REPORT ACCOMPANYING the ESTIMATE : 1.0 Introduction : 1.1 About Karnataka Maritime State: Karnataka State Is India's Eighth
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: REPORT ACCOMPANYING THE ESTIMATE : 1.0 Introduction : 1.1 About Karnataka Maritime State: Karnataka State is India’s eighth largest state with geographical area of 191,791 Sq. Km. and a population of around 65 million. This maritime state is located in west coast of India and bestowed with a coastline of 300 kms with 3 coastal districts along Arabian Sea. In these, Dakshina Kannada District has 40Kms, Udupi District has 98 Kms, Uttara Karnataka District has 162 Kms of coastline. There is only one Major Port called New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT) and eleven Minor Ports between Karwar in the north and Mangalore in the south. The major ports come under the purview of Government of India. Figure 1: showing the Ports of India Karnataka State exports a wide variety of goods both agricultural and industrial goods such as silk, sandalwood oil, handicrafts, readymade garments, coffee, iron ore, sophisticated machine tools, electronic products, computer hardware and inter alias. In last two decades the state has emerged as a major role in the export of engineering goods, readymade garments, leather goods, chemicals, minerals and ore. 1 Figure 2: showing the Karnataka Map Following are the Minor ports of Karnataka: Karwar Manki Malpe Belekeri Bhatkal Padubidri Tadri Kundapur Old Mangalore Honnavar Hangarkatta 2 1.2 About Mangalore City of Dakshina Kannada District : 1.2.1 Geography : Mangalore City is located in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka State. It has an average elevation of 22m (72 ft) above mean sea level. It is the largest urban coastal centre of Karnataka and the fourth largest city in the State. Mangalore is situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. Figure 3: showing the Mangalore City Map The city as a municipal entity spans an area of 132.45 Sq.km. The city experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night. The topography of the city ranges from plain to undulating, with several hills, valleys and flat areas within the city. The geology of the city is characterized by hard laterite in hilly tracts and 3 sandy soil along the seashore. The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic Zone- III. Mangalore lies on the backwaters of the Netravathi flowing at the south of the city, and the Gurupur flowing at the north of the city. The rivers form an estuary at the southern region of the city and subsequently flow into the Arabian Sea. The city is often used as a staging point for traffic along the Malabar Coast. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches like Mukka, Panambur, Tannirbavi, Surathkal and Someshwara. Coconut trees, palm trees and Ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city. 1.2.2 Transport and Utility Services: Mangalore’s location makes it accessible via all forms of transport. Surface Transport: Three National Highways pass through Mangalore. NH-66, which runs from Panvel (in Maharashtra) to Edapally Junction (near Cochin in Kerala), passes through Mangalore in a north- south direction, while NH-48 runs eastward to Bangalore. NH-13 runs north-east from Mangalore to Solapur. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting Kundapur to B.C. Road via Mangalore on NH-66. Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist- city routes are covered by city buses, while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates long distance bus services from Mangalore to other parts of the State.Taxis and auto rickshaws works as feeder for surface transport in and around Mangalore. Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907. Mangalore was also the starting point of India’s longest rail route. The city has two railway stations- Mangalore Central (at Hampankatta) and Mangalore Junction (at Kankanadi). The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006 and passenger traffic in December 2007. Mangalore is also connected to Chennai through the Southern Railway and to Mumbai via the Konkan Railway. Water Transport: The Old Mangalore Port has shipping, storage, and logistical services, while the New Mangalore Port which is a major port handles dry, bulk, and fluid cargoes. The new Mangalore Port is also well equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers. It is also a station for the coast guard. This artificial 4 lagoon harbor is India’s ninth largest port, in terms of cargo handling, and is the only major port in Karnataka. Airways:Mangalore International Airport is near Bajpe and is located about 20 Km north-east of the city centre. It is the second airport in Karnataka to operate flights to international destinations. 1.2.3 Enviromental Data: The Western Ghats continue parallel with the coast through the State, except in the southern part where they attain elevations of over 1800 m, they are much lower, varying between about 750 and 900 m in elevation. The country in Dakshina Kannada district is very broken and covered with extensive forest and abundant vegetation. The seaboard from 8 to 4 Km inland may be regarded as a tableland, and 100 m high, rising to about 180 m towards the Ghats, bounded by the lower spurs sloping down from the range. Predominantly, two monsoons are responsible for the rainfall in the State. They are south-west monsoon and north-east monsoon. Dakshina Kannada district, which is located on the west cost of India, gets majority of the rainfall by S-W monsoon; N-E monsoon is weak. In the winter season i.e., from October to January, wind blows from north east and east directions in the morning time and from south-west, west and north-west directions in the evening times. In the rainy season i.e., from June to September, the wind over the sea blows in south-west, west and north-west directions. Tropical storms and cyclones are not a regular phenomenon on the west coast unlike the east coast. 1.2.4 Wind: Wind speed is always greater over the sea than over the land. Winds in the monsoon months are predominantly in east, west and north-west directions. The average wind speed is about 4 to 6 knots in this season. In the remaining months, wind blows predominantly in north-east, east and west, north-west directions. Thunder storms could be observed in the monsoon beginning viz., May and June and in the months of October and November due to North east monsoon. Rarely, gales could also be observed in the same period. 5 1.2.5 Wave Climate: Due to the south west monsoon, the wave climate is intense in the monsoon months viz., June to September. The sea would be rough and practically there would be no calm period even in the north east monsoon period also. The maximum wave height reaches up to 7.5m in July. The wave period in the monsoon ranges from 5 sec to 14 sec. Waves generated in the deep sea reaches the shore as swells in the directions of west and north-west. During the non-monsoon period viz., from October to March, the average wave height varies between 1 m and 3 m, maximum reaching to 7 m rarely. The wave period varies from 5 to 14 sec. The predominant wave directions are north-west and north. Mostly calm period could be observed in these months. As the existing Old Mangalore port is situated in the confluence of rivers Gurupur and Netravati, well inside the outlet, the harbor receives full protection from the swells reaching the harbor in all directions. 1.2.6 Storms: Study reports reveal that the east coast is more prone to storms and cyclones than the west coast. On an average, for every one storm occurred on the west coast, there are 6 storms on the east coast according to previous statistics. Further, it was observed that the largest number of cyclonic storms occurred in the month of November. In a year, the number of cyclonic disturbances in the Arabian Sea increases from March to June, decreases to a minimum in August, again increases to a maximum in November and attains a minimum in February. From the records, a total of 885 storms have occurred on the east coast in the 115 years periods, while on the west coast the number is 148 only. In particular, only 11 storms including 5 depressions have passed in the vicinity of Mangalore. Hence, it is evident that a harbor on the west coast like the one at Mangalore is much. Study reports reveals that the annual variation of storms and depressions for Mangalore region is 18 in which 2 are storms; frequency of storms and depressions is high (7) in the month of October, the maximum frequency formation of storms for this region is 2 in the month of November. It is mentioned that rough and very rough seas occur in the region during the south-west monsoon period. According to the West Coast Pilot, 30% rough and 30% very rough conditions of sea prevails in this period for Mangalore region. 6 1.2.7 Rainfall: In the coastal Karnataka, rainfall is greater over land, especially in hilly areas with onshore winds. Similar to the other coastal regions in the east coast, heavy rainfall occurs in these coastal areas in the early S-W monsoon.