsavat Lengsavad 80 Samane Vignaket 81 Somdy Douangdy 81 Soth Phetrasy 82 Soulivong Daravong 83 Soutchay Thammasith 83 Thongbane Sengaphone 83 Thongloun Sisoulith 84 References Article Sources and Contributors 85 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 87 Article Licenses License 89 1 Political System Politics of Laos Laos This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Laos Constitution • Other countries • Atlas Politics portal • v • t [1] • e The politics of Laos takes place in the framework of a single-party socialist republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroeconomic Policy Support for Socio-Economic Development in the Lao PDR
    No. Macroeconomic Policy Support for Socio-Economic Development in the Lao PDR Sector Report Vol.1 July 2002 Committee for Planning and Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency Lao People’s Democratic Republic R 1 I J R 02 - 07 Contents Vol. 1 FOREWORD PREFACE 1．Roles of the Government in Transition, Global Integration and Economic Development in Lao PDR 〈Yonosuke Hara〉.................................................................. 1 2．Macroeconomic Perspective and Policy Issues 〈Kenji Domoto〉................................................................... 10 3．Fiscal Management 〈Bounsamack Xayaseng〉................................................. 36 4．Lao PDR Financial Sector 〈Khamphouth Sithirath〉.................................................. 76 5. Banking Reform: Situation Analysis, Strategies and Policies 〈Khamphouth Sithirath〉.................................................. 89 6．Current Situation of Financial Sector and Its Problem in the Lao PDR 〈Hisatsugu Furukawa〉..................................................... 99 7．Lessons from the Asian Financial Crisis － A Case of Indnesia － 〈Masaaki Komatsu〉......................................................... 137 Vol. 2 8．Directions for Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Mekong Corridor 〈Seiichi Fukui〉..................................................................... 1 ANNEX Problem and Directions of IMT in Lao PDR 〈Makoto Sukegawa〉.......................................................... 31 9．Agriculture and Rural Development in the Northern Mountain
    [Show full text]
  • Ngos) on Primary Education Policy in Laos
    The Influence of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) on Primary Education Policy in Laos By Oulath Saengouthay A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Development Studies School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Victoria University of Wellington 2015 Abstract Laos is a poor and aid-dependent country in South-East Asia. Its primary education development has depended heavily on external assistance, which has caused some scholars to argue that education policy is shaped by this influence. While major donors have played a significant role in driving Lao primary education development, NGOs are increasingly engaging in the process since Laos has adopted global commitments, particularly the Education for All goals of the Millennium Development Goals. While the Government of Laos values NGOs’ contributions as equally to those of major donors, it commonly views NGOs as ‘service providers’ and major donors as ‘policy counterparts’. The government is wary of NGOs’ mission and this has also shaped NGOs’ space in the policy arena. This thesis has examined the extent to which NGOs have influenced Lao primary education policy since the adoption of the Vientiane Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2006. This research draws on a social constructivist epistemology, and data collection employed qualitative methods including semi-structured interviews, analysis of relevant policy documents, and participant observation. The interviews involved 24 participants representing government agencies, NGOs, donor organisations and education specialists. The main focus of interviews was to explore the degree of NGOs’ influence on primary education policy, the mechanisms and strategies that NGOs use to exercise their influence, and how such mechanisms and strategies have impacted on their role at policy level.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Land Concession on Rural Livelihoods In
    International Journal of Science, Environment ISSN 2278-3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 8, No 4, 2019, 735 – 746 2277-663X (P) IMPACTS OF LAND CONCESSION ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN CENTRAL LAOS Xonglao Yongnou1, Sithong Thongmanivong2, Kaisone Phengsopha3 and Thoumthone Vongvisouk2 1Department of Energy and Mines, Vientiane Capital, Laos; 2Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos, 3Postgraduate Office of the National University of Laos E-mails: [email protected]@nuol.edu.la; [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Land development is one of the government policies to improve economic income to support development of nation and livelihoods of local communities. Land development can be implemented in different forms and approaches. In Laos, the government encourages private sector companies to invest in land. There are numbers of government’s policies and programs support land development in Laos. The policy on “turning land into capital” is one of government’s policies to support the use of land as an asset for joining investment companies on agriculture development. The government allows private investment companies to request for land development in different forms, which include a join investment with land owners, land concession and contract farming. Contract farming is highly implemented for rubber plantation in northwestern provinces of Laos such as Luang Namtha, Oudomxai and other provinces; while land concession are permitted for rubber and other industrial tree plantation in the central and southern provinces of the country. This study focuses on the implementation of the policy of “turning land into capital” in Bolikhamxai and Vientiane provinces in the central region of Laos.
    [Show full text]
  • 12145256.Pdf
    Preface Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct the preparatory survey on the project for construction of Sekong Bridge on NR16B in the southern region of Laos and entrust the survey to Central Consultant Inc. JICA sent to Laos a survey team from March 21 to May 26, 2013. The survey team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Laos, and conducted field investigations at the study area. As a result of further studies in Japan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Lao People's Democratic Republic for their close cooperation extended to the survey team. December 2013 Kazunori Miura Director General, Economic Infrastructure Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency Summary Summary (1) Country Overview The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (hereinafter, Laos) is a landlocked country situated between Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and China. Laos has a land area of 236,800 square kilometers and a total population of 6.65 million (World Bank, 2012), with a population density of 28 people per square kilometer. Topographically, Laos stretches north to south, with much of the country being mountainous. It has relatively more forest resources remaining than its neighboring countries but has had problems with rapid deforestation in recent years. A full 61% of the country is secondary forest, and many people live in these forested areas. Laos has a tropical monsoon climate with two main seasons: rainy and dry.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Name Is Lao People's Democratic Republic. Capital City Is
    Laos Official name is Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Capital city is Vientiane History/Background The Lao people migrated into Laos from southern China from the 8th century onward. In the 14th century, the first Laotian state was founded, the Lan Xang kingdom, which ruled Laos until it split into three separate kingdoms in 1713. During the 18th century, the three kingdoms came under Siamese (Thai) rule and, in 1893, became a French protectorate. With its territory incorporated into Indochina. A strong nationalist movement developed during World War II, but France reestablished control in 1946 and made the king of Luang Prabang constitutional monarch of all Laos. France granted semiautonomy in 1949 and then, spurred by the Viet Minh rebellion in Vietnam, full independence within the French Union in 1950. In 1951, Prince Souphanouvong organized the Pathet Lao, a Communist independence movement, in North Vietnam. Viet Minh and Pathet Lao forces invaded central Laos, resulting in civil war. By the Geneva Agreements of 1954 and an armistice of 1955, two northern provinces were given to the Pathet Lao; the rest went to the royal regime. Full sovereignty was given to the kingdom by the Paris Agreements of Dec. 29, 1954. In 1957, Prince Souvanna Phouma, the royal prime minister, and Pathet Lao leader Prince Souphanouvong, the prime minister's half-brother, agreed to reestablishment of a unified government, with Pathet Lao participation and integration of Pathet Lao forces into the royal army. The agreement broke down in 1959, and armed conflict began anew. In 1960, the struggle became a three-way fight as Gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Behind the Scenes of Everyday Life Establishing Laws and Promoting the Rule of Law
    ・ FEATURE ・ Rule of Law for Sustainable Development and Access to Justice for All: LAOS he purchase of cheap sweets and sundries multiple laws and some laws too old to apply to mod- regulations that will fit the economic development important as the economy develops. Now we have at the nearby small store – such everyday ern life. “Laws and regulations must be amended so of the future,” says Ketsana Phommachanh, Direc- started to make another handbook: The Labor Law activities are a part of the juridical acts they can contribute to modern society. We are try- tor of Law Department of the Ministry of Justice of Handbook. Through the process of creating hand- Tset out in the Civil Code under sales contracts. ing to make our rules clear to the legal professionals Laos, who has also been involved in projects with books, We deepen our understanding of laws, which Laws protect people. In Laos, many projects are and also understandable for the general public,” says Japanese assistance since 1998. leads more coherence in the practical operation. running with Japan’s assistance to make Laotian Nalonglith. Khamphay Xayavong, Head of the Notary office This is important for establishing the rule of law.” laws accessible and useful for everyone. In 1998 Japan commenced dialogues with those of the Justice Department of Vientiane Capital says, JICA expert Reiko Tanahashi, an attorney sup- in the legal profession in Laos; this was a project for “In the past, the idea of pledges and mortgages were porting the Labor Law handbook team, states, “Laos quality-improvement in terms of legal education at mixed up in the Laotian Law on Secured Transac- is a socialist country with a strong sense of workers’ universities and graduate schools, which was as- tions.
    [Show full text]