A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS
How Will US-Soviet Summit Fare?
Beijing R^j'ir HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK
VOL. 31, NO. 22 MAY 30-JUM-: .\ A Look at the Coming US-Soviet Summit
CONTENTS • Speculation is rife about the upcoming US-Soviet summit in Moscow. In the article, the author, an expert of international NOTES r^ROM THE EDITORS studies, offers his views on what the talks will produce, how For ihc Sake of Tomorrow much influence the meeting will have and many other related questions of widespread interest and world impact (p. 24). EVENTSARENDS 5-9 Deng on Current Price Reform C hiss J no Accorded Cliinesc Soviet Troops Begin to Withdraw Support Water Conservancy Ciiscn • The Soviet Union has officially started troop withdrawal Top Priority from Afghanistan in accordance with the Geneva agreement on Theoretical Debate of Afghanistan. This highlights the might of the spirit of the 1978 Marked present era, and shows that truth is bound to defeat power Fujian hies Open to Taiwan politics. And now people are focusing their attention on how Vb Spread Causes the situation in the country will develop following the Soviet Public Concern * withdrawal (p. 10). More Leeway for I-"oreic!i Ventures Job Market Challenges Old System For the Sake of Tomorrow Weekly Chronicle (May 16-22) • More and more attention is being paid to child development. INTERNATIONAL 10-13 Child care and health services have made great headway, the Afghanistan: Soviet Troops cultural life of children is being enriched, the importance of Segin to Withdraw family education stressed and a set of national laws on child Thailand: Prcm Tinsulanonda protection enacted (p. 4). Visits Soviet Union New Calctlonia: New CJovernment Sef lo l-ase Tension Ethnic Minorities IViake Rapid Progress Aiperia-Mtirocco; Nornidl I les Good for Arab IJiiiiy.. • The Jinuo people have made remarkable progress in the past Ireland: Open Polic\ few years with the implementation of the policy of unity and Ixjads to Development equality, and common prosperity for all nationalities (p. 14). The Hongguang Middle School in Tianjin offers special classes ! Ethnic Minority Enters for Tibetan students (p. 17). Modern World 14 Training Qualified Personnel For Tibet 17 A Special Mission hiistory Anniversary of Theoretical Debate l>Aarked Entrusted to Me 19 How Will US-Soviet Summit • Ten years ago, the publication of an article entitled "Practice Fare in Moscow? 24 Is the Sole Criterion for Judging Truth" touched off a TOURISM 27 nationwide discussion on the principle of "seeking truth from FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 28-29 facts." The debate helped bring an end to "Leftist" practices BUSINESS/TRADE 30-31 which were common before and during the "cultural CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-34 revolution" and helped people put aside their old view that COVER: Minorit\e al the whatever Mao Zedong said had to be followed (p. 7). Tiananmen Tower Ciale. Xue Cham
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stressing intellectual development For the Sake of Tomorrow and neglecting moral education.
by Yang Xiaobing Sociologists are stressing the need to train children and teach them to distinguish right from hildren are the hope of government-run and a large wrong so that they may grow up as tomorrow. In China chil• number of individually operated C talented, upstanding people. The dren are receiving increasing nurseries and kindergartens. government and educational de• attention and their training is seen Altogether 810,000 middle and partments are looking into the as an important part of the primary schools are scattered all education of children in social and modernization drive. The All-over the country, in addition to moral conduct and patriotism, to China Women's Federation, the 170,000 teaching centres in border produce ideologically and morally State Education Commission, the areas. Larger cities have special sound citizens. The practice of Chinese People's National Com- schools for deaf, mute and blind showing concern for the younger miilee in Defence of Children and children; middle and primary generation as was done by the 14 other public organizations and schools employ 7.5 million full- association formed by retirees in government departments called time teachers and staff, and Anyang City is being popularized upon adults to nurture an idea of universities and colleges offer 50 in various parts of the country. caring and educating children, teacher-training classes. Family education levels also and setting a good example for The attendance rate for school- need to be raised. Most of the them. aged children has reached 97 parents of today's younger Childcare and health services percent and 100 percent in cities; generation grew up during the have made great headway in handicapped children also chaotic "cultural revolution" China. Scientific delivery proce• attend school. However, educ• (1966-76) under the influence of dures have been popularized ational funding falls short of the ultra-leftist guidelines, and throughout the country, and the actual needs. According to their cultural and moral ideas still child mortality rate has dropped CCTV's May 19 broadcast, have the vestiges of those times. to 34.68 per thousand to reach 570,000 school-aged children in Since 1982, family education advanced world level in cities and Shaanxi Province are unable to go research institutes and 130,000 some rural areas. Free smallpox to school because of shortages of parents' spare-time schools have vaccinations, BCG injections and school facilities, this problem has sprung up in various parts of the vaccinations against measles, attracted government attention. country. Despite these efforts, diptheria, whooping cough, Despite the state's insufficient varying cases still emerge. Last tetanus, infantile paralysis and financial resources, an average December, a mother beat her son epidemic encephalitis have kept increase of 10 percent to annual to death because he failed to score common childhood diseases under educational funding is guarran- 90 points in his examination. The control. In the past, children teed. In areas distinguishing mass media and publishers have usually took adult medicines in themselves in children's work, done a great deal to eliminate such reduced doses, but the availability educational funding accounts for problems. Last year, the All- of specific medicines for children about 50 percent of government China Women's Federation and has rapidly improved. According operation funds. The Law for some other units commended 100 to a 1987 survey conducted by Nine-Year Compulsory Educ• outstanding parents. Through health departments, the average ation is being implemented by these organizations, a sound idea weight for children has increased stages in different areas. of family education is gradually by 2 kg and average height by 5 cm being established in many from 1949. The surveys conducted The importance of training households. in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou children has been widely stressed With the recent progress in and six other large cities indicate across the society. However, the constructing the country's legal that the average weight for influence of outdated thinking on system, legislation on child children in these cities increased education and talent and of protection has been placed on the by 0.5 kg and the average height having a preference of boys over agenda. After the new set of laws rose 1.5 cm in the past 10 years. girls has allowed the following and regulations drawn up in Child care and education has problems to emerge: pursuing Shanghai and other cities, a set of developed on a fairly large scale; academic record, the rate of national laws is now being the country now has 170,000 admission into higher schools. enacted. •
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY .W-JUNE 5. I98X m EVENTS/TRENDS MM——^—
Deng on Current Price Reform
hina's current price reform is decisions. "I often tell my peoples in southern Africa in their C bold, yet risky, but the colleagues to be brave and not be just struggle. country's leadership is confident afraid of risks, because otherwise, The Chinese leader made the of good results. Chinese leader no progress will be made." statement when holding talks with Deng Xiaoping said in Beijing on He said, "Over the past 10 visiting Mozambican President May 19. years, China has developed Joaquim Alberto Chissano in Deng, chairman of the Central soundly, the people have enjoyed a Beijing on May 17. Military Commission, made the better life, and we have also Chissano paid an official, remark in a meeting with a Korean increased our ability to shoulder friendly visit to China May 16-20 government military delegation risks." after taking office some one and a led by Vice-Marshal O Jin U, After the successful completion half years ago. Korean minister of the People's of the food price reform, China is Premier Li expressed appreci• Armed Forces. looking forward to solving the raw ation for the important role played Deng told the Korean guests, materials price problem, Deng by Mozambique in the struggle "Price reform, which started in the added, and in the years to come, against the South African racist capital four days ago on four non- China's economy will develop regime. staple food items, has been a rapidly in spite of risks. Li said he was delighted to see common topic of discussion, During the two-hour meeting, the increasing unity of the especially among those who are Deng told the Korean guests that frontline states. "Unity is not satisfied. But most of the China has succeeded in making strength." he added. people understand why the the country's leadership younger, When briefing the Chinese leadership had to make this and will continue the reform and leader on Mozambique's domestic decision." open policy as stated at last years's situation, Chissano said that in the The old price system did not 13th national congress of the past year Mozambique has carried tally with the law of value, he said, Communist Party of China and out effective readjustment and so over the years China had had to this years's first session of the reform, made various efforts to allocate a large proportion of the Seventh National People's combat natural calamities and annual state revenue in the form of Congress. food subsidies which placed a expand the national economy, and He said, "Making the leader• resolutely resisted invasion, heavy burden on the country's ship younger was not easy, but economy. harassment and disruption by was carried out smoothly thanks South African authorities and to the whole Party's The price problem must be rebels backed by the South understanding." resolved to create a situation African racist regime. conducive to economic progress, "Such an arrangement is very As a result, Chissano said, the Deng said, otherwise China would important in guaranteeing China's situation in Mozambique has fail to reach developed-country stability and the continuation of become more peaceful and stable status by the middle of the next its policies," Deng added. • and the national economy is on the century. track of steady improvement. "China's leadership knows The president said that his every step the country takes country has experienced some involves risks and could encounter Chissano Accorded very hard times and is now difficulties," Deng said, "The Chinese Support carrying out a plan for economic Party and the masses have to rehabilitation, intensifying its understand this is a demanding reform efforts and increasing its task." hinese Premier Li Peng economic ties with various According to Deng, China is Creiterated that the Chinese countries. now a big testing ground, with new government and people resolutly Li Peng expressed his admi• problems to be solved and oppose the South African racist ration for Mozambique's efforts experiences to be gained; and this policies and support the South in these respects in light of the calls for hard work and bold, African and Namibian peoples difficult conditions. "Mozam• painstaking efforts in making and the frontline states and their bique is full of promise," he
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-.ltJNE 5,, 1988 5 EVENTS/TRENDS
from the National Co-ordination Group for Water and Soil Conservation. The report has been approved by the State Council, China's highest governing body. Water loss and soil erosion have gone from bad to worse in recent years due to excessive felling of trees as well as poorly planned mining, road building and other capital construction projects. The report called attention to the fact that in some counties, large tracts of farmland are being stripped of top soil and turned into rock-strewn waste.
WANG JINGDE Cliinese leader Deng Xiaoping tall
•6 BEIJING/REVIEW. MAY 30-.IUNE 5, 1988 stations — including those mainly At the time, its publication from Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao designed for flood prevention, launched a nationwide discussion and other regions and countries. irrigation, and water supply. on the principle of "seeking truth The three islands are Meizhou, The ministry plans to expand from facts." Reprinting the title, Pingtan and Dongshan. technological exchanges with the paper said, signified continued Provincial leaders Chen Guan- foreign counterparts, use more application of this principle. gyi, the Party secretary, and Wang foreign investment, and get Zhaoguo, the governor, have been involved in building more irrig• "Practice is the sole criterion for to Meizhou to help local leaders ation projects overseas, Niu said. judging truth," a philosophical plan for the opening, a provincial In a related matter, it has been formula that helped bring an end official said. revealed that lower ground water to ultra-left practices which were levels are making more than 20 common before and during the A reception centre, a hotel and Chinese cities, including Beijing, "cultural revolution" (1966-76), is other buildings especially for Shanghai and Tianjin slowly sink. still valid today. This is the people from Taiwan will be built opinion of Hu Fuming, president on the island which faces Xinzhu Experts attending a national of the Jiangsu Provincial Party City in north Taiwan, he added. meeting in Tianjin blamed the School, who wrote the article of 10 problem on overuse of ground years ago which was published in In addition, a joint venture water, resulting in a drop of the the paper. between local and Taiwan busi• water level. "I wrote the article entirely of nessmen will be set up. The earth subsidence has my own accord, but its revision Pingtan, 73 nautical miles from hindered river drainage and has and publication was an organized Xinzhu, has been frequented by caused buildings to crack, the endeavour in which many com• Taiwan fishermen for years. experts were told. Some cities have rades participated," he said. The Fishermen from both sides of adopted measures to control the subsequent debate helped people the strait have fished side by side drop in ground water level. emancipate their thinking and and traded harmoniously. In Wuhan, Hubei Province, determine to repudiate "leftist" houses on an area of more than practices. The official said last year more 2,000 square metres collapsed last than 180 trading boats anchored week due to excessive pumping of Thanks to the debate, he said, at the island. Transactions totalled ground water. No one was hurt. "The Party has rectified the errors $230,000. Shanghai was sinking at a rate made by the late Chairman Mao The same number of boats have of 110 millimetres a year 23 years Zedong in his later years." Before anchored there in just the first four ago. But since the city began to the debate, some people held the months of this year, he said. pump water back into the ground view that whatever revolutionary The island government will during winter the rale has slowed leaders said was true. offer out-of-town business people, to 3.4 millimetres a year. "We are also breaking away from the old model of socialist especially those from Taiwan, A national commission to study construction which was copied ample trading facilities. It has earth subsidence and its preven• from the Soviet Union and shaped invited mainland traders to tion was set up at the meeting. by our own 'leftist' ideas," Hu participate in the local market, Delegates agreed to hold added. too. another national symposium next In addition, it has bought three year. • The publishing house of the Giiangming Daily will also put out boats to carry out trade at sea with articles, including some published Taiwan businessmen who are not Theoretical Debate 10 years ago, to mark the 10th willing to stop over. anniversary of the theoretical A dock capable of handling Of 1978 Marked debate. • ships up to 5,000 tons also is planned for the island, he said. n May 14 Giuiiigiiiing Daily, The third island, Dongshan, Oone of China's leading news• Fujian Isles administered by Longxi Prefec• papers, published an inscription ture, has set aside a 51-hectare "practice is the sole criterion Open to Taiwan area for Taiwan-oriented for judging truth" — written by industry. China's lop leader Deng Xiaop• outh China's coastal Fujian "Local leaders promised to give ing. This was in commemoration S Province has decided to open preferential treatment to Taiwan of an article of the same title three islands facing Taiwan to businessmen and foreign in• released exactly 10 years ago. attract more business and visitors vestors^?''the officiaJ said. •
BFI.IlN(i REVIEW, MAY .W-JUNE-5;1988 7 EVENTS/TRENDS
VD Spread Causes clients. virtually eradicated between the The cases occur most frequently early 1960s and late 1970s, young Public Concern in the country's coastal areas, such people, including many doctors as Guangdong, Guangxi and and nurses, know little about it or enereal diseases have been Fujian provinces. Cases have also nothing. Ye said. The national VD V spreading in China since 1984 been reported in Beijing, Shang• prevention centre has decided to at an alarming annual average hai, Tianjin, Harbin and Xinjiang hold several professional training increase of 3.7 times. Uygur Autonomous Region. In classes for medical workers and to After the founding of the Shanghai, the incidence of ven• publish a professional magazine People's Republic, it had taken 15 ereal diseases has risen sharply about the prevention and treat• years for China to eradicate since 1984. In 1987, the number of ment of venereal diseases. venereal diseases. But less than 20 patients seeking medical help was A docurnentary educational years later, these diseases, almost 4.2 times that in 1985. film also will be made to publicize forgotten by all, began quietly to More than 70 percent of the the dangers of the disease. • re-occur. patients are male, according to a In 1984, the first few Chinese survey by the National Research patients afflicted with venereal and Consultancy Committee for More Leeway for diseases were discovered in Beijing Prevention and Treatment of and some other parts of the Venereal Diseases. Foreign Ventures country. And now tens of The affliction is especially thousands of such cases have been prevalent among criminal gangs The State Council, China's reported, said Professor Li and prostitutes. Venereal disease ' highest governing body, has Hongjiong of the Union Hospital also occurs among purchasing approved and issued new regul• in the capital. agents and salesmen who have ations granting foreign-funded People from abroad were relatively high incomes and often enterprises more freedom to hire obviously the initial source of travel alone around the country. and fire employees. infection. A report from the These regulations, which stem Beijing Sanitation and Anti- The most common venereal from a report from the Ministry of Epidemic Station states that the disease is gonorrhea, followed by Labour and the Ministry of incidence of venereal diseases syphilis and pointed condyloma, Personnel, make it possible for among foreigners and people from according to Ye Ganyun, head of foreign-funded enterprises to Hong Kong and Macao coming to the VD prevention committee. openly recruit workers, techni• China is estimated at 25 per He said the spread of venereal cians and managerial personnel 100.000. Since 1980 when the disease is not only a medical outside their own areas. Union Hospital first found foreign concern but also a social problem. The regulations state that patients with venereal disease, It arises from the re-emergence of successful applicants should not foreign cases treated at the prostitution, the increased activ• be hindered by any unreasonable hospital have been increasing each ities of "sex gangs", as well as interference from going to work at year. changing attitudes toward sex on foreign-funded enterprises. If their the part of some young people current work units arbitrarily The increase in venereal dis• seeking sex freedom. prevent them from leaving, they eases can also be accounted for by In 1986, the state established a may resign, and their work the spread of prostitution and by national centre for the prevention before resignation will be counted tendencies towards sexual free• and treatment of venereal disease in their favour. dom. The State Council has and 16 VD monitoring stations In case of dispute, those issued a circular placing a strict around the country. Similar local concerned can apply to the local ban on prostitution. organizations have also been set labour department for arbitration. It is also imperative to educate up in provinces, cities and Foreign-funded enterprises, people in matters of sexual autonomous regions. Shanghai when recruiting workers from morality. Sex education courses has recently opened a compre• outside the areas in which they are have been widely introduced at hensive centre for the prevention located, will no longer have to ask middle schools since the beginning and treatment of venereal disease, for permission from the local of this year. Venereal disease the largest on the Chinese departments of labour and courses are being re-instituted at mainland. Hospitals in the city's personnel. Accordingly, depart• medical colleges. Medical treat• districts and counties have set up ments of labour and personnel in ment has also been stepped up 32 monitoring stations. the areas concerned will have to among prostitutes and their As the disease had once been adjust to the changes.
8 BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 When a Chinese enterprise and Weekly Chronicle • The ACB International Ltd., a a Toreign one are joined, the (May 16-22) new joint venture between China Chinese wori
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 9 • INTERNATIONAL
thinking" in the field of diplo• AFGHANISTAN macy. Obviously, withdrawal from Afghanistan is essential for Soviet Troops Begin to Withdraw carrying out the Soviet Union's internal and external policy. Now that the Soviet Union has officially started troop The Soviet invasion of Afghan• withdrawals from Afghanistan in accordance with the Geneva istan ran counter to the trend of the times — peace and develop• agreement on Afghanistan, the situation in the country ment. In today's world, gone are following the Soviet withdrawal has become a matter of the days when a big country could common concern. annex a small one and the strong subjugate the weak. The Soviet pullout from Afghanistan has ome 1,200 Soviet troops along support, an oppressed nation proved the might of the spirit of Swith 300 tanks and military cannot be bullied, and foreign the present era. vehicles began leaving Kabul for aggression is never popular. Soviet troops quitting Afghan• home on May 16 after their arrival The eight-and-a-half years' istan makes the Vietnamese there on May 15 from Jalalabad, occupation of Afghanistan has occupation of Kampuchea an an important strategic township in cost the Soviet Union US$20 outstanding issue deserving even eastern Afghanistan. This is the billion and tens of thousands of more attention. So long as the first batch of 115,000 Soviet casualties. The cost and casualties Soviet Union adapts itself to the troops to leave after over eight have aroused dissatisfaction trend of the times and respects the years of occupation. within the Soviet Union. The right to self-determination of the The start of Soviet troop Soviet people wrote to the people of various countries, it can withdrawals under the terms of the authorities, wanting to know certainly play a useful part in Geneva accord is a welcome move. "how long this war will last" and helping settle the Kampuchean It signifies the failure of a "why my son has died." problem. superpower to. defeat a weak The grave situation has made It should be pointed out that the nation militarily in a war of the Soviet leadership realize that beginning of Soviet troop with• aggression. Truth is bound to their aggression against Afghanis• drawals does not mean the defeat power politics. This is a tan is wrong. They realize that ultimate solution to the Afghan historical lesson for a superpower getting out of Afghanistan and problem. Firstly, the Soviet Union to learn. casting off such a heavy political should remove all its troops from During the war, the Afghan and economic burden will benefit Afghanistan within a nine-month people, despite extremely difficult not only the Soviet domestic deadline as laid down in the conditions, put up valiant re• reform but also suit the "new Geneva agreement. Secondly, it sistance to foreign aggression to safeguard their country's sovereignty and national inde• An Afghan soldier guarding a gun after the Soviet puilout. pendence. The Soviet aggressors are finally forced to get out and go home. The Afghan people's struggle has enjoyed widespread support from the whole world. The Soviet Union has been condemned by the international community politi• cally and diplomatically since its invasion of Afghanistan started in December 1979. The United Nations has adopted nine reso• lutions by an overwhelming majority of votes demanding that the Soviet Union withdraw its troops from Afghanistan totally and unconditionally. This shows that a just cause enjoys abundant
10 BElJlN(& REVIEW, MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 I should fulfil its responsibilities in The.Afghan guerrillas are not a realistic peace in Kampuchea will regard to the restoration of peace signatory to the Geneva agree• come about only when all in Afghanistan and guaranteeing ment and are therefore not bound Vietnamese troops are withdrawn the neutral status of Afghanistan, by the agreement. Leaders of the from Kampuchea and the Kam• and in the eradication of the severe resistance forces have vowed to puchean people are allowed to consequences of the war. continue their struggle until the exercise their right of self- As of now, the bloody conflict last Soviet military pullout, and to determination. He also said that a in Afghanistan is not ended. There overthrow the Kabul regime. constructive contribution by the has been no indication that the five Under the circumstances, Af• Soviet government to the process million Afghan refugees in foreign ghanistan is likely to be plagued by of bringing about a realistic peace lands will return home in large continued turbulence in view of in Kampuchea would definitely numbers. On the eve of its troop the superpowers' interference. It replenish the reservoirs of good withdrawal, the Soviet Union kept may take a long time to ultimately will of the ASEAN countries busy shipping large quantities of achieve real peace in Afghanistan. towards the Soviet Union. military supplies, including Soviet leader Mikhail Gorba• hundreds of air-to-ground mis• It is hoped that the two chev said that settlement of the siles, to the Kabul regime. superpowers will stop assisting the Kampuchean problem "should be Moreover, Soviet military ad• contending parties and interfering based on recognition of realities, visers will stay in Afghanistan for in other ways in Afghanistan. and on the participation of all a long time. Instead, they should make a forces entangled in one way or Meanwhile, on its part, the positive contribution to the another in the confiict." "A United States has provided the proposed formation of a broad- balance of interests is required Afghan guerrillas with large based government acceptable to here. If that approach prevails, the numbers of "stinger" missiles and all parties. Only by so doing can confiict could be settled sooner," other military hardware. It has Afghanistan's independence, neu• the Soviet leader said. But he declared its intention to continue trality and non-aligned status be evaded the crucial issue that Viet supplying weaponry to the restored; then only, can peace and Nam should pull all its troops out guerrillas if the Soviet Union does development be brought about in of Kampuchea as soon as possible. not cease its military assistance to that country. Kabul. by Ma Guang/Zhang Zhinian The Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea has directly threat• ened the security of Thailand. In THAILAND the past 10 years, Vietnamese troops in Kampuchea have never ceased bombarding Thailand and Prem Tinsulanonda Visits Soviet Union intruding across its borders. This has brought enormous losses to The Thai Prime Minister's recent visit to the Soviet Union is the life and property of the Thai seen hy observers as a further effort on the part of Thailand people living along the border and other countries of the Association of Southeast Asian between Kampuchea and Nations to find ways to solve the Kampuchean issue as soon as Thailand and has seriously interfered with normal everyday possible. life and production. In addition, several hundred thousand Kam• rom May 16 to 22, Thai Prime Kampuchea early, and hold direct puchean refugees long encamped F Minister Prem Tinsulanonda. talks with Samdech Norodom in Thailand are a heavy burden. during his first official visit to the Sihanouk, President of the Since Viet Nam invaded Soviet Union, mainly discussed Coalition Government of Demo• Kampuchea 10 years ago, it has the Kampuchean issue and cratic Kampuchea. This would continually received support and bilateral relations with the Soviet make for an early solution to the military aid from the Soviet leaders. In their talks, Prem Kampuchean question and re• Union. In the course of the Sixth demanded that the Soviet Union move the rift in the relations National Congress of the Viet• assume a greater role in the between the Soviet Union and namese Communist Party, the political settlement of the Kampu• Thailand, he said. government of the Soviet Union chean issue, stop its military aid to At a dinner given in his honour disclosed that its economic aid to Vict Nam and persuade Viet Nam by Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzh- Viet Nam from 1986 to 1990 lo withdraw its troops from kov. Tinsulanonda said that a would reach USSl 1.7-13.2 billion.
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY .W-JUNE 5. I98X II m INTERNATIONAL while its military aid would be onda wrote to President Reagan Kanak Socialist National Liber• more. This shows that Viet Nam immediately urging him to ation Front ( FLNKS), had can not sustain the Kampuchean persuade the Soviet leaders to been demanding cancellation of a war without the support of the participate in settling the issue regional election in New Soviet Union. So it is natural that when he' takes part in the Caledonia for fear that French Thailand and the other ASEAN superpower summit to be held at loyalists would gain control of the countries have repeatedly, directly the end of May in Moscow. But new 48-seat territorial assembly. and indirectly, demanded that the about the same time, in a move to Soviet Union play a role in the avoid playing a role in settlement Attempts to break up the settlement of the Kampuchean of the Kampuchean issue, the vice- stalemate have been made since issue. foreign minister of the Soviet the outbreak of the violence. The head of the gendarmes in New Since last year, high Soviet Union explained to reporters in Caledonia, who had been cap• officials successively visited Bangkok and Paris that although tured and later released, acted as Thailand and other ASEAN the withdrawal of Soviet troops the first mediator between the countries in order to allay their from Afghanistan has set a good FLNKS and the former French criticism and pressure against example for the resolution of other support for the Vietnamese regional conflicts including the government. After his mediation invasion of Kampuchea. But there Kampuchean problem, neverthe• failed, a Roman Catholic Archbi• has been no substantive change in less the Soviet Union has no right shop took over the task only to the attitude or actions of the to force Viet Nam to withdraw meet with the same result. Three Soviet Union. from Kampuchea since Viet Nam local politicians offered them• selves in exchange for the After the signing of the Geneva is a sovereign state. hostages, but this was also rejected agreement on Afghanistan in mid- The visit of Tinsulanonda by the FLNKS. April this year, people began to represents just one more effort on divert their attention to the the part of Thailand and other A turning point was reached on Kampuchean issue, hoping that ASEAN countries to persuade the May 5, right before the French the Soviet Union would take some Soviet Union to participate in presidential election, when the 23 initiative towards its " solution. solving the Kampuchean issue. hostages were freed in a raid by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulan- by Li Wen French security forces. In the words of former French Overseas Minister Bernard Pons, the NEW CALEDONIA operation was launched after all means, by normal methods according to humanitarian prin• New Government Set to Ease Tension ciples, to obtain the hostages' release had been tried. The attack There is no end in sight as yet to the tension brought on by the which freed them had been bloody conflict which broke out between French soldiers and ordered by former Prime Minister native Kanaks in New Caledonia. The new French government Jacques Chirac and approved by is setting about to solve the problem. President Francois Mitterrand. Fifteen Melanesian separatists were killed in the raid. riuicc's new Prime Minister an investigative report within a New Caledonia was made an F Michel Rocard has decided to month on the situation in the overseas territory of France in send a six-man delegation to New French Pacific territory, with 1946 against the wishes of the Caledonia for a month-long suggestions for its future. Melanesian Kanak people, who investigation and negotiations The stalemate between the formed about 46 percent of the with the Kanaks. The decision was militant Kanaks of New territory's 145,000 population and made after consultation with Caledonia and the French gen• who demand independence. Ac• President Francois Mitterrand darmes on the island came about cording to reports, they have been and at the proposal of Deputy after April 22 when the island's protesting against pro-French Minister of Overseas Territories indigenous Kanak militants white settlers holding a dispro• Olivier Stirn. The new government stormed a police station on the portionate share of the territory's intends to deal with the issue island. They took 23 hostages on wealth. They boycotted the promptly, but not hastily, with the atoll after killing four referendum last September during determination. The delegation is gendarmes. The Kanaks, who which over 50 percent of the expected to provide Rocard with belong to the pro-independence residents, mainly French settlers.
12 BF.IJING RFiVlfiW. MAY W-JUNF, 5. i9XX voted to maintain the territory's Foreign Minister Russell Mar• in the Israeli-occupied territories. status as a French possession as shall pointed out that last year's Therefore, it will exert a positive stipulated in 1946. UN resolution on New Caledonia influence on enhancing Arab unity At present, tension still grips the had given a clear signal to France and promoting the peace process island. Militant white settlers in that its "intransigence" in faihng in the Middle East. Naturally it is New Caledonia, who are loyal to to promote the political rights of welcomed by the Arab world and France, recently threatened to the territory's indigenous people the international community. start a full-scale civil war against was unacceptable to the countries The fact that Algeria and pro-independence ethnic Kanaks. of the region. The Fijian Prime Morocco laid aside their long• They have organized self-defense Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara standing hostility and resumed groups to prepare to meet fire with urged the French government to diplomatic relations proves once fire. show understanding and restraint again that Arab countries and The situation in New Caledonia in its handling of the crisis. He third world countries in general, threatens the security and stability expressed hope that the French despite misunderstandings, disag• of the entire South Pacific region. authorities would listen to the reements or even confrontations The leaders of Papua New Kanaks' views and work out a arising from various cau.ses, can Guinea, Fiji and New Zealand solution satisfactory to all com• resolve their disputes and internal have expressed concern about the munities in New Caledonia. problems as long as they proceed island's instability. New Zealand by Zong Dao from the desire for solidarity and unity and adopt methods of consultation and dialogue. ALGERIA-MOROCCO Public opinion welcomes the resumed relations between Algeria and Morocco. A Chinese Foreign Normal Ties Good for Arab Unity Ministry spokesman said on May 18. both Algeria and Morocco are The restoration of diplomatic relations between Algeria and China's friends and China con• Morocco will contribute to peace, stability and development in gratulates them on their decision the Maghrib region. to restore diplomatic relations. Foreign Minister of "the Saharan Arab Democratic Re- public'" Mansur Omar welcomed n May 16. Algeria and development of the two countries the resumption of diplomatic O Morocco issued a joint directly involved but also to the relations between Morocco and communique announcing their overall situation in the Maghrib Algeria, calling it "an important decision to restore diplomatic region. Therefore. the re- step towards a peaceful settlement relations at the ambassadorial establishment of diplomatic rel• of confiicts." He expressed the level immediately, thus ending ations between Algeria and hope that Algeria, which has their 12-year-long estrangement. Morocco will further the interests supported the Polisario Front of The two countries severed rel• of the two nations as well as West Sahara, would contribute to ations on March 7. 1976 because provide a healthy atmosphere for negotiations between the two of a dispute over the West Sahara. a peaceful solution to the question warring parties. The Front also The move is an encouraging of the West Sahara. welcomed all efforts to promote sign of growing solidarity within Today, the situation in the confidence, end the expansionist the Arab world. Geographically. Middle East is unstable and the war and revive efforts to build the Algeria and Morocco are neigh• peace process is deadlocked by grand Arab Maghrib. bours in the Maghrib region in Israeli obstinacy. The Shamir by Ren Yan northern Africa. They are of the regime is stepping up its same nationality and have under• oppression of the Palestinians in gone similar historical expe• the occupied territories. This riences. In their common, pro• grave situation requires that the longed struggle against colonial• Arab world unite in their struggle. ism, the peoples of the two The resumption of relations countries supported each other came on the eve of an and developed a deep friendship. extraordinary Arab summit meet• The 12 years of hostility have ing that will be devoted to proved detrimental not only to the discussing the anti-Israeli uprising
BF.IJING RF.VinW. MAY 30-JUNE 5, I9SX Ethnic Minority Enters IViodern World by Our Correspondent Lu Yun
At the national conference overcome poverty through popu• to rejoin their ranks. Zhuge Liang ••commending outstanding larizing his research in Jinuo- gave them some tea seeds and told contributions to the unity and inhabited Xishuangbanna. them to settle there and earn their development of nationalities held living growing tea. The legend says last April, all eyes were drawn to a that the term "Jinuo" was a slighly representative from the Jinuo TephnologNai Aid mispronounced transliteration of nationality inhabitating China's the Chinese word "dropout." southwestern border area. Attired Jinuo Township is in Jinghong The story is not necessarily true, in his colourful striped, lace- County, the capital of the but the Jinuos did fall well behind trimmed national costume of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous the rest of the country in the long homespun cloth, Luo Abao never Prefecture. Its 45 villages are course of history. Until only a few let the smile leave his sun-tanned scattered across the Jinuo Moun• years ago, the Jinuos were face. tains, more than 800 metres above basically using a slash-and-burn The Jinuo nationality, living in sea level. method of cultivation. Their the Jinuo Mountains and sur• According to an ancient legend primary tools were axes, sickles rounding areas in Yunan Pro• of the Jinuo nationality, the and small hoes; and their animals vince, is one of the smallest of forefathers of the Jinuos followed all freely grazed on the mountains. China's 55 minority ethnic groups, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister Their oxen were not used to till the with a population of 12,000. By of the State of Shu during the land but as sacrificial offerings or the end of the 1940s, they were still Three Kingdoms Period (220-280 as a symbol of family prosperity. living in primitive communes. But AD), in an expedition to the south. In the late 1950s, when agricul• recently, they managed to shake One day they overslept and fell tural co-operatives were set up, the off poverty through cultivating behind. Although they later Jinuos were still keeping accounts tropical cash crops. The per-capita caught up, they were not allowed by cutting notches in bamboo. income for the people rose to exceed the national average for farmers. Television sets, re• frigerators and washing machines Luo Abao (left) and Zhou Qingnian pose for a picture atop the Tiananmen Gate Tower. have found their way into the LU YUN homes of Jinuo farmers and some farmers have even been able to afford tractors. The historical leap forward from primitive commune to modern community is the result of China's implementation of the policy of national unity and equality and common prosperity for all nationalities. For many years, the Jinuos have not only enjoyed preferential treatment from the government, but also received much support from Han experts, teachers and the masses. Zhou Qingnian, a Han medicinal herb specialist, was commended at the meeting for his outstanding work in helping the Jinuos
14 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 Xishuangbanna lies on the fringe of the northern tropical belt and abounds in plant resources. In the 1950s when Zhou Qingnian, a research fellow and director of the Yunnan branch of the Institute of Medicinal Herb Resource Devel• opment under the Chinese Acad• emy of Medical Sciences, went there to conduct research into tropical medicinal herbs, he immediately fell in love with the land. He and his colleagues erected thatched cottages in primitive forest land and cleared 40 hectares of land to grow medicinal herbs. They succeeded in growing several dozen types of medicinal herbs, including eight precious ones, and through hard work they very quickly formed a sound herbal medicine research and development centre. In 1964, Zhou and his colleagues went to the Jinuo Mountains to experiment with the cultivation of fructus amomi. They lived in the cottages of the Jinuos and travelled the mountain every day to persuade the Jinuos to take on the industry. The fertility of the land, plentiful rain and pollinating insects ensured quick success for their experiment. However, the area sown with fructus amomi remained limited. LU YUN Representatives from various minority nationaiities at ttie meeting exchange In the late 1970s, the central autograplis. government called on the various localities to adopt their own measures for economic develop• which have borne fruit. Last year, the Jinuos, who fondly dubbed ment in light of their actual the township produced 37,500 Zhou "the lord of fructus conditions. After careful investig• kilogrammes of the fruit. amomi." One old man, with a ation, the local government In recent years, scientific large bundle of money in hand, decided to give priority to the research institutions and govern• said, "I have never seen so much production of fructus amomi, ments at prefectural and county money in all my life. I am very rubber and tropical fruits in the levels have sponsored more than grateful to, the "lord of fructus Jinuo Mountains. 20 training classes attended by amomi." Pointing to a new brick- Scientific research institutions more than 500 Jinuos. Seven and-tile house, another man, Che in Xishuangbanna sent people to village committees have appointed Qie, explained that the money for provide technical support, and technical personnel to guide every brick and tile in the house Zhou's institute offers guidance farmers with grain, fructus came from fructus amomi. on the cultivation of fructus amomi, rubber, tea and tropical Since 1984, Zhou Qingnian has amomi. In only a few years, all 45 fruit cultivation. been elected vice-chairman of the villages in the Jinuo Mountains The cultivation of fructus Chinese People's Political Consul• had planted some 800 hectares of amomi and other cash crops has tative Conference, Xishuang• fructus amomi, more than half of greatly helped raise the incomes of banna prefectural branch, and
BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 15 ARTICLES
awarded second- and first-class The 45 Jinuo villages now have ations to these people tojoin them. prizes for his work. 43 primary schools. Except for one Many Jinuos have become local Now, at 60, Zhou has turned his which was built with government government officials, doctors and attention to helping other minor• allocations, all the schools were set technicians. Of all the 59 officials ity ethnic groups establish produc• up with funds pooled by the in the township government, 58 tion centres of fructus amomi and Jinuos. The first school buildings are Jinuos. Some Jinuos have been round cardamom, another herbal were all thatched cottages. But elected deputies to the National medicine. He also put forward a now 22 are brick-and-tile build• People's Congress and chairmen comprehensive plan to help people ings. All the schools have of the prefectural people's con• of the Blang nationality overcome organized pupils to plant fructus gress standing committee; some poverty. The old scientist told this have been elected to leading posts correspondent, "I have let the in Jinghong County. Blangs down by coming to their Economic and cultural develop• aid so late. If 1 had helped them ment has brought tremendous five years ago, they would now be changes to the Jinuo lifestyle. In living as well as the Jinuos." T ^he Jinuos showed great 1987, the per-capita income for the eagerness to learn. They Jinuos reached 566 yuan, and quickly built thatched bank savings came to 122 yuan per Primary Education cottages to serve as school person. One-third of Jinuo houses and made bamboo families have moved into new brick-and-tile houses. They no The massive changes in the lives desks and stools. With the aid longer use bamboo utensils for of the Jinuos have a direct of a Jinuo interpreter, the eating and drinking, nor do they relationship with their efforts to Han teachers slowly taught need to fetch water from the foot extend their knowledge. From of the mountain. Power cables, their experience, they have learnt the children to write and water pipes and highways have the lesson: one can only receive make mathematical been extended to service most education by going to school; calculations. The children Jinuo villages. More than 300 Han educated people are intelligent studied very hard, often people have gone to the Jinuo and intelligent people can achieve staying at the schools till late Moutains to help with the prosperity. in the night. construction of houses and Fourty-one-year-old Luo highways, and the laying of water Abao, deputy head of the Jinuo pipes. township in Jinghong County, received a formal education. In Individual farmers have bought 1956, five young Han graduates of amomi, and the money made from a total of 136 tractors and four a normal school were assigned to this endeavour goes towards trucks. Wristwatches, radios, tape set up schools in three Jinuo buying desks, chairs and colour recorders, sewing machines and villages. Luo was one of the 68 televisions. Of all teachers and bicycles are popular commodities. Jinuo children from over 800 staff at these schools, 78 percent The number of cameras, motor• families to be taught by these are Jinuos. cycles and high-grade household graduates. Last year, with the populariz• electrical appliances sold has been The Jinuos showed great ation of primary school education, on the rise. eagerness to learn. They quickly 99.3 percent of all school-age Considering future develop• built thatched cottages to serve as children went to school. The ment, Luo Abao said his township school houses and made bamboo township now has 1,035 middle is currently holding discussions on desks and stools. With the aid of a school graduates and 34 university establishing joint tea processing Jinuo interpreter, the Han students, far more than the workshops and small rubber teachers slowly taught the children provincial average and the plants, as part of the efforts to to write and make mathematical percentage for other minority develop township-run enterprises. calculations. The children studied ethnic groups. The first Jinuos to He added that it is necessary for very hard, often staying at the receive a proper education feel a the Jinuos themselves to try to schools till late in the night. Luo strong sense of gratitude towards throw off long-held notions of himself became a teacher in the those young people who brought self-sufficiency and contempt for 1960s and then in the 1970s he them knowledge in the 1950s. commerce to succeed in building a became an employee of the local Whenever they celebrate a festival, prosperous and advanced Jinuo government. they always extend their invit• community. •
16 BEI.1ING REVIE^W. MAY .KKIUNE 5. 1988 Training Qualified Personnel for Tibet by Our Correspondent Lu Yun
irenquji is a chauffeur's southwest China's border pro• Teacher-Student Ties C daughter from the Nagqu vince Yunnan. Most of them will area on Tibet's northern plain. She return to work in Tibet after There are three grades with 214 has been studying at the graduating from junior middle students in the Tibetan classes at Hongguang Middle School in schools and secondary technical Hongguang Middle School. The coastal city Tianjin in north schools. Some are expected to Tianjin municipal government China, for three years. In continue on to higher education. and the school's teachers and staff February this year, her parents, Before the peaceful liberation of members have created good study taking an opportunity to tour Tibet in 1951, the region had only and living conditions for the Beijing, took a roundabout route one middle school and 13 primary students. The school has a and visited their daughter in schools. But there are now 2,388 spacious dining room, a meeting Tianjin. They found her taller than primary schools, 64 middle hall, dormitories and a football when she left Tibet and more than schools, 14 secondary technical playing field. A building with ten kilogrammes heavier. Like schools and three institutions of lecture theatres, a computer their daughter, Cirenquji's parents higher learning with enrolments of classrbom and a linguistic class• were pleased with both the 148,000 students. The develop• room have been set up and education and the living environ• ment of education in Tibet has valuable laboratory equipment ment provided by the school. created a sound base for training installed. Cirenquji is one of 4,000 lucky qualified personnel. The aim of children from Tibet chosen in 1985 Tibetan middle schools or Tibetan On entering the school, they are to study at middle schools in other classes in cities where education given all the articles they need for parts.of the country. The students, facilities are fairly well-developed daily use such as toothbrushes, whose parents are Tibetan far• is to accelerate the training of washbasins, dinner services, wool• mers, herdsmen, workers, in• qualified personnel for Tibet. The len blankets, quilts and garments tellectuals or government func• Hongguang Middle School rec• and textbooks. Their meals and tionaries, are scattered across 17 ently won the commendation of medical expenses arc covered by provinces and municipalities from the State Council for its outstand• the state. During vacations they Liaoyangcity in northeast China's ing contribution to national unity can tour local scenic spots, the Liaoning Province to Kunming of and progressf feudal emperors' summer palaces in Chcngdc and Beijing, and Xian. Tibetan students during a language class. with its life-sized terra cotta warriors and horses of the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC).
The students, far away from their homes and families, cannot help but feel homesick and the teachers try to make up for the things they miss. One teacher, Gao Guoxun, invited his students to his home to celebrate the traditional Han Lantern Festival (15th of the 1st lunar month). Teachers in charge of the classes also organize extracurricular activities for the Tibetan students. The teachers always exercise patience and pay careful attention to their students' needs, and this leaves a deep impression on their students.
BEIJING RF.VIF.W. MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 17 •i ARTICLES
coming to Tianjin, they have become more concerned with world affairs. The recent riots in Lhasa form a sensitive topic of discussion for the Tibetan students. Many said they would like very much to hear more of the good news of unity and progress in Tibet. The actions of the separatists and rioters deeply upset many students. One girl named An Xueying, who is determined to become a corres• pondent, interviewed 12 Tibetan students who all condemned the riots and opposed the separatist activities. The students have a special affection for the Hongguang students learning to use computers. Middle School and for Tianjin. They show this through their interest in local issues. Some Mutual Help with the Tibetan language so the conduct regular social service school introduced a continuation activities after class in the nearby The harmonious campus life class in Tibetan for these students park. Many have forwarded has enabled the teachers and weak in that subject. suggestions to the school author• Tibetan students to establish Some students would like to ities for improvements such as the relationships based on sincere study English to be able to talk to organization of more interesting friendship. The teachers strive to foreign business people and activities and excursions after give their utmost and cultivate the tourists who will one day come to class. students' ability to analyse and Tibet. Another student hopes to understand problems. The stu• work in a Chinese embassy dents respond to this with hard overseas to give foreign people a Strong Local Support study and they have already made better understanding of the much progress. A second year changes and progress made in The Tibetan classes operating in student said that he felt highly Tibet. Still others said that after 17 provinces and municipalities elated when all the students improved on their academic A Tibetan dance. ptiolos by LU YU^ records. In the Chinese language examination last term, the average score achieved by the 48 Tibetan students was slightly higher than that of students of Han nation• ality. Mathematics scores of the Tibetan students ranked 13th out of the 34 middle schools in Tianjin's Hebei District. The students can not only speak fluent Mandarin, but have also attached great importance to the study of the Tibetan language. A student named Tongzhu explained that any failure to study the Tibetan language would mean that one didn't really love one's parents. One student once com• plained that she could not keep up
18 BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 have won support from all sides. ing Committee, and Li Ruihuan, Students were able to see their The state invested 53 million yuan mayor of Tianjin, have met parents on a video recording and in running these classes, and separately with teachers and also record their own greetings to earmarked 3.07 million for the students of the Tibetan classes. be sent home. Teachers and Hongguang Middle School. The Pintso-Wongje, vice-chairman of students alike celebrated the Tianjin municipal government the Nationalities Committee of Tibetan new year, the largest provided the classes with medical the NPC Standing Committee, festival for Tibetans. personnel, assigned them a good Zhang Zaiwang, chairman of the The visiting group of Tibetan hospital and supplied beef and Tianjin NPC Standing Commit• compatriots returned from abroad mutton requirements. Some insti• tee, Wu Jinghua and Dantzen, headed by Lhalu, vice-chairman tutions and factories in Tianjin secretary and deputy secretary of of the Tibet Autonomous Re• have, on their own initiative, the Party committee of the gional Committee of the CPPCC, presented the school with medical Tibet Autonomous Region, also visited Hongguang Middle School apparatus and gifts, and provided visited the teachers and students. in Septernber 19,86. In his speech repair services for electrical They thanked the teachers tor Lhalu said that the Tibetan classes appliances. Tourism department^ their hard work and encouraged are very well run. Another Tibetan have also hosted the Tibetan the students to study hard so they compatriot in the group expressed students free of charge. A worker could later contribute to the his heartfelt thanks for the respect of the Han nationality from a construction of their native land. shown for the minority nation• nearby factory spent his own During the Tibetan new year in alities. Deputy secretary Dantzen bonus on 15 transistors for the February this year, leaders of the praised Hongguang Middle Tibetan students. Nagqu area of Tibet headed a School and secretary Wu Jinghua Bainqen Erdini Qoigyi Gyain- delegation to visit Hongguang said that the Tibetan classes will cain and Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, Middle School and conveyed their add a glorious page to the history vice-chairmen of the NPC Stand• greetings to teachers and students. of national unity in China. •
A Special Mission History Entrusted to Me This is the second part of an eye-witness account by the author, a former Chinese ambassador to Mongolia, of events surrounding the plane crash 17 years ago in which Lin Blao, former vice-chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and defence minister, died in his attempt to flee the country. Xu's reminiscences of the incident, which include an account of an inspection tour to the area of the crash and subsequent diplomatic negotiations with Mongolia, shed much light on the once mystery-shrouded death of Lin Biao.
by Xu Wenyi
The Dispute About of the Crash of the Aeroplane of talk-and prepare a plan. "Military" or "Civilian" the People's Republic of China in The official meeting between the Territory of the Mongolian China and Mongolia began at 4:25 It was past 5 pm when we People's Republic and asked for am in the hotel. I spoke first, returned to Ondor Haan after an immediate discussion. While offering China's thanks for the burying the dead. After several Comrades Shen Qingyi and Wang help that had been provided by the days" continuous great strain and Zhongyuan were translating the Mongolian government and the work, wc ail felt so tired out that document, I sank down in the sofa friendly co-operation of the wc wanted to have a good sleep. thinking over ihe happenings of Mongolians concerned. Then I But at 10 o'clock that evening, the the past two days. The translation suggested 10 amendments to the Mongolians sent us the Summary was finished at 1 am on September Summary of the On-the-Spot of the On-thc-Spot Investigation 17 and we at once settled down to Investigation. The three major
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 19 •1 ARTICLES
proposals were as follows: report that China had closed all its bassador is busy and must go back First, to change the statement in airports and prohibited aero• today and Mr. Ambassador also the preface that "The aeroplane of planes from taking off. I understands that we are busy. If the People's Republic of China immediately associated the news Mr. Ambassador and Comrade crossed the border of the with the plane crash and sensed Sanzhaa agree, I propose to finish Mongolian People's Republic at the complexity and gravity of the the task today and return about 2 am on September 13, matter. Then Comrade Shen together." 1971" to "The aeroplane of the Qingyi saw the Mongolians go to I noted that it was quite natural China Administration of Civil the telegraph office and guessed for the two sides to disagree since Aviation lost its way and went that they were requesting instruc• they had met only a few times and astray over the border of the tions from their leaders. Realizing they viewed the case from different Mongolian People's Republic"; that the situation was urgent and angles. I continued that I was Second, since the first item of that we could not afford to linger confident the issue could be the summary only mentions a on there, I decided to leave for the resolved through mutual under• Chinese flag and the aeroplane tail embassy to report to Beijing on the standing and friendly consultation marked "256" in the plane investigation of the crash site and based on the facts. Then I wreckage and does not specify the the ongoing negotiations and reiterated my position. First, as aircraft wing fragments marked obtain instructions. 1 told Com• instructed by my government, I "Zhongguo Min Hang" (CAAC), rade Sun Yixian to tell the delivered a formal explanation of I proposed to add that the Mongolians that since China's the reasons of the plane crash to wreckage also contained a 22nd National Day (October 1) Vice-Foreign Minister Erdene- damaged aeroplane wing more was approaching, the Chinese bileg at 8:30 pm on September 14 than 20 metres to the east of the ambassador had to return to Ulan and he did not disagree with my plane's nose bearing the two Bator to tend to the affairs of the account. This should be written Chinese characters for "Civil embassy. Our suggestion was to down in the summary. Second, the Aviation"; continue the negotiations in Ulan Chinese characters for "China" Bator and if the Mongolians did Third, since the seventh item of and "Civil Aviation" and the not agree, we would continue the the summary concluded, after number 256 were clearly marked talks in Ondor Haan with Sun describing the personal effects of on the crashed plane and should Yixian as our representative. the dead, that the plane was used be put into the summary. by the People's Liberation Army The meeting resumed at 10:15 in The meeting reconvened at 3:20 of China and all the dead were the morning. Colonel Sanzhaa pm. Knowing that agreement on military personnel, I proposed responded to my amendments, the Summary of the On-the-Spot replacing that deduction with the rejecting each of them almost Investigation was unlikely, the statement that the No. 256 CAAC entirely. First, he said that since Mongolians turned the discussion aeroplane carried Chinese military there was no evidence to prove to the Summary of the Burial, personnel as well as non-military that the Chinese civil aeroplane which was easier to deal with. personnel. crossed the Mongolian border Gotov spoke first. He said his I also proposed some amend• because it had lost its way, "there superiors, who had been informed ments to the preface of the was no need and no basis to say of the ambassador's desire to leave Summary of the Burial drawn up so." Second, "If the Chinese for Ulan Bator, had instructed by the Mongolians to make it characters 'Civil Aviation' on the him and his people to finish the read, "With the friendly help of wing 20 metres to the east of the Summary of the Burial as soon as the government and concerned plane's nose must be included in possible and then go back with the departments of the Mongolian the summafy, everything should Chinese. I agreed to the idea but People's Republic, the nine people be put into it." Third, "Because all persuaded them to face the facts in the crashed No. 256 Chinese the dead were in army uniform, by depicting the plane crash civil plane are buried as follows." the paragraph describing them as clearly. I did not object to There followed an account of military personnel should be admitting the presence of military when, where and how the burial retained." The negotiations were personnel on board plane No. 256. was conducted. deadlocked. Gotov interjected to But the on-the-spot investigation try to break the stalemate. He said, pointed to the fact that the plane The Mongolians suggested a 10- "We came here for the purpose of carried both military and non- minute recess after my speech. inspecting and analysing the site. military personnel, and this They did not return after the It is the desire of both sides to should be reported in the break. While waiting for them, I finish this task as soon as possible. summary. Following my speech. heard over the radio a foreign We understand that Mr. Am• Colonel Sanzhaa expressed his
20 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 agreement to changing "the No. would be ineffective. To ease the Mongolian authorities kept silent. 256 Trident l-E piloted by tensions, I warned against acting At 3:30 pm on September 22, military personnel of the Poeple's hastily and proposed returning to Tserentsotal, head of the second Liberation Army of China" to Ulan Bator to go on with the talks. department of the Mongolian "No. 256 Trident l-E of the I said the Summary of the Burial Foreign Ministry, informed me People's Republic of China." I would be easily settled after the that he wanted to see me immediately approved the shift Summary of the On-the-Spot immediately. He said that on towards our suggestion but still Investigation was completed. But orders from his government he insisted that the summary must Gotov turned down my suggestion was demanding a formal explan• point out that the plane belonged and insisted on signing the ation from the Chinese to the Chinese civil aviation Summary of the Burial at once. I government — to be made before administration and carried both said I was sorry about this September 25 — about the pene• military and non-military person• undesirable outcome. The talks, tration of the crashed plane into nel. Neither side gave in and as the which had gone on day and night, Mongolian airspace. To this I dispute intensified, Gotov an• ended in dismay. All thereplie d that I had already given a nounced a five-minute recess. participants left for Ulan Bator by formal explanation to Vice- When the meeting resumed, plane. Foreign Minister Erdenebileg on Gotov said he and his people Soon after our people got back September 14. He said that was valued China's opinions and the to the embassy, I briefed the insufficient, adding that in order Summary of the Burial was open Foreign Ministry, which had to prevent anything untoward to amendment. Then Sanzhaa already called several times asking from happening between the read the preface of the Summary for news, on the special telephone countries, the Chinese govern• of the Burial as they had revised it. line about the negotiations. The ment was required to give a It read, "The nine citizens (eight Foreign Ministry had decided that written formal explanation before men and one woman) of the the emabssy should send one September 25. He said all this in a People's Republic of China on person home to report in detail. very tough tone of voice and board the crashed No. 256 Trident Although exhausted, we sat up all mentioned no further meetings l-E jet plane driven by military night preparing reports on the jet with me. It struck me that there personnel of the People's Republic crash, the on-the-spot investig• must have been some changes in of China are buried in the ation, the burying of the dead and the situation. following way." I regarded as a the negotiations. On September At dawn on September 23, step forward the change from 20, Comrade Sun Yixian got on instrLictions came through from "military personnel" to the Sino-Soviet international train my government that I should "citizens." Since the preface still with all four reports. When he immediately request a meeting said the crashed plane was piloted arrived at Beijing Station at 3 pm with a Mongolian vice-foreign by military personnel and did not on September 21 and was looking minister, to whom I should make mention the key words — China around for his relatives, he was clear the following two points: Civil Aviation — I thought it surprised to find that Fu Hao, First, the No. 256 CAAC would be hopeless to continue to director of the Foreign Ministry's Trident had entered by mistake argue in this way. I suggested general office, had come to meet the territorial airspace of the returning to Ulan Bator to him. To his even greater surprise, People's Republic of Mongolia continue the discussion. Then he was received the same night by because it was lost, and had Gotov. who sensed that we were Premier Zhou Enlai in the Fujian crashed without external infiuence not to be easily persuaded, showed Hall of the Great Hall of the at about 2 am on September 13. his hand. He said that in order to People. The meeting lasted from The Chinese government ex• show respect for the dead, a report late that night until the early hours pressed its regret over the incident. must be made; if the Chinese held of the next morning. As Premier The Chinese government was also different views about the report, Zhou listened to his report, they extremely grateful for the as• Mongolia would unilaterally sign shared a midnight snack of hot sistance offered by the Mongolian it. Sanzhaa said that the Chinese noodles. government in searching for the were welcome to attend the wreckage of the plane, burying the signing ceremoney and the fact victims' bodies and sorting out that China refused to sign would Other Negotiations their effects. be indicated. Sun Yixian re• Second, the Chinese govern• sponded by saying that it was not For quite a few days after I ment had decided, at the request of necessary for us to be present returned from the scene of the the victims' families, to bring the because the unilateral signing incident to Ulan Bator the bodies of the dead back to China
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY .W-JUNE 5. 198X 21 ARTICLES for a formal burial or to cremate Mongolia was busy preparing for from the Chinese government." ihem at the crash site and send the it. I also was involved with visits The next day the news was ashes back to China. In this task, which I had had to postpone. At repeated in all Mongolian news• the Chinese government respect• 3:30 pm on September 29, papers and Mongolia's foreign- fully requested the assistance of Tserentsotal called me on another language broadcasts. the Mongolian government. It urgent matter. He expressed his Mongolia's move to publish the also hoped that the Mongolian regret over the Chinese news on the eve of China's side would turn over the effects of government's failure to offer a National Day would clearly have the dead, which had been collected formal explanation about the an unfavourable effect on Sino- on the spot, to the Chinese causes of the plane crash, and said Mongolian relations which had government. there had been rumours and much just started to improve. But All the Mongolian vice-foreign discussion about the accident viewed from all aspects, it seemed minister were out of Ulan Bator. among the Mongolian people. The that the Mongolian authorities So instead I asked for an urgent Mongolian government had deci• had no intention to make a fuss meeting with Tserentsotal and ded to publish a news release to about the incident. The Mon• informed him of the Chinese outline what had happened. I golians held a reception to government's position. Tserent• pointed out at once that the celebrate China's National Day. sotal said he would report the Chinese government, which had They also arranged several position to his superiors. Two twice offered timely explanations important meetings for me. There days later I called on Tserentsotal about the accident, had adopted a were more Mongolian leaders at again and urged the Mongolian serious attitude towards the the embassy's National Day government to reply to the demand of the Mongolian govern• reception than the previous year. requests of the Chinese govern• ment. I expressed my hope that the On instructions from my govern• ment. He said he had not received Mongolian government would not ment, I took the opportunity of any instructions from his govern• do anything that would run Vice-Foreign Minister D. Endon's ment. He added that it was counter to the recent normali- presence at the reception to September 25 and the Chinese zaton process of Sino-Mongolian express China's regret over the government had failed to give a relations. Tserentsotal stressed Mongolian news report of the formal explanation about the that what was to be published was plane crash, for it had hurt the plane's incursion into Mongolian not a government statement but normalization of Sino-Mongolian airspace. He expressed his regret only an ordinary news brief. relations. Endon said, "We felt over China's failure to respond to At 5 pm that day, the that we should inform the public Mongolia's request. He also said Mongolian Radio newscast in• of this, so we published the news that since the victims had been cluded an item headlined About brief" He also said that the identified, he hoped the Chinese the Chinese Plane Crash. It said, Mongolian government would government would provide their "A jet plane of the People's reply to the requests of the Chinese names, ages, occupations and Republic of China violated the government at the proper time. photographs to the Mongolian territorial airspace of the People's Just before and after the government. Finally he said the Republic of Mongolia at 1:55 am National Day, the documents of Mongolian government could not on September 13 and crashed at the Central Committee of the consider what it should do about 2:25 in Mongolia's Khentei Chinese Communist Party con• the Chinese government's requests Province as a result of unknown cerning Lin Biao's hurried escape, until it had studied its formal causes. The nine seriously burnt his betrayal of the country and the explanation about the incident. and broken bodies, firearms, Party and the plane crash were He expressed concern that some• documents and other articles made public. The whole truth of thing untoward could happen if found at the scene of the accident the so-called "political riddle of the Chinese government delayed proved that the plane belongs to China" had come out. Having its reply. From Tserentsotal's the Chinese Air Force. Delegates fulfilled the special mission tough words, I felt that the from the embassy of the People's entrusted to me by history, I ended situation must have changed Republic of China in the People's my representations to the Mon• again. And the change un• Republic of Mongolia have been golian authorities at the order of doubtedly had something to do allowed to inspect the accident my government. with the rumours that had been scene. Mongolia has lodged a circulating around the world since protest against the violation of Cause of the Plane Crash the incident happened. Mongolia's territorial airspace by China's National Day was the Chinese plane, and has The news of Lin Biao's death coming, and the embassy in demanded a formal explanation and the Trident accident led to
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 widespread rumours and specul• taken some necessary steps for The pilot also had to land ation. Some rumours said that the landing and that the main wheels because it was hard for hiffi to tell plane was shot down by missiles and the undercarriage's wheel hub his exact location, since there was and others that there had been a had remained undamaged, in• no navigator on board, no ground fight inside the plane. What, then, dicating that the pilot had not guidance was available, and the is the truth of the matter? lowered the landing gear, but plane was flyinng at night. The The Mongolian authorities rather had brought the plane's tail pilot could have landed in Ondor believed that for unknown reasons down first. The 30-metre-long skid Haan's airport, which was only 70 but without external influence, the mark at the crash site was kilometres to the southeast, had he plane tried to belly-land, but apparently made by the plane's known where he was. failed. Its right wing hit the ground tail sliding on the ground. The first The plane certainly did not blow and broke off, and it exploded and parts detached from the plane up in the air since there was the burst into flames. According to included the lower part of the skid mark on the ground and the the meteorological data provided middle engine and the nozzle, both wreckage was scattered in a by the Mongolian authorities, at the plane's tail. Since there was narrow strip. If it had exploded in around 2 am on September 13, no detp groove at the crash site, the air, the area would have been 1971, there was no wind nor fog the plane obviously did not hit the much larger, for pieces of near the accident site in Khentei ground at a steep angle. wreckage would have been thrown Province, only light cloud, and •Third, all those on board were as far as 10 kilometres away, and visibility was 50 kilometres. This found to have taken off their when it dropped to the ground, can rule out the weather as the wristwatches and shoes, steps there would not have been much cause of the crash. generally taken to avoid injury in fuel left to enable the plane to burn The Chinese embassy's report crash landings. fiercely. to the Chinese government said The landing failed for various Nor was the plane shot down. A the plane seemed to have exploded reasons. The pilot did not hole 40 centimetres in diameter on after landing instead of in the air. complete all the steps required. the plane's tight wing was thought Evidence for this includes the facts For instance, the deceleration at first to be the place where a that there were no tall buildings in flaps and some other speed missile had hit. But it later proved the area, the landing site was well reducers were not used to slow the to have been caused by an chosen, the landing point was plane down. These are usually explosion from inside since the dozens of metres away from the controlled by the assistant pilot, wing was not penetrated, the hole spot where the plane was on fire, who was not aboard the plane was irregular in shape and the the bodies of the people on board because the plane took off too hole's rim went outward. were not badly burnt and they hurriedly. No sign of fighting was found showed no signs of fracture As a low-wing monoplane — through technical analysis and usually seen in a plane tumbling one whose wings are beneath its forensic medicine. Nor were there accident. belly — the Trident was not suited any bullet holes in any of the nine In May 1972, the Special Case to belly-landing in open country. corpses. The blood on the heads of Group of the Central Committee When the wings and belly hit the some of the bodies turned out to of the Chinese Communist Party ground at the same time, the wings be from wounds caused after the invited experts to make systematic easily get damaged, and the fuel people were injured during the analysis of the causes of the crash. tanks in both the wings and the landing and thrown out of the They reached the conclusion that belly are likely to be broken and plane during the explosion. A the plane "crashed and burnt after burst into fiames. foreign press report that Lin's failing to land under control in Generally smooth as it was, the head was "honeycombed" with open country." landing site still had some bumps bullet holes was sheer nonsense. What were the reasons for this and holes, which would make a conclusion? First, the landing site, plane landing at high speed jump a rather smooth grassland, was up and down. apparently deliberately chosen Fuel shortage is believed to have since the plane turned around to been a major reason why the plane the south before landing after had to land suddenly. Calcul• having been headed for the ations based on the planed altitude northwest. and fiying time indicate that its Second, the pilot was prepared tanks held only 2.5 tons of fuel for the landing. The photos of the before the crash, which could plane's wreckage show that he had allow it to fly for only 20 minutes.
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 3()-JUNE 5. 1988 23 •i ARTICLES
How Will US-Soviet Summit Fare in Moscow?
•The Moscow summit will cover a wide range of topics including arms control, regional issues, human rights and bilateral relations. But the core of the talks will no doubt be an agreement on a 50 percent cut in strategic nuclear weapons. •Judging by all the developments to date, it appears unlikely that the two sides will sign the accord during their Moscow talks, as originally planned. • However, the summit will probably make some progress in other areas of arms control, and the trends towards improvement and relaxation in the US-Soviet relations will continue, although it will not be a smooth process.
by Zhuang Qubing*
ie coming fourth summit lo date, however, it appears Soviet Union and the United Tmeeting in Moscow between unlikely that the two sides will sign States must be alleviated. Ronald Reagan and Mikhail the accord during their Moscow The Reagan administration has Gorbachev is attracting world• talks, as originally planned. But also come to feel a heavy burden wide attention. What will ensue negotiations will continue and the after several consecutive years of from their talks? How should the signing could come before the end large-scale arms increases. Large meeting be viewed and what can of the year. The summit will financial and trade deficits have be predicted about it? Speculation probably make some progress in seriously affected the development is rife. other areas of arms control, and of the US economy. The US My guess is that the Moscow the trends towards improvement empire has declined, leaving the summit will cover a wide range of and relaxation in US-Soviet United States the world's largest topics including arms control, relations will continue, although it debtor nation. Demand for policy regional issues, human rights and will not be a smooth process. adjustments has been rising. A bilateral relations. But the core of new arms control agreement the talks will no doubt be an I would help Washington get out of agreement on a 50 percent cut in its predicament and better its strategic nuclear weapons. Soviet arms control policy has image. The treaty on the elimination of changed significantly since Gor• Since arms control talks were intermediate-range nuclear forces bachev came to power. The resumed in 1985, the Soviet Union (INF), signed by the United States Reagan administration has also has mainly focused on three aims. and the Soviet Union last made some adjustments to its First, it wants to hinder the December, was aimed at destroy• policy. Both superpowers need to implementation of the US ing only 3-4 percent of their reach some arms control agree• Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), nuclear arsenals. The proposed ments, but relatively speaking, the particularly the deployment of a strategic arms reduction treaty Soviet need is greater. strategic defence system, which (START) would slash a huge The Kremlin sees lessening the could give Washington a military number of long-distance nuclear burden of huge military expendi• advantage and force the Soviet weapons and thus would be far ture and improving relations with Union to exhaust its national more important and influential the United States as necessary to strength in a stepped-up arms than the INF pact. the success of its domestic reform race. Second, it seeks a deep cut in Judging by all the developments programme and its accelerated- strategic nuclear weapons, but development strategy. The pro• that should not jeopardize the
* The author i.s a Research Fellow. tracted and intense arms race and strategic balance between the two China Inslitiite of Inlcrnational Studies. regional conflicts involving the sides. Third, it wants to drive US
24 BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 nuclear forces out of Europe and of US Secretary of State George remain in dispute. gradually denuclearize Europe, Shultz to Moscow brought no For Moscow, linking SDI with thus reinforcing its own strategic breakthrough on major disputed the reduction in strategic nuclear position while at the same time issues. Agreement had not been weapons is a strategic consider• deepening the conflicts between reached on 1,200 points contained ation. But lately, Soviet worries the United States and its West in the proposed treaty which was about the programme seem to be European allies. The Soviet Union drafted by both sides. dwindling, and it now appears has paid a price for the INF treaty It seems very unlikely that likely that Moscow will make but has also benefited a great deal Reagan and Gorbachev will sign further concessions. A senior from it. the START treaty at their coming Soviet official told reporters in The Reagan administration meeting. But with hard bargain• February that the Soviet Union maintains that the United States ing, it could still be signed by the realizes that a highly effective US can establish a dual-deterrence end of this year. The major strategic defensive system could strength (strategic offence and outstanding disputes focus on the not be deployed before the year defence) and a capacity to choose anti-ballistic missile (ABM) 2000 and that cuts by the US among multiple war methods, as treaty, methods of calculating Congress in funding for the well as an advantageous military limitations on certain weapons programme have already delayed posture over the Soviet Union. As and questions relating to the original plan mapped out by a result, Soviet expansion could be verification. Reagan. The United States may effectively contained. Moreover, Moscow insists that both sides not see its proposition oa the to reduce the Soviet offensive must agree to abide by the ABM period for observing the ABM capability is also essential in treaty of 1972 for a set period treaty as differing vastly from the upgrading the power of US before there can be a treaty demand of the Soviet Union. ballistic missile defence. Thus, halving strategic nuclear weapons. Reports say that some US Washington insists on implement• Moscow demands that the period officials, including senior military ing SDI while demanding that be 10 years, but Washington has officers, admit that the Soviet Moscow make large-scale cuts in only agreed to seven. Fur• proposal to limit space testing is its arsenal of long-range nuclear thermore, Washington maintains negotiable. Reports also say that weapons, particularly the heavy that the ABM treaty can be the Pentagon is planning to ICBMs, which pose the biggest "broadly" interpreted and there• confine the SDI to a limited threat to the United States. fore the United States can test any defence system. Under these anti-missile defensive device in cfreum-stances, it seems likely that space. Moscow, for its part, holds .some agreement might be reached H that the treaty must be interpreted in the field of space weapons. strictly. Initially, the Soviets said Despite the importance of the By the end of last year, the that all tests must be conducted on cruise missile, mobile inter• leaders of the Soviet Union and the ground, but last year they continental missile and verific• the United States had signed the conceded that the two sides can ation issues to the security of both agreement to eliminate all their work out jointly a list of items that sides, they are nevertheless intermediate-range missiles, and can be tested in space. Sub• subordinate to the issue of negotiations on reducing strategic sequently, they again changed strategic defence. And in general, nuclear weapons by 50 percent their tune, returning to the call for both sides' strategic nuclear had also made some progress. The "strict compliance" with the arsenals have over-expanded, two sides had agreed that the treaty. In March Washington while many nuclear warheads Soviet Union should cut a bit presented a new proposal, which have been growing old. Francois more than 50 percent of its long- would permit the deployment of Haisbourg, director of the range missiles and reduce more remote-sensing devices in space London-based International In• launching vehicles than the United and the testing of limited space stitute for Strategic Studies, thinks States, while the United States weapons in designated "space that the United States and the should scrap more nuclear testing zones." Soviet Union could each reduce warheads than the Soviet Union. On the question of calculating their nuclear weapons by 80 But many problems remained limits, the method to calculate air- percent. unresolved, Jind they decided to based cruise missiles and to limit But extra-political needs are sign the treaty at their next summit sea-based cruise missiles — which outweighed by political consider• after further negotiations. are not included in the START ations. A long-range nuclear However, the negotiations pro• treaty — and the limitation on weapons agreement in the near gressed slowly. The late-April visit mobile intercontinental missiles future would help raise the
BE1.IING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 25 ARTICLES prestige both of President Reagan Israeli conflicts and the proposed for guaranteeing European secur• and the Republican Party as they international Middle East peace ity and a suggestion for establish• move into a general election and of conference. It will not be easy for ing an international monitoring Soviet leader Gorbachev, who is Reagan and Gorbachev to system to prevent the militariz• facing domestic obstruction to his accomplish much in this area at ation of space. At the summit, it is reform programme. If the agree• their Moscow meeting. highly possible that the Soviet ment cannot be reached this year, Union will issue some new it will be put off for the new US proposals that would be worthy of president, who will take office next Ill close attention. year. Third, the elimination of Verification and monitoring of Several points are worth noting intermediate-range missiles, the an agreement to reduce strategic about the summit, which will be large-scale reduction of long- nuclear weapons by 50 percent are held May 29-June 2. range nuclear weapons and the more complex than for the INF First, although it may not see a Soviet troop withdrawal from treaty. Kenneth Adelman, former major breakthrough, its role Afghanistan will eventually be director of the US Arms Control should not be underestimated. realized, and this will play a and Disarmament Agency, said The INF treaty —the first welcome and positive role in last December before leaving his evidence that the two sides are improving US-Soviet relations post that it would be amazing if an ready to try to reduce nuclear and defusing international agreement could be arrived at in a weapons — has a definite in• tension. short time because it must involve fluence. If an agreement to reduce But there are some negative at least nine missile systems — on strategic nuclear weapons by 50 factors that must not be ignored. the Soviet side only — various percent is reached, it will The basis for better US-Soviet aircrafts and quality issues, while undoubtedly have far more relations is not firm and the need the INF treaty involved much notable repercussions on US- for arms control talks and lesser missile systems. Soviet relations and the inter• coexistence will not change the Although it is unlikely that the national situation. Otherwise, the nature of confrontation and full agreement to reduce strategic momentum of improving their competition. A period of detente is nuclear weapons by 50 percent will relations would become weaker. emerging; in the future relations be reached at the coming US- The Moscow summit will be only between the two countries will Soviet summit, the meeting may one chapter in the lengthy US- probably be up and down because bring out a joint statement Soviet arms control negotiations. the arms race has not and will not illuminating their intentions in After long-range nuclear stop, although its nature may alter this regard. The two sides could weapons, there are many other from a stress on quantity to also make progress in other areas issues to discuss and resolve. One quality, and from nuclear of arms control and in bilateral of the roles of this summit is to weapons to space weapons. relations. They are ready to put serve as a link between the past Meanwhile conventional weapon into effect the 1976 Treaty on and the future. technology has been up-graded Underground Nuclear Explosions Second, since 1985 the Soviet remarkably. Furthermore, the for Peaceful Purposes. Union has played the active role in contradictions which lead to The agreement on Afghanistan the arms control talks while the regional conflicts cannot be signed by the two countries in United States has been relatively entirely eliminated. On the Geneva will improve the atmo• passive. Recently the Reagan Afghanistan question, for sphere at the summit meeting. The administration has been taking a example, thorny issues remain Soviet decision to withdraw its somewhat flexible attitude to• unresolved. troops from Afghanistan within wards the talks, but is still acting The contradictions between the nine months has created the from strength and trying to exert United States and the Soviet conditions for the political heavy pressure on the Soviet Union are many and deep. People settlement of the Afghanistan Union to make compromises. The everywhere hope that the two problem. Soviet Union has increasingly countries can sum up historical Regional conflicts are an made concessions when they do experience, find the practical and important factor in US-Soviet not interfere with its vital interests, feasible methods they seek and tensions. The late-April talks thus demonstrating its flexibility. arrive, through negotiations, at an between the two countries' foreign At the same time it has launched effective agreement that will ministers failed to make headway frequent peace offensives. Earlier further improve their relations, on a wide range of regional issues this year Moscow put forward, and promote international peace including the Iran-Iraq war, Arab- among others, a 12-point proposal and security. •
26 BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 divided into 13 areas with holiday Farmers Run Holiday Village resorts and other tourist facilities, a sanatorium and health care centre, flower gardens and a ore than 1 million Chinese and has many kinds of tasty fish, recreational garden on the water, Mand foreign tourists from 13 which can be found on the menu of and "villages" for cultural activ• countries have stayed at the the seafood restaurant. On the ities, sports, film showings, and Farmer-Run Holiday Village at lake, pleasure boats and motor shows and displays by different Baiteng Lake, Guangdong Pro• boats are available for tourists to nationalities from China and vince, since it opened in December skim over the water or cruise at a around the world. The buildings 1984. About 17 percent of the leisurely pace. In summer as many will cover 460,000 square metres guests were Hong Kong and as 10,000 people can sunbathe on of floor space. The plans include Macao compatriots, overseas the long sandy beach. providing 12,000 beds for holiday- Chinese and foreign visitors and The village offers a wide variety makers. The city will also have 30 percent were Chinese farmers. of recreational facilities which industry, commerce, financial The farmer-run resort gives cannot be found in cities and services and a residential area, farmers a 20 percent discount on organizes special tourist pro• with farms and fishing villages its fees. grammes. These include: nearby. The region's climate is mild and Fruit-Picking. Tourists are invited by Li RONGXIA the trees are green year-round. to take photos, pick and purchase The village covers an area of fresh fruit from vineyards, lichee 80,000 square metres and is orchards and tangerine and News in Briefs surrounded by a 10-square- orange groves. kilometre lake. Tourists can relax Camping. Guests can sit around a on the shore, eat fresh seafood and campfire and cook fresh fish and Activities for Beijing Inter• enjoy themselves in the water. other seafood which they catch or national Tourist Year will include The modern villas come in both buy. two special events. From May 25- Chinese- and Western-style. Tou• Fishing. Tourists can fish in a 30, Beijing Hotel will celebrate rists can enjoy the lake scenery and special fish pond or go angling its 88th anniversary. The restau• fishing from the verandas. The with rented gear. rant will feature local foods and rooms have automatic curtains, At the end of last year, the delicacies prepared by famous remote-controlled TV sets, warm- foundation stone was laid for a 20- chefs from different parts of water showers, air conditioning sqiaare-kilometre tourist city to be China. A variety of cultural events and other up-to-date features. built at Baiteng Lake. By the end will be held in the hotel too. Baiteng Lake is rich in seafood of this century, the city will be including qigong (deep breathing exercises) performances and cos• tume and fashion shows. Guests will have a chance to have their photos taken dressed in ancient Chinese costume. Handicraft and folk artists will display their talents — painting Beijing opera faces, making dough figures and kites, and carving seals. Other painters and calligraphers will also be at work. Between June 10 and July 10 the Beihai Lantern Fair will be held in Beihai Park. Glass and porcelain lanterns will be displayed, mainly Zigong dragon lanterns from Sichuan. Lanterns of a peacock spreading its feathers and a musical fountain will be featured, along with a lantern of a nine- dragon wall and other dragon lanterns. , , •
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5. 1988 m FROM THE CHINESE PRESS
Taiwan Dwellers' Families Prosper
refrigerator, a washing machine, a husband was persecuted to death "LIAO WANG" radio-cassette recorder, an electric during China's ten-year turmoil (Outlook Weekly, Overseas Edition) fan, armchairs and carpets. (1966-76) because of his parents' The parents of Yu Yongbo of background. In 1982 Li began to or historical and pohtical Xiafangshen Village withdrew make clothes. She designed and F reasons, 437 Kuomintang with the KMT from the mainland sewed them herself and found (KMT) officers and soldiers born to Taiwan in the late 1940s. Yu pedlars to sell them. In the past in the town of Haicheng, Liaoning returned to his home town and five years she has made hundreds Province, moved to Taiwan before became involved in farming after of thousands of yuan in profit and 1949. Today their families, with he graduated from the Lanzhou become a rich woman in her more than 1,000 members, have Industrial Machinery School in locality. Now. eight of her family been lifted out of poverty and Gansu Province in the 1950s. members — including her sons, backwardness as the result of a Later he worked as a technician in daughters and daughters-in- six-year effort. More than 300 the village-run machinery plant, law— are engaged in producing families each have more than carningjust over 50 yuan a month. garments. 1.000 yuan in bank deposits; 30 His family of seven depended on In 1985 Li made a trip to Hong families with more than 10,000 him for support and was often Kong for a reunion with her yuan; and five families have short of money. With the support parents-in-law. They bought some several hundred thousand yuan in of the local departments con• clothing for her and also planned the bank. cerned, he signed a contract to to give her a colour television, a Zhou Shimin is an outstanding manage the village-run stone- radio-cassette recorder and some example. He has earned hundreds processing plant, which was on the money because they thought she of thousands of yuan in profits brink of bankruptcy. Yu proved must be living in straitened repairing motor vehicles and has to be good at management and circumstances. Li accepted no• become a famous entrepreneur. have a solid grasp of technology. thing. She told them that her Every day. he goes to work in an Over the past five years the plant family had money, colour televi• imported sedan which cost him has produced an output value of 5 sions, refrigerators, radio-cassette more than 40,000 yuan. million yuan, of which 300,000 recorders and everything. The old Zhou used to be a highly skilled yuan has gone to Yu, under the man and woman were not worker at the Anshan Motor terms of the contract. convinced. Later, when Li learned Repair and Assembly Plant and that her mother-in-law was In 1984, Yu spent more than later at the Haicheng Motor critically ill and had to be 20,000 yuan to build a four-room Repair and Assembly Plant. His hospitalized, she offered to pay the house. Like Zhou, he also bought wife was a temporary worker. The medical expenses. This convinced various high-grade consumer eight members of his family her father-in-law of her goods. His three children have all depended for support on his prosperity. been assigned jobs and his wife monthly wage of about 80 yuan Since 1982, the Haicheng city takes care of the home and family. and his wife's meagre income. government has held three They live a happy life. To get the They lived in straitened meetings at which the families of full benefit of' his managerial circumstances. people who moved away to talent and specialized technolo• In 1983, with the help of the Taiwan exchanged their exper• gical abilities, Yu and the departments concerned, Zhou and iences of becoming prosperous. township committee have entered his wife established a motor repair This broadened other people's into another contract for the joint shop and hired as apprentices six outlooks. For instance, one operation of a big stone- young people who were waiting woman began to operate a family processing plant. for jobs. Business has always been clothing production business after brisk and Zhou has become one of Li Wenhua, a woman of over she attended the meetings. In only the richest people in Haicheng. He 50, lives with her family in Wushi three years, her family has become has built a four-room house and Town. Before liberation, her well-off, with 90,000 yuan of bank purchased various high-quality parents-in-law went to Taiwan savings. goods such as a colour television, a with the KMT's army. Her fIssue No. 7. 1988)
BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 and thought Ma had no right to other prisoners about radios and Comments on place his name over the entrance electrical equipment. Ren pre• Ma Shengii of a state-owned factory. pared lessons carefully and taught Ma Shengii is very open to earnestly, and his efforts were receiving any comments from rewarded many times. "JINGJI RIBAO people, but draws the line at The distance between the (Economic Daily) administrative interference. reform-through-labour farm and (January 26, 1988) the TV station is quite large and reception at the farm was very a Shengii, the director of the poor. A set of rebroadcast M Shijiazhuang Paper Mill, is Prisoner's Inventions equipment would require about well known for his successful Win Patent Rights 10,000 yuan, which the farm contract management of the mill. couldn't afford. When Ren Many people nickname him "ZHONGGUO QINGNIAN BAO " Huimin asked the farm authority "Contract Ma." if he could trial-produce the (China Youth News) Not long ago. Ma made two equipment, the policemen warmly moves which attracted quite a bit accepted and helped him with of attention. He signed contracts en Huimin, a 26-year-old buying parts and instruments, and for the management of more than Rprisoner in one of Ningxia's carrying electronic devices from 20 enterprises in other parts of the reform-through-labour farms, has the testing room in his home. country and set up the China Ma invented a TV control switch Ren Huimin worked day and Shengii Paper Making Group; and which automatically switches the night on the electrical equipment he also raised a huge sign bearing television set on or off depending and after a year of testing, he the words "Director Ma Shengii" on whether or not somenone is successfully produced a set of over the gate of the paper mill. It is sitting in front of the set. open- and closed-circuit TV said that the eight-metre-long, Ren Huimin has loved radios transmission equipment at a cost two-metre-wide board cost more since childhood. By the time he of only about 300 yuan. Now than 1,000 yuan. The two moves was in senior middle school, he television reception in the farm had wide repercussions in China's could skilfully repair radios and area is very clear. industrial circles and everyone was televisions. The only problem was Soon after this success. Ren talking about "Contract Ma's that electronic components cost a completed another two projects: phenomenon." great deal of money and Ren one is the automatic warning Attitudes to the "phenomenon" always worried about this. He device fitted to the outside walls of differed. Some people saw Ma as began to borrow money from the prison, and the other is a an entrepreneur with great success other people or defrauded others popular low-cost satellite TV set. behind him and thought the new of money and belongings. Later, In 1987, Ren Huimin submitted contracts would enable him to he began secretly selling radios three inventions to the Ningxia pass on his experience; even if the and televisions people had asked Hui Autonomous Region's Patent factories were unsuccessful, some him to repair. By the autumn of Office for patent rights. He also lessons would be learned from his 1985, Ren had run into debts of participated in the Ningxia 1987 attempts. Others said, it was more than 13,900 yuan and in that Technology Trade Fair in a special unnecessary for local governments year he was sentenced to nine capacity. During the fair, one to invite Ma Shangli to contract years' imprisonment for factory from Yinchuan, capital of work because there are enough swindling. the autonomous region, paid capable people to fill the needs in He was sent to a reform- about 10,000 yuan for one of their own areas. Ma Shengii is the through-labour farm in Ningxia Ren's-inventions. director of the Shijiazhuang Paper Hui Autonomous Region in Now Ren Huimin is devoting Mill. If he sets up contracts with March 1986. There he began to himself to the invention of a new another 100 factories, he must act study the law and judged himself type of low-cost picture phone. as the legal representative for all of by the regulations. He realized the (March 9. 1988) them. But is it possible for him to errors of his way and how much do so? others must have suffered by his As for the sign Ma mounted actions, and he made up his mind over his factory's gateway, some to turn over a new leaf people thought it showed boldness Farm leaders and policemen and strength. Some saw it as an discovered his special talent in exercise in public image building electronics and asked him to teach
BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 29 m BUSiNESSARAPE wmmmmmmmmmmmmKmmmmmi
New Measures to Lure Investment
eliable sources reveal that domestic banks will be given more opportunities and introduce them RChina is considering new decision-making power to deal to co-operative partners; measures to further improve the with foreign exchange. To write letters recommending foreign investment environment. There is also a proposal to construction projects, reports on The measures include perfecting auction off enterprises which have feasibility studies, contracts and foreign economic law, reducing run at a loss for a long period of other documents, and to act as an taxes for foreign-funded enter• time. Investors would thus be agent for overseas firms by prises, encouraging direct foreign spared the cost of buying land, handling co-operation and tech• management over enterprises and building workshops, and applying nical exchange in China; and respecting their management for water, electricity, coal and gas To assess foreign-invested pro• rights. supplies. These foreign-invested jects and conduct foreign To perfect foreign economic enterprises would be able to begin economic activities on behalf of law, China will form new rules and operations soon after installing Beijing's municipal government. regulations on investment, foreign the necessary equipment. • The centre will implement the exchange, taxes and financial chairman responsibility system matters, and put them into effect under the leadership of a board of as soon as possible. In the light of Investment Service rnanagement. Ms Wu Yi. vice- the State Council's call last March Set up in Beijing mayor of Beijing in charge of to develop an export-oriented foreign economic and trade work, economy in coastal areas, China nformation received from the will be chairman. The board of will also review and revise laws I Beijing Economic and Trade management will include repre• and regulations now in force, or Commission indicates that Beijing sentatives from the Beijing enact new ones. will soon follow the examples of municipal planning commission, Regarding taxes, China plans to Guangzhou, Shanghai and Fu- economic commission, financial reduce the interest rates of zhou to set up a foreign investment bureau and tax office. loans to and enact a service centre. Preparatory work has been unified income tax law for foreign- Its main tasks will be: finished and the centre is expected invested enterprises. China will To provide consultancy services to begin operations in June or also unify the industrial and for foreign and Chinese investors, July. commercial consolidated tax paid point them towards investment by Zhang Zhiping by foreign-invested enterprises with the product, value-added and business taxes paid by domestic enterprises. Shandong Peninsula — Fifth Open Zone China plans to reform foreign exchange control to create a more handong Peninsula will be the The governor disclosed that the balanced system of exchange. S fifth open economic zone in open economic zone will adopt According to Lin Zheti. deputy China after Changjiang and more Hexible policies. The pro• head of the State Administration Zhujiang deltas, the southern vincial government has already of Exchange Control. Sino- Eujian triangle and Liaoning stipulated regulations on develop• foreign joint ventures and co• Peninsula. The announcement ing an export-oriented economy, operative enterprises in China was made by Jiang Chunyun, establishing export processing have basically formed their own governor of Shandong Province, districts, opening up money balance of exchange. In future in Beijing mid-May. markets, processing export goods China will adopt more flexible The zone embraces Qingdao. using imported materials, and policies, simplify procedures, and Yantai. Weihai. Weifang, Zibo, upgrading old enterprises through use economic and legal means to Rizhao and Laizhou and 44 overseas investment. Foreign control foreign exchange and counties with a population of 26 investors will receive preferential strengthen the market mechanism. million, or one-third the total for treatment with regards to customs Lin also said China will allow the the province. The zone covers an duties, local income tax. enter• establishment of foreign invest• area of more than 50.000 square prise income tax. taes on products, ment banks. Prior to this. km. vtiluc-added lax and land use fees.
Br.lJlNG RF.Vir.W. MAY .W-JUNF. 5. To simplify procedures, raise national product. The ports of ment, flue gas desulphurization efficiency and create a better Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Long- systems and electrostatic pre• environment for foreign invest• kou, Shijiu and Lanshantou have cipitators to minimize pollution in ment, the province recently been opened to the outside world; thermal-power plants, and metal• adjusted the structure of foreign Qingdao is one of China's four lurgical, building-material, chem• economic and trade organizations largest ports. By the end of last ical and mining enterprises. and co-ordinated their activities. year, the province had established • The Swedish Pharmaceutical At the same time, the government 126 Sino-foreign joint ventures Industry Consortium and the also empowered city-level organs and co-operative enterprises and China National Medicinal to approve projects involving attracted foreign investments of Materials Co. signed a letter of investments of up to US$30 US$150 million. intent for exclusive sales of million. The approval for ordinary by Yao Jianguo Chinese-made Shaolin Cola in projects is granted immediately; Sweden and Northern Europe. for the important projects appro• Shaolin Cola is a nutritional val takes 10 days and for the China Imports drink produced with natural special key projects approval is Benz Technology materials. The company produces given in less than 30 days. Foreign 100 million bottles a year and businesses facing difficulties may expects to have an output of 400 apply directly to the city mayor or hina North Industries Corp. million in 1990. The drink was the provincial governor for help. Cand the Federal German Benz awarded a gold medal for its value The province has listed 464 Automobile Co. recently reached as a nutritious sports drink in 1988 projects seeking foreign invest• an agreement on importing and was recently sponsored for the ment and co-operation for technology to produce heavy-duty 24th Olympic Games. machinery, chemicals, electronics, Benz trucks. An initial contract • The establishment of the textiles, garments, food, and will soon be officially signed. Shanghai China Import and farming and sideline product The technology will be im• Export Commodity Inspection processing. Governor Jiang said ported by the No. 1 Machinery Centre — the first Sino-foreign co• the forms of co-operation will Plant and the No. 2 Machinery operative commodity inspection vary, they include Sino-foreign co• Plant in Baotou, Inner Mongolia. institute in China — was announ• operative enterprises, joint ven• During the 10-year co-operation ced in Beijing on May 17. The tures, wholly foreign-owned enter• period, the Chinese plants will centre is jointly run by China, prises, export goods processing, introduce manufacturing tech• Switzerland and Japan. According processing with materials and nology and, using Chinese-made to the contract, the Swiss side will parts supplied from abroad, ventilated diesel engines and provide consultancy services for compensatory trade, and con• gearboxes, produce 14 types of inspecting and testing tech• tracting, leasing or buying Chinese heavy-duty trucks weighing 16-36 nologies and help China pro• enterprises. tons. The production capacity will gramme standard inspections. The Jiang also said, in order to increase to 6,000 trucks by 1993. Japanese side will handle overseas attract more foreign investment The project requires a total advertising and provide part of the and seek partners for economic investment of 670 million yuan investment and other services. and technical co-operation, the (about US$180 million). Part of • Qingdao Carpet Company, province will sponsor a sym• the investment will come from a one of the three major carpet posium on economic and tech• Federal German government makers in China, recendy was nological co-operation and a loan. • given the power by the municipal product fair in Hong Kong on July government to export its products 16-26. By then, more than 600 co• News In Brief directly. operative projects will be pro• The company's carpets have posed, and more than 100 varieties • The Joy Technologies Inc. of been exported to more than 40 of quality products will be the United States and the Harbin countries and regions, including available for sale. Environment Equipment Co. West Germany, Japan, the United The province abounds in signed a contract for technological States and Hong Kong. mineral, agricultural, marine, transfer on May 17 in Harbin, Last year, the company earned tourist and labour resources. It Heilongjiang Province. According $15 million from exports. At a leads the country in agricultural to the contract the US company spring carpet fair this year in output value and ranks among the will transfer technology related to China, foreigners ordered $5 provinces with the largest in• manufacturing baghouses which million worth of carpets from the dustrial output value and gross clnninate dust from the environ- company. •
[JELIINC; REVIEW. MAY .10-JUNE'5. m CULTURE/SCIENCE
platforms caused by fouling marine organisms is a long-term programme," said Yan. A plat• Fouling Marine Life Studied form in the sea can operate for 20 to 30 years, which means that research workers must make a long-term ecological study of e shell-like Pteria penguin, marine life which increases these sea areas. rfound at depths of nine to 55 loading beyond the designed by Wei Liming metres, has a firm and tenacious bearing capacity. silky foot with which it can anchor Fouling organisms may cover itself to rocks and corals on the sea cracks in platform structures, bed. It grows as thick as 15.5 cm a preventing the discovery of faults; Australian Play year, to become one of a number some, such as barnacles, can Performed in Cliina of fouling marine organisms directly damage the coat of paint creating a problem for marine protecting the platform from sea Stretch of the Imagination, the facilities. The organism is widely erosion. A first Australian play to be put distributed in the seas off China's Yan said developing offshore on stage by Chinese artists, won Guangdong Province, Hainan oil fields requires a clear audience acclaim when it was Province and the South China Sea. understanding of the marine life in performed in Beijing last month The damaging effect of marine the area and the way they can and Shanghai last autumn. The organisms on ships, water- affect marine facilities. Oil plat• thought-provoking and original carrying pipes and sonar equip• forms should be designed with work broadened the vision of ment has aroused much concern, provisions for the growth of Chinese drama fans who had but the danger they pose to oil marine biology attached to them. never before seen a drama with platforms is only beginning to be In subsequent years, if the growth only one character. recognized. of marine life exceeds design The play, which lasts two and a The South China Sea Institute limits, some form of cleaning quarter hours, is a masterpiece by of Oceanology began a study into operation will be necessary to Australian playwright Jack Hib- this problem in 1982. In 1987, remove the fouling organisms. berd. Written in 1971, the play researchers set up 10 experimental deals with an 80-year-old rural buoys in the waters off the mouth The South China Sea is in the man who happily, patiently and of the Pearl River Basin-Yinggehai tropical and subtropical zones so even anxiously awaits the coming and Beibu Gulf to investigate water temperatures are high, of death on the last day of his life. fouling caused by marine organ• providing good conditions all year His skin is raw and dirty, and he isms. After a year, the data round for the growth of marine keeps tending to his decaying gathered filled in some of the gaps life. Studies have shown that the body so that he can have a while in the knowledge about this organisms in the waters which longer to recall the good old days phenomenon. constitute the biggest nuisance to marine facilities are Megahalanus when he was an enterprising Yan Wenxia, an associate tintinnahulum, Megabalanus young man, a lover, a dreamer, research fellow with the study zebra, Saccostrea cucullata and poet and football star. The play is group, told our correspondent Pteria penguin. a naturalistic one in which trivial, that fouling organisms anchored According to Yan, no investi• even meaningless, vulgar things onto oil platforms can cause many gations of the kind conducted by and actions are given great engineering problems. The major his group have been made in the attention. The hero eats, drinks, one involves loading increase on northeast and northern areas of beltches and changes his under• marine facilities. The layers of South China Sea before. Their clothes on stage — a shocking marine life which become attached research results have become one experience for Chinese audiences, to an oil platform will eventually of the scientific bases for designs which have more aesthetic tastes. change its under water surface of oil platforms for the area. In They find the experience acce• characteristics so that waves and 1986, the US ARCO Oil Co. ptable, although a little uncom• strong sea currents could create bought the ' group's research fortable. They consider that the heavy loading on the platform. material, and in early 1988 the play accurately portrays the state Some reports from overseas ACT Operators Group also made of a lonely old man, and also document the collapse of supports use of the research results. provides a glimpse of some aspects in the sea due to a growth of "Forecasting dangers to oil of life in Australia.
?2 BEIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988 Wei Zongwan, 47, an actor zhen for a year. Scientists from the summer, air conditioning and from the Shanghai People's Art Guangzhou Institute of Energy cooling are very much needed. The Theatre, displays his outstanding Resources under the Chinese use of solar energy in air talent as he conveys the old man's Academy of Sciences and Hong conditioning is an ideal solution to complicated character. His excel• Kong Polytechnic co-operated the problem of meeting energy lent performance deeply im• closely in developing the install• needs. pressed both Chinese and Aus• ation. It can supply 80 square by Wei Liming tralian dramatists, who called him kilometres of housing with air a performing genius. conditioning day and night, and Chinese artists and specialists in 10-12 tons of hot water at 50°C to Australian studies speak highly of 60°C. 'China Reform' — the play. They say it ranks as a The installation uses a highly classic in the history of modern efficient solar energy collector to New English drama. Although the play seems convert solar radiation into heat. Journal simple in structure, it successfully In summer it can produce hot conveys the author's unique views water at 80-90°C, which drives the on life, society and the future of cooling mechanism for the air humanity. It is a tragicomedy — a conditioner. hina Reform, probably the bitter song of life at the moment of argest journal in China today death. C The main collector mechanism specializing in reform, is co-edited by Wang Jian is made up of three parts — an by the China Research & evacuated tube collector, a heat Advanced Study Centre of pipe vaccum collector and a flat Industrial Economic Manage• Making Use of plate collector with V-corrugated ment and the Chongqing Acad• Solar Energy film — all products of China's emy of Social Sciences under Jiang latest scientific research. Yiwei, one of China's famous n today's world, energy and The installation is equipped economists. The first issue in I electricity supplies often fail to with a computer controlled data Chinese came out in January this meet demand, and solar energy is collecting system and automatic year. It has a huge editorial board more and more an attractive new control system, and has numerous composed of over 100 experienced form of energy supply. applications in scientific research advisers and editors, including China's first comprehensive work. scholars, specialists, professors, solar energy installation providing China's southern areas have and provincial and municipal air conditioning and heating has extremely hot summers with long leaders with a strong background already been operating in Shen• periods of sunshine, and in in various disciplines such as politics, economics, social sciences, publishing, etc. Shenzhen's solar energy installation. SHAO XIAOCHUAN Aiming to open up the field of research into reform and provide an impetus for China's reform free of the restraints of any leading body, the journal is an exploratory one by and for the masses; not merely an academic research journal, but one which combines theory and practice. It covers the reform not only in China but also in other socialist countries, as well as reform theory and practice in capitalist countries. All sugges• tions and comments on China's reform from foreign scholars and overseas Chinese are especially appreciated. Since it is produced in the spirit of "letting a hundred fiowers blossom and a hundred
BEIJING REVIEW, MAY 30-JUNE'5: 'mH CULTURE/SCIENCE
schools of thought contend," extensive field work by Chinese a tomb pillar on which was carved many of the viewpoints presented archaeologists has uncovered many nude figures, adults and in the articles embody new ideas quite a few ancient relics which children. and reflections on new trends. provide clues to changes in the art All in all, the comparatively few of the nude in ancient China. A bimonthly, the Chinese ancient art works of the nude edition is issued on the 10th of Prehistorical nude art discovered so far in the country more or less exposed the sufferings every odd-numbered month. Each originated with primitive religion of those in the lower levels of of the three issues pubhshed to or witchcraft. Some of the earliest society, and reflect the social date contains 280,000 Chinese sculptures of nude female figures concept and customs of the times. characters in 200 pages; and the discovered in Europe date back more than 30 articles in each issue more than 10,000 years, during the From an artistic point of view, there are few good nude works of included monographs, investiga• late Stone Age. The most famous art. • tive reports, policy discussions, are called "Willendorf Venue" by plans for restructuring the Western art historians. economic system, case studies, These figures portray pregnant and analyses on reforms at home women and highlight the female and abroad. Articles are con• reproductive organs — the Dictionary of tributed not only by the staff breasts, the belly and the buttocks. Military Figures advisers and editors, but also by The figures represent the specialists from all positions and prehistoric people's respect and The new "Dictionary of parts of the country, and even by worship for the earth goddess, Chinese Military Figures" con• friends of other countries con• who, they believed, like the human tains entries on several controver• cerned about China. mother, gave birth to plants and sial historical figures. animals on earth and thus enabled Four months after the first Published recently by the humans to survive. publication of the Chinese edition, Beijing Reference Works Publish• an English edition is due for It was not until 1963 that a ing House, the text mentions Zeng release on May 15; it is published broken piece of a similar Guofan who put down the and distributed by the China prehistoric sculpture was dis• rebellion of the Taiping Heavenly Reform Publishing Limited Hong covered in China. Though the Kingdom (1851-1864): Li Hong- Kong. Also a bimonthly, the head and all the limbs were zhang, advocator of the westerniz• English edition is to come off the missing, the stone body had ation movement in the late Qing press on the 15th of every odd- protruding breasts. Dynasty (1644-1911): and Chiang numbered month for worldwide Since 1982, excavations in Kaishek (1887-1975), the late top circulation. Articles in the English Liaoning Province have produced leader of the Kuomingtang edition are either revised or a few complete and quite a number regime. condensed versions of those in the of fragmented sculptures of female According to the paper, the original Chinese edition. figures. The relics belonged to the dictionary's compilers included Both editions are intended to Hongshan Culture, which devel• these individuals to maintain inform readers throughout the oped more than 5,000 years ago. historical accuracy along with world of what is going on in China One of the two carefully made 2,000 Chinese military figures, concerning reform and draw the pottery figures unearthed in from before the Qin Dynasty (221- support and help of friends Dongshanzui Village, Kezuo 207 BC) to the present, listed in abroad for reform efforts in the County of Liaoning, is less than 10 chronological order. country. centimetres tall. It has an by Jiang XInyao exceptionally round and protrud• ing belly and projecting buttocks, clearly depicting a pregnant woman. The head and the left arm The Chinese Nude were missing. Is Revealed In Hunan and Guangdong provinces, some half or complete t is commonly believed that nudes were carved on the handles I China has no history of the of daggers found in tombs dating nude in art. back more than 2,000 years ago. Since the 1960s, however, In Stiandpng, researchers found
34 -iru: iIJING REVIEW. MAY 30-JUNE 5, 1988