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Mineralogical Studies of the Matanagata, Matanagata East, and R1 Ore Bodies at the Emperor Gold Mine, Fiji

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Mineralogical Studies of the Matanagata, Matanagata East, and R1 Ore Bodies at the Emperor Gold Mine, Fiji Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2002 Mineralogical studies of the Matanagata, Matanagata East, and R1 ore bodies at the Emperor Gold Mine, Fiji David Wayne Pals Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Pals, David Wayne, "Mineralogical studies of the Matanagata, Matanagata East, and R1 ore bodies at the Emperor Gold Mine, Fiji" (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 20192. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/20192 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mineralogical studies of the Matanagata, Matanagata East, and Rl ore bodies at the Emperor Gold Mine, Fiji by David Wayne Pals A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Geology Program of Study Committee: Paul G. Spry (Major Professor) Kenneth Windom Marc Porter Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2002 II Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the master's thesis of David Wayne Pals has met the thesis requirements oflowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy lll TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Thesis Organization 2 References 2 CHAPTER 2. MINERALOGICAL STUDIES OF TELLURIDES FROM THE EMPEROR GOLD MINE, FIJI 4 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Geological Setting 9 Electron Microprobe Analyses 12 Sample Selection and Paragenetic Studies 12 Pyrite 13 Tetrahedrite Group Minerals 14 Tellurides 15 Sylvanite 15 Krennerite 16 Calaverite 17 Native tellurium 17 Hessite 17 Petzite 18 Coloradoite 18 Melonite 18 Sulfotellurides 19 Discussion 20 Conclusions 24 iv References 24 Figure Captions 30 Figures 1-6 32 Tables 1-2 38 CHAPTER 3. INVISIBLE GOLD AND TELLURIUM IN ARSENIC-RICH PYRITE FROM THE EMPEROR GOLD DEPOSIT, FIJI: IMPLICATIONS FOR GOLD DISTRIBUTION AND DEPOSITION 40 Abstract 40 Introduction 41 Samples and Methodology 43 Geological Setting of the Emperor Deposit 45 Gold Mineralization and Paragenetic Studies 46 Geochemical Conditions of Ore Formation 47 Pyrite and Marcasite Textures 48 Gold, Arsenic, and Tellurium Contents of Pyrite and their Relationship to Textures and Paragenetic Sequence 49 Discussion 51 Conclusions 56 Acknowledgements 57 References 57 Figure Captions 62 Figures 1-13 65 Table 1 78 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 80 v APPENDIX A. SAMPLE LOCATIONS 82 This Study 83 Begg's Samples Containing Tellurides 91 Ahmad's Samples Containing Tellurides 93 APPENDIX B. TIDN SECTION STUDIES 94 APPENDIX C. MINERAL COMPOSITIONS 105 Composition of Telluride Minerals 106 Composition ofTetrahedrite Group Minerals 117 Composition of Pyrite 122 Composition of Sphalerite and Log.fS2 134 Composition of Various other Sulfides and Sulfosalts 136 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 139 CHAPTERl.GENERALINTRODUCTION Bill Borthwick discovered gold at Vatukoula in north-central Viti Levu, Fiji, on the western flank of the Tavua Caldera in the early 1930's. Three companies produced gold around Vatukoula over the next 20 years but Emperor Gold Mining Company Limited secured complete ownership in the 1950's and has mined and operated the deposit since that time. The Emperor deposit contains approximately 10 Moz of Au and is one of a group of alkaline igneous rock-related epithermal gold telluride deposits that constitute some of the world's largest sources of gold (e.g., Cripple Creek, Colorado (Thompson et al., 1985), Porgera, Papua New Guinea (Richards and Kerrich, 1993), and Sacaramb, Romania (Alderton and Fallick, 2000)). The Emperor gold telluride deposit is hosted by Tertiary shoshonitic rocks on the margins of the Tavua Caldera, which is situated along the intersection of the northeast trending Viti Levu lineament and the northwest trending Nasivi shear zone. Gold-rich orebodies or lodes are associated with flat-dipping structures ( <45°), referred to locally as "flatmakes," steeply dipping structures (e.g. dikes and faults), and the intersection of two or more structures referred to as "shatter zones." Although it is known that the gold ore is dominated by "invisible gold" in arsenian pyrite (see Begg, 1996), the proportion of "invisible gold" to visible gold-bearing precious metal minerals (gold tellurides and native gold) remained uncertain. One of the aims of the present study is to evaluate the gold budget of the Emperor deposit and to determine the relative amounts of "invisible gold" to visible gold. Data have been obtained to address this problem using optical microscopic techniques, electron probe microanalysis, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), coupled with field studies of the Emperor deposit. SIMS analyses of the As and Te content of pyrite were also obtained to help evaluate the manner in which Au is incorporated in the structure of 2 pyrite. To our knowledge this is the first study to report the Te content of pyrite by SIMS technique. The telluride mineralogy of the Emperor deposit is well known in the central and western parts of the deposit (e.g., Stillwell, 1949; Forsythe, 1971; Ahmad et al., 1987; Kwak, 1990), however, studies of the distribution and nature of tellurides in the eastern portion of the deposit have been neglected. In view of the fact that the eastern lodes (e.g., Matanagata East, Matanagata, and Rl) provide the majority of the currently mined ore, a focus of the present study is to determine the precious metal mineralogy in the Matanagata flatmake, and the two more recently discovered ore bodies, Matanagata East flatmake and the Rl section. Some attention has also been directed towards determining the mineralogy of other flatmakes (mainly, 2000N and Prince William) for comparative purposes. Thesis Organization This thesis contains two manuscripts: "Telluride mineralogy of the Emperor gold deposit, Fiji" has been submitted to Mineralogy and Petrology, whereas "Invisible gold and tellurium in arsenic-rich pyrite from the Emperor Gold Deposit, Fiji: Implications for gold distribution and deposition" is in press and will appear in print in Economic Geology in 2003. Both manuscripts have been formatted to comply with the requirements of the individual journals. Figures and tables referred to within the text are included at the end of each manuscript, following the reference section. Additional data appendices follow the second paper. References Ahmad, M., Solomon M. & Walsh J.L. (1987): Mineralogical and geochemical studies of the Emperor gold telluride deposit, Fiji. Econ. Geol. 82, 345-370. 3 Alderton, D.H.M. & Fallick, A.E. (2000): The nature and genesis of gold-silver-tellurium mineralization in the Metaliferi Mountains of western Romania. Econ. Geol. 95, 495-516. Begg, G. (1996): The structure and mineralisation history of the Emperor gold deposit, Fiji. Ph.D. thesis, Monash University, Australia. Forsythe, D.L. (1967): Ore mineral distribution in the Crown-Crescent lode. Emperor gold mine, Fiji: Ph.D. Thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia Kwak, T.A.P. (1990): Geochemical and temperature controls on ore mineralization in the Emperor gold mine, Vatukoula, Fiji. J. Geochem. Ex.pl. 36, 297-337. Moyle, A.J., Doyle, B.J., Hoogvliet, H. & Ware, AR., (1990): Ladolam gold deposit, Lihir island. In E. Hughes (ed.) Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 1793-1805. Pals D.W. & Spry, P.G. (2000): Mineralogical studies oftellurides at the Emperor gold mine, Vatukoula, Fiji. In: Bucci LA, Mair JL (eds) Gold in 2000. Poster Session Extended Abstracts, Lake Tahoe, Nevada. November 10-11, 2000, pp. 87-91. Richards, J.P. & Kerrich, R. (1993): The Porgera gold mine, Papua New Guinea: Magmatic hydrothermal to epithermal evolution of an alkalic-type precious metal deposit. Econ. Geol. 88, 1017-1052. Stillwell, F.L. (1949): Occurrence oftellurides at Vatukoula, Fiji. Proceedings of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 154-155, 3-27. Thompson, T.B., Trippel, A.D. & Dwelley, P.C. (1985) Mineralized veins and breccias of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado. Econ. Geol. 80, 1669-1688. 4 CHAPTER 2. MINERALOGICAL STUDIES OF TELLURIDES FROM THE EMPEROR GOLD DEPOSIT, V ATUKOULA, FIJI A paper to be submitted to the Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology D. W. Pals and Paul G. Spry Summary The epithermai low sulfidation Emperor gold telluride deposit in Fiji, hosted by Late Miocene-Early Pliocene shoshonitic rocks, is spatially related to a low-grade porphyry Cu system on the western flank of the Tavua Caldera. Gold is largely in the form of"invisible" gold in arsenian pyrite gold but 10 to 50% of gold is in the form of precious metal tellurides. Gold mineralization occurs in steeply dipping dikes and faults, flat-dipping structures (<45°), referred to locally as "flatmakes," and at the intersection of two or more structures referred to as "shatter zones." Petrographic, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscope analyses of ores studies from some of the more recently discovered orebodies, Matanagata, Matanagata East, and Rl reveal that tellurium-bearing minerals, sylvanite, calaverite, krennerite, petzite, hessite, empressite, coloradoite, altaite, melonite, native tellurium,
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